Torque vs.

Tension Interpretation Instructions

The enclosed 2008 raise drill Steel Torque-Tension charts are the latest edition from Mining Technologies International of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The DI-22 threaded raise drill steel was originated by Drilco Industrial of Midland, Texas in 1965. However, it was not until 1975 that Drilco introduced the first torque tension charts to aid in the application and use of the steel. In that 10 year period, with the exception of the 12-7/8 steel with 10-1/8 DI-42 connections, most of the current steel sizes were produced and put into service. As a result, the Torque-Tension charts did not have the significance that they should have had. A lack of instruction and understanding in how to apply the charts also presented a problem in the use of the charts. To add to the confusion, in the following years, other suppliers of drill steel entered the market without a background in the market and proceeded to publish charts without the required engineering and metallurgical knowledge to define properly the operational limits of the system. As a result, for all present applications, users have relied mostly on their own operational experience to set their operating parameters, with reasonable success. Now, with the need for longer and larger diameter raises requiring up-rated machines and drill steel, it is necessary to review the form, construction and interpretation of the Torque-Tension charts in the light of 40 years of experience. In reviewing in detail a number of published Torque-Tension charts since the origination of the 1975 charts, it is obvious that the original Drilco charts are more correct that any others published after 1975. The major discrepancy in the original charts was a failure to understand and explain how to use the charts properly. The most important fact to understand about the charts is the concept of initial makeup torque, because the initial makeup torque controls the capacity of the drill steel to handle safely the drilling loads applied to the reamer. The Torque-Tension chart is a visual plot of the equation developed by A.P. Farr of Hughes Tool in 1957, based upon the Screw Jack principle, as shown in the enclosed illustration, and applied to a rotary shouldered connection. It is theoretical, but the values indicated on the latest Torque-Tension chart format, show de-rated operational levels that we consider to be safe for reasonable life of the connection fully described on each chart. It is important to understand that each MTI chart describes only MTI produced connections represented by that chart and that it not be indiscriminately applied to other suppliers products.

Farrs formula, for Torque only, addresses, in its most basic form, what occurs when a box and pin are screwed together to produce a load on the joint shoulders. Assume a connection, with the box critical area for torque equal to the pin critical area for torque, and that a torque is applied, until the material yield stress in the critical areas of the box and pin is reached. The connection is now pre-loaded with the maximum load possible on the threads and shoulders. We now can apply an external torque load that can vary from zero to maximum without affecting the joint. However, there is a need also to apply an external tension load. Because of the shoulder load, we can do this. But, as the tension load is applied, the internal joint loads are affected. The shoulder loads are reduced as tension is applied up to the maximum value of the shoulder pre-load from pre-torque. As the shoulder loads are reduced by the external tension, any external torque load applied must be reduced accordingly. This fact is defined on the Torque-Tension diagram by the right hand sloping line. The shoulder separation zone, shown on the chart, is derived by looking at the joint merely screwed together with the shoulders in contact, but without load. As external tension is applied, the pin will stretch up to the material yield point. To keep the shoulders together, but unloaded, will require an external torque to be applied to the joint as external tension is applied. This zone is defined on the Torque-Tension diagram by the phantom shoulder separation line from the zero torque and tension axes to the maximum tension-torque point which is coincident with the maximum Torque-Tension point of the right hand torque plus tension line. This zone is only of value for fishing purposes and to define the limits of subsequent torque plus tension lines. The other sloping lines reflect the effects of box O.D. wear which limits initial makeup torque. As shown on the diagram, the operating zone with initial makeup torque is defined by the sloping lines and the tension line drawn over to the left to the tension axis from the intersection of each sloping line with the phantom shoulder separation line. It is especially important to understand that the pre-torque (initial makeup torque) determines the safe allowable operating torque and tension. With that in mind, it is time to see how to use the Torque-Tension chart. There are two ways to use the charts - I) from an operators viewpoint; II) from an engineers or planners viewpoint.

I)

Torque-Tension operators viewpoint

From an operators viewpoint, the new Torque-Tension charts can be used very readily to set maximum machine operational limits, and then, to determine the required initial makeup or pretorque required to allow safe operation within the limits of the machine and drill steel. The initial information required for chart selection is specific to each machine. a) The machine reaming torque, b) The machine reaming thrust, c) The machine makeup torque, d) Drill steel size (connection, box O.D. pin I.D.) and type (hi-strength / std. strength) Note: each chart shows Thread dope friction factor. FF 1.00 is B.O.L 270 or equal. FF1.18 is CITGO Tuff-Torq.
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Proceed as follows, using above information: A. Select proper Torque-Tension chart, using d) above B. Use the following sketch as a guide to interpret the selected Torque-Tension chart. C. On the sketch, 1), 2), 3) represent the drill steel maximum operation line on the selected Torque-Tension chart. D. Lines 4 through 9 on the sketch represent the machine reaming thrust and torque to be plotted onto the selected Torque-Tension chart. Follow the arrows in the order indicated to arrive at the required machine makeup torque required, # 10.

1 3

TENS.
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4 7 0 6 9

TORQ.
1) 2) 3) 4) 6) 8) 9)

10

Maximum drill steel tension (.6 yield) on Torque-Tension chart Maximum drill steel initial makeup torque (.6 yield) on Torque-Tension chart Maximum drill steel operating Torque +Tension with initial makeup torque (2) & 5) Machine rated reaming thrust & 7) Machine rated reaming torque Intersection of machine rated thrust and torque Allowable machine operating torque and tension when drill steel is initially torqued to (10) Note: Draw line 9) from 8) and parallel to line 3) to determine (10) 10) Initial makeup torque required for operation within the operating zone defined by line 5) and 9).

Interpretation of Chart Plot 1. If line 9) plots to the right of line 3) the machine has more power than the drill steel can with stand. Then machine setting must be adjusted to line 3) levels, if the drill steel O.D. is to new diameter. On the Torque-Tension chart, there are 4 operating levels indicated, which indicate reduced operating levels for various diameters corresponding to wear diameters of the steel. Always select the makeup torque according to steel diameter. The 70% line is shown to be the minimum recommended makeup torque. The reason for this recommendation is that this wear diameter has been considered to be the time to replace the steel. It is important to understand that, regardless of steel diameter. The initial makeup torque defines the chart location of line 9) and thus determines the limit of operation. For instance, if the makeup torque at 70% is used with new drill steel, the operating zone line 9) is still the limit of operation, and not line 3). 2. If line 9) plots to the left of the 70% line, then it is possible that the drill steel is too large for the rig, unless experience has shown otherwise. In all cases, the operating limit is always to the left of line 9). 3. If the rig makeup torque is less than 10) on the chart as determined to be necessary in step 1) and 2) above, then it will be necessary to plot the available makeup torque as new item 10). Then draw line 9) from 10) parallel to line 3) and this new line 9) becomes the new maximum operating limit at the new intersection 8). II) Torque-Tension Engineers or Planners viewpoint

Understanding the Torque-Tension chart provides an engineer or planner with a tool to match a drilling machine to the proper drill steel to meet the job requirements. The initial parameters needed are the raise diameter, type of formation, formation hardness, length of hole and hole angle. 1) The process of evaluation begins with the reamer head. Using the raise diameter and formation information, it is necessary to determine the type cutter required, the number of cutters, the total cutter load required, and the resultant torque required to rotate the reamer when properly loaded. The reamer weight is also needed. Normally, this information is available from the reamer suppliers. If not, the attached tabulation of generic information can be used for initial estimation. The tabulated estimated torque values are for an essentially vertical hole. For a 60 degree dip angle hole, it would be advisable to add 10% to the chart values for rotational frictional drag of the bit and pipe. For a dip angle of 45 degrees, add 15% to the chart values. 2) With the preliminary bit operating requirements having been selected, it is necessary next to make a preliminary selection of a drill to match the bit torque requirements. Each drill will have design reaming torque and pull specifications listed. Generally, the drill specifications will list the drill steel size to match the machine. 3) The next selection check is to see if the machine pull or reaming thrust is sufficient to handle the total pull required. The total required machine pull is the sum of the cutter load, plus the reamer head weight, plus the machine drive head weight, plus the drill
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string weight. The machine drive head weight must be estimated or obtained from the drill manufacturer. The drill string weight is primarily a function of the length of hole and can be calculated by dividing the hole length by the shoulder to shoulder length of an individual piece of drill steel suitable to the drill. The attached chart lists dimensions and weights of MTI drill steel. The preliminary total drill string tension (reamer weight + cutter load + drill steel weight) can be determined. 4) With the preliminary torque and drill string tension determined, select the appropriate Torque-Tension chart, paying attention to the drill steel material and thread dope requirements. 5) Plot the torque and pull requirements on the chart and follow the procedures of part I to determine the required drill steel makeup torque. If any requirements do not match the drill or the drill steel, the process must be repeated. 6) Most reamer cutters have a maximum allowable peripheral rotational speed of about 300350 ft/min. To determine the required reamer rotational speed, divide the 300-350 ft/min cutter speed by the reamer circumference in feet. To check that the rig drive has sufficient rotational horsepower, calculate the horsepower by multiplying the reamer torque required by the reamer rotational speed and divide by 5252.(HP= TN/5252)

MTI Raise Drill Steel Weights

O.D (Inches) 5 3/4 6 3/4 8 8 10 10 11 1/4 12 7/8 12 7/8 13 1/8 13 1/8 13 3/8 14 1/8 14 1/8 14 1/2 14 1/2 14 3/4 15 PIN I.D. (Inches) 2 13/16 4 4 3/4 4 3/4 4 3/4 4 3/4 5 7/16 5 7/16 5 7/16 4 3/4 4 3/4 4 4 3/4 4 3/4 5 7/16 5 7/16 4 3/4 4 3/4 S/S Length (Inches) 48 48 48 60 48 60 60 60 138 138 60 60 60 84 60 84 60 60 Connection Nomenclature 4 3/4 5 3/4 6 3/4 6 3/4 8 1/4 8 1/4 9 1/4 10 1/2 DI-22 & 10 1/8 10 1/2 10 1/8 10 1/8 10 7/8 10 7/8 11 1/4 11 1/4 11 1/4 11 1/2 DI-22 DI-22 DI-22 DI-22 DI-22 DI-22 DI-22 10 1/8 DI-42 DI-42 DI-22 DI-42 DI-42 MTI315 MTI315 MTI315 MTI315 MTI315 MTI315 Unit Weight (lbs) 205 225 385 440 600 750 1000 1400 2870 2500 1520 1645 1900 2460 2020 2600 2150 2250

The above discussions cover only Torque-Tension drilling requirements. Torque-Compression drilling requirements require separate charts and parameters. Consult Mining Technologies International for requirements.

MTI ESTIMATED REAMER OPERATING PARAMETERS

#/cutter Torque = x (cutter arms) k UCS 10-20,000 PSI K=10 K=10 UCS 20-30,000 PSI K=11.5 K=11.5 UCS 30-50,000 PSI K=14 K=14

10,000#/cutr 20,000#/cutr Bit Dia. FT M 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 1.52 1.83 2.13 2.43 3.04 3.66 4.27 4.88 5.49 6.10 6.70 7.31 7.93 No. of cutrs Estimated bit load (#) bit load (#) cutr arms (ft) reamer wt.(#) torque (FT#) torque (FT#) 8 16.74 10 23.28 12 30.20 14 38.70 16 57.24 20 66.70 24 102.90 26 129.68 32 179.50 38 238.38 40 257.26 42 303.6 44 318.0 8,900 10,700 12,500 14,300 25,000 57,000 63,000 67,000 71,300 80,000 95,000 110,000 125,000 80,000 16,740 100,000 23,280 120,000 30,200 140,000 38,700 160,000 57,240 200,000 66,700 240,000 102,900 260,000 129,680 320,000 179,500 380,000 238,380 400,000 257,260 420,000 303,600 440,000 318,000 160,000 33,480 200,000 46,560 240,000 60,400 280,000 77,400 320,000 114,480 400,000 133,400 480,000 205,800 520,000 259,360 640,000 359,000 760,000 476,760 800,000 514,520 840,000 607,200 880,000 636,000

20,000 #/cutr bit load (#) torque (FT#) 160,000 29,110 200,000 40,490 240,000 52,520 280,000 67,300 320,000 99,550 400,000 116,000 480,000 178,960 520,000 225,530 640,000 312,170 760,000 414,570 800,000 447,410 840,000 528,000 880,000 553,040

30,000#/cutr bit load (#) torque (FT#) 240,000 43670 300,000 60,730 360,000 78,780 420,000 100,960 480,000 149,320 600,000 174,000 720,000 268,400 780,000 338,300 960,000 468,260 1,140,000 621,860 1,200,000 671,110 1,260,000 792,000 1,320,000 829,570

30,000#/cutr bit load (#) torque (FT#) 240,000 35,820 300,000 49,885 360,000 64,715 420,000 82,930 480,000 122,660 600,000 142,930 720,000 220,500 780,000 277,885 960,000 384,640 1,140,000 510,810 1,200,000 551,270 1,260,000 650,570 1,320,000 681,430

40,000#/cutr bit load (#) torque (FT#) 320,000 47,830 400,000 66,510 480,000 86,285 560,000 110,570 640,000 163,540 800,000 190,570 960,000 294,000 1,040,000 370,510 1,280,000 512,850 1,520,000 681,085 1,600,000 735,030 1,680,000 867,430 1,760,000 908,570
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