Questions for oral part of final examination of physiology (Dentistry)

BLOOD + IMMUNOLOG 1. Body fluid compartments volume, composition, measuring 2. Functions of the blood and its basic parameters (volume, hematocrit, density, viscosity) 3. ed blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate !. "emoglobin, catabolism of hemoglobin, reactions of hemoglobin #. ed blood cell formation, regulation of erythropoiesis $. %hite blood cells &. 'latelets and its role in hemostasis (. 'lasma electrolytes and plasma proteins ). *cid+base balance, buffering po,er or blood components 1-. "emostasis, clotting mechanism 11. *nticlotting mechanisms, anticoagulants, fibrinolysis 12. Blood groups, transfusion, h factor 13. .onspecific imunity 1!. /pecific immunity 1#. 0ntogenesis of immunity 1$. *ctive and passive immunity, allergy !"#DIO$"%!UL"# % %&'M 1&. 'roperties of cardiac muscle, the Fran1+/tarling mechanism 1(. 2ontraction of cardiac muscle, e3citation contraction coupling, metabolism of myocardium 1). 0rigin and spread of cardiac e3citation 2-. 4lectrocardiogram, 425 leads, electrical a3is of heart 21. 2ardiac cycle, heart as a pump, heart sounds 22. /tro1e volume, e6ection fraction, cardiac output and its measuring 23. 2ardiac ,or1 and po,er, 02 consumption and efficiency 2!. 'hysical principles of blood flo,, 'oiseuille+"agen formula, laminar flo,, turbulent flo, 2#. Blood flo, and pressure, peripheral resistance. 2ritical closing pressure 2$. *rterial pressure, methods of measuring blood pressure 2&. 7ymphatic circulation, formation and composition of lymph 2(. 8icrocirculation, capillary fluid e3change, interstitial fluid 2). 7ocal and systemic regulatory mechanisms of blood flo, 3-. 9nnervation of blood vessels, central control of circulation 31. Functional organi:ation of vascular system 32. .eural and humoral control of the heart 33. 2oronary circulation, pulmonary circulation 3!. 2erebral circulation, circulation in s1eletal muscle 3#. /planchnic circulation, circulation of the s1in 3$. Fetal circulation 3&. 2ardiovascular system in e3ercise #'%(I#"&ION 3(. espiratory mechanics (intraalveolar pressure, inspiration and e3piration, intrapleural pressure, dead space) 3). 'ulmonary ventilation (surface tension in alveoli, resistance to airflo,, effects of gravity, ,or1 of breathing)

!-. /pirometry (the pulmonary volumes and capacities, forced e3piratory vital capacity) !1. ;ransport of o3ygen and carbon dio3ide bet,een the lungs and tissues, dissociation curve !2. ;ransport of carbon dio3ide, dissociation curve of carbon dio3ide !3. 5as e3change in the lungs, composition of atmospheric air !!. 'ulmonary circulation !#. 2ontrol of pulmonary ventilation !$. "ypo3ia, hypercapnia and hypocapnia, o3ygen therapy, effect of increased barometric pressure, artificial ventilation G"%&#OIN&'%&IN"L &#"!& !&. 'hysiology of the teeth !(. 9ngestion of food, mastication, saliva, deglutition, esophagus !). 5astric secretion (production, composition, regulation of gastric secretion) #-. 8otor functions of stomach, emptying of the stomach, vomiting #1. 43ocrine portion of pancreas (composition, regulation of pancreatic secretion, function) #2. 2omposition of bile, regulation of biliary secretion. Function of gallbladder #3. /mall intestine motility and secretion of intestinal digestive 6uice #!. *bsorption of ,ater and ions in gastrointestinal tract ##. <igestion and absorption of carbohydrates #$. <igestion and absorption of proteins #&. <igestion and absorption of lipids #(. 2olon motility and secretion. *bsorption of the colon. 9ntestinal bacteria. <ietary fibre, defecation. #). 7iver circulation, morphology, functions and liver regeneration M'&"BOLI%M $-. ;he basal metabolic rate $1. ;he measurement of the metabolic rate, the energy e=uivalent of o3ygen $2. Free energy of the food, respiratory =uotient, thermogenic effect of food $3. 8etabolism of carbohydrates $!. 7ipid metabolism $#. 'rotein metabolism and nitrogen balance $$. %ater+soluble and fat+soluble vitamins $&. 8inerals in the food $(. 0besity, malnutrition, starvation $). egulation of body temperature, fever 'NDO!#INOLOG &-. 8echanisms of hormonal action, second messenger mechanisms for mediating hormonal functions &1. Feedbac1 regulation of hormone secretion &2. 9nsulin and its metabolic effects, diabetes mellitus &3. 5lucagon and its functions &!. 5lucocorticoids and its effects &#. Functions of mineralocorticoids, regulation of its secretion &$. *drenal medulla, structure and function of medullary hormones &&. ;hyroid hormones (formation, secretion, functions and regulation of thyroid secretion), "yperthyroidism. "ypothyroidism. &(. 'arathyroid hormone, calcitonin, hormonal control of calcium metabolism &). 'ituitary gland overvie,

(-. 5ro,th hormone (1. *ntidiuretic hormone and o3ytocin (2. 8enstrual cycle, ovarian hormones, hormonal contraception (3. 'regnancy and lactation (!. /ecretion, metabolism, and functions of the male se3 hormones (#. "ormones of 1idneys, 59; and other organs )IDN' ($. 5lomerular filtration (&. 'ro3imal tubule function ((. <istal tubule and collecting ducts (). 8echanisms for e3creting dilute or concentrated urine )-. enal regulation of hydrogen ion concentration )1. egulation of .a>, ?>, 2a>> e3cretion )2. ;ests of renal function, clearance )3. 2ontrol of e3tracellular fluid volume !'N&#"L N'#$OU% % %&'M )!. 2erebrospinal fluid, blood+brain barriers, brain metabolism )#. 'roprioceptive and e3teroceptive refle3es )$. 8uscle spindle, gamma system, muscle tone )&. eciprocal innervation, 5olgi tendon organ, inverse stretch refle3 )(. 'ostural and righting refle3es (function of reticular formation) )). 2erebellum and basal ganglia + their importance for control of somatic functions 1--. 2ontrol of somatic motor functions by the cerebral corte3 motor areas, pyramidal and e3trapyramidal path,ays 1-1. *utonomic nervous system division, basic properties, transmitters, receptors 1-2. 2ontrol of vegetative functions by the spinal cord and the brain stem 1-3. 2ontrol of vegetative functions by the hypothalamus regulation of cardiovascular system, body temperature, receipt of food and fluid 1-!. ;he limbic system 1-#. /pontaneous and evo1ed electric activity of the brain (445 and evo1ed potentials) 1-$. /leep types, 445 picture, physiological basis of sleep and ,a1efulness 1-&. 9nborn forms of behaviour unconditioned refle3es, motivations, emotions, instincts 1-(. 7earning, conditioned refle3es, memory 1-). 2haracteristics of higher nervous activity in humans 9. and 99. signal systems, types of higher nervous activity 11-. /peech the motor and sensory speech centres in the brain corte3