Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual (MERSAR)

First published in 1970 by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 4 Albert E ban! ent" L#nd#n SEI $SR Second edition 1977 Third edition 1980 Fourth edition 1986 Fifth edition 1993

Foreword
In %&'& IMO c#nsidered search and rescue atters" and as a (irst step prepared the Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual (MERS R!" This anual )as ad#pted by the se*enth IMO Asse bly in %&$%+ The purp#se #( this Manual is t# pr#*ide ,uidance t# th#se )h#" durin, e er,encies at sea" ay re-uire assistance #r ay be able t# render assistance+ In particular" it )as desi,ned t# help the aster #( any ship )h# i,ht be called up#n t# participate in search and rescue #perati#ns+ .#ll#)in, the ad#pti#n #( the Internati#nal /#n*enti#n #n Mariti e Search and Rescue" %&$& and appr#*al #( the #M$ Search and Rescue Manual (#M$S R Manual! by the thirty0ei,hth sessi#n #( the Mariti e Sa(ety /# ittee" the MERS R Manual )as re*ised t# ta!e acc#unt #( the pr#*isi#ns #( the /#n*enti#n and als# t# ali,n it" )here appr#priate" )ith the #M$S R Manual" Since that ti e the MERS R Manual has been a ended by the Mariti e Sa(ety /# ittee #n a nu ber #( #ccasi#ns t# ta!e acc#unt #( techn#l#,ical chan,es and related a end ents t# internati#nal c#n*enti#ns" res#luti#ns and rec# endati#ns a((ectin, SAR #perati#ns and pr#cedures+ The present (i(th editi#n (I &&1) #( the anual inc#rp#rates all a end ents ad#pted by the Mariti e Sa(ety /# ittee up t# and includin, th#se ad#pted at its si2tieth sessi#n ('0%3 April %&&4)" )hich beca e applicable #n 5 April %&&1+

:+4 :+1 :+4 '"' :+' :+$ :+5 :+& '"10 '"11 :+%4 :+%1 :+%4 '"1' :+%'

Resp#nsibility #( /SS777777777777' 8e(initi#ns7777777777777777+' 6lannin, the search7777777777777$ ;isual search777777777777777+$ Radar search 777777777777777+$ Inter*al bet)een ships 77777777777++5 Searchin, speed 777777777777775 Search patterns 77777777777777+5 Initiati#n #( search 77777777777775 Restricted *isibility 777777777777++5 .urther acti#n #n c# pleti#n #( initial phase 777& <se #( ship9aircra(t c##rdinated pattern 77777& E*idence #( casualty (#und 777777777++& Man#eu*rin, instructi#ns 7777777777+& Standard te2ts #( essa,es 7777777777& Chapter $ - Conc#usion of search Search success(ul = Rescue 777777777+%% Search unsuccess(ul 777777777777+%% Chapter % - Co&&unications

'+% '+4

$+%
$+4 $+1 $+4

Marine radi#c# unicati#n (acilities a*ailable (#r distress purp#ses 777777777777%4 ;isual c# unicati#n (acilities 77777777%4 /# unicati#ns )ith assistin, aircra(t 77777%1 Air0sur(ace *isual si,nals 7777777777++%4

Contents
%a&e Introduction 0.1 6urp#se 777777777777777+% 3+4 /ate,#ries #( distress incidents 777777% 3+1 Obli,ati#ns and resp#nsibilities777777+% 3+4 6#siti#n0rep#rtin, syste s77777777+4 0"' Abbre*iati#ns77777777777774 3+' Ter s and de(initi#ns77777777774 Chapter 1 - Co-ordination of search and rescue operations 1.1 Re-uire ents (#r c#0#rdinati#n777777+4 %+4 /#0#rdinati#n by land0based auth#rities7774 %+1 On0scene c#0#rdinati#n777777777++4 %+4 8esi,nati#n #( OS/ and his resp#nsibilities7++1 1"' 8esi,nati#n #( /SS and his resp#nsibilities771 %+' R//9RS/ c# unicati#ns )ith OS/9/SS7+++1 Chapter 2 - Action by a ship in distress 4+% Trans issi#n #( the distress essa,e7777+1 4+4 /# p#nents #( the distress essa,e7777++1 4+1 8irecti#n0(indin, and h# in,77777774 4+4 /ancellati#n #( distress essa,es7777++74 4+: Trainin,7777777777777774 Chapter 3 - Action by assisting ships 1+% 8istress call and essa,e 7777777774 1+4 I ediate acti#n 7777777777774 1+1 6r#ceedin, t# the area #( distress 7777774 1+4 On0b#ard preparati#n 77777777774 1+: Aircra(t casualties 77777777777+4 1+' Establish ent #( the /SS7777777774 1+$ ;isual identi(icati#n #( the /SS77777774 1+5 /#ntr#l #( inter0ship radi#c# unicati#ns 77' 1+& Appr#achin, the scene7777777777+' 1+%3 Arri*al #n0scene 0 Search pr#cedures77777' Chapter 4 - Assistance by SA aircraft 4+% General 777777777777777+: 4+4 Assistance by helic#pters777777777: Chapter! - "#anning and conducting the search '"1 Genera 777777777777777+77+'

Chapter ' - Aircraft casua#ties at sea 5+% Aircra(t9ship c# unicati#ns 777777++77 %4 5+4 8istress si,nals 7777777777777+7%: 5+1 Acti#n ta!en t# render assistance i( aircra(t is still airb#rne77777777777777777+%: 5+4 Rescue acti#n 777777777777777%: 5+: >uesti#nin, sur*i*#rs 777777777777%: Anne(I - Standard (#r at (#r search and rescue situati#n rep#rts (SITRE6S) Anne( 2 - Man0#*erb#ard an#eu*res 777777777777++%'

Anne( 3 - Re,ulati#n ;9%3 #( the Internati#nal /#n*enti#n (#r the Sa(ety #( Li(e at Sea" %&$4 77++ 7777++%'

Introduction 0.1
0.1.1

"urpose
The purp#se #( this Manual is t# pr#*ide ,uidance (#r th#se )h# durin, e er,encies at sea ay re-uire assistance (r# #thers #r )h# ay be able t# render such assistance the sel*es+ In particular" it is desi,ned t# aid the aster #( any *essel )h# i,ht be called up#n t# c#nduct search and rescue (SAR) #perati#ns at sea (#r pers#ns in distress+

0.2
0.2.1

Categories of distress incidents

In ,eneral" distress incidents (all int# t)# ain cate,#ries? .1 coasta# 0 in )hich s# e #r all #( the (#ll#)in, ay be a*ailable t# assist? ships" aircra(t" helic#pters and sh#re0 based li(e0sa*in, (acilities@ 0 .2 ocean 0 in )hich ships and l#n,0ran,e aircra(t ay be a*ailable alth#u,h" in the #re re #te #cean areas" #nly ships ay be a*ailable+

0.3
0.3.1

)b#igations and responsibi#ities

The basis (#r this Manual is the internati#nal c#n*enti#ns )hich set #ut resp#nsibilities (#r assistance at sea+ It is accepted as the n#r al practice #( sea en" indeed there is an #bli,ati#n up#n asters" that they render e*ery assistance )ithin their p#)er in cases )here a pers#n #r pers#ns are in distress at sea+ These #bli,ati#ns are set #ut in re,ulati#n ;9%3 #( the Internati#nal /#n*enti#n (#r the Sa(ety #( Li(e at Sea" %&$4 (SOLAS %&$4)" )hich is -u#ted in anne2 1+

0.4
0.4.1

"osition-reporting syste&s
6#siti#n0rep#rtin, is an instru ent (#r search and rescue+ There(#re" asters are enc#ura,ed t# a!e (ull use #( p#siti#n0 rep#rtin, arran,e ents and (acilities )here*er they e2ist+

1.2.2 In s# e re,i#ns these auth#rities ha*e specialiCed ships and aircra(t (SAR units) a*ailable t# participate in these tas!s+ Other aircra(t and ships" ilitary and na*al #r #ther)ise" )hich ha*e a SAR capability are als# e pl#yed as a*ailable+ Dhen incidents #ccur in re #te re,i#ns" SAR aircra(t ay n#t al)ays be able t# participate+ 1.2.3 In the aE#rity #( re,i#ns" erchant ships )ill n#r ally be able t# participate alth#u,h the de,ree )ill depend #n shippin, density+ In this c#nte2t the r#le #( c#ast radi# stati#ns (/RS) is #( special i p#rtance because they are in cl#se c#ntact )ith land0based SAR auth#rities+ 1.2.4 An e2a ple #( nati#nal distress alertin, and search and rescue #r,aniCati#n? -.-/-0+S
SAR A<TBORITF

0.!

Abbre*iations
/ES /RS /s /S6 css 89. ELT E6IRA ETA B. INTER/O MERSAR M. #sc R// RS/ R< SAR SITRE6 SRR <T/ ;B. c#ast earth stati#n c#ast radi# stati#n call si,n c# ence search p#int c##rdinat#r sur(ace search directi#n0(indin, e er,ency l#cat#r trans itter e er,ency p#siti#n0indicatin, radi# beac#n e2pected ti e #( arri*al hi,h (re-uency #nternational (ode of Si&nals Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual ediu (re-uency #n0scene c# ander rescue c#0#rdinati#n centre rescue sub0centre rescue unit search and rescue situati#n rep#rt search and rescue re,i#n <ni*ersal Ti e (/#0#rdinated) *ery hi,h (re-uency

F10C+I)0S

/O0OR8INATING
R// 9 RS/

SAR RESO<R/ES SO<R/ES

0.$

+er&s and definitions

/RS9/ES9ALERTING .A/ILITF

The ter s listed bel#) are ta!en (r# the Internati#nal /#n*enti#n #n Mariti e Search and Rescue" %&$&" and ha*e the (#ll#)in, eanin,s? .1 search and rescue re&ion" An area #( de(ined di ensi#ns )ithin )hich search and rescue ser*ices are pr#*ided+ .2 rescue co)ordination centre" A unit resp#nsible (#r pr# #tin, e((icient #r,aniCati#n #( search and rescue ser*ices and (#r c##rdinatin, the c#nduct #( search and rescue #perati#ns )ithin a search and rescue re,i#n+ .3 rescue sub)centre" A unit sub#rdinate t# a rescue c#0#rdinati#n centre established t# c# ple ent the latter )ithin a speci(ied area )ithin a search and rescue re,i#n+ .4 rescue unit" A unit c# p#sed #( trained pers#nnel and pr#*ided )ith e-uip ent suitable (#r the e2pediti#us c#nduct #( search and rescue #perati#ns+ .! on)scene co**ander" The c# ander #( a rescue unit desi,nated t# c#0#rdinate search and rescue #perati#ns )ithin a speci(ied search area+ .$ coordinator surface search" A *essel" #ther than a rescue unit" desi,nated t# c#0#rdinate sur(ace search and rescue #perati#ns )ithin a speci(ied search area+

RELAFING 9 RES6ON8ING
SBI6S 9 AIR/RA.T

DITNESS

ALERTING
8ISTRESSE8 <NIT

1.3 Co-ordination of search and rescue operations 1.1 e,uire&ents for co-ordination
1.1.1 The e((ecti*e c#nduct #( search and rescue #perati#ns essentially re-uires c#0#rdinati#n bet)een the #r,aniCati#ns and units c#ncerned )hich can c# prise aircra(t" ships and sh#re0based li(e0sa*in, (acilities+ The eth#d by )hich this c#0#rdinati#n is achie*ed *aries" dependin, #n the detailed #r,aniCati#n in each area+ The (#ll#)in, ,eneral descripti#n illustrates the ain c#nsiderati#ns and e phasiCes the particular r#le #( erchant ships+

)n-scene co-ordination

Chapter I

1.3.1 In all circu stances erchant ships are liable t# be in*#l*ed in search and rescue #perati#ns either in c#nEuncti#n )ith specialiCed SAR units #r independently+ In the (#r er case erchant ships ay recei*e in(#r ati#n additi#nal t# that #btainable (r# distress tra((ic #r speci(ic re-uests (r# land0based SAR auth#rities+ B#)e*er" and in *ie) #( the ,eneral practice #( c#0#perati#n by erchant ships" it ust be e phasiCed that n# #rder #r ad*ice recei*ed (r# these auth#rities can set aside the #bli,ati#n #r the ri,hts #( any aster as set #ut in re,ulati#n ;9%3 #( SOLAS %&$4+ 1.3.2 On0scene c#0#rdinati#n bet)een the units c#ncerned )ill be re-uired and the r#le #( erchant ships in this c#nte2t )ill be ,#*erned by the (#ll#)in, c#nsiderati#ns? .1 I( specialiCed SAR ships (includin, )arships) are n#t a*ailable t# assu e the duties #( #n0scene c# ander (OS/) but a nu ber #( erchant ships are participatin, in the #perati#n" it )ill be necessary that #ne #( these assu e the duty #( c##rdinat#r sur(ace search (/SS)+ 8etailed ,uidance c#ncernin, the selecti#n #( the /SS and its tas! is c#ntained in para,raph 1+'+ .2 I( specialiCed SAR ships (includin, )arships) and9#r SAR aircra(t are #n0scene si ultane#usly )ith erchant ships" it can n#r ally be

1.2
1.2.1

Co-ordination by #and-based authorities

/ertain ,#*ern ents *est resp#nsibility in desi,nated land0 based auth#rities t# e2ercise ,eneral c#0#rdinati#n and t# super*ise" as appr#priate" the c#nduct #( search and rescue #perati#ns+ This tas! is usually carried #ut by units established (#r c##rdinatin, search and rescue in desi,nated areas+ The units are usually 0re(erred t# as rescue c#0 #rdinati#n centres (R//) #r rescue sub0centres (RS/) and the areas as search and rescue re,i#ns (SRR)+

e2pected that #ne specialiCed unit )ill assu e the duties #( #n0scene c# ander (OS/)+ Merchant ships can then e2pect t# recei*e speci(ic instructi#ns (r# the OS/ (n#r ally *ia the specialiCed ships i( the OS/ is airb#rne)+ The OS/ is the c# ander #( that specialiCed unit )hich is in char,e #( #n0scene SAR #perati#ns+ .3 It is i p#rtant that the /SS and any SAR aircra(t present sh#uld c#0#rdinate their #perati#ns+ 8irect c# unicati#n bet)een units #n 4"%54 !BC #r" i( a*ailable" %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %') )#uld be #st desirable+ B#)e*er" alth#u,h any ships and SAR aircra(t ha*e #ne #r b#th #( these (acilities" this d#es n#t apply uni*ersally+ In the latter case interc# unicati#n and c#0#rdinati#n can be e((ected *ia the /RS and land0based SAR auth#rity+ .4 O)in, t# the p#tential haCard #( c#llisi#n and the n#ise pr#ble ass#ciated )ith helic#pters #peratin, in a c#n(ined space durin, rescue #perati#ns" it is essential that their #perati#ns be c##rdinated by the unit in best c# unicati#n )ith the + This ay be the R//" the OS/" the /SS" #ne #( the helic#pters #r a (i2ed0)in, aircra(t+ This unit sh#uld pr#*ide #peratin, areas and altitudes (#r the helic#pters and be resp#nsi*e t# the re-uire ents #( helic#pters as )ell as the re-uire ents #( sur(ace rescue units )h#se #perati#ns ay be ha pered by helic#pter n#ise and r#t#r )ash+

1.!
1.!.1

2esignation of /SS and his responsibi#ities

I( rescue units (includin, )arships) are n#t a*ailable t# assu e the duties #( an OS/ but a nu ber #( erchant ships #r #ther *essels are participatin, in the search and rescue #perati#n" #ne #( the sh#uld be desi,nated by the c##rdinatin, R// as the /SS+ I( this is n#t practicable" units in*#l*ed sh#uld desi,nate a /SS by utual a,ree ent and !eep the R// in(#r ed+ 1.!.2 The /SS sh#uld be desi,nated as early as practicable and pre(erably be(#re arri*al )ithin the speci(ied search areas+ 1.!.3 The /SS sh#uld be resp#nsible (#r as any #( the tas!s listed in para,raph %+4 as the *essel is capable #( per(#r in, (see als# para,raph 1+')+

1.$
1.$.1

CC3 SC co&&unications with )SC3CSS

In additi#n t# c# unicati#ns set #ut in chapter $" an R// #r RS/ ay pass in(#r ati#n t# an OS/ #r /SS usin, the SITRE6 (#r at ,i*en at anne2 %+

2.1
2.1.1 +% .2 .3

Chapter 2 Action by a ship in distress +rans&ission of the distress &essage

A ship in distress sh#uld trans it the distress call and essa,e #n any #ne #r #re #( the (#ll#)in, internati#nal ariti e distress (re-uencies as ay be a*ailable? :33 !BC (radi#tele,raphy)@ 4"%54 !BC (radi#teleph#ny)@ and %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %') (radi#teleph#ny)+

1.4 2esignation of OS/ and his responsibi#ities

1.4.1 Dhen rescue units are ab#ut t# en,a,e in SAR #perati#ns" #ne #( sh#uld be desi,nated OS/ as early as practicable and pre(erably #re arri*al )ithin the speci(ied search area+ The appr#priate R// #r RS/ sh#uld desi,nate an OS/+ I( this is practicable" units in*#l*ed sh#uld desi,nate by utual a,ree ent an OS/+ 1.4.3 <ntil such ti e as an OS/ has been desi,nated" the (irst rescue unit in, at the scene #( acti#n sh#uld aut# atically assu e the duties and #nsibilities #( an OS/+ 1.4.4 The OS/ shall be resp#nsible (#r the (#ll#)in, tas!s )hen these e n#t been per(#r ed by the resp#nsible R// #r RS/" as appr#priate? +% deter inin, the pr#bable p#siti#n #( the #bEect #( search" the pr#bable ar,in #( err#r in this p#siti#n" and the search area@ .2 a!in, arran,e ents (#r the separati#n (#r sa(ety purp#ses #( units en,a,ed in the search@ .3 desi,nated appr#priate search patterns (#r the units participatin, in the search and assi,nin, search areas t# unit #r ,r#ups #( units@ .4 desi,nated appr#priate units t# e((ect rescue )hen the #bEect #( the search is l#cated@ .! c##rdinatin, #n0scene search and rescue c# unicati#ns+ 1.4.! An OS/ shall als# be resp#nsible (#r? +% carryin, #ut the plan (#r the c#nduct #( the #perati#n as directed by the R// #r RS/ )hich is c##rdinatin, the search and rescue #perati#n@ .2 #di(yin, the plan (#r the c#nduct #( the #perati#n as (acilities and #n0scene c#nditi#ns dictate and in(#r in, the R// #r RS/ #( any such #di(icati#n@ .3 a!in, peri#dic rep#rts t# the R// #r RS/ )hich is c##rdinatin, the search and rescue #perati#ns+ These rep#rts sh#uld include but n#t be li ited t#" )eather and sea c#nditi#ns" the results #( search t# date" any acti#ns ta!en" and any (uture plans #r rec# endati#ns@ .4 aintainin, a detailed rec#rd #( the #perati#n" includin, #nscene arri*al and departure ti es #( SAR units and #ther *essels and aircra(t en,a,ed in the #perati#n" areas searched" trac! spacin, used" si,htin,s and leads rep#rted" acti#ns ta!en and results #btained@ .! ad*isin, the R// #r RS/ t# release units )hen they are n# l#n,er re-uired@ .$ rep#rtin, the nu ber and na es #( sur*i*#rs t# the R// #r RS/ )hich is c##rdinatin, search and rescue #perati#ns" pr#*idin, the centre )ith the na es and desi,nati#ns #( units )ith sur*i*#rs ab#ard" rep#rtin, )hich sur*i*#rs are in each unit and re-uestin, additi#nal assistance (r# the centre )hen necessary" (#r e2a ple" edical e*acuati#n #( seri#usly inEured sur*i*#rs+

%+4+4

2.1.2 It is (urther ur,ently rec# ended that any distress trans issi#ns #n the (re-uency :33 !BC #r 4"%54 !BC be preceded by the appr#priate alar si,nal+ 2.1.3 It is als# rec# ended" in re #te #cean areas" t# trans it the distress call and essa,e in additi#n #n a ship9sh#re B9. circuit t# a /RS (see para,raph $+%+4)+ This sh#uld be d#ne in all cases )here distress calls #n :33 !BC" 4"%54 !BC #r %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %') are n#t replied t# by #ther stati#ns+ 2.1.4 Sh#uld there be any d#ubt c#ncernin, the recepti#n #( the distress essa,e" it sh#uld als# be trans itted #n any (re-uency a*ailable #n )hich attenti#n i,ht be attracted" such as an inter0ship (re-uency )hich ay be in use in l#cal areas+ Ae(#re chan,in, (re-uency" h#)e*er" ade-uate ti e sh#uld be all#)ed (#r reply+ 2.1.! In the e*ent #( (ailure #( the shipGs radi# stati#n" it ay be p#ssible t# trans it a essa,e usin, the p#rtable e-uip ent" pr#*ided (#r use in sur*i*al cra(t" c#nnected t# the shipGs ain aerial syste + 2.1.$ The use #( an e er,ency p#siti#n0indicatin, radi# beac#n (E6IRA) ay be a (urther eans #( alertin, ships in the *icinity+

2.2
2.2.1

Co&ponents of the distress &essage

I p#rtant c# p#nents #( the distress essa,e include? +% identi(icati#n #( the ship@ .2 p#siti#n@ .3 nature #( the distress and !ind #( assistance re-uired@ .4 any #ther in(#r ati#n )hich i,ht (acilitate the rescue (e+,+ c#urse and speed i( under )ay@ the asterGs intenti#n" includin, the nu ber #( pers#ns" i( any" lea*in, the ship@ type #( car,#" i( dan,er#us)+ It )ill als# be i p#rtant t# (urnish rele*ant in(#r ati#n such as? +% )eather in i ediate *icinity" directi#n and (#rce #( )ind" sea and s)ell" *isibility" presence #( na*i,ati#nal dan,ers (e+,+ iceber,s)@ .2 ti e #( aband#nin, ship@ .3 nu ber #( cre) re ainin, #n b#ard@ .4 nu ber #( seri#usly inEured@ .! nu ber and type #( sur*i*al cra(t launched@ .$ e er,ency l#cati#n aids in sur*i*al cra(t #r in the sea@ .% ((#r casualties under )ay" particularly )here these retain the use #r partial use #( en,ines and steerin,) c#urse and speed" and any alterati#ns theret#+

2.2.2

2.2.3 Dhen re-uestin, edical assistance (#r an ill #r inEured pers#n" additi#nal relati*e in(#r ati#n" as indicated bel#)" sh#uld be (urnished+ Other in(#r ati#n ay als# be necessary in certain cases+ /#des (r# chapter 1 #( the #nternational (ode of Si&nals ay be used i( necessary t# help #*erc# e lan,ua,e barriers+ I( edical e*acuati#ns are bein, c#nsidered" the bene(its #( such an e*acuati#n ust be )ei,hed a,ainst the inherent dan,ers #( such #perati#ns t# b#th the pers#n needin, assistance and t# rescue pers#nnel@ +% patientGs na e" a,e" ,ender" nati#nality and lan,ua,e@ .2 patientGs respirati#n" pulse rate" te perature and bl##d pressure@ .3 l#cati#n #( pain@ .4 nature #( illness #r inEury" includin, apparent cause and related hist#ry@ .! sy pt# s@ .$ type" ti e" (#r and a #unts #( all edicati#ns ,i*en@ .% ti e #( last (##d c#nsu pti#n@ +5 ability #( patient t# eat" drin!" )al! #r be #*ed@ .4 )hether the *essel has a edical chest" and )hether a physician #r #ther edically trained pers#n is ab#ard@ +10 )hether a suitable clear area is a*ailable (#r helic#pter h#ist #perati#ns #r landin,@ .11 na e" address and ph#ne nu ber #( *esselGs a,ent@ .12 last p#rt #( call" ne2t p#rt #( call" and ETA #( ne2t p#rt #( call@ and .13 additi#nal pertinent re ar!s+ 2.2.4 It )ill n#r ally be i practicable t# include all in(#r ati#n in the initial distress essa,e+ The ti in, #( subse-uent trans issi#ns )ill be ,#*erned by circu stances+ In ,eneral" i( ti e all#)s" a series #( sh#rt essa,es )ill be pre(erable t# #ne #r t)# l#n, #nes+

3.2

I&&ediate action

3.2.1 The (#ll#)in, i ediate acti#n sh#uld be ta!en by each ship #n receipt #( a distress essa,e@ +% ac!n#)led,e receipt and" i( appr#priate" retrans it the distress essa,e@ .2 try t# ta!e i ediately 89. bearin,s durin, the trans issi#n #( the distress essa,e and aintain a 89. )atch #n :33 !BC and9#r 4"%54 !BC@ .3 c# unicate the (#ll#)in, in(#r ati#n t# the ship in distress? (i) identity@ (ii) p#siti#n@ (iii) speed and e2pected ti e #( arri*al (ETA)@ (i*) )hen a*ailable" true bearin, #( the ship in distress@ .4 aintain a c#ntinu#us listenin, )atch #n the (#ll#)in, internati#nal distress (re-uencies? (i) :33 !BC (radi#tele,raphy)@ (ii) 4"%54 !BC (radi#teleph#ny)@ and (iii) %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %') (radi#teleph#ny)@ .! #perate radar c#ntinu#usly@ .$ i( in the *icinity #( the distress" p#st e2tra l##!#uts+ 3.2.2 The ship #r c#ast stati#n in c#ntr#l #( distress tra((ic sh#uld establish c#ntact )ith the resp#nsible area R// thr#u,h a /RS and pass #n all a*ailable in(#r ati#n" up0datin, as necessary+ 3.2.3 Ships )hich are able t# c# unicate #n the distress (re-uencies :33 !BC" 4"%54 !BC and %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %') shall" i( appr#priate" repeat the distress essa,e #n these (re-uencies+

3.3 2.3 2irection-finding and ho&ing

3.3.1 2.3.1 Subse-uent t# the trans issi#n #( the distress essa,e #n :33 !BC" t)# dashes #( %3 t# %: sec#nds durati#n shall be trans itted" each (#ll#)ed by the shipGs call si,n" t# enable c#ast directi#n0(indin, stati#ns and ships t# ta!e a 89. bearin,+ This trans issi#n sh#uld be repeated at re,ular inter*als+ 2.3.2 In cases )here 4"%54 !BC is used si ilar acti#n sh#uld be ta!en" usin, a c#ntinued repetiti#n #( the call si,n #r na e #( ship #r a l#n, nu erical c#unt in place #( the t)# dashes enti#ned in para,raph 4+1+% ab#*e+

"roceeding to the area of distress

Ships pr#ceedin, t# the area #( the distress sh#uld pl#t the p#siti#n" c#urse" speed and ETA #( #ther assistin, ships+

3.3.2 The c# unicati#n e-uip ent )ith )hich ships are (itted ay be #btained (r# the Internati#nal Telec# unicati#n <ni#nGs HList #( Ship Stati#nsH+ 3.3.3 Ships sh#uld atte pt t# c#nstruct an accurate HpictureH #( the circu stances attendin, the casualty+ The i p#rtant in(#r ati#n needed" )hich sh#uld be included in the distress essa,e" is listed in para,raph 4+4+ Sh#ulcl the ship in distress (ail t# trans it this in(#r ati#n" a ship pr#ceedin, t# assist sh#uld re-uest )hat in(#r ati#n is needed+

2.4

Cance##ation of distress &essages

2.4.1 8istress essa,es sh#uld al)ays be cancelled as s##n as sa*in, #( li(e is n# l#n,er re-uired #r search is ter inated+

3.4

)n-board preparation

2.!

+raining

2.!.1 It is i p#rtant that all eans (#r indicatin, the p#siti#n #( ships in distress #r sur*i*al cra(t sh#uld be pr#perly used+ Radi# trans issi#ns sh#uld be ade as s##n as p#ssible but #ther eans" e+,+ r#c!ets and hand (lares" sh#uld be c#nser*ed until it is !n#)n that they ay attract the attenti#n #( aircra(t #r ships in the *icinity+ The attenti#n #( asters is directed t# the ,reat ad*anta,e #( pri#r trainin," s# that as any #( the shipGs cre) as p#ssible are (a iliar )ith the pr#per use #( all the appliances pr#*ided (#r their sa(ety+

Chapter 3 Action by assisti##g ships 3.1 2istress ca## and &essage

3.1.1 Ships ay recei*e? +% the alar si,nal and9#r d istress call and essa,e (r# a ship" directly #r by relay@ +4 the distress call and essa,e (r# an air cra(t" usually by relay (r# a /RS@ +1 si,nals e itted by E6IRA" c#nsidered t# be distress si,nals@ +4 *isual #r s#und si,nals (r# ships #r aircra(t in distress+

3.4.1 Dhile pr#ceedin," it )ill be i p#rtant t# a!e ade-uate preparati#ns+ /ertain #( the easures that i,ht be c#nsidered are? +% a r#pe (,uest )arp) runnin, (r# b#) t# -uarter at the )aterline #n each side and secured by liCards t# the shipGs side t# assist b#ats and ra(ts t# secure al#n,side@ .2 a derric! ri,,ed ready (#r h#istin, #n each side #( the ship )ith a plat(#r car,# slin," #r r#pe net" secured t# the runner t# assist the speedy rec#*ery #( e2hausted #r inEured sur*i*#rs in the )ater@ .3 hea*in, lines" ladders and scra ble net placed ready (#r use al#n, b#th sides #( the ship #n the l#)est #pen dec! and p#ssibly cre) e bers suitably e-uipped t# enter the )ater and assist sur*i*#rs@ .4 a shipGs li(era(t ade ready (#r p#ssible use as a b#ardin, stati#n+ In(latable li(era(ts sh#uld n#t be acti*ated unless re-uired@ .! preparati#ns t# recei*e sur*i*#rs )h# re-uire edical assistance includin, the pr#*isi#n #( stretchers@ .$ )hen #)n li(eb#at is t# be launched" any eans t# pr#*ide c# unicati#ns bet)een it and the parent ship )ill pr#*e t# be #( *ery ,reat help@ .% a line0thr#)in, appliance )ith a li,ht line and a hea*y r#pe" ready t# be used (#r a!in, c#nnecti#n either )ith the ship in distress #r )ith sur*i*al cra(t+

3.!
3.!.1

Aircraft casua#ties
I( the casualty is an aircra(t" supple entary in(#r ati#n is c#ntained in chapter 5+

*itally i p#rtant n#t t# i pair the *isi#n #( l##!#uts by the e2cessi*e use #( li,hts+ 3.4.$ Dhen searchin, (#r sur*i*#rs" )h# i,ht p#ssibly be in can#pied li(era(ts" ships sh#uld s#und )histle si,nals )hile searchin, t# attract the attenti#n #( the sur*i*#rs s# that they can use *isual si,nallin, de*ices+ 3.4.% E2tra l##!#uts sh#uld be p#sted s# as t# search a 1'3G arc ar#und the ship (#r the durati#n #( the search+ This )ill pr#*ide (#r si,htin, si,nals set #(( by sur*i*#rs e*en a(ter the ship has passed the + 3.4.' The shipGs cre) sh#uld be pr#hibited (r# du pin, debris #*er the side (#r the durati#n #( the search t# pre*ent the debris (r# causin, (alse si,htin,s+

3.$

-stab#ish&ent of the CSS

3.$.1 The duties #( the /SS are t# #r,aniCe and c#0#rdinate search and rescue #perati#ns by erchant ships+ This is liable t# be a c# ple2 tas! and this c#nsiderati#n has a bearin, #n the selecti#n #( the /SS (see para,raph %1)+ 3.$.2 It is #st desirable that the /SS sh#uld be established as early as practicable and pre(erably be(#re arri*al H#n0sceneH+ 3.$.3 The /SS ust be established by utual a,ree ent bet)een the ship c#ncerned and the c##rdinatin, R//" ha*in, due re,ard t# the shipGs capabilities and ETA+ B#)e*er" the unit )hich arri*es (irst sh#uld ta!e such i ediate acti#n as ay be re-uired+ 3.$.4 It is i p#rtant that the /SS sh#uld ha*e ,##d radi#c# unicati#n (acilities+ 3.$.! In case #( lan,ua,e di((iculties the #nternational (ode of Si&nals and Standard Marine +a,i&ational -ocabular. sh#uld be used (see als# para,raph :+%')+ 3.$.$ On assu in, the duty" the /SS sh#uld i ediately in(#r /RS+ It sh#uld als# !eep it in(#r ed #( de*el#p ents at re,ular inter*als+ a

3.10 Arri*a# on-scene - Search procedures

3.10.1 I( the casualty has n#t been l#cated" a search sh#uld be initiated )ith#ut delay usin, an appr#priate search pattern (see chapter :)+ 3.10.2 T# c#0#rdinate the search e((ecti*ely" the /SS sh#uld aintain a ,eneral pl#t #( the area under search and assistin, ships sh#uld d# the sa e+ In search plannin," the /SS sh#uld a!e (ull use #( all electr#nic na*i,ati#nal de*ices+

Chapter 4 Assistance by SA aircraft 4.1 General

3.$.% The /SS sh#uld !eep the R//9RS/ c##rdinatin, search and rescue #perati#ns in(#r ed at re,ular inter*als and )hene*er the situati#n has chan,ed+

3.%

5isua# identification of the CSS

1+$+%

The /SS sh#uld display c#ntinu#usly the (#ll#)in, *isual si,nals? .1 AF 8AF 0 Internati#nal /#de Gr#up H.RH" .2 AF NIGBT 0 A distincti*e si,nal )hich the /SS )ill pr# ul,ate+

4.1.1 Ships in distress #r sur*i*#rs at sea ay be supplied by SAR aircra(t )ith special ite s #( dr#ppable e-uip ent" )hich ay c# e in c#ntainers #r pac!a,es #( di((erent types and di ensi#ns+ The c#ntents #( each c#ntainer #r pac!a,e sh#uld be clearly indicated in print in at least three lan,ua,es" by sel(0e2planat#ry sy b#ls" and als# by strea ers c#l#ured acc#rdin, t# the (#ll#)in, c#de? ed 0 edical supplies and (irst0aid e-uip ent@ 6#ue 0 (##d and )ater@ 7e##ow 0 blan!ets and pr#tecti*e cl#thin,@ 6#ac8 0 iscellane#us e-uip ent such as st#*es" a2es" c# passes" c##!in, utensils" etc+@ /# binati#n #( c#l#urs 0 i2ed c#ntents+ Miscellane#us e-uip ent ay include" in particular? +% indi*idual li(era(ts #r se*eral li(era(ts lin!ed by a bu#yant r#pe@ .2 bu#yant radi# beac#ns and9#r transcei*ers@ .3 dye and s #!e ar!ers and (la e (l#ats@ .4 parachute (lares (#r illu inati#n@ .! sal*a,e pu ps+

3.' Contro# of inter-ship radioco&&unications

3.'.1 It )ill be necessary (#r the /SS t# c#ntr#l the a*ailable inter0 ship c# unicati#n channels+ The strictest radi# discipline and pr#cedure sh#uld be e2ercised+

3.4 Approaching the scene

3.4.1 Dhen appr#achin, the scene" ships sh#uld a!e (ull use #( any radi# directi#n0(indin, (acilities t# Hh# eH and si ilarly t# l#cate any trans issi#ns (r# E6IRA+ /haracteristics #( an E6IRA are c#ntained in chapter $+ 3.4.2 The radar sh#uld be #perated and e((ecti*e l##!#uts aintained (see chapter :" (i,ure :0: (#r typical radar detecti#n ran,es)+ 3.4.3 At ni,ht" searchli,hts sh#uld be used #r s# e (#r illu inati#n sh#uld be c#ntri*ed+ #( sur(ace

4.2

Assistance by he#icopters

4.2.1 A helic#pter ay be used t# supply e-uip ent and9#r rescue #r e*acuate pers#ns+ 4.2.2 The radius #( helic#pter acti#n usually *aries bet)een :3 and 433 nautical iles (r# base and li(tin, capacity bet)een #ne and #re than %: pers#ns dependin, #n the siCe and type #( aircra(t+ 4.2.3 /ertain rescue+@#perati#ns )ill in*#l*e ris!s (#r the helic#pter cre)+ There(#re it is essential in each case t# e*aluate the seri#usness #( the situati#n and t# ascertain the need (#r helic#pter assistance+ 4.2.4 In supp#ying e,uip&ent a helic#pter n#r ally c# es t# a h#*er #*er a cleared space and l#)ers the e-uip ent by eans #( its )inch cable+ 6ers#nnel #n dec! need #nly unh##! the cable+ 4.2.! 8urin, rescue #perati#ns a helic#pter n#r ally uses a special de*ice (#r h#istin, #r l#)erin, pers#ns+ Lar,e helic#pters (re-uently l#)er a e ber #( their #)n cre) ab#ard the ship (#r assistin, in the dise bar!ati#n pr#cedure and in the use #( the e-uip ent+ .#r the

3.4.4 The /SS sh#uld be !ept in(#r ed #( any c#ntacts ade by 89." radar #r *isual si,htin,s+ I( the /SS has n#t been established" this in(#r ati#n sh#uld be trans itted t# all stati#ns #n the distress (re-uency #r (re-uencies+ 3.4.! Ships sh#uld ta!e easures t# a!e the sel*es hi,hly *isible t# sur*i*#rs" such as a!in, s #!e durin, the dayti e and !eepin, the ship )ell lit at ni,ht+ B#)e*er" cauti#n sh#uld be ta!en as it is

e*acuati#n #( pers#ns" the end #( the h#istin, cable )ith #ne #( the (#ll#)in, eans? +% a rescue slin,@ .2 a rescue bas!et@ .3 a rescue net@ .4 a rescue litter@ .! a rescue seat+

ay be pr#*ided

4.2.!.1 The #st )idely used eans (#r e*acuatin, pers#ns is the rescue slin,+ The rescue slin, is suited (#r the purp#se #( -uic!ly pic!in, up pers#ns" but it is unsuitable (#r patients+ Rescue slin,s are !n#)n by se*eral na es and c# e in sli,htly di((erent shapes and c#n(i,urati#ns (see (i,ure 40%)+ Sliii,s ay be ade #( )ebbed" belted aterial si ilar t# that used in parachute harnesses+ The slin, is put #n in uch the sa e )ay as #ne puts #n a c#at" ensurin, that the l##p #( the slin, is passed behind the bac8 and under both ar&pits. +he person using the s#ing &ust face the hoo8. Bands sh#uld be clasped in (r#nt as sh#)n+ One ust n#t sit in the slin," n#r sh#uld the slin, be unh##!ed+ 4.2.!.2 S# e SAR helic#pter units use the doub#e #ift &ethod )hich c#nsists #( a n#r al rescue slin," and a seatin, belt anned by a helic#pter cre) e ber+ This eth#d is suitable (#r pic!0up (r# the )ater #r the dec! #( incapacitated pers#ns" n#t )#unded badly en#u,h s# that a litter has t# be used+ The helic#pter cre) e ber puts the pers#n int# the slin, and c#nducts the h#ist #perati#n+ 4.2.!.3 The use #( the rescue bas8et d#es n#t re-uire any special easures+ The pers#n t# use the bas!et erely cli bs in" re ains seated and h#lds #n+ 4.2.!.4 The rescue net has a c#nical Hbird ca,eH appearance and is #pen #n #ne side+ The pers#n t# use the net erely enters the #penin," sits in the net and h#lds #n+ 4.2.!.! 6atients )ill in #st cases be dise bar!ed by eans #( a rescue #itter. N#t)ithstandin, a shipGs litter ay be a*ailable in #st cases" the e*acuati#n #( patients sh#uld n#r ally be d#ne in a special litter pr#*ided by the helic#pter + T# this litter bridles are (itted" and it can -uic!ly and sa(ety be h##!ed #n and #((" (#r (#r )hich purp#se a suitable h##! is attached t# the h#istin, cable+ E*en i( the trans(er #( the patient (r# the shipGs #)n stretcher t# the litter pr#*ided by the helic#pter is pain(ul" it sh#uld be pre(erd t# a ris!y e*acuati#n in a litter )hich is n#t suited (#r the purp#es+ 4.2.!.$ The rescue seat l##!s li!e a three0pr#n,ed anch#r )ith (lat (lu!es #r seats+ The pers#n t# be h#isted erely sits astride #ne #r t)# #( the the seats and )raps his ar s ar#und the shan!+ This de*ice can be used t# h#ist t)# pers#ns at #nce++ 4.2.$ A direct radi# lin! sh#uld be established bet)een ship and helic#pter+ B#)e*er" an e2chan,e #( in(#r ati#n and instructi#ns ab#ut rendeC*#us p#siti#ns" etc+ ay be established thr#u,h sh#re0 based radi# stai#ns + Dhen the helic#pter is e-uipped )ith a suitable directi#n0(inder" there is als# the p#ssibility #( identi(yin, a ship and #( h# in, #n it by a!in, use #( the shipIs radi# trans issi#n #n an a,reed (re-uency+ A list #( a*ailable (re-uencies (#r c# unicati#n )ith assistin, aircra(t is c#ntained in para,raph $+1+ 4.2.% Means #( c# unicati#n bet)een ship and helic#pter are (urther indicated in the #nternational (ode of Si&nals ) General secti#n" I 8ISTRESS 0 EMERGEN/F under HAircra(t 0 helic#pterH+ 4.2.' The p#siti#n #( the ship" as )ell as the c#urse and speed t# the rendeC*#us p#siti#n" sh#uld be ,i*en in the (ullest p#ssible detail" and (urther" the l#cal )eather situati#n and particulars ab#ut h#) t# identi(y the ship (r# the air+ Als#" in(#r ati#n sh#uld be sub itted #( the identi(icati#n eans t# be used" such as (la,s" #ran,e s #!e si,nals" sp#tli,hts" dayli,ht si,nallin, la ps #r heli#,raph+

4.2.4 As lar,e a clear stretch #( dec! as p#ssible sh#uld be ade a*ailable as a pic!0up area + The area #( dec! )hich is clear #( #bstructi#ns sh#uld be ar!ed )ith a yell#) painted circular shape ab#ut : in dia eter )hich is appr#priate t# the clear area a*ailable+ 8urin, the ni,ht" )inchin, area (l##dli,htin, sh#uld be pr#*ided and the (l##dli,hts sh#uld be l#cated s# as t# a*#id ,lare t# pil#ts in (li,ht #r t# pers#nnel )#r!in, #n the area+ The arran,e ent and ai in, #( (l##dli,hts sh#uld be such that shad#)s are !ept t# a ini u + The spectral distributi#n #( the (l##dli,hts sh#uld be such that the sur(ace and #bstacle ar!in,s can be c#rrectly identi(ied+ #bstacles sh#uld be clearly identi(ied by #bstacle li,hts+ Dhere )inchin, area (l##dli,htin, and #bstacle li,htin, cann#t be pr#*ided" the ship sh#uld in c#nsultati#n )ith the pil#t" be illu inated as bri,htly as p#ssible particularly the pic!0up area and any #bstructi#ns" e+,+ asts" (unnels" etc+ /are sh#uld be ta!en that such illu inati#n )ill n#t blind the helic#pter pil#t+ 4.2.10 In additi#n t# the re #*al #( #bstacles #ne sh#uld bear in ind the str#n, air0current caused by the helic#pter+ /l#thin, #r #ther #bEects lyin, ab#ut sh#uld be cleared a)ay #r secured+ 4.2.11 <nder certain circu stances the helic#pter pil#t ay pre(er a dec! space #ther than the #ne prepared (#r dise bar!ati#n+ I( the dec!s #( the ship d# n#t #((er a suitable place" the helic#pter ay be able t# li(t a pers#n (r# a li(eb#at #r a li(era(t" secured #n a l#n, painter+ /ases ha*e #ccurred #( li(era(ts bein, #*erturned by the d#)n drau,ht (r# the helic#pter+ It is there(#re ad*isable (#r all pers#ns in a ra(t t# re ain in the centre #( the ra(t until they are ab#ut t# be li(ted+ 4.2.12 6#rtable (ire0(i,htin, e-uip ent (#r #il (ires sh#uld be stati#ned near the dise bar!ati#n space+ Als#" i( p#ssible" the (ire0(i,htin, pu p sh#uld be started and h#ses sh#uld be c#nnected and !ept in readiness+ 4.2.13 .#r better identi(icati#n (r# the air" and als# (#r sh#)in, the directi#n #( the )ind t# the helic#pter pil#t" (la,s and pennants sh#uld be (l#)n+ 4.2.14 All cre) e bers c#ncerned" as )ell as the pers#n t# be e*acuated" sh#uld )ear li(eEac!ets+ This precauti#n ay be aband#ned #nly )hen it )#uld cause unEusti(iable deteri#rati#n #( the c#nditi#n #( the patient t# be trans(erred+ 4.2.1! /are sh#uld be ta!en that the patient d#es n#t )ear l##se cl#thin, #r head,ear+ 4.2.1$ On n# acc#unt sh#uld the li(tin, de*ice #n the end #( the )inch cable be secured t# any part #( the ship #r bec# e entan,led in the ri,,in, #r (i2tures+ ShipGs pers#nnel sh#uld n#t atte pt t# ,rasp the li(tin, de*ice unless re-uested t# d# s# by the helic#pter+ E*en in this case" a etal part #( the li(tin, de*ice sh#uld (irst be all#)ed t# t#uch the dec! in #rder t# a*#id p#ssible sh#c! due t# static electricity+ 4.2.1% Dhen helic#pter h#istin, is t# be d#ne (r# carriers #( (la able9e2pl#si*e car,# #r in the *icinity #( a (la able i2ture spilla,e" the h#istin, ust be ,r#unded clear #( spilla,e #r the carrierGs tan! *entin, area in #rder t# preclude a p#ssible (ire #r e2pl#si#n (r# an electr#static dischar,e+ 4.2.1' The helic#pter pil#t )ill )ant t# appr#ach the ship in such a )ay that the helic#pter )ill h#*er int# the relati*e )ind and )ith the pil#tGs side (starb#ard) cl#sest t# the ship durin, the appr#ach+ I( the he liaci#ntpatienr is t# appr#ach in the usual anner" (r# the stern" the ship sh#uld a c#nstant speed thr#u,h the )ater and !eep the )ind 133 #n the p#rt b#)+ Dhere the h#istin, area is n#t at the stern" the ship sh#uld # !eep the )ind 13 #n the p#rt b#) #r #n either bea i( the area is 3 a idships" #r 13 #n the starb#ard -uarter i( the area is (#r)ard+ A (l#) #( air" as (ree #( turbulence as p#ssible" clear #( s #!e and #ther *isibility restricti#ns" #*er the h#istin, area is *ery i p#rtant t# per it a s ##th and sa(e pic!up #r deli*ery+ These pr#cedures ay be #di(ied #n instructi#ns (r# the pil#t i( c# unicati#ns e2ist+

4.2.14 Generally" pers#nal bel#n,in,s sh#uld n#t be ta!en al#n,+ L##se ,ear can bec# e entan,led in the h#ist cable #r" )#rse yet" bec# e suc!ed up int# the helic#pter r#t#rs )ith disastr#us e((ects+ 4.2.20 The (#ll#)in, h#istin, si,nals ay be used? 2) 0)+ 9)IS+ Ar s e2tended h#riC#ntally" (in,ers clenched" thu bs d#)n+ 9)IS+ Ar s raised ab#*e the h#riC#ntal" thu bs up+ (I( a sur*i*#r has t# ,i*e the h#istin, si,nal hi sel(" he sh#uld raise #nly #ne ar t# pre*ent slippin, #ut #( the slin,+) (+ote") I( it is desired t# include arshallin, si,nals" standard si,nals can be selected (r# anne2 4 #( the /#n*enti#n #n Internati#nal /i*il A*iati#n+)

.' .4 +%3

Search patterns suitable (#r t)# #r #re ships in )hich all ships aintain parallel c#urses (see patterns 4" 1" 4 and :)+ Ship3aircraft coordinated search pattern A search pattern in )hich a ship and an aircra(t c#nduct a c##rdinated search (see pattern ')+ ;ind current The sur(ace current pre*ailin, in the #pen sea ,enerated by )inds pushin, the )ater al#n,+ Additiona# ter&s used An e2planati#n #( the ter s trac/0 co**ence search point0 and trac/ spacin& is ,i*en in (i,ure :0%+

!.4
!.4.1

"#anning the search

!.1
!.1.1

Chapter ! "#anning and conducting the search :enera#

In #rder that sur(ace units" and especially erchant ships #n0 scene" )ill be able t# search e((ecti*ely" in c#nEuncti#n )ith SAR aircra(t )hen a*ailable" it is essential that search patterns and pr#cedures sh#uld be preplanned t# enable erchant ships #( all (la,s t# c#0#perate in c##rdinated #perati#ns )ith the ini u di((iculty and delay+ T# achie*e this ai " a nu ber #( search patterns t# eet *aryin, circu stances ha*e been established+ !.1.2 Typical an #*erb#ard an#eu*res are ,i*en in anne2 4 t# this anual+

It )ill be necessary t# establish a datu ta!in, int# acc#unt the (#ll#)in, (act#rs? +% rep#rted p#siti#n and ti e #( casualty@ .2 ti e inter*al bet)een ships pr#ceedin, t# assist and the ir arri*al #n the scene@ .3 esti ated sur(ace #*c ents #( the casualty and9#r sur*i*al cra(t durin, the peri#d enti#ned in (b)+ These )ill depend pri arily #n dri(t+ .i,ure :01 pr#*ides esti ates #( lee)ay@ .4 the li!elih##d #( SAR aircra(t arri*in, #n0scene be(#re assistin, ships@ .! any supple entary in(#r ati#n such as 89. bearin,s #r si,htin,s+

+er&s used with search patterns< para##e# trac8 patterns

C 6

!.2
!.2.1

esponsibi#ity of /SS
S S S S S

As indicated in para,raph 1+ %3" it is the resp#nsibility #( the /SS t# select and then t# initiate in c#nEuncti#n )ith assistin, ships the #st suitable search pattern+ !.2.2 It is e-ually the resp#nsibility #( the /SS t# adEust the search pattern in *ie) #( the subse-uent de*el#p ents )hich ay include? +% additi#nal assistin, ships arri*in,@ .2 additi#nal in(#r ati#n@ .3 )eather c#nditi#ns" *isibility and dayli,ht+

!.3 2efinitions
!.3.1 The (#ll#)in, de(initi#ns relate t# the c#nduct and e2ecuti#n #( search patterns? +% 2atu& The #st pr#bable p#siti#n #( the search tar,et at a ,i*en ti e" ta!in, int# acc#unt the e2pected e((ect #( dri(t since the initial p#siti#n #( the incident )as established+ .2 2rift The esti ated c# p#site resultant #( )ind" current and9#r tidal strea )hich ay cause a chan,e in the p#siti#n #( the search tar,et+ .3 -(panding s,uare search pattern A type #( search pattern suitable (#r a sin,le ship )hich sh#uld search #ut)ard in e2pandin, s-uares (r# the datu (see pattern %)+ .4 .eeway The #*e ent #( an #bEect caused by its bein, pushed thr#u,h the )ater by l#cal )inds bl#)in, a,ainst the e2p#sed sur(ace #( such #bEect+ .! Sea current The current pre*ailin, in the #pen sea that is caused by (act#rs #ther than l#cal )inds+ .$ Sector search pattern A type #( search pattern suitable (#r a sin,le ship in special circu stances (e+,+ an #*erb#ard) in )hich the ship searches radially (r# datu usin, a syste #( sect#rs '( a circle (see pattern la)+ .% "ara##e# trac8 search patterns

A .IG<RE :+%

+rac8 - The path (#ll#)ed by a sin,le ship (i+e+ (r# A" )hich is the ence search p#int (/S6)" t# 8 thr#u,h A and /)+ +rac8 spacing - The distance bet)een adEacent search trac!s indicated by the di ensi#n S+ c#

+er&s used with search patterns< e(panding s,uare patterns

6 S S S A S S

.IG<RE :04 +rac8 The path al#n, the line (r# p#int A t# p#int A+ +rac8 spacing Indicated by di ensi#n S+ !.4.2 <nless land0based" auth#rities supply a datu it )ill be the resp#nsibility #( the /SS t# d# s# and t# c# unicate this in(#r ati#n t# assistin, ships and appr#priate /RS+ !.4.3 It )ill be at the discreti#n #( the /SS t# c# datu as necessary+ unicate re*ised

!.4.$ Dith parallel trac! search patterns" the /SS )ill need t# decide the initial c#urse t# be steered by searchin, ships+ This sh#uld n#r ally be in the directi#n #( dri(t+ Dhere" h#)e*er" the line #( appr#ach t# the scene #( assistin, ships )#uld enable a search t# be initiated #re rapidly" there )#uld be ad*anta,es in a!in, the initial c#urse the recipr#cal #( the line #( dri(t+

!.!
!.!.1 !.!.2

5isua# search
Indi*idual search patterns ha*e been desi,ned )ith the ai #( pr#*idin, a ready0 ade (ra e)#r! t# enable a search by #ne #r #re ships t# be initiated rapidly by the /SS+ Ine*itably" there )ill be a nu ber #( *ariables that cann#t be (#reseen+ Search patterns based #n *isual search ha*e been established )hich sh#uld" h#)e*er" eet any circu stances+ They ha*e been selected (#r si plicity #( e2ecuti#n+

!.4.4 Dhen plannin, the search" the /SS )ill (irst need t# pl#t the datu and the initial #st pr#bable area+ N#r ally the R// c##rdinatin, search and rescue #perati#ns )ill (#r)ard t# the /SS all rele*ant data #n search areas and search pr#cedures+ The #st pr#bable area is the area centred #n the datu " )ithin )hich the search tar,et is #st li!ely t# be" a(ter all#)ance is ade (#r pr#bable err#rs in datu due t# inaccuracy in the rep#rted p#siti#n #( the casualty and9#r the esti ate #( dri(t+ .#r the initial sta,e it is su,,ested that this area be established by dra)in, a circle #( radius %3 iles )ith centre at datu (#r the ti e #( startin, the search" and then s-uarin, it #(( )ith tan,ents+ The area ay be enlar,ed )hen su((icient search units arri*e (see (i,ure :04)+

!.$
!.$.1

adar search
Dhen se*eral assistin, ships are a*ailable there ay" at ti es" be ad*anta,es in carryin, #ut a radar" especially in circu stances )hen the p#siti#n #( the casualty is n#t !n#)n reliably and the pr#spects #( SAR aircra(t participatin, are re #te+ N# prescribed pattern has been pr#*ided in Ll##se line abreastM aintainin, an inter*al bet)een ships #( the e2pected detecti#n ran,e ultiplied by % N (see (i,ure :0:)+

2eter&ing the initia# &ost probab#e area for search

MOST 6ROAAALE AREA

adar detection ranges for end-on contacts

+arget adar scanner height 1!& 30 & ( nautical iles ) 13=0 1'=0 $=0 '=4 !=! %=% 1=4 2=% FI:1 - !-!

R 8RI.T 8AT<M Initial p#siti#n

%3"333 ,t ship %"333 ,t ship 433 ,t ship & b#at

<se R J %3

iles (#r initial area

.IG<RE :04

The ab#*e ran,es relate t# n#r al at #spheric c#nditi#ns+ As the radar ech# stren,th )ill (luctuate c#nsiderably )ith aspect" the (i,ures are #nly t# be used as a ,uide+

+ote1 In *ie) #( the *ariati#n in c#nstructi#n and siCe #( li(era(ts" the uncertainty #( the nu ber #( pe#ple #n b#ard and )hether a can#py #r dr#,ue has been depl#yed" the dri(t #( indi*idual types #( li(era(t ay *ary c#nsiderably+ .i,ure :01 represents appr#2i ate dri(t characteristics (#r all types #( (ully #ccupied in(latable li(era(ts #( *ari#us capacities? % )ith#ut dr#,ue@ 4K )ith an i pr#*ed ballast syste @ 1 )ith dr#,ue@ 4 )ith dr#,ue but )ith can#py n#t depl#yed+ Aecause #( the p#ssible *ariati#ns #( li(era(t c#n(i,urati#ns" the b#undaries #( the ab#*e dri(t *alues ,i*en by I and 4 in the (i,ure represent appr#2i ate li its (#r li(era(t dri(t+ B#)e*er" it sh#uld be n#ted that (#r an un#ccupied" partially #ccupied #r )aterl#,,ed li(era(t" the dri(t ay (all #utside #( the para eters sh#)n+ !.4.! There ay be #ccasi#ns" )ith s all cra(t in particular" )hen lar,e err#rs ay ad*ersely a((ect the c# putati#n #( the datu + It is ne*ertheless i p#rtant t# search a s aller area th#r#u,hly rather than atte pt t# c#*er a lar,er #ne less e((ecti*ely+

!.%

Inter*a# between ships

!.%.1 At the start #( a parallel trac! search" the inter*al sh#)n in this anual sh#uld be used+ /ircu stances ay #ccur )hen the /SS c#nsiders it prudent t# alter the inter*als+ All searchin, ships sh#uld endea*#ur t# aintain stati#n accurately+

!.'

Searching speed

!.'.1 T# carry #ut a parallel trac! search in a c##rdinated anner" all units sh#uld pr#ceed at the sa e speed as directed by the /SS+ This sh#uld n#r ally be the a2i u speed #( the sl#)est ship present+ In restricted *isibility" the /SS )ill n#r ally #rder a reducti#n in searchin, speed (see para,raph :+% 1!"

!.4
!.4.1 +%

Search patterns
A*ailable search patterns are as (#ll#)s? e2pandin, s-uare search? (#r use by #ne ship 0 see pattern %@

.2 sect#r search? (#r use by #ne ship (special cases 0 an #*erb#ard" etc+) 0 see pattern la@ .3 parallel trac!? (#r use by t)# ships 0 see pattern 4@ .4 parallel trac!? (#r use by three ships 0 see pattern 1@ .! parallel trac!? (#r use by (#ur ships 0 see pattern 4@ .$ parallel trac!? (#r use by (i*e #r #re ships 0 see pattern :@ .% ship9aircra(t c##rdinated search? (#r use by ship and aircra(t 0 see pattern '+ !.4.2 In the e*ent #( the arri*al #( assistin, aircra(t durin, the e2ecuti#n #( #ne #( the ab#*e search patterns" it is usually desirable (#r the sur(ace nits t# c#ntinue and t# c# plete the e2istin, search+ The aircra(t sh#uld earch independently usin, the sur(ace units as a na*i,ati#nal re(erence #int i( desired+ At the c# pleti#n #( the current search" the /SS #r OS/ h#uld decide the #st e((ecti*e eth#d #( e pl#yin, units at his disp#sal+ !.4.3 These search patterns ,i*e" in ,eneral" ,##d *isual c#*era,e #( the rea+ B#)e*er" in circu stances in )hich the searchin, speed is sl#)" the (#r ati#n #n )hich the datu is based is inc# plete #r unreliable" #r hen hi,h dri(t rates are enc#untered" they ha*e ine*itable li itati#ns+ # an e2tent" these can be c# pensated (#r by the arri*al #( additi#nal arch units" rec# putin, datu and the #st pr#bable area peri#dically" d e2pandin, the search area #re in #ne directi#n than in an#ther+ !.4.4 The trac! spacin,s (S) sh#)n in (i,ure :0' are rec# ended (#r e )ith all the search patterns sh#)n in this Manual e2cept (#r the sect#r arch (pattern la)+ .i,ure :0' ta!es int# acc#unt the type #( search #bEect d the ete#r#l#,ical *isibility+ Trac! spacin,s ay be decreased sli,htly" )e*er" t# increase the pr#bability #( detecti#n" #r ay be increased htly t# increase the area c#*ered in a ,i*en ti e+ Other (act#rs ay # be c#nsidered" includin, sea c#nditi#n" ti e #( day" p#siti#n #( the I e((ecti*eness #( #bser*ers" etc+

!.10.2 I( p#ssible" datu ay be ar!ed by puttin, #*er (#r e2a ple a li(era(t #r #ther (l#atin, ar!er as a chec! #n dri(t+ This can then be used as a datu ar!er thr#u,h#ut the search+ !.10.3 As #ther ships arri*e" the /SS sh#uld select #ne #( the search patterns 4"1"4 #r : as appr#priate and all#cate trac! nu bers t# indi*idual ships+ In 6eri#ds #( ,##d *isibility and )ith su((icient search units #n hand" the /SS ay c#nsider it ad*isable t# let the (irst ship c#ntinue its e2pandin, s-uare search )hile the #thers c#nduct a parallel trac! search thr#u,h the sa e area+ In peri#ds #( restricted *isibility" #r i( su((icient search units are n#t a*ailable" it )ill pr#bably be better t# ha*e the (irst ship brea! #(( the e2pandin, s-uare search and s# be a*ailable (#r initiati#n #( a trac! search+

!.11

estricted *isibi#ity

!.11.1 Thecarryin,#ut#(aparalleltrac!searchinrestricted*isibilityp#ses pr#ble s #n acc#unt #( the (#ll#)in, c#nsiderati#ns? +% the desirability #( reducin, the inter*al bet)een ships as (ar as p#ssible c#nsistent )ith sa(ety@ .2 the resultin, l#ss #( c#*era,e@ .3 the p#tential ris! #( c#llis#n+ !.11.2 8urin, peri#ds #( restricted *isibility" the /SS sh#uld direct a reducti#n #( speed as necessary+ in such circu stances any ship n#t (itted )ith radar" #r )h#se radar has bec# e de(ecti*e" sh#uld c#nsider dr#ppin, astern #( #ther ships in(#r in, the /SS #( its acti#n+ This ship sh#uld c#ntinue the search )hen it Eud,es its p#siti#n" relati*e t# #ther searchin, ships" sa(e t# d# s#+ !.11.3 I( and )hen the situati#n i pr#*es su((iciently" the ship sh#uld endea*#ur tp resu e its pr#per stati#n" a,ain ad*isin, the /SS+ !.11.4 I( there is a reducti#n in *isibility and ships ha*e already started t# carry #ut a search pattern" the /SS ay decide that the sa(est acti#n )#uld be t# c#ntinue the pattern in (#rce despite the resultin, l#ss #( c#*era,e+ !.11.! Sh#uld it be necessary (#r the /SS t# c#nsider initiatin, any #( the search patterns durin, c#nditi#ns #( restricted *isibility" the (#ll#)in, (act#rs sh#uld be b#rne in ind? .1 ships )ill be pr#ceedin, at reduced speed and searches )ill there(#re ta!e l#n,er@ 2 t# search th#r#u,hly the area in such c#nditi#ns ust ean a reducti#n in trac! spacin, as pr#*ided (#r in (i,ure :0'@ .3 reducti#n in trac! spacin, )#uld re-uire either a reducti#n in the inter*al bet)een ships and" thus" the carryin, #ut #( #re s)eeps+ Aearin, all these (act#rs in ind" the csS ay there(#re decide t# accept a reducti#n in the area searched and sh#uld ha*e re,ard t# the directi#n and rate #( esti ated dri(t in decidin, )hether t# accept a reducti#n in #ne #r b#th #( the len,th and )idth #( the search area+ !.11.$ In all circu stances sh#uld there be a subse-uent i pr#*e ent in *isibility" the /SS sh#uld initiate su ch acti#ns as )ill best a!e ,##d the l#st c#*era,e )hich has ta!en place+

+rac8 spacing >S? for &erchant *esse#s

1 Search ob2ect 6ers#n in )ater 40pers#n li(era(t '0pers#n li(era(t %:0pers#n li(era(t 4:0pers#n li(era(t A#at : (%:(t) A#at $ (41 (t) A#at %4 (43 (t) A#at 44 ($& (t) 3+4 4+1 4+: 4+' 4+$ %+% 4+3 4+5 1+4

Mete#r#l#,ical *isibility ( autical iles ) ' %3 1' 0"' 1+4 1+' 4+3 4+4 %+4 4+& 4+: :+' 3+' 4+4 '"0 '"1 :+4 %+& 4+1 $+' %3+$ 3+$ 4+& '+4 '+4 '+: 4+% :+4 &+4 %4+$

43 3+$ '"' '+& $+1 $+: 4+1 :+5 %%+' %5+%

!.12 Further action on co&p#etion of initia# phase

!.12.1 The /SS )ill n#r ally c#nsider the initial phase t# ha*e been c# pleted )hen" in the absence #( (urther in(#r ati#n" searchin, ships ha*e c# pleted #ne search #( the #st pr#bable area+ i( at that sta,e n#thin, has been l#cated" it )ill be necessary (#r the /SS t# c#nsider the #st e((ecti*e eth#d #( c#ntinuin, the search+ !.12.2 .ailure t# l#cate the search tar,et ay be due t# #ne #r #re #( the (#ll#)in, causes? +% err#rs in p#siti#n #)in, t# na*i,ati#nal inaccuracies and9#r inaccuracy in the distress c# unicati#ns rep#rtin, the p#siti#n+ This is especially li!ely t# apply i( the p#siti#n #( datu )as based #n an esti ate usin, inc# plete in(#r ati#n@ .2 an err#r in dri(t esti ati#n@ .3 (ailure t# si,ht the tar, et durin, the search alth#u,h it )as in the search area+ This is #st li!ely t# #ccur i( the tar,et is a s all cra(t" sur*i*al cra(t #r sur*i*#rs in the )ater@

FI:1 - !-$

!.10

Initiation of search

!.10.1 Dhen #ne ship arri*es #n0scene )ell in ad*ance #( the #thers" it sh#uld pr#ceed directly t# datu and c# ence an e2pandin, s-uare search+

.4 the casualty ha*in, sun! )ith#ut trace + Other than the case #( a s all ship #r cra(t in r#u,h )eather" e2perience su,,ests that there is al)ays li!ely t# be s# e trace" e*en i( #nly debris and9#r #il patches@ .! na*i,ati#nal inaccuracies #( the searchin, ships+ This is #st li!ely t# apply )hen na*i,ati#nal (i2es cann#t be #btained+ !.12.3 Three c#urses #( acti#n are #pen t# the /SS? .1 re0search the sa e area all#)in, (#r added dri(t durin, the ti e elapsed since calculatin, last datu @ .2 e2pand the #st pr#bable area" a(ter all#)in, (#r added dri(t and search the e2panded area+ 8ependin, #n circu stances and in(#r ati#n a*ailable" it ay be ad*isable t# e2pand the area #re in #ne directi#n than an#ther@ .3 deter ine an entirely ne) pr#bable area based up#n additi#nal in(#r ati#n recei*ed+ E2cept in cases )here a lar,e ship is the tar,et and s all trac! spacin,has been used" (a) #r (b) ab#*e are indicated" depe din, #n the nu ber #( search units that ha*e arri*ed+ Dhere in(#r ati#nlils recei*ed t# indica that the #ri,inal datu )as ,r#ssly inaccurate" (c) )#uld be ad*isable+ !.12.4 A s all tar,et" )hich is easily issed in the dayti e" ay bec# *isible at ni,ht i( it sh#)s li,hts" (lares #r #ther 6yr#technics+ The /SS sh#uld" there(#re" c#nsider usin, sur(ace cra(t at ni,ht t# re0search area c#*ered by day+ It is ,##d practice" )hen searchin, (#r sur*i*#rs in s al cra(t" in sur*i*al cra(t" #r in the )ater" t# st#p #ccasi#nally the en e at ni,ht #r in restricted *isibility by day t# listen (#r cries #( help+

!.1!.2 The aster #( any ship ta!in, part in a search sh#uld endea*#ur t# carry #ut all directi#ns he ay recei*e" but he ust at all ti es ha*e re,ard t# the sa(ety #( his #)n ship and cre)+ !.1!.3 T# initiate and c#nduct c##rdinated search patterns" it )ill be necessary (#r the /SS t# trans it a li ited nu ber #( an#eu*rin, instructi#ns by the #st appr#priate eans+ !.1!.4 Dhen practicable" the /SS sh#uld use plain lan,ua,e (#r these purp#ses+ It is" h#)e*er" i p#rtant that the actual te2t #( the essa,e (#r the initiati#n #( a pattern and that #( subse-uent essa,es relatin, t# its c#nduct #r adEust ent sh#uld be in a standard (#r + A list #( standard te2ts (#r this purp#se is c#ntained in para,raph :+%'+%+ !.1!.! <nless a ti e is speci(ied in the te2t" indi*idu al ships sh#uld pr#ceed as necessary t# e2ecute the purp#rt #( the essa,e #n receipts !.1!.$ Sh#uld circu stances re-uire the /SS t# direct the ships alterati#n #( c#urse (e+,+participatin, in a pattern t# carry #ut a aE#r a ne) area" it )#uld be #*er &3%)" as" (#r e2a ple" be(#re pr#ceedin, t# desirable (#r the /SS t# direct this in t)# steps+ !.1!.% Dhere lan,ua,e di((iculties e2ist" the Tnternational (ode of Si&nals #r the Standard Marine +a,i&ational -ocabular. sh#uld be used as (ar as p#ssible+ Many use(ul si,nals )ill be (#und in the General Secti#n"" especially parts I and ;II" #( the /#de+ This applies b#th t# in(#r at#ry essa,es (r# assistin, ships and t# directi#ns by the /SS+

!.13

<se #( ship9aircra(t c##rdinated pattern

!.1$
!.1$.1

Standard te(ts of &essages

!.13.1 The ship9aircra(t c##rdinated attern (see pattern ') )#uld n#r ally #nly be used i( there is an OS/ppresent t# ,i*e directi#n t# and pr#*ide c# unicati#ns )ith the participatin, ship+ The #bEecti*e #( this type #( search is (#r the aircra(t t# d# #st #( the searchin," )hile the ship stea s al#n, a c#urse at a speed as directed by the OS/" s# that the aircra(t can use it as a na*i,ati#nal chec!p#int+ The aircra(t" as it passes #*er the ship" can easily a!e c#rrecti#ns t# stay #n the trac! #( its search pattern+ Such a c##rdinated search ,i*es a hi,her pr#bability #( detecti#n than can n#r ally be attained by an aircra(t searchin, al#ne+ Ship speed *aries acc#rdin, t# the speed #( the aircra(t and the siCe #( the pattern+

:+%4

E*idence #( casualty (#und

!.14.1 In s# e cases" the search ay pr#*ide e*idence #( the casualty th#ut sur*i*#rs bein, (#und+ This e*idence ay pr#*ide in(#r ati#n r a recalculati#n #( datu and re*isi#n #( the search area+ !.14.2 Dhen an aband#ned ship is l#cated" it ay ha*e dri(ted be(#re the nd (aster than sur*i*al cra(t+ In such a case" c#ncentrati#n #( search )ind is rec# ended+ B#)e*er" a l#)0lyin," hal(0sun!en l#aded ship ay dri(t #re sl#)ly than a (l#atin, sur*i*al cra(t" e*en i( a dr#,ue is used+ derelict ay dri(t at a c#nsider0able an,le #(( the pre*ailin, )ind directi#n+ !.14.3 Dhen )rec!a,e is l#cated it usually c#nsists #( debris and9#r an I slic!+ Sh#uld this ha*e c# e (r# the distressed ship" sur*i*al cra(t %% usually be (#und d#)n)ind (r# the debris + In s# e cases" h#)e*er" ship ay ha*e been aband#ned s# e ti e be(#re sin!in," in )hich e sur*i*al cra(t ay be up)ind+ A#th p#ssibilities sh#uld be c#nsidered+ t is !n#)n" #r suspected" that sur*i*#rs are in the )ater" the area int# ch they ay ha*e been (#rced by the bu((etin, #( the seas sh#uld als# chec!ed since they ay be a((ected #re by this than by the )ind+

The (#ll#)in, si,nals are t# be used in c#nEuncti#n )ith the c#nduct #( standard search patterns+ eference +e(t or &eaning 7777777777+Code groups (a) /arry #ut search pattern 777+startin, .RI at 777++h#urs+ Initial c#urse777+ Search speed 777++!n#ts+ (b) /arry #ut radar search" ships pr#ceedin, in .R4 l##se line abreast at inter*als bet)een ships #( 777+ iles + Initial c#urse 7777 Search speed 777+ !n#ts+ (c) ;essel indicated (call si,n #r identity si,nal) .R1 is all#cated trac! nu ber 77777++ (d) ;essel9s indicated adEust inter*al bet)een .R4 ships t# +777++ iles+ (e) AdEust trac! spacin, t# 7777+ iles+ .R: (f! Search speed )ill n#) be777++ !n#ts+ .R' (,) F#u sh#uld alter c#urse t#7777(at MB ti e indicated)+ (h) F#u sh#uld steer c#urse 77777++ MG (i) Alter c#urse as necessary t# ne2t le, #( .R$ trac! n#) (#r at ti e indicated)+ !.1$.2 S# e #ther use(ul si,nals in the Internati#nal /#de #( Si,nals? eference +e(t or &eaning Code groups (a) I a (#r *essel indicated is) in char,e #( c#0 .R #rdinatin, search+ (b) My a2i u speed is777+(nu ber) SO !n#ts+ (c) I ha*e n# radar+ OI (d) I ha*e an ech# #n y radar #n bearin, ON ++++++77" distance 77777++ iles+ (e) I a alterin, c#urse t# 77777++ MI (() I ha*e si,hted sur*i*al cra(t in lat777+ GB l#n,7777++ (#r bearin, 77++distance ++++++++ (r# e)+ (,) I ha*e l#cated (#r (#und) )rec!a,e (r# GL the *essel9aircra(t in distress (p#siti#n t# be indicated i( necessary by lat777++ and l#n,777+++#r bearin, 777++ (r# speci(ied place and distance 77+)+ (h) Esti ated set and dri(t #( sur*i*al cra(t is .6 ++++++++ de,rees and 77777+ !n#ts+

!.1! /anoeu*ring instructions

!.1!.1 The Internati#nal Re,ulati#ns (#r 6re*entin, c#llisi#ns at Sea c#ntinue t# apply (ully )hile carryin, #ut searches+ The an#eu*rin, and )arnin, si,nals )ill be #( particular i p#rtance in the circu stances+

(i) (E) (!)

I )ish t# c# unicate by ;B. radi#0 teleph#ny #n channel indicated+ Repeat the distress p#siti#n+ EL 6#siti#n ,i*en )ith SOS9MAF8AF is )r#n,+ The c#rrect p#siti#n is lat++++++++ l#n, + ++++++++ + "A++- 0 1

FF .B

-(panding s,uare search @ 1 ship

iles

3 All turns are %43 t# starb#ard+ Start pattern at datu + This pattern ,i*es *ery hi,h pr#bability #( detecti#n cl#se t# datu and spreads the search *er the pr#bable area -uic!ly+ 3 <p#n c# pleti#n #( (irst search" re0#rient the pattern 13 t# the ri,ht and search as sh#)n by the dashed line+ "A++- 0 2

iles S

iles

iles

"ara##e# trac8 search - 2 ships

8AT<M S iles 8irecti#n #( dri(t

A6ROA/B /O<RSE S "A++- 0 1a iles

8AT<M S iles S iles S iles S iles

Sector- search -- 1 ship

.#r use )hen p#siti#n #( search tar,et is !n#)n )ithin cl#se li its" )ith a s all pr#bable area+ E3a*ples") (a) an #*erb#ard 0 ship returns i ediately t# datu @ (b) search tar,et is #nce si,hted and then l#st 0 ship heads (#r datu + +rac8 2 +rac8 1

"A+- 0 @ 3

"ara##e# trac8 search - 3 ships

%433 4 iles 8irecti#n #( dri(t

.irst le, S 4 iles iles

8AT<M S iles S iles S iles S iles

+rac8 2

+rac8 1

+rac8 3

8atu 4 iles

"A++- 0 4

"ara##e# trac8 search -- 4 ships

8irecti#n

#( dri(t

Chapter $ Conc#usion of search

S S iles iles S iles 8AT<M S iles S iles S iles S iles $.1-2 Once the casualty #r sur*i*#r has been si,hted" the /SS sh#uld assess the best eth#d #( rescue and direct the #st suitably e-uipped ship #r ships t# the scene+ +rac8 4 +rac8 2 +rac8 1 +rac8 3 $-1.3 In the case #( sur*i*#rs in the )ater" the rescuin, ship ay (ind it necessary t# ri, scra ble nets" #r launch li(eb#ats #r li(era(ts and ha*e cre) e bers suitably e-uipped t# enter the )ater t# assist sur*i*#rs+ Great care sh#uld be e2ercised in the handlin, #( such sur*i*#rs+ $.1.4 In the case #( (ire #r e2tre ely hea*y )eather" #r )here it is i p#ssible (#r the rescue ship t# c# e al#n,side" it ay be (#und e2pedient t# t#) a li(eb#at #r li(era(t t# a cl#ser p#siti#n+ $.1.! In hea*y )eather" the use #( #il (#r reducin, the e((ect #( the sea sh#uld be c#nsidered+ E2perience has sh#)n that *e,etable #ils and ani al #ils" includin, (ish #ils" are #st suitable (#r -uellin, )a*es+ I( these are n#t a*ailable" lubricatin, #ils sh#uld be used+ .uel #il sh#uld n#t be used" e2cept as a last res#rt" as it is har (ul t# pers#ns in the )ater+ Lubricatin, #il is less har (ul and tests ha*e sh#)n that 433 litres dischar,ed sl#)ly thr#u,h a rubber h#se )ith an #utlet Eust ab#*e the sea" )hile the ship pr#ceeds at sl#) speed" can e((ecti*ely -uell a sea area #( s# e :"333 s-uare etres+ $.1.$ In hea*y )eather" a ship )ith a l#) (reeb#ard be better suited t# e((ect rescue+ ay

$.1 Search successfu# - escue

$.#.1 The (#ll#)in, para,raphs #utline pr#cedures )hich ad#pted )hen rescuin, sur*i*#rs+ ay be

"A++- 0 !

"ara##e# trac8 search -- ! or &ore ships

8irecti#n #( dri(t

8AT<M S S iles iles S iles S iles

$.1.% A b#ardin, stati#n ay be ri,,ed by ##rin, a li(era(t al#n,side+ It is particularly use(ul )hen li(eb#ats are used+ Sur*i*#rs can be -uic!ly unl#aded int# the b#ardin, stati#n" releasin, the b#at (#r an#ther trip+ $.1.' .#r cases in*#l*in, e*acuati#n by helic#pter" see chapter 4+

$ etc. +rac8 4 +rac8 2 +rac8 1 +rac8 3 "A++- 0 $

+rac8 ! % etc.

Co-ordinated creeping #ine search @ 1 ship and 1 aircraft

$.1.4 The directi#n #( appr#ach t# the casualty (#rsur*i*#rs) )ill depend up#n circu stances+ S# e casualties" such as ship #n (ire" ay ha*e t# be appr#ached (r# )ind)ard and #thers" such as rubber li(era(ts" (r# lee)ard+ The t)# !ey (act#rs are )hether a tee side pr#tecti#n is necessary durin, the rescue #perati#n and the c# parati*e rates #( dri(t #( the casualty and the rescuin, ship+ I( ti e per its" it ay )ell be t# the rescuin, shipGs ad*anta,e t# assess the relati*e rates #( dri(t+ This precauti#n ay pre*ent seri#us ishaps durin, the rescue #perati#ns+ In ,eneral" sur*i*#rs in the )ater are best appr#ached (r# the )ind)ard side+ $.1.10 l( practicable "arran,e ents sh#uld be ade (#r inEured pers#nnel re-uirin, the attenti#n #( a edical #((icer t# be trans(erred t# a ship carryin, #ne+ $.1.11 In an #cean incident" i( there is n# ship a*ailable )ith a edical #((icer #n b#ard" the /SS sh#uld c#nsider trans ittin, an ur,ency essa,e re-uestin, such a ship t# rendeC*#us+ I( necessary" the /SS sh#uld c#ntact a /RS+ Dhere p#siti#n0rep#rtin, syste s are a*ailable " in(#r ati#n (r# a /RS #n the a*ailability #( ships )hich ha*e a edical #((icer sh#uld be re-uested+

ShipIs c#urse as directed by OS/

$.1.12 In a c#astal incident" the l#cal R// sh#uld arran,e (#r edical assistance t# be sent (r# ash#re+ The l#cal /RS ay act as an inter ediary in the pr#ceedin,s+ $.1.13 Sur*i*#rs sh#uld be -uesti#ned c#ncernin, the ship #r aircra(t in distress" its c# ple ent" casualties and )hether any #ther sur*i*#rs #r sur*i*al cra(t ha*e been seen+ This in(#r ati#n sh#uld be pr# ptly relayed t# the /SS+ $.1.14 Dhen all rescuin, acti#n has been e((ected" the /SS sh#uld i ediately in(#r all ships that the search has been ter inated+ $.1.1! The /SS sh#uld in(#r the nearest /RS #( the c#nclusi#n #( the search and ,i*e the (#ll#)in, details? +% na es and destinati#ns #( ships )ith sur*i*#rs and nu ber #( sur*i*#rs in each@ .2 physical c#nditi#n #( sur*i*#rs@ .3 )hether edical aid is needed@ .4 the state #( the casualty and )hether it is a haCard t# na*i,ati#n+ Esti ated )ind speed (!n#ts)

It sh#uld be b#rne in ind that the e2pected ti es #( sur*i*al ,i*en ab#*e #nly apply t# pers#ns i ersed in )ater )ith#ut any pr#tecti*e cl#thin, and that they can be l#n,er (#r pers#ns )earin, any s#rt #( sur*i*al suit #r ther al pr#tecti*e aid+

-ffect of wind on e(posed persons

Actual te perature ( /) %3 3 00 %4 00 41 00 1: Increased Little dan,er (#r 6r#perly

8ressed

4: Great 8an,er

3 %3 43 13 43 #r #re O( .reeCin, #( E2p#sed (lesh

8an,er

O( (reeCin, #( E2p#sed (lesh

6ers#ns

$.2

Search unsuccessfu#

$.2.1 The /SS sh#uld c#ntinue the search until all h#pe #( rescuin, sur*i*#rs has passed+ B#)e*er" the c#nditi#n ay arise )hen the /SS ust a!e a decisi#n t# ter inate an unsuccess(ul search+ Dhen a!in, this deter inati#n he sh#uld !eep the (#ll#)in, (act#rs in ind? +% the pr#bability that sur*i*#rs" i( ali*e" )ere in the search area@ .2 the pr#bability #( detecti#n #( the search tar,et" i( it )ere in the areas searched@ .3 the a*ailability #( ti e re ainin, that search units can re ain #n scene@ .4 the pr#bability that sur*i*#rs i,ht still be ali*e ,i*en the te perature" )ind and sea c#nditi#ns at the ti e (see (i,ures '0% and '04)+

IN/REASE8 DIN8 ;ELO/ITIES GREATLF IN/REASE 8ENGER O. .REEZING O. EQ6OSE8 .LESB+ 6ROTE/TI;E MEAS<RES SBO<L8 AE TAREN+ FI:1 - $-2

'+4+4

At his discreti#n" the /SS a(ter c#nsultati#n )ith #ther assistin, ships and land0based auth#rities" as appr#priate" sh#uld ta!e the (#ll#)in, acti#n? +% #cean incident 0 ter inate acti*e search" ad*ise assistin, ships t# pr#ceed #n passa,e and in(#r the land0based auth#rity acc#rdin,ly+ A essa,e sh#uld be sent t# all ships in the area as!in, the t# c#ntinue t# !eep a l##!#ut@ .2 c#astal incident 0 c#nsult )ith land0based auth#rities thr#u,h the l#cal /RS as re,ards ter inati#n #( search+

Chapter %

/#

nicati#ns

$+%

Marine radi#c# unicati#n (acilities a*ailable (#r distress purp#ses

:uide to sur*i*a# ti&e for persons in water of *arious te&peratures

0 +e&perature > C? Less than 4 4 t# 4 4 t# %3 %3 t# 1' 1' t# 43 O*er 43 -(pected ti&e of sur*i*a# Less than P h#ur Less than % N h#urs Less than 1 h#urs Less than ' h#urs Less than %4 h#urs Inde(inite (depends #n (ati,ue) FI:1 - $-1 ;arning< The ,uidelines set (#rth ab#*e are eant t# e phasiCe the need (#r (ast acti#n and n#t as a eans #( settin, an arbitrary li it #n search e((#rt+ /ases ha*e been e2perienced )here indi*iduals (ar e2ceeded the e2pected sur*i*al ti es" and this p#ssibility sh#uld al)ays be ta!en int# c#nsiderati#n )hen decidin, up#n ter inati#n #( a search+

%.1-1 The (#ll#)in, (re-uencies are a*ailable )#rld0)ide (#r distress purp#es ? "1 :33 !BC (radi#tele,raphy)@ .2 4"%54 !BC (radi#teleph#ny)@ .3 %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %') (radi#teleph#ny)@ +4 5"1'4 !BC (#r sur*i*al cra(t+ %.1.2 Additi#nal (re-uencies a*ailable )#rld0)ide t# supple ent 4"%54 !BC include 4"%4: !BC and '"4%4+: !BC+

%-1.3 Ships trans ittin, a distress essa,e #n any #( the ab#*e (re-uencies sh#uld" )hene*er p#ssible" use the appr#priate alar si,nal be(#re trans ittin, the distress essa,e until c#ntact is established )ith rescue (acilities+

%.1.4 The aer#nautical (re-uencies 1"341 !BC and :"'53 !BC ay be used (#r c# unicati#ns by ships and participatin, c#ast radi# stati#ns en,a,ed in c##rdinated SAR #perati#ns+

%.1.! E er,ency p#siti#n0indicatin, radi# beac#ns (E6IRAs) #perate #n 4"%&4 !BC and9#r the aer#nautical (re-uenciesS %4%+: MBC and9#r 441 MBC+ Merchant ships )ill n#t n#r ally be able t# recei*e %4%+: MBC and 441 MBC+ Th#se de*ices ay be sel(0acti*ated )hen (l#atin, in the sea #r anually #perated+ The characteristics #( the si,nals #n 4"%54 !BC are as (#ll#)s +% #ow-power beacons< a sin,le t#ne #( bet)een #ne and (i*e sec#nds interrupted by peri#ds #( silence #( si ilar durati#n" trans itted c#ntinu#usly@ (SS# e Oapanese ships carry E6IRAS )hich trans it the distress si,nal and identi(icati#n #n (re-uencies bet)een 4"35&+: !BC and 4"3&4+: !BC+) .2 high-power beacons< as in (a)@ #r the radi#teleph#ne alar si,nal (#ll#)ed by the M#rse letter 6 and9#r the call si,n t# )hich the radi# beac#n bel#n,s@ .3 the si,nals speci(ied in (b) ay be trans itted )ith a c#ntinu#us cycle )hich c#nsists #( the t#ne si,nals (#r bet)een 13 and :3 sec#nds (#ll#)ed by a peri#d #( silence #( appr#2i ately si ilar durati#n@ .4 certain types #( beac#ns" b#th l#) and hi,h p#)er" ay inc#rp#rate a (acility enablin, the cycle t# be interrupted (#r speech trans issi#n+ %.1.$ GM8SS #peratin, ,uidance (#r situati#ns is sh#)n in (i,ure $0%+ asters #( ships in distress

. A >-- --? ,i*en by li,ht #r s#undsi,nal apparatus+ By night 0 ;ertical #ti#n #( a )hite li,ht #r (lare" #r (irin, #( a ,reen star si,nal #r si,nallin, the c#de letter . A >-- --? ,i*en by li,ht #r s#undsi,nal apparatus+ A ran,e (indicati#n #( directi#n) ay be ,i*en by placin, a steady )hite li,ht #r (lare at a l#)er le*el and in line )ith the #bser*er+

HThis is the best place t# land+H

By day 0 B#riC#ntal #ti#n #( a )hite (la, #r ar s e2tended h#riC#ntally #r (irin, #( a red star si,nal #r si,nallin, B the c#de letter S ( ? ,i*en by li,ht #r s#und0si,nal apparatus+ By night = B#riC#ntal #ti#n #( a )hite li,ht #r (lare #( a red star si,nal B #r si,nallin, the c#de letter S ( ? ,i*en by li,ht #r s#und0si,nal apparatus+ LLandin, here hi,hly dan,er#us+H

%.2
%.2.1

5isua# co&&unication faci#ities

The (#ll#)in, *isual eans #( c# unicati#n sh#uld be used )hen appr#priate? +% si,nallin, la p@ .2 internati#nal c#de (la,s@ .3 8istress si,nals prescribed in anne2 I; t# the %&$4 /#llisi#n Re,ul ati#ns+ .4 The (#ll#)in, si,nals describe the li(e0sa*in, si,nals re(erred t# in re,ulati#n ;9%' #( SOLAS %&$4" as a ended" and are intended (#r use by li(e0sa*in, stati#ns and ariti e rescue units en,a,ed in SAR #perati#ns )hen c# unicatin, )ith ships #r pers#ns in distress and by ships #r pers#ns in distress )hen c# unicatin, )ith li(e0 sa*in, stati#ns and ariti e rescue units? (i) Replies (r# li(e0sa*in, stati#ns #r ariti e rescue units t# distress si,nals ade by a ship #r pers#n? Signification HF#u are seen 0 assistance )ill be ,i*en as s##n as p#ssible+H (Repetiti#n #( such si,nals has the sa e eanin,+) HF#u are seen 0 assistance )ill be ,i*en as s##n as p#ssible+H (Repetiti#n #( such si,nals has the sa e eanin,+)

B#riC#ntal #ti#n (#ll#)ed by )hite (la, in ,r#und and the carryin, #( an#ther )hite (la, in the directi#n t# be indicated #r (irin, #( a red star si,nal *ertically and a )hite star si,nal in the directi#n t#)ards the better landin, 6lace #r B si,nallin, the c#deletter S ( ? . . (#ll#)ed by the c#de letter > -- ? i( a better landin, 6lace (#r the cra(t in distress is l#cated #re t# the ri,ht in the directi#n #( appr#ach #r . .. the c#de letter L > -- ? i( a better landin, 6lace (#r the cra(t in distress is l#cated #re t# the le(t in the directi#n #( appr#ach+ By night = B#riC#ntal #ti#n #( a )hite li,ht #r (lare" (#ll#)ed by the 6lacin, #( the )hite li,ht #r (lare #n the ,r#und and the carryin, #( an#ther )hite li,ht #r (lare in the directi#n t# be indicated #r (irin, #( a red star si,nal *ertically and a )hite star si,nal in the directi#n t#)ards the better landin, place #r B si,nallin, the c#de letter S ( ? . . (#ll#)ed by c#de letter > -- ? i( a better landin, place (#r the cra(t in distress is l#cated #re t# the ri,ht in the directi#n #( appr#ach #r . .. the c#de letter L > -- ? i( a better landin, place (#r the cra(t in distress is l#cated #re t# the le(t in the directi#n #( appr#ach+

Signa# 6y day 0 Oran,e s #!e si,nal #r c# bined li,ht and s#und si,nal (thunderli,ht) c#nsistin, #( three sin,le si,nals )hich are (ired at inter*als #( appr#2i ately #ne inute+ By night 0 Dhite star r#c!et c#nsistin, #( three sin,le si,nals )hich are (ired at inter*als #( appr#2i ately #ne inute+

LLandin, here hi,hly dan,er#us+ A #re (a*#urable l#cati#n (#r landin, is in the directi#n indicated+M

I( necessary the day si,nals day+

ay be ,i*en at ni,ht #r the ni,ht si,nals by

4Landin, si,nals (#r ,uidance #( s

distress? Signa# By day = ;ertical #ti#n #( a )hite (la, #r the ar s #r (irin, #( a ,reen star si,nal #r si,nallin, the c#de letter

all b#ats )ith cre)s #r pers#ns in

Signification

(ii)

Si,nals t# be e pl#yed in c#nnecti#n )ith the use #( sh#re li(e0sa*in, apparatus? Signification In ,eneral 0 L A((ir ati*e+ H Speci(ically? HR#c!et line is held+H HTail bl#c! is ade (ast+ H HBa)ser is ade (ast+H " L Man is in the breeches bu#y+ H HBaul a)ay+H In ,eneral 0 HNe,ati*e+H Speci(ically? HSlac! a)ay+H HA*ast haulin,+H

%.3.10 A ship in an e er,ency #r in distress sh#uld send an ur,ency si,nal #r distress alert #n the appr#priate GM8SS distress and sa(ety (re-uency #r *ia INMARSAT+ %.3.11 Dhen an aircra(t can assist #r )ill participate in the SAR #perati#n as a SAR unit" the R// )ill re-uest the ship )ith the e er,ency #r in distress and ships assistin, t# establish" i( p#ssible" a listenin, )atch #n the (re-uency 4"%4: !BC+ I( unable t# use the (re-uency 4"%4: !BC" ships )ill be re-uested t# establish a )atch #n the (re-uency 1"341 !BC+ %.3.12 The aircra(t )ill initially atte pt t# establish c# unicati#ns #n the (re-uency 4"%4: !BC and" i( this is n#t success(ul" )ill then atte pt t# establish c# unicati#ns #n the (re-uency 1"341 !BC+ %.3.13 I( the e er,ency is #*er and assistance is n# l#n,er re-uired" the ship )ill initiate n#ti(icati#n t# cancel the e er,ency #r distress situati#n in acc#rdance )ith the re-uire ents #( the IT< !adi# Re,ulati#ns+

Signa# By day 0 ;ertical #ti#n #( a )hite (la, #r the ar s #r (irin, #( a ,reen star si,nal+ By night 0 ;ertical #ti#n #( a )hite li,ht #r (lare #r (irin, #( a ,reen star si,nal+ By day 0 B#riC#ntal #ti#n #( a )hite (la, #r ar s e2tended h#riC#ntally #r (irin, #( a red star si,nal+ By night 0 B#riC#ntal #ti#n #( a )hite li,ht #r (lare #r (irin, #( a red star si,nal+

%.4 Air-surface *isua# signa#sC

(SThese si,nals are illustrated in appendi2 1 t# the #nternational (ode of Si&nals"!

%.3 %.3.1

Co&&unications with assisting aircraft Radi#c# unicati#n )ith desi,nated SAR aircra(t sh#uld n#r ally be p#ssible #n 4"%54 !BC #r the ;B. (re-uencies %:'+5 MBC and %:'+1 MBC+

7.4.1 Signa#s with ships and surface craft %.4.1.1 Dhen an aircra(t )ishes t# c# unicate )ith a sur(ace cra(t" )hether in distress #r n#t" it ay either dr#p a essa,e #r use a si,nallin, la p usin, the #nternational (ode of Si&nals #r plain lan,ua,e (see n#te (#ll#)in, $+4+4+ %)+ %.4.1.2 The (#ll#)in, an#eu*res per(#r ed in se-uence by an aircra(t ean that the aircra(t )ishes t# direct a *essel t#)ards a ship #r #ther cra(t in distress? +% circlin, the *essel at least #nce@ .2 cr#ssin, the pr#Eected c#urse #( the *essel cl#se ahead at l#) altitude and? .2.1 r#c!in, the )in,s@ #r .2.2 #penin, and cl#sin, the thr#ttle@ #r .2.3 chan,in, the pr#peller pitch@ .3 headin, in the directi#n in )hich the *essel is t# be directed@ .4 repetiti#n #( such an#eu*res has the sa e eanin,+ %.4.1.3 The (#ll#)in, an#eu*re by an aircra(t eans that the assistance #( the *essel t# )hich the si,nal is directed is n# l#n,er re-uired? +% cr#ssin, the )a!e #( the *essel cl#se astern at l#) altitude and? +%+% r#c!in, the )in,s@ #r .1.2 #penin, and cl#sin, the thr#ttle@ #r .1.3 chan,in, the pr#peller pitch+ +ote1 8ue t# hi,h n#ise le*el #n b#ard *essels" the s#und si,nals in $+4+%+4+4+4 and $+4+%+4+4+1 ay be less e((ecti*e than the *isual si,nal in $+4+%+4+4+% and are re,arded as alternati*e eans #( attractin, attenti#n+ %.4.1.4 A *essel recei*in, the ab#*e si,nals )ill reply in the (#ll#)in, anner? +% )hen ac!n#)led,in, receipt #( the si,nals it )ill? +%+% h#ist the c#de and ans)erin, pendant (*ertical red and )hite stripes) cl#se up ( eanin, underst##d)@ .1.2 (lash the M#rse c#de pr#cedure si,nal + (-- ? by si,nal la p@ .1.3 chan,e the headin, int# the re-uired directi#n@ .2 )hen indicatin, inability t# c# ply it )ill? .2.1 h#ist the internati#nal (la, 0 (NO;EMAER) (a blue and )hite che-uerb#ard (la,)@ #r . .2.2 (lash the M#rse c#de pr#cedure 0 >-- ? by si,nal la p+ Signa#s with sur*i*ors

%.3.2 Ships ay c# unicate Dith aircra(t (#r sa(ety purp#ses" includin, SAR c# unicati#ns" #n 1"341 !BC" :"'53 !BC" %4%+: MBC" %41+% MBC" %:'+1 MBC" %:'+5 MBC and 441 MBC+ %.3.3 Radi#c# unicati#n bet)een ships and aircra(t #n SAR #perati#ns can be e((ected thr#u,h the c#ast radi# stati#n t# the R//+ This syste sh#uld be used )hen direct c# unicati#n cann#t be established #n 4"%54 !BC" 1"341+: !BC" :"'53 !BC" %4%+: MBC" %41+% MBC" %:'+1 MBC and %:'+5 MBC+ %.3.4 ;isual si,nals as described in $+4+% Aircraft in distress %.3.! An aircra(t in distress #*er an #cean sh#uld" in acc#rdance )ith I/AO pr#cedures" ad*ise the air tra((ic c#ntr#l (AT/) auth#rity #( the distress situati#n #n the (re-uency bein, used (#r AT/ purp#ses+ %.3.$ I( ditchin, at sea is li!ely" the AT/ auth#rity )ill i ediately ad*ise the appr#priate R//+ The R// )ill alert ships )hich are in a p#siti#n t# pr#*ide assistance+ %.3.% Dhen alerted" ships )ill be re-uested t# establish" i( p#ssible" a listenin, )atch #n the (re-uency 4"%4: !BC+ I( unable t# use the (re-uency 4"%4: !BC" ships )ill be re-uested t# establish a )atch #n the (re-uency 1"341 !BC+ %.3.' The aircra(t )ill initially atte pt t# establish c# unicati#ns #n the (re-uency 4"%4: !BC and" i( this is n#t success(ul" )ill then atte pt t# establish c# unicati#ns #n the (re-uency 1"341 !BC+ %.3.4 In the e*ent that ditchin, bec# es unnecessary" the aircra(t )ill initiate n#ti(icati#n t# cancel the distress situati#n in acc#rdance )ith IT<9I/AO pr#*isi#ns+ Ship in an emergency or in distress ay be used+

7.4.2

%.4.2.1 Dhen an aircra(t )ishes t# in(#r #r instruct sur*i*#rs" it sh#uld? +% dr#p a essa,e@ .2 dr#p c# unicati#n e-uip ent suitable (#r establishin, direct c#ntact+ +ote") Ae(#re dr#ppin, essa,es #r e-uip ent" the )eather" siCe and de,ree #( an#eu*rability #( the distressed cra(t sh#uld be ta!en int# c#nsiderati#n" e+,+ li(eb#ats ha*in, eans #( pr#pulsi#n ay be able t# rec#*er essa,es #r e-uip ent (r# the sea at s# e distance" but sur*i*#rs in li(era(ts )ill e2perience c#nsiderable di((iculty e*en in cal )eather+ %.4.2.2 +% Dhen a essa,e dr#pped by an aircra(t is underst##d by the sur*i*#rs" they sh#uld ac!n#)led,e it by? (lashin, the M#rse c#de pr#cedure si,nal + (-- ? . . H eanin, )#rd #r ,r#up recei*edH" #r > -- ? " eanin, Hrecei*edH #r HI ha*e recei*ed y#ur last si,nal9 essa,eH" )ith a si,nal la p" i( a*ailable@ ,i*in, the a((ir ati*e anual si,nal c#nsistin, #( *ertical #ti#n #( a )hite (la, #r #( the ar s by day #r *ertical #ti#n #( the )hite li,ht by ni,ht@ usin, any #ther suitable si,nal a,reed up#n+

%.4.3.4 Dhen a si,nal ade #r displayed by a sur(ace cra(t is n#t underst##d by an aircra(t" the aircra(t sh#uld in(#r the sur(ace cra(t by? +% (lyin, strai,ht and le*el )ith#ut r#c!in, )in,s@ #r .2 (lashin, the M#rse c#de pr#cedure si,nal . . . . -"+ > --? " eanin, HI repeatH #r Hrepeat )hat y#u ha*e sentH" )ith a si,nal la p@ #r .3 any #ther suitable si,nal a,reed up#n+

Chapter ' Aircraft casua#ties at sea '.1 Aircraft3ship co&&unications

'.1.1 Dhen an aircra(t trans its a distress essa,e by radi#" the (irst rans issi#n is ,enerally ade #n the desi,nated air9,r#und r#ute (re-uency in use at the ti e bet)een the aircra(t and aer#nautical stati#n+ The aircra(t ay chan,e t# an#ther (re-uency" p#ssibly an#ther r#ute (recluency #r the internati#nal aer#nautical e er,ency (re-uencies #( %4%+: MBC #r 441 MBC+ In an e er,ency" it ay use any #ther a*ailable (re-uency t# establish c#ntact )ith any land" #bile #r directi#n0(indin, stati#n+ '.1.2 There is liais#n bet)een /RS" aer#nautical units" and land0 based search and rescue #r,aniCati#ns+ Merchant ships )ill #rdinarily be in(#r ed #( aircra(t casualti 0 es at sea by br#adcast essa,es (r# /RS ade #n the internati#nal distress (re-uencies of '00 !BC" 4"%54 !BC #r %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %')+ Ships ay" h#)e*er" bec# e a)are #( the casualty by recei*in,? +% an SOS essa,e (r# an aircra(t in distress )hich is able t# trans it #n :33 !BC #r a distress si,nal (r# an aircra(t usin, radi#teleph#ny #n 4"%54 !BC #r %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %')@ .2 a radi#tele,raphy distress si,nal #n :33 !BC (r# a hand#perated e er,ency trans itter carried by s# e aircra(t@ .3 a essa,e (r# a SAR aircra(t (see para,raph $+1+4)+ '.1.3 .#rthe6urp#se#(erner,encyc#ni unicati#ns)ithaircra(t"special attenti#n is called t# the 6#ssibility #( c#nductin, direct c# unicati#ns #n 4"%54 !BC #r %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %')" i( b#th ship and aircra(t carry c# patible ;B. e-uip ent+

.2 .3

%.4.2.3 Dhen a essa,e dr#pped by an aircra(t is n#t underst##d by the sur*i*#rs" they sh#uld in(#r the aircra(t by? +% (lashin, the M#rse c#de pr#cedure si,nal c#nsistin, #( the ,r#up R%T (")" "))" ) )" eanin, HI repeatH #r Hrepeat )hat y#u ha*e sentH" )ith a si,nal la p" i( a*ailable@ .2 ,i*in, the ne,ati*e si,nal c#nsistin, #( h#riC#ntal #ti#n #( a )hite (la, #r #( the ar s e2tended h#riC#ntally by day #r h#riC#ntal #ti#n #( a )hite li,ht by ni,ht+ 7.4.3 Sur(ace0t#0air *isual si,nals %.4.3.1 T# c# unicate )ith an aircra(t a sur(ace cra(t #r sur*i*#rs ay use? the si,nals c#ntained in (i,ure $04" a t#rch" a si,nallin, la p #r si,nal (la,s usin, the #nternational (ode of Si&nals #r plain lan,ua,e+ %.4.3.2 Sur(ace cra(t #r sur*i*#rs ay si,nal the eanin,s sh#)n in (i,ure $04 by displayin, the as sy b#ls #n the dec! #r #n the ,r#und+ Surface-air *isua# signa# code for use by sur*i*ors +o" % 4 1 4 Messa&e Re-uire assistance Re-uire edical assistance N# #r ne,ati*e Fes #r a((ir ati*e 6r#ceedin, in this directi#n FI:1 - %-2 %.4.3.3 Dhen a si,nal ade #r displayed by a sur(ace cra(t is underst##d by an aircra(t" the aircra(t sh#uld ac!n#)led,e the si,nal by? +% dr#ppin, a essa,e@ #r .2 durin, dayli,ht? r#c!in, the )in,s #( the aircra(t@ #r .3 durin, the h#urs #( dar!ness? (lashin, #n and #(( t)ice the aircra(tGs landin, li,hts" #r i( n#t s# e-uipped" by s)itchin, #n and #(( t)ice its na*i,ati#n li,hts@ #r .4 (lashin, the M#rse c#de pr#cedure si,nal + (-- ? eanin, . . H)#rd #r ,r#up recei*edH" #r > -- ? " eanin, Hrecei*edH #r HI ha*e recei*ed y#ur last si,nal9 essa,eH" )ith a si,nal la p@ #r .! any #ther si,nal a,reed up#n+ (ode s.*bol 5 D 0 7

'.2

2istress signa#s

'.2.1 An aircra(t in distress )ill use any eans at its disp#sal t# attract attenti#n" a!e !n#)n its p#siti#n and #btain help" includin, s# e #( the si,nals prescribed by the Internati#nal Re,ulati#ns (#r 6re*entin, /#llisi#ns at Sea+

'.3 Action ta8en to render assistance if aircraft is sti## airborne

'.3.1 Aircra(t usually sin! -uic!ly (e+,+ )ithin a (e) inutes)+ E*ery endea*#ur )ill be ade t# ,i*e ships an accurate p#siti#n #( an aircra(t )hich desires t# ditch+ Dhen ,i*en such a p#siti#n" a ship sh#uld at #nce c#nsult any #ther ships in the *icinity #n the best pr#cedure t# be ad#pted+ The ship ,#in, t# the rescue sh#uld ans)er the stati#n sendin, the br#adcast and ,i*e its identity" p#siti#n and intended acti#n (see chapter 1)+ '.3.2 I( a ship sh#uld recei*e a distress essa,e direct (r# an aircra(t" it sh#uld act as indicated in the i ediately precedin, para,raph and als# relay the essa,e t# the nearest /RS+ M#re#*er" a ship )hich has recei*ed a distress essa,e direct (r# an aircra(t and is ,#in, t# the rescue sh#uld ta!e a bearin, #n the trans issi#n and in(#r the /RS and #ther ships in the *icinity #( the call si,n #( the distressed aircra(t and the ti e at )hich the distress essa,e )as recei*ed" (#ll#)ed by the bearin, and ti e at )hich the si,nal ceased+ '.3.3 Dhen an aircra(t decides t# ditch in the *icinity #( a ship" the ship sh#uld? +% trans it h# in, bearin,s t# the aircra(t" #r (i( s# re-uested) trans it si,nals enablin, the aircra(t t# ta!e its #)n bearin,s@

.2 .3

by day" a!e blac! s #!e@ by ni,ht" direct a searchli,ht *ertically and turn #n all dec! li,hts+ /are ust be ta!en n#t t# direct a searchli,ht t#)ards the aircra(t" )hich i,ht daCCle the pil#t+

'.3.4 8itchin, an aircra(t is di((icult and dan,er#us+ A ship )hich !n#)s that an aircra(t intends t# ditch sh#uld be prepared t# ,i*e the pil#t the (#ll#)in, in(#r ati#n? +% )ind directi#n and (#rce@ .2 directi#n" hei,ht and len,th #( pri ary and sec#ndary s)ell syste s@ .3 #ther pertinent )eather in(#r ati#n+ '.3.! The pil#t #( an aircra(t )ill ch##se his #)n ditchin, headin,+ I( this is !n#)n by the ship" it sh#uld set c#urse parallel t# the ditchin, headin,+ Other)ise" the ship sh#uld set c#urse parallel t# the ain s)ell syste and int# the )ind c# p#nent" i( any" as sh#)n in (i,ure 50%+

TO 00 SAR SITRE6 (N<MAER) (Serial nu ber) A I8ENTITF O. /AS<ALTF (Na e" call0si,n" (la, state) 6 6OSITION (Latitude9l#n,itude) C SIT<ATION (Type #( essa,e e+,+ distress9ur,ency" date9ti e"nature #( distress9ur,ency@ e+,+ (ire" c#llisi#n" edic#) 2 N<MAER O. 6ERSONS AT RISR 00 ASSISTAN/E RE><IRE8 00 F /O0OR8INATING R// 00 Full for* ) t# pass a pli(yin, #r updatin, in(#r ati#n durin, SAR #perati#ns the (#ll#)in, additi#nal secti#ns sh#uld be used as re-uired? : 8ES/RI6TION O. (6hysical descripti#n" #)ner9 /AS<ALTF charterer" car,# carried" passa,e (r# 9t#" li(e0sa*in, appliances carried" etc+) 9 DEATBER ON0S/ENE (Dind" sea9s)ell state" air9sea te perature" *isibility" cl#ud c#*er9ceilin," bar# etric pressure) F INITIAL A/TIONS TAREN (Ay casualty and R//) A SEAR/B AREA (As planned by R//) . /O0OR8INATING (OS/9/SS desi,nated" units INSTR</TIONS participatin," c# unicati#ns etc+) / .<T<RE 6LANS 0 A88ITIONAL IN.ORMA0 (Include ti e SAR #perati#n TION9/ON/L<SION ter inated) +otes") % Each SITRE6 c#ncernin, the sa e casualty sh#uld be nu bered se-uentially+ 4+ I( help is re-uired (r# the addressee" the (irst SITRE6 sh#uld be issued in sh#rt (#r i( re ainin, in(#r ati#n is n#t readily a*ailable+ 1 Dhen ti e per its" the (ull (#r ay be used (#r the (irst SITRE6 #r t# a pli(y it+ 4 .urther SITRE6s sh#uld be issued as s##n as #ther rele*ant in(#r ati#n has been #btained+ In(#r ati#n already passed sh#uld n#t need repetiti#n+ : 8urin, pr#l#n,ed #perati#ns Hn# chan,eH SITRE6S" )hen appr#priate" sh#uld be issued at inter*als #( ab#ut three h#urs t# reassure the recipients that n#thin, has been issed+ ' Dhen the incident has been c#ncluded" a (inal SITRE6 sh#uld be issued as c#n(ir ati#n+

'.4

escue action

'.4.1 A land plane ay brea! up i ediately #n stri!in, the )ater and li(era(ts ay be da a,ed+ The ship sh#uld" there(#re" ha*e a li(eb#at ready (#r launchin," and i( p#ssible" b#ardin, nets sh#uld be l#)ered (r# the ship and hea*in, lines ade ready in the ship and li(eb#at+ Sur*i*#rs #n the aircra(t ay ha*e bri,ht c#l#ured li(eEac!ets and l#cati#n aids+ '.4.2 The eth#d #( rec#*erin, sur*i*#rs ust be le(t t# the Eud,e ent #( the aster #( the ship carryin, #ut the rescue #perati#n (see para,raph '+%)+ '.4.3 It sh#uld be b#rne in ind that ilitary aircra(t are #(ten (itted )ith eEecti#n seat echanis s+ N#r ally" their aircre) )ill use their eEecti#n seats" rather than ditch+ Sh#uld such an aircra(t ditch" rather than the aircre) bale #ut" and it bec# es necessary t# re #*e the (r# their eEecti#n seats )hile still in the aircra(t" care sh#uld be ta!en t# a*#id tri,,erin, #(( the seat echanis s+ The acti*atin, handles are in*ariably indicated by red #r blac!9yell#) c#l#urin,+

'.!

Euestioning sur*i*ors

'.!.1 A sur*i*#r (r# an aircra(t casualty )h# is rec#*ered ay be able t# ,i*e in(#r ati#n )hich )ill assist in the rescue #( #ther sur*i*#rs+ Masters are there(#re as!ed t# put the (#ll#)in, -uesti#ns t# sur*i*#rs and t# c# unicate the ans)ers t# a /RS+ They sh#uld als# ,i*e the p#siti#n #( the rescuin, ship and the ti e )hen the sur*i*#rs )ere rec#*ered+ +% Dhat )as the ti e and date #( the casualtyT .2 8id y#u bale #ut #r )as the aircra(t ditchedT .3 I( y#u baled #ut" at )hat altitudeT .4 B#) any #thers did y#u see lea*e the aircra(t by parachuteT .! B#) any ditched )ith the aircra(tT .$ B#) any did y#u see lea*e the aircra(t a(ter ditchin,T .% B#) any sur*i*#rs did y#u see in the )aterT .' Dhat (l#tati#n ,ear had theyT .4 Dhat )as the t#tal nu ber #( pers#ns ab#ard the aircra(t pri#r t# the accidentT .10 Dhat caused the e er,encyT

Anne2 4 Man0#*erb#ard

an#eu*res

%+ 6ractice has sh#)n that di((erent an0#*erb#ard an#eu*res ay be re-uired" dependin, up#n the situati#n pre*ailin, and the type #( ship in*#l*ed+ 2 The e((ecti*eness #( the an#eu*res described bel#) has been pr#*ed in any an0#*erb#ard casualties" includin, the (#ll#)in, situati#ns? +% 4#**ediate action4 situation /asualty is n#ticed #n the brid,e and acti#n is initiated i ediately@ .2 45ela.ed action4 situation /asualty is rep#rted t# the brid,e by an eye )itness and acti#n is initiated )ith s# e delay@ .3 4%erson *issin&4 situation 6ers#n is rep#rted t# the brid,e as H issin,H 3 Dhen a ship a!es (ull speed ahead" the (#ll#)in, three standard an#eu*res are used? 0 .1 Single turn (270 manoeu re! +%+% Rudder hard #*er (in an Hi ediate acti#nH situati#n" #nly t# the side #( the casualty)+ +%+4 A(ter de*iati#n (r# the #ri,inal c#urse by 4:33" rudder t# idship p#siti#n and st#ppin, an#eu*re t# be initiated+

Anne2 I Standard (#r at (#r search and rescue situati#n rep#rts (SITRE6S)
Situati#n rep#rts (SITRE6S) sh#uld be c# piled as (#ll#)s? Short for* ) t# pass ur,ent essential details )hen re-uestin, assistance" #r t# pr#*ide the earliest n#tice #( a casualty+ TRANSMISSION 6RIORITF .ROM (8istress9ur,ency etc+) (Ori,inatin, R//)

sa*ed" )hen carryin, #ut S/BARNOD T<RN+ Dhen the ship is #n #pp#site c#urse a(ter carryin, #ut S/BARNOD T<RN" the an#eu*re c# ence ent p#int )ill be s# e shipGs len,ths behind her stern+ 8ependin, #n the type #( ship in*#l*ed" bet)een #ne and t)# nautical iles ay be sa*ed+ (See als# the (i,ure #pp#site+)

.2 Dillia s#n turn .2.1 Rudder hard #*er (in an Hi ediate acti#nH situati#n" #nly t# the side #( the casualty)+ .2.2 A(ter de*iati#n (r# the #ri,inal c#urse by '33 rudder hard #*er t# the #pp#site side+ .2.3 Dhen headin, 433 sh#rt #( #pp#site c#urse" rudder t# idship p#siti#n and ship t# be turned t# #pp#site c#urse+

! Since standard an0#*erb#ard an#eu*res are n#t ,uaranteed t# return a ship int# its )a!e" these turns sh#uld be re,ularly practised t# acc#unt (#r the particular ship characteristics and the e((ects #( en*ir#n ental c#nditi#ns #n the ship and the pers#n in the )ater+ Anne2 1 Re,ulati#n ;9%3 #( the Internati#nal /#n*enti#n (#r the Sa(ety #( Li(e at Sea" %&$4 5istress *essa&es ) obli&ations and procedures (a) The aster #( a ship at sea" #n recei*in, a si,nal (r# any s#urce hat a ship #r aircra(t #r sur*i*al cra(t there#( is in distress" is b#und t# r#ceed )ith all speed t# the assistance #( the pers#ns in distress in(#r in, e i( p#ssible that he is d#in, s#+ I( he is unable #r" in the special ircu stances #( the case" c#nsiders it unreas#nable #r unnecessary t# r#ceed t# their assistance" he ust enter in the l#,0b##! the reas#n (#r ilin, t# pr#ceed t# the assistance #( the pers#ns in distress+ (b) The aster #( a ship in distress" a(ter c#nsultati#n" s# (ar as ay e p#ssible" )ith the asters #( the ships )hich ans)er his call (#r ssistance" has the ri,ht t# re-uisiti#n such #ne #r #re #( th#se ships s he c#nsiders best able t# render assistance" and it shall be the duty #( e aster #r asters #( the ship #r ships re-uisiti#ned t# c# ply )ith e re-uisiti#n by c#ntinuin, t# pr#ceed )ith all speed t# the assistance ( pers#ns in distress+ (c ) The aster #( a ship shall be released (r# the #bli,ati#n i p#sed y para,raph (a) #( this re,ulati#n )hen he learns that #ne #r #re ships ther than his #)n ha*e been re-uisiti#ned and are c# plyin, )ith the -uisiti#n+ (d) The aster #( a ship shall be released (r# the #bli,ati#n i p#sed y para,raph (a) #( this re,ulati#n" and i( his ship has been re-uisiti#ned" # the #bli,ati#n i p#sed by para,raph (b) #( this re,ulati#n" i( he is (#r ed by the pers#ns in distress #r by the aster #( an#ther ship )hich s reached such pers#ns that assistance is n# l#n,er necessary+ (e) The pr#*isi#ns #( this re,ulati#n d# n#t preEudice the Internati#nal #n*enti#n (#r the <ni(icati#n #( /ertain Rules relatin, t# Assistance and I*a,e at Sea" si,ned at Arussels #n 41 Septe ber %&%3" particularly the li,ati#n t# render assistance i p#sed by article %% #( that /#n*enti#n+

.3 Scharn#) turn (n#t t# be used in an Hi ediate acti#nH situati#n+) .3.1 Rudder hard #*er+ .3.2 A(ter de*iati#n (r# the #ri,inal c#urse by 4433" rudder hard #*er t# the #pp#site side+ .3.3 Dhen headin, 433 sh#rt #( #pp#site c#urse" rudder t# idship p#siti#n s# that ship )ill turn t# #pp#site c#urse+

4 Assess ent #( the an#eu*res described under (1) in relati#n t# the types #( situati#n described under (4)?

1" 4#**ediate action4 situation

%+% SINGLE T<RN )ill ta!e the ship bac! t# the scene #( the casualty #st -uic!ly+ .1.2 DILLIAMSON T<RN re-uires #re ti e and )ill te p#rarily ta!e the ship (arther a)ay (r# the scene #( the casualty+ .1.3 S/BARNOD T<RN is n#t appr#priate+

.2 H8elayed acti#n H situati#n

.2.1 DILLIAMSON T<RN )ill ta!e the ship t# the scene #( the casualty #st surely+ (Dhen the ship has reached the an#eu*re c# ence ent p#int" search speed ust be reduced s# as t# enable (ast st#ppin,+) S/BARNOD T<RN cann#t be carried #ut e((ecti*ely unless the ti e elapsed bet)een the #ccurrence #( the casualty and the c# ence ent #( the an#eu*re is !n#)n+

.2.2

.3 H6ers#n

issin,H situati#n

A#th DILLIAMSON T<RN and S/BARNOD T<RN )ill ta!e the ship bac! int# her )a!e+ Less distance is c#*ered" and thus ti e is