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5 : FORCE :
: PIONEER ACADEMY : : 9 : PHYSICS

Force : Force is a physical quantity that changes or tends to change state of rest or state of motion of a body in a straight line. Force is a push or a pull. Thus, (1) A (2) A of ( )A (!) A a force can produce three effects on a body : force can make a stationary body to move or bring a moving body to rest. force can change the speed of a moving body, i.e. it can increase or decrease the speed a moving body (accelerates a body). force can change the direction of a moving body. force can change the shape of a body.

"orce is a vector #uantity as it has magnitude and direction. $ts unit is %e&ton (%). "orce is the product of mass and acceleration, "orce ' (mass )( (acceleration) ' m a )nit of force in basic units is kg . m/s2. 1 Ne ton of force is the force hich produces an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 in a body of mass 1kg. 1 N ! 1 kg . 1 m/s2

STRETCHING A SPRING AND HOOKES LAW


*ooke+s la& states that, the e,tension in a spring is directly proportional to the stretching force &ithin the elastic limit of the spring. That is : stretching "orce e,tension, F " , F ! k " -here, k ' force constant and , ' e,tension in the spring due to the force. The force constant (k) of a spring is the force re#uire to cause unit e,tension (1m) in the spring
F k = " N m
F Ik Ix
L oad

*ooke+s la& is applied to many materials like springs, rubbers, metallic &ires, plastics, &oods, glasses, etc. A material obeys *ook+s la& if its e,tension is directly proportional to the stretching force.

PROPERTIES OF THE SPRING CONSTANT :


.ince, F " , increase in force &ill increase the e,tension of spring (,). That is, doubling the stretching force &ill double the e,tension in the string. /arger the value of the force constant of the spring (k), stiffer is the string (hard to pull the spring) and smaller its value P e r m a n e n tly means softer the spring. s tr e tc h e d -hen the stretching force is double the e,tension is also E ( E la s tic L im it) doubled.
E x te n s io n in th e s p r in g ( x ) /m m

GRAPH OF THE HOOKES LAW :


"ollo&ing figure sho&s the graph of stretching force against the e,tension of the spring. .ince, the e,tension is directly proportional to the stretching force :

Ex (w te n ith s io in n th in e e th la e sti sp c l rin im g it)

L oad (0 , 0 ) F o rc e ( F ) /N

The line of the graph passes through the origin and is straight up to point 0. )p to this point the spring returns to its original length &hen the stretching force is removed. 1eyond 0, the spring becomes permanently stretched. This point is called elastic limit of the spring.
#$%N&&' ()(*&+, : #-,.$). : / : 2

it is seen from the graph that, if the stretching force is doubled, the e,tension is also doubled and so on. ELASTIC AND IN-ELASTIC MATERIAL : ( material is elastic if it returns back to its original shape hen a stretching force is remo0ed. ( material is in-elastic if it does not returns back to its original shape hen a stretching force is remo0ed. NUMERICAL PRO LEMS : 11 A spring is stretched 12 mm by a &eight of 2.2 %. calculate : (a) the force constant and (b) &eight of an ob3ect that causes an e,tension of 42 mm. (. 5iven : , ' 12 mm ' 2.21 m, " ' 2.2 % (&eight ' force), k ' 6
(a) " =k , " !0 k = = = 00 N/m , 0!0"

(b) 5iven : , ' 42 mm ' 2.24 m, - ' 6 " ' - ' k , ' 222 (%7m) . 2.24 (m) - ' 18 %. 21 -hat is the force constant of a spring &hich is stretched 2 mm by a force of ! % 6 21 -hat is the force constant of a spring &hich is stretched ! cm by a mass of 222 g 6 31 The spring is stretched from 12 cm to 22 cm &hen a force of ! % is applied. $f it obeys *ooke+s la&, calculate its total length in cm &hen a force of 8 % is applied to it. (**$N4 F%')&. 5'&.678(N8 F%')&.9 : -hen a single force acts on an ob3ect : &e use " ' m a , to find the magnitude of the force acting on an ob3ect. 1ut, if t&o or more than t&o forces acts on a body, &e have to find the resultant of these forces.
A $ $ % &' d F o ( ) '
F1 # "0 N F ig (a ) F!# 0 N

R ' * + %,a - , F o ( ) '

"

F# $0 N

)sually more than one force acts on an ob3ect. F # 0 N "or e,ample, T&o forces acts on an ob3ect F ig (% ) resting on a table : "irst : $ts &eight :;< 9 in do&n&ard direction. F # 0 N This is the force of gravity due to its &eight. F ig ( c !) .econd : The table e,erts an up&ard force :'< as sho&n in the fig. , called %ormal :eaction. .ince the ob3ect is at rest, these forces balances, i.e. ; ! '
1 1

F! # &0 N

"

F#

0 N

F!#

0 N

"

F #" 0# N

' o d y a t re s t ( n o n e t ) o rc e a c tin g o n it!

)ase = $ : ;hen the forces are in the same line :

-hen t&o or more forces acting on the body are in same line, the resultant of these forces can be found by simple addition or subtraction. "or e,ample as sho&n in "ig. a, t&o forces of F1 ! 12% and F2 ! 22% are acting in the same line and same direction, the resultant of these forces F is simple addition : " ' 12% ; 22% ' 2% and body &ill move in the direction of larger applied force, i.e. in the direction of force of 22%. $n "ig. b, t&o forces of F1 ! 22% and F2 ! !2% are acting in the same line, but in the opposite directions, the resultant of these force F is the simple subtraction : " ' !2% - 22% ' 22%. The resultant force " &ill be in the direction of the larger applied force, i.e. F2 ! !2% and the body &ill move in this direction. $n "ig. c, t&o forces of F1 ! 22% and F2 ! 22% are acting in the same line, but in the opposite directions, the resultant of these force F is the simple subtraction : " ' 22% - 22% ' 2%. $n this case the body &ill be at rest or &ill move &ith constant velocity, because no net force is acting on it.

)ase = $$ : ;hen the forces are not in the same line :


-hen t&o or more forces acting on the body are not in the same line, the <arallelogram la& is used to find the resultant as follo&s : &"ample : >11. As sho&n in "ig. 2, t&o forces F1 = F2 are acting at a point > %+ in different direction at an angle > + . To find resultant of these force (%et force acting on the body), parallelogram la& of adding forces is used, as follo&s: ?hoose a suitable scale, like 1 cm ' 2% or @% ' depending on the magnitude of the given forces. F F Aark a point >%+ and dra& a ray %( e#ual in F magnitude to the first force F1 using the chosen scale. / / %o&, at an angle , dra& another ray %? from F F point % e#ual in magnitude to the second force F2 F ig (a ) F ig (% ) using the chosen scale. ?omplete the parallelogram %()?, by dra&ing () // %? and ?) // %(. The diagonal %) represents the magnitude and direction of the resultant force F of the forces F1 = F2 . Aeasure the angle bet&een forces " and F1 as > < . The resultant force F acts at an angle to the force F1.
! ! 1 1

&"ample : >21 : As sho&n in the "ig. , three force, F1 , F2 = F2 are acting at same point B but in different directions. "orces F1 and F2 are balanced by F2 (force due to &eight, -). .o, the resultant must be a force e#ual and opposite to F2. This can be found by completing the parallelogram BA?1, as sho&n in "ig. !. Aeasure the length of the diagonal B?, &hich represents the resultant . force and is e#ual to the force F2. $t is in the opposite direction to F2.
' , p rin g % a la n c e

P / *

, tr in g

F ig ! &

519. Bct 7%ov C21 C D. 5@9. Bct.7%ov C2F C D.

529. Aay7Eune C2 C D. 529. Aay7Eune C2F C D. 2 539. Aay7Eune C28 C D. 2 5@9. 1ay/23ne 4 005 ( +! 6

N6+&'$)(7 .6+. : D. 1 : Ali, Austafa and Adam are pulling a metal ring. Ali pulls &ith a force of 122 % in one direction and Austafa &ith a force of 1!2 % in the opposite direction. $f the ring does not move, &hat force does Adam e,erts if he pulls in the same direction as Ali 6 D. 2 : A boy drags a suitcase along the ground &ith a force of 122 %. $f the frictional force opposing the motion of the suitcase is @2 %, &hat is the resultant for&ard force on the suitcase 6 D. : A picture is supported by t&o vertical stringsG if the &eight of the picture is @2 %, &hat is the force e,erted by each string 6 D. ! : )sing a scale of 1 cm to represent 12 % find the siHe of the resultant of forces of 2 % and !2 % acting at right angle to each other 6

86'N$N4 &FF&)8 %F F%')&. : 5+%+&N8 %F ( F%')&9 : A force acting on a solid ob3ect has t&o effects : (i) $t tends to accelerate the ob3ect (making the ob3ect+s center of mass to move), and (ii) $t tends to cause the ob3ect to rotate. -hen a body is fi,ed at certain point, called pivot or fulcrum, it turns about this point. The turning effect of a force is called the moment of the force. $t depends upon the t&o things : (1) siHe of the force and (2) the perpendicular distance of the force from the pivot or the fulcrum. $t is the product of the applied force and the perpendicular distance of the line of the action of the force from the pivot. $ts unit is %e&ton meter (%m). 5reater the moment of force, less is the effort re#uired to do &ork.

+oment of the force ! >Force1 >#erpendicular distance of the line of the action of the force the from pi0ot1
$n fig. (a) a force of @ % acts on a gate at its edge, and in "ig. (b) it acts at the centre. $n >a1 : Aoment of force " about B ' " <erpendicular distance from pivot B.

'@

' 1@ %m

$n >b1 : Aoment of force " about B ' " <erpendicular distance from pivot B.

' @ 1.@ ' F.@ %m

.ince the moment of force is greater in case (a), the turning effect of force is greater in this case and the gate opens most easily than case (b).
$m / 8 in g e ()3 lc r3 m ) F # 5 N F ig (a ) 7 a te

" !5 m F ig (% ) F # 5 N

" !5 m

?(7(N)$N4 ( ?&(+ : To balance a beam about a pivot the &eights must be moved so that the clock&ise turning effect e#uals the anticlock&ise turning effect and the net moment on the beam becomes Hero.

That is , the total clock&ise moment must be e#ual to the total anticlock&ise moment. $f the beam tends to s&ing clock&ise, mass m1 can be moved further from pivot or m2 can be moved nearer to the pivot to reduce its / d turning effect. d" $f the beam tends to s&ing anticlock&ise then the movements of the masses should be done in opposite to that of the above case. F 3 lc r3 m /P i9 o t "rom this e,periment &e can derive a very important la&, kno&n as lo& of moments. m m " 7(; %F +%+&N8. 57(; %F 8-& 7&A&'9 %' #'$N)$#7& %F +%+&N8. :

.tatement : B;hen a body is in equilibrium the sum of the clock ise moments about any point is equal to the sum of anticlock ise moments abut the same pointC.
)%N*$8$%N. %F &D6$7$?'$6+ : There are t&o conditions of e#uilibrium : (1) The sum of forces in one direction e#uals the sum of forces in the opposite direction. (2) The sum of the clock&ise moments about any point is e#ual to the sum of anticlock&ise moments abut the same point. That is, the principle of moments must apply.

Note : - ( body is said to be in equilibrium resultant turning effect is acting on a body.

hen there is no resultant force and no

&E#&'$+&N8 8% A&'$F, 8-& #'$N)$#7& %F +%+&N8 : *ang a meter ruler &ith a hole at the center on a string so that it balances horiHontally. d d" *ang a &eight -1 on the left side at a distance d1 from the center. *ang a second &eight -2 on the right of F 3 lc r3 m /P i9 o t the ruler and move it until the ruler is balanced horiHontally. 1 e te r : 3 le r * * " :ecord this distance as d2 from the fulcrum. Aove the &eights -1 and -2 to the other positions and record the results as sho&n in the table. ?alculate -1 d1 and -2 d2 . $n al cases -1 d1 ' -2 d2 . That is &hen the ruler is balanced, the clock&ise moment ' the anticlock&ise moment. This verify the principle of moments. 1 2 -1 -1 -1 d
1

-1 d1 -1 d2 -1 d@

-2 -2 -2

d
2

-2 d2 -2 d3 -2 dF

d
2

d
3

d
@

d
F

?(7(N)&* F%')&. : 1alanced forces means forces in e#uilibrium and the resultant forces is e#ual to Hero. This is possible in the t&o cases :

(1) -hen a body is at rest. 0.g. A book kept on a table, A parked car. $n this case the do&n&ard force I-J due to its &eight is balanced by the up&ard force I:J e,erted by ground on the body. (2) -hen a body is moving &ith a uniform speed in a straight line. 0.g. A car moving &ith uniform speed in a straight line. $n this case the for&ard driving force of the engine is balanced by the air resistance and the frictional force in back&ard direction. D. G %ct/No0 = 2HH2 : D.G %ct/No0 = 2HH3 : )&N8'& %F +(.. %' )&N8'& %F 4'(A$8, : The point on a body, &here the &hole mass (&eight) of the body is concentrated is called the centre of mass or the centre of gravity. The centre of mass of a regular shaped body of the same density throughout is at its centre. $n other irregular shaped body, it can be found by e,periment.

Bct7%ov 9 2222 : D. 4

Bct7%ov 9 222 : D. @ = 4

/ct/No9 4 00& ( +!;

1ay/23ne 4 005 ( +! 6

/ct/No9 4 005 ( +!5 , ; +!5

+!;

)&N8&' %F +(.. %' )&N8&' %F 4'(A$8, : K0"$%$T$B% : C The point on a body &here the &hole mass of the body is concentrated is called the center of mass or center of gravity of the body. 1alanced forces means forces in e#uilibrium.

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