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J.G. Teng and J.M. Rotter

pressure leads to an enhancement of the buckling strength under axial compression and has been widely studied (Lo et al. 1947; Harris et al. 1957; Weingarten et al. 1965; Rotter and Teng 1989b; Limam et al. 1991; Teng and Rotter 1992a; Kndel et al. 1995; Knbel and Schweizerhof 1995; Rotter 1996b). At high internal pressures, elasticplastic elephants foot collapse buckling occurs. This was studied by Rotter (1990), whose design equation has been adopted into the Eurocodes on shells (ENV 1993-1-6 1999), silos (ENV 1993-4-1 1999) and tanks (ENV 1993-4-2 1999). Systematic imperfections caused by the fabrication process have also been explored: the effect of lap joints (Esslinger and Geier 1977; Rotter and Teng 1989a; Teng 1994a; Greiner and Yang 1996) and weld depressions (Rotter and Teng 1989b; Berry and Rotter 1996) both produce rather well-dened strength reductions because they cause local circumferential stresses in the shell. Corrugated shells (e.g. Rotter 1986a; Rotter et al. 1987; Yeh et al. 1992; Ross and Humphries 1993) offer more complexities but can be similarly described. Systematic imperfections in the form of holes or cutouts are described below because of their local character. Studies of conical and spherical shells and shell closures Further studies have explored the buckling of liquid-lled conical shells (e.g. Vandepitte et al. 1982), paraboloidal shells (e.g. Chen and Xu 1992; Ishakov 1993), externally pressurised steel domes (e.g. Blachut et al. 1991; Galletly and Blachut 1991; Blachut and Galletly 1995) and externally pressurised toriconical heads (e.g. Wunderlich et al. 1987) and torispherical heads (e.g. Galletly 1982, 1985; Galletly and Blachut 1985b; Lu et al. 1995). The range of additional problems It is beyond the scope of this chapter to identify even the range of thin-shell buckling problems that have been explored in recent years. However, a few topics should not be omitted: shells containing solids and on elastic foundations (e.g. Seide 1962; Trahair et al. 1983b; Rotter et al. 1989; Rotter and Zhang 1990; Kndel and Schulz 1992; Luo and Teng 1998); the optimisation of shell forms to resist various loads (e.g. Blachut 1987; Jullien and Araar 1991; Reitinger and Ramm 1995); buckle propagation in submarine pipelines (e.g. Kyriakides and Babcock 1981; de Winter et al. 1985; Kamalarasa and Calladine 1988; Hahn et al. 1992; Lin et al. 1993); buckling of buried pipelines (e.g. Moore and Selig 1990; Yun and Kyriakides 1990); thermal buckling (e.g. Combescure and Brochard 1991); creep buckling (e.g. Arnold et al. 1989; Miyazaki 1988, 1992; Sammari and Jullien 1995); dynamic buckling (e.g. Saigal et al. 1987; Birch and Jones 1990; Florence et al. 1991; Lindberg 1991; Wang et al. 1993a,b; Pdron and Combescure 1995); non-destructive testing (e.g. Singer 1982b; Nicholls and Karbhari 1989; Souza and Assaid 1991), lower bound buckling loads (e.g. Croll 1985, 1995;