FUNDAMENTALS &

It is the study of computer application and its !asic parts.

What is Computer ?
A Computer is a high-speed electronic data processing machine, which accepts the data, processes it and produces the desired output. It also stores data in memory units. This is made up of many parts like CPU, Monitor, ey!oard, Mouse and "ther #torage $e%ices.

Characteristics of Computer

SPEED& A computer is an e'tremely fast information processing de%ice. It carries out all sorts of computations with in a fraction of a second. ACCURACY& It gi%es accurate results for correct input data. (ere accuracy means correctness of the processed data. If the input data is erroneous, the output will not !e correct. STORA E& Computer can store large amount of information in its memory. It)s memory is classified into primary and secondary memory. !ERSAT"L"TY& Computers are used e%erywhere like in scientific calculation, !usiness processing, teaching, training, simulation, media, and entertainment. D"L" ENCE& It does not feel tired. It is used for hours. It can also can !e used for a num!er of days or months non stop. It will work satisfactorily without fatigue.

#istor$ of Computer
The *st form computer is a!acus which was a non-electronic computer + e'isted !efore *,--!.c It was in%ented in china and used !y the .reeks, /omans, 0apanese in early days.

MA%OR CONTR"&UT"ONS

*1*2 - 0ohn 3apier, founded 3apier4s 5ones for Multiplication + $i%ision. *1*6 7 5laise Pascal, founded an engine for Addition + #u!traction using the technology of cog wheels. In *8,,, Charles 5a!!age, in%ented the $ifferential 9ngine, This was a hand operated machine !uilt with wheels, le%ers, and mechanical linkages. In *8::, 5a!!age de%eloped the Analytical 9ngine. This machine considered of fi%e functional units such as input unit, Memory unit, Arithmetic unit, Control unit and "utput unit. Considered as father of computer. Around *8;,.

e'eratio' of computer

Data( Process a') "'formatio'

Data Input Process
CPU (processor)

Information
Output

Data : It is an collection of alphabets (A-Z and a-z) and numbers(0-9). Data is like a ra material hich can be feed to the computer throu!h the input de"ices like ke#board$ mouse$ scanner and %o#stick etc. Process : &he ork hich is done b# the '() is called (rocess. Information : &he result hich can be produced b# the computer throu!h the output de"ices like monitor$ printer$ plotter and speaker etc.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TH DIGITAL COMPUT R CPU

Primary Memory INPUT UNIT ALU Control Unit OUTPUT UNIT

Secondary Memory

CPU *Ce'tra+ Processi', U'it- & $ata is sent to the computer using input de%ices. Thus sent data is processed in CPU. (ence CPU can !e termed as !rain of the computer. Parts of the CPU CPU has mainly classified into three parts& <ALU *Arithmetic Lo,ica+ U'it- & If the data needs to !e processed according to some instructions pro%ided !y the user then it is sent to the A=U where the processing takes place. <CU *Co'tro+ U'it- & $ata input !y the user is collected !y the CU and put into the memory. The CU then decides whether the data needs to !e processed !y the A=U or sent directly to the output de%ice. After the data has !een processed it is stored in the memory !efore !eing sent to the output de%ice. <MU *Memor$ U'it- & It is a storage de%ice to store the data or information. In terms of computer language memory is the one which stores all the data or information in the forms of -)s and *)s. These -)s and *)s are called !its.

U'its of Memor$ . -)s or *)s > *5it 25its > *3i!!le 85its > *5yte *-,2 5ytes > * ilo 5yte ?* *-,2 5@ ilo 5ytes > *Mega 5yte ?*M5@

*-,2 Mega 5ytes > *.iga 5yte ?*.5@ *-,2 .iga 5ytes > *Tera 5yte ?*T5@ ASC"" /America' Sta')ar) Co)e for "'formatio' "'tercha',e0 A computer stores data internally in the form of !inary num!ers, - + *. 5ecause computer can)t understand the natural language like 9nglish, (indi, annada etc. Computer can understand only machine le%el language ?5inary language@. All the digits ?--;@, alpha!ets ?A-A or a-B@, special characters ?C,D,E,F etc@ are stored in the computer in the !inary form. They ha%e their own A#CII code then their A#CII codes are con%erted into their eGui%alent !inary code.

The computer memor$ is c+assifie) i'to.

Primar$ Memor$ & It is a temporary memory which is acti%e

only when the computer is working. This is where all the inputs are stored in the computer. This memory is of two /AM + /"M. 12 RAM *Ra')om Access Memor$- & It is a temporary memory. It works only when the computer is switched "3. The stored information can !e changed, erased or re-written. /AM decides the speed of the system. /AM is called %olatile memory !ecause the content of the /AM will !e erasedHdeleted when the system is turned "II. 32 ROM * Rea) O'+$ Memor$- & It is a permanent memory. It is also called as non-%olatile memory !ecause the information stored in it will not !e lost e%en when the computer is turned "II. As the data or information store in the computer can !e read only through this memory. It cannot rewrite the data it is programmed !y the manufacturer.

Seco')ar$ Memor$ .
&his is a permanent memor#. Its stores the information e"en hen the computer is s itched off. It is also called as back up memor#.
Seco')ar$ Memor$ De4ice

)ar* Disk
Up to 1 +$

Floppy Disk
3 1/2" 1!"" #$

CD
%&& #$

Pen Dri'e
1 ($ to 32 ($

#ar) Dis5 .
A (ard disk is a group of round flat metal plates mounted one a!o%e the other, each of same circular diameters, which are coated with magnetic material. The hard disks are identified !y its storage capacity, like *.5, ,.5, 2.5, ,-.5, 2-.5, 8-.5 etc. ?.5.iga 5yte@

F+opp$ Dis5 .
Iloppy disk is the magnetic storage media, which is used for storing the data. This is a thin, fle'i!le and circular plastic plate coated with magnetic o'ide. =iterary meaning for JIloppyK is soft and Ile'i!le and L$isk) means circular. The capacity of Iloppy disk is *.22M5.

CD6ROM /COMPACT D"S76 READ ONLY MEMORY0 .

C$-/"M is an optical disk. (ere you can only read from the disc, not write or store data on it. The Microscopic pit on the surface of disk is a !asic element of information. This pit is !urnt when the laser !eam falls on it. The capacity of C$-/"M is 6--M5.

"NPUT AND OUTPUT .

"NPUT DE!"CES .6 These are the de%ices, which are used to input the data to the computer. #ome of the I3PUT de%ices are & ey!oard Mouse #canner 0oystick

7EY&OARD .
It is most commonly used as an Input $e%ice. It is logically di%ided in to Iunctional eys, Alphanumeric + #pecial eys. eys

MOUSE .
It is used as an Input $e%ice + most commonly use in graphics. It has : !uttons. < =eft Click& This is used to open an application. < /ight Click& This is used to open the properties of a particular ?open, properties, e'plore etc@ application. < #croll 5utton& This is used to mo%e the page up or down.

SCANNER .
It)s an input de%ice use to scan the documents and edit the same in the system.

%OYST"C7 .
0oystick is also an input de%ice which can !e used to play the games.

OUTPUT DE!"CES .
The output de%ices are the de%ice which helps the user to see the processed information and the steps in%ol%ed in the processing)s. This gi%es the %isual interaction !etween the operator and the computer. The output de%ices are Monitor Printer #peaker

MON"TOR .
Monitor is the de%ice connected to the computer, to display the information on the screen. It is also known as M$U ?Misual $isplay Unit@.

PR"NTER .
Printer is an output de%ice, which prints the data on the paper.

(*I+&,*

I-(A'&

+.+ I-(A'&

DOT MATR"8 PR"NTER .

The shape of the character to !e printed on paper is formed !y the dots. These dots are the result of striking of pins located at the tip of the print head. These pins are arranged in the form of a matri'. (ence the name dot matri'. A)4a'ta,es . Iaster than solid font printer. =ess e'pensi%e. Disa)4a'ta,es . The Guality is not good.

LASER PR"NTER .
Nhen the user want a high Guality output, the laser printers are normally recommended. The laser printers are used for producing !oth te't and graphical output. They are non impact printers. A)4a'ta,es . (igh speed. #uperior Guality output. Disa)4a'ta,es . costlier than impact printer. Maintenance cost is high.

L"NE PR"NTERS .
=ine printers print one line at a time. The speed of the line printers is measured in term of lines per minute ?=PM@. 3ormally, the speed of a line printer ranges from :-- to :--- =PM . =ine printers are Impact printers. A)4a'ta,es . (igh #peed Used for !ulk printing Oo!. Disa)4a'ta,es . The Puality is not good costlier

"N7%ET PR"NTERS .
InkOet printers are non impact printers. They are the most afforda!le color printers. InkOet printers use inkfilled cartridges and tiny noBBles to spray ink in to the paper in a series dots that make the characters and graphics. A)4a'ta,es . "ffer high Guality output. =ess e'pensi%e Disa)4a'ta,es . 3ot as fast as =aser printers. IreGuent replacement of color cartridges.

#ARDWARE 9 SOFTWARE .
#ARDWARE 9 SOFTWARE

The mechanical Components of a computer #ystem.

It is a computer Program or a set of programs Nritten to carry out #pecific task.

E:.6Mo'itor( 7e$;oar)( CPU( Mouse

E:.6Li'u:(Li;reOffice( Ope'Office(Wi')o<s

SOFTWARE .
It is a computer Program or a set of programs Nritten to carry out #pecific task. #oftware is normally classified into two categories.

S$stem Soft<are .6

This is collection of programs for the computer system management. The manufacturer of the computer gi%es this program. #oftware communicates !etween the operator and the system unit and manages the other computer de%ices connected to the computer. 9' &- Uni', Nindows, =inu' etc App+icatio' Soft<are .6 This is the software which will !e used to carry out user oriented applications using computer. The set of one or more programs designed to carry out operations for a specified application. 9' &- M#-"ffice, Tally, College Management #ystem etc

CLASS"F"CAT"ON OF COMPUTERS .
C,-..IFIC-+IO/ Depen*in0 on +ec1ni2ue

A+A/.0

DI0I&A/

123*ID

ANALO

These computers measures physical Guantity like pressure, temperature, length etc., and con%ert them to numeric %alue. It is mainly used for scientific and engineering purposes.

COMPUTERS .

D" "TAL COMPUTERS .

$igital computers count the num!er ?digits@ that represents num!ers, letters, or other special sym!ols, used for application purposes.

#Y&R"D COMPUTERS .

It is the com!ination of analog and digital computer. Nhere analog de%ices measure a patient)s %ital signs like temperature , heart functions these are then con%erted to num!ers and supplied to the digital components.

CLASS"F"CAT"ON OF COMPUTER .
CLASS"F"CAT"ON Depe')i', o' si=e

M"CRO COMPUTERS

M"N" COMPUTERS

MA"NFRAME COMPUTERS

SUPER COMPUTERS

M"CRO COMPUTERS .
It is the smallest type of computer a%aila!le. Inside the micro computer, the arithmetic and control units are com!ined on a single chip called microprocessor. This micro computers are used as home computer or other common application like data entry, te't editing , type setting, commercial data processing are some of its maOor applications. 9g. I5M PC

M"N" COMPUTERS .
These computers are powerful than the micro computers and can support se%eral users ?terminals@. They ha%e larger /AM and !acking storage capacity and can process data more Guickly.

 Time sharing ser%ices ,process control in industries, 9ngineering + scientific research are some of its areas of application. 9g&I5M 2:8*,IC= :;

MA"NFRAME COMPUTERS .
The mainframe name is due to the large siBe. Mainframes are more powerful. They ha%e %ery high capacity of main storage !ecause they can process large amount of data %ery Guickly. They are used in !ig companies, share markets, comple' engineering design, large scale reser%ation systems etc. 9g& I5M 2:8;,IC= 28.

SUPER COMPUTERS .
The super computers are used for comple' scientific applications like weather forecasting where large amount of data is manipulated with a %ery short time. #uper computers with faster processing using multiple processors and superior technology are used for comple' task like rocket design, defense sectors, nuclear technology, supersonic Oets etc. are some of its application areas. 9g& CQ59/-,-R, C/AQ-II,C/AQ-III.

COMPUTER LAN UA ES .

The !asic type of languages used in computer is Machine =e%el =anguage ?M==@ and (igh =e%el =anguage ?(==@. #i,h Le4e+ La',ua,es & It looks like similar to our 9nglish language and hence are !etter understood !y the programmer rather than the computer. Machi'e +e4e+ La',ua,e . This is a seGuence of instructions written in the form in the !inary num!ers consisting of *)s , -)s to which the computer responds directly. Assem;+$ Le4e+ La',ua,e . This contains pneumonic codes like A$$, #U5, $IM, M"M etc.

TRANSLATORS .

A translator is a program which translates a program written in either assem!ly language or high le%el language. There are three types of translators. They are, Assem!ler Interpreter Compiler

ASSEM&LER .
The assem!ler ena!les the computer to con%ert the assem!ly language instruction into machine language. A)4a'ta,e . Assem!ly language sa%es time and reduces the need for details.

"NTERPRETER .
An interpreter access only the first instruction, translates it in to one or more lines of machine code and then it is possi!le to e'ecute the instructions. This process continues until the entire source program instructions are translated and e'ecuted.

COMP"LER .
A complier translates a program written in high le%el language to e'ecuta!le machine instructions. The compiler treats source program instruction as data. 9ach instruction is accessed in turn and translated into one or more lines of o!Oect called in machine language.

COMP"LER 4s2 "NTERPRETER .

COMP"LER
<

"NTERPRETER
<

<

#cans the entire program first and then translates it into machine code. Con%erts the entire program to machine codeS when all the synta' errors are remo%ed e'ecution takes place. #low for de!ugging. 9'ecution time is less

Translates the program line !y line. 9ach time the program is e'ecuted, e%ery line is checked for synta' error and then con%erted to eGui%alent machine code. .ood for fast de!ugging. 9'ecution time is more.

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< <

< <

!"RUS .
Mirus stands for Mital information resource under seiBe. A computer %irus is !asically a program written for destructi%e purposes .It is written in such a way that it can enter the computer without the knowledge of the machine or the user . It enters the machine through an infected floppy or a program. There are !asically two types of %irus namely. Iile %irus 5oot sector %irus

F"LE !"RUS .

A file %irus attacks e'ecuta!le program files. Iiles with e'tension like C"M, 9T9 etc. It may replace a portion of the original file with its own code, Thus destroying The file or it may attach itself to the file and yet allow the file to !e e'ecuted. The %irus continuous to infect files till the machine is switched off. 9'. of the file %iruses are raindrop, w'y, 0erusalem-5.

&OOT SECTOR !"RUS .

Nhen a disk is formatted !y $"# , the sector in the outer most track contains a short program called the 5oot strap loader program. A 5oot sector %irus su!stitutes itself for the 5oot strap loader, and partition 7ta!le %irus su!stitutes itself for the master !oot program. Thus these %iruses get loaded e%ery time you switch on the system. #ome 9'amples of !oot-sector %irus are $ie-(ard, PC #tone, (appy 5irthday Mirus etc.