1

CGGVeritas, 10300 Town Park Drive, Houston, Texas 77095 USA

Kirchhoff
Kirchhoff

Kirchhoff

The migration aliasing problems and

imaging resolution analysis
Yu Zhang
CGGVeritas, 10300 Town Park Drive Houston, Texas 77095, USA

Abstract Based on sampling theory and Kirchhoff integral equation, we derived migration operator
aliasing and imaging aliasing formulae on a solid theoretical base. Migration operator anti-aliasing is an
alternative to data interpolation to make the descritized data continuous, as a valid input to Kirchhoff
integral migration. Therefore, it is closely related to some preprocessing techniques, such as dealiasing
interpolation and data regularization. The imaging anti-aliasing is important for improving the imaging
resolution. Prestack wave equation migrations are not immune from aliasing problems. They suffer the
aliasing problems caused by the imaging conditions. Its solution, spatially interpolating the wavefields
before applying the imaging condition, though is cheap, doubles the imaging resolution. We also discuss
an efficient way to output the subsurface offset gathers from wave equation migrations, which reduces
the computational cost and data I/O, while retains the theoretical imaging resolution.

2008-04-11;

2008-04-17.

Key Words data aliaising, operator aliasing, imaging aliasing, sampling theory, Kirchhoff migration,
wave equation migration

2
3

1 2 3

2 Kirchhoff
; 3
4 5
6

1 Kirchhoff
Kirchhoff
( 1)

1) (data aliasing)
2) (operator aliasing)
3) (imaging aliasing)
()
1) 2) 3)
1994 Lumley [[1]] Kirchhoff

f max =

1
.
( s + r )

(1)

f max f max

r r

r r

r r

( x1 ; x2 ) x1 x2 s = ( xs ; x ) r = ( x ; xr )

xs x x xr
= xm =

x s + xr
(1)
2

f max =

sin s 0
2
vs

1
.
sin r 0
+
xm
vr

(2)

s 0 r 0 v s vr

(1)

f max =

1
.
( s + r )

2
r

(3)

[1][2][3][4] ( 1)
f max

Kirchhoff

P ( x, z ) = U ( ; ( ; x, z ))d

( ; x, z ) = ( xs ( ); x, z ) + ( xr ( ); x, z ) U ( ; t )
[7]4 U ( ; t )

U k (t ) = U ( k ; t ) = U (k ; t ),
k

 U k (t ) 4
U k (t ) Shannon
U ( ; t ) U k (t ) Sinc

U ( ; t ) = U k (t ) sin c(
k

k
)

k = k Sinc

sin c( x) =

sin(x)

64

P ( x, z ) = U k ( ( ; x, z )) sin c(
k

k
)d

k
)d

k
k
= U k (t ) (t ( ; x, z )) sin c(
)ddt

k
= U k (t ) (t ( ; x, z ))dt sin c(

= U k (t )Wk (t )dt
k

Kirchhoff

sin c(

Wk (t ) = (t ( ; x, z )) sin c(

(t ) k
)

k d

)
=

( (t ))

(t ) ( (t ); x, z ) = t Wk (t )

t k = ( k ; x, z ) Taylor
1

d (t k ) ( k ; x, z )
=

' (t k ) =
dt

(10)

 ' (t k )(t t k )
' (t k )
(t t k ))
) sin(

=
.

(t t k )
( (t ))

sin c(
Wk (t )

(11)

Wk (t )

f max =

' (t k )
=
2

2
( k ; x, z )

(12)

Lumley 19941

Sinc

U k ,l (t ) = U ( k , l ; t ) = U (k , l ; t ) ,

(13)

Sinc

U ( , ; t ) = U k ,l (t ) sin c(
k ,l

k
l
) sin c(
),

(14)

Kirchhoff

P ( x, y, z ) = U k ,l ( ( , ; x, y, z )) sin c(
k ,l

k
l
) sin c(
)dd

= U k ,l (t )Wk ,l (t )dt

(15)

k ,l

Wk ,l (t ) = (t ( ; x, z )) sin c(

sin(

(t t k ,l )

s
(t t k ,l )

k
k dd
) sin c(
)

(16)

 t k ,l = ( k , l ; x, y, z )

r
r
( k , l ; x )
( k , l ; x )
s = max(
,
)

(17)

f max =

1
=
2s

2 max(
,
)

(18)

( , )

= (cos , sin ) =

(19)

(20)

(18)(3)

f max =

2 r max( cos , sin )

= max( cos , sin ) .

(21)

(18) Cary 1997 [6] CSEG

2001
[7]
1
(18)(20) Kirchhoff Shannon

(kx, ly, mz ) Pk ,l ,m = P(kx, ly, mz )

Kirchhoff

P ( x, y, z ) = U ( , ; ( ; ; x, y, z ))dd

(22)

P ( x, y, z )

Pk ,l ,m = P( x, y, z ) sin c(

x xk
y yl
z zl
) sin c(
) sin c(
)dxdydz .
x
y
z

(23)

(22)(23)

Pk ,l ,m = U ( , ; t )Vk ,l ,m (t ; , )xyzdtdd

(24)

Vk ,l ,m (t )

Vk ,l ,m (t ) = (t ( , ; x, y, z )) sin c(

x xk
y yk
z z k dxdydz
) sin c(
) sin c(
)
. (25)
x
y
z xyz

Vk ,l ,m (t )

f max =

1
,

2 max(
x,
y,
z )
x
y
z

(26)

(26) Kirchhoff
Kirchhoff
(18)(26) 2
25m
5m

2 3

1)

= x s = y s

cos s 0 sin s 0
=
,
vs
xs

sin s 0 cos s 0
=
,
vs
y s

(27)

vs s 0 s 0
x vr r 0 r 0 2

r
= s + r = 2 cos ,

(28)

f max =

v
.
4 cos max(sin cosx, sin sin y, cosz )

(29)

2)

10

[8][9][10]

4 2000m/s
45 40m 0-75hz[11]

f max =

4 sin xm

(30)

4
Kirchhoff
Kirchhoff

17.7hz Kirchhoff
(12)
4

11

 p =

Sinc (6)

U ( ; t ) = U k (t p( k )) sin c(
k

k
).

(31)

(8)

f max =

2
p

(32)

4
[12]Biondi

= ( )

f max =

2
( )

(33)

3)
(21) Shannon
x

x y 5

= max(x cos , y sin ) .

12

(34)

 x y x
= tan

x
x = y =
y
2

2

5 x x

y = max(x cos , y sin )

3
[13][14][15][16]
[17]
CDP
(30)

k max =

13

2f max sin
2
=
,
v/2
2xm

(35)


z
vmin f m z

vmin

4 fm

1)

r
r
U s ( x; t ) U r ( x; t )
2)

r
r
r
P ( x ) = U s ( x; t )U r ( x; t )dt

(36)

Kirchhoff CDP xm

xr 6 xr = 2xm Kirchhoff

[18]
(36) 8

1. U s ( x; t ) U r ( x ; t )
xr y r

2. U s ( x; t ) U r ( x ; t ) xm = xr / 2 y m = y r / 2
(36) Kirchhoff CDP

14

6 Kirchhoff CDP xm
, xr = 2xm
Kirchhoff

15

 8 U s ( xr; t )
U r ( xr; t ) 36

[18]

9 ( x s , xr ) xs = xr =

U s ( x; t ) U r ( x ; t )
xs = xr 9

2

2

Sinc

16

 9 ( xs , xr ) xs = xr =
2 Sinc
2

/ 2

4
Sava Fomel[19]

1)

P ( x, z; h) = U s ( x + h, z; t )U r ( x h, z; t )dt

(37)

2) P( x, z; h) -p

tan =

k
z
= h
h
kz

(38)

(37)

17

x s + xr

xm = 2

x xr
h= s
2

(39)

9 ( x s , xr ) 10 ( xm , h)
/ 2

1) 10

P ((m + n) , z; (m n) ) = U s (m, z; t )U r (n, z; t )dt

2
2
( xm , h) (k

(40)

, l ) k + l
2 2

2)
Sinc 10
(38)

10

/2

18

Kirchhoff Kirchhoff

CDP

6
Veritas
James SunSamuel GrayCarl NorforsJerry Young

2005

80

19

( s + r )
r

1 s r
+
tr
v 2 t s

1 2
dx s + dy s2 + dxr2 + dy r2
2

Lumley , 1994[1]

Abma , 1999[2]

1
v2

Wang2000[3], Wang 2004[4]

1
v2

r
r
s r
+
tr
ts

r
r
s r
+
tr
ts

max(xm cos m , y m sin m )

r
m
r
m

(xm cos m )2 + (ym sin m )2

1. Kirchhoff
inline
r

s = (x x s , y y s ) s =

(x xs )2 + ( y y s )2 dx s =

(x xr )2 + ( y yr )2 dx r

r = (x x r , y y r ) r =
r

m = (x x m , y y m ) m =

x xr

x r dy r =

y ys

s
y yr

y s

y r

x xm
y ym
sin m =

f max =
2 max(

sin s 0 cos s 0
sin s 0 sin s 0
x s ,
y s )
vs
vs
1

f max =
2 max(

x s dy s =

(x xm )2 + ( y y m )2 cos m =

x xs

sin r 0 cos r 0
sin r 0 sin r 0
xr ,
y r )
vr
vr
1

f max =
2 max(

sin s 0 cos s 0 sin r 0 cos r 0

sin s 0 sin s 0 sin r 0 sin r 0
+
xm ,
+
y m )
vs
vr
vs
vr

2. vs vr s

r s r
x

20

 (References)
[1]

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Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1282-1285.

[2]

Abma, R., Sun, J., and Bernitsas, N., 1999, Antialiasing methods in Kirchhoff migration: Geophysics, 64, 17831792.

[3]

Wang, C., 2000, Kirchhoff anti-aliasing methods in the imaging domain: 70th Ann. Mtg., Scoc. Expl. Geophys.,
Expanded Abstracts, I, 806-808.

[4]

Wang, C., 2004, Accurate spatial directional derivative: Antialiasing Kirchhoff migration: Geophysics, 69, 811816.

[5]

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[6]

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[7]

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Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 997-1000.

[8]

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[9]

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[10]

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[11]

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[12]

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[13]

Claerbout J F, Doherty S M. 1972, Downward continuation of moveout-corrected seismograms,

Geophysics37: 741~768

[14]

Gazdag J., 1978, Wave equation migration with the phase-shift method, Geophysics43: 1 342~1 351

[15]

Baysal, E., Kosloff, D. D. and Sherwood, J. W. C., 1983, Reverse time migration: Geophysics, 48, 1514-1524.

[16]

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[17]

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[18]

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[19]

Sava, P. C. and Fomel, S., 2003, Angle-domain common-image gathers by wavefield continuation methods,
Geophysics, 68, 1065-1074.

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