5 : FORCE :
: PIONEER ACADEMY : : 9 : PHYSICS
Force : Force is a physical quantity that changes or tends to change state of rest or state of motion of a body in a straight line. Force is a push or a pull. Thus, (1) A (2) A of ( )A (!) A a force can produce three effects on a body : force can make a stationary body to move or bring a moving body to rest. force can change the speed of a moving body, i.e. it can increase or decrease the speed a moving body (accelerates a body). force can change the direction of a moving body. force can change the shape of a body.
"orce is a vector #uantity as it has magnitude and direction. $ts unit is %e&ton (%). "orce is the product of mass and acceleration, "orce ' (mass )( (acceleration) ' m a )nit of force in basic units is kg . m/s2. 1 Ne ton of force is the force hich produces an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 in a body of mass 1kg. 1 N ! 1 kg . 1 m/s2
*ooke+s la& is applied to many materials like springs, rubbers, metallic &ires, plastics, &oods, glasses, etc. A material obeys *ook+s la& if its e,tension is directly proportional to the stretching force.
L oad (0 , 0 ) F o rc e ( F ) /N
The line of the graph passes through the origin and is straight up to point 0. )p to this point the spring returns to its original length &hen the stretching force is removed. 1eyond 0, the spring becomes permanently stretched. This point is called elastic limit of the spring.
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it is seen from the graph that, if the stretching force is doubled, the e,tension is also doubled and so on. ELASTIC AND IN-ELASTIC MATERIAL : ( material is elastic if it returns back to its original shape hen a stretching force is remo0ed. ( material is in-elastic if it does not returns back to its original shape hen a stretching force is remo0ed. NUMERICAL PRO LEMS : 11 A spring is stretched 12 mm by a &eight of 2.2 %. calculate : (a) the force constant and (b) &eight of an ob3ect that causes an e,tension of 42 mm. (. 5iven : , ' 12 mm ' 2.21 m, " ' 2.2 % (&eight ' force), k ' 6
(a) " =k , " !0 k = = = 00 N/m , 0!0"
(b) 5iven : , ' 42 mm ' 2.24 m, - ' 6 " ' - ' k , ' 222 (%7m) . 2.24 (m) - ' 18 %. 21 -hat is the force constant of a spring &hich is stretched 2 mm by a force of ! % 6 21 -hat is the force constant of a spring &hich is stretched ! cm by a mass of 222 g 6 31 The spring is stretched from 12 cm to 22 cm &hen a force of ! % is applied. $f it obeys *ooke+s la&, calculate its total length in cm &hen a force of 8 % is applied to it. (**$N4 F%')&. 5'&.678(N8 F%')&.9 : -hen a single force acts on an ob3ect : &e use " ' m a , to find the magnitude of the force acting on an ob3ect. 1ut, if t&o or more than t&o forces acts on a body, &e have to find the resultant of these forces.
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)sually more than one force acts on an ob3ect. F # 0 N "or e,ample, T&o forces acts on an ob3ect F ig (% ) resting on a table : "irst : $ts &eight :;< 9 in do&n&ard direction. F # 0 N This is the force of gravity due to its &eight. F ig ( c !) .econd : The table e,erts an up&ard force :'< as sho&n in the fig. , called %ormal :eaction. .ince the ob3ect is at rest, these forces balances, i.e. ; ! '
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-hen t&o or more forces acting on the body are in same line, the resultant of these forces can be found by simple addition or subtraction. "or e,ample as sho&n in "ig. a, t&o forces of F1 ! 12% and F2 ! 22% are acting in the same line and same direction, the resultant of these forces F is simple addition : " ' 12% ; 22% ' 2% and body &ill move in the direction of larger applied force, i.e. in the direction of force of 22%. $n "ig. b, t&o forces of F1 ! 22% and F2 ! !2% are acting in the same line, but in the opposite directions, the resultant of these force F is the simple subtraction : " ' !2% - 22% ' 22%. The resultant force " &ill be in the direction of the larger applied force, i.e. F2 ! !2% and the body &ill move in this direction. $n "ig. c, t&o forces of F1 ! 22% and F2 ! 22% are acting in the same line, but in the opposite directions, the resultant of these force F is the simple subtraction : " ' 22% - 22% ' 2%. $n this case the body &ill be at rest or &ill move &ith constant velocity, because no net force is acting on it.
&"ample : >21 : As sho&n in the "ig. , three force, F1 , F2 = F2 are acting at same point B but in different directions. "orces F1 and F2 are balanced by F2 (force due to &eight, -). .o, the resultant must be a force e#ual and opposite to F2. This can be found by completing the parallelogram BA?1, as sho&n in "ig. !. Aeasure the length of the diagonal B?, &hich represents the resultant . force and is e#ual to the force F2. $t is in the opposite direction to F2.
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N6+&'$)(7 .6+. : D. 1 : Ali, Austafa and Adam are pulling a metal ring. Ali pulls &ith a force of 122 % in one direction and Austafa &ith a force of 1!2 % in the opposite direction. $f the ring does not move, &hat force does Adam e,erts if he pulls in the same direction as Ali 6 D. 2 : A boy drags a suitcase along the ground &ith a force of 122 %. $f the frictional force opposing the motion of the suitcase is @2 %, &hat is the resultant for&ard force on the suitcase 6 D. : A picture is supported by t&o vertical stringsG if the &eight of the picture is @2 %, &hat is the force e,erted by each string 6 D. ! : )sing a scale of 1 cm to represent 12 % find the siHe of the resultant of forces of 2 % and !2 % acting at right angle to each other 6
86'N$N4 &FF&)8 %F F%')&. : 5+%+&N8 %F ( F%')&9 : A force acting on a solid ob3ect has t&o effects : (i) $t tends to accelerate the ob3ect (making the ob3ect+s center of mass to move), and (ii) $t tends to cause the ob3ect to rotate. -hen a body is fi,ed at certain point, called pivot or fulcrum, it turns about this point. The turning effect of a force is called the moment of the force. $t depends upon the t&o things : (1) siHe of the force and (2) the perpendicular distance of the force from the pivot or the fulcrum. $t is the product of the applied force and the perpendicular distance of the line of the action of the force from the pivot. $ts unit is %e&ton meter (%m). 5reater the moment of force, less is the effort re#uired to do &ork.
+oment of the force ! >Force1 >#erpendicular distance of the line of the action of the force the from pi0ot1
$n fig. (a) a force of @ % acts on a gate at its edge, and in "ig. (b) it acts at the centre. $n >a1 : Aoment of force " about B ' " <erpendicular distance from pivot B.
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$n >b1 : Aoment of force " about B ' " <erpendicular distance from pivot B.
.ince the moment of force is greater in case (a), the turning effect of force is greater in this case and the gate opens most easily than case (b).
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?(7(N)$N4 ( ?&(+ : To balance a beam about a pivot the &eights must be moved so that the clock&ise turning effect e#uals the anticlock&ise turning effect and the net moment on the beam becomes Hero.
That is , the total clock&ise moment must be e#ual to the total anticlock&ise moment. $f the beam tends to s&ing clock&ise, mass m1 can be moved further from pivot or m2 can be moved nearer to the pivot to reduce its / d turning effect. d" $f the beam tends to s&ing anticlock&ise then the movements of the masses should be done in opposite to that of the above case. F 3 lc r3 m /P i9 o t "rom this e,periment &e can derive a very important la&, kno&n as lo& of moments. m m " 7(; %F +%+&N8. 57(; %F 8-& 7&A&'9 %' #'$N)$#7& %F +%+&N8. :
.tatement : B;hen a body is in equilibrium the sum of the clock ise moments about any point is equal to the sum of anticlock ise moments abut the same pointC.
)%N*$8$%N. %F &D6$7$?'$6+ : There are t&o conditions of e#uilibrium : (1) The sum of forces in one direction e#uals the sum of forces in the opposite direction. (2) The sum of the clock&ise moments about any point is e#ual to the sum of anticlock&ise moments abut the same point. That is, the principle of moments must apply.
&E#&'$+&N8 8% A&'$F, 8-& #'$N)$#7& %F +%+&N8 : *ang a meter ruler &ith a hole at the center on a string so that it balances horiHontally. d d" *ang a &eight -1 on the left side at a distance d1 from the center. *ang a second &eight -2 on the right of F 3 lc r3 m /P i9 o t the ruler and move it until the ruler is balanced horiHontally. 1 e te r : 3 le r * * " :ecord this distance as d2 from the fulcrum. Aove the &eights -1 and -2 to the other positions and record the results as sho&n in the table. ?alculate -1 d1 and -2 d2 . $n al cases -1 d1 ' -2 d2 . That is &hen the ruler is balanced, the clock&ise moment ' the anticlock&ise moment. This verify the principle of moments. 1 2 -1 -1 -1 d
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?(7(N)&* F%')&. : 1alanced forces means forces in e#uilibrium and the resultant forces is e#ual to Hero. This is possible in the t&o cases :
(1) -hen a body is at rest. 0.g. A book kept on a table, A parked car. $n this case the do&n&ard force I-J due to its &eight is balanced by the up&ard force I:J e,erted by ground on the body. (2) -hen a body is moving &ith a uniform speed in a straight line. 0.g. A car moving &ith uniform speed in a straight line. $n this case the for&ard driving force of the engine is balanced by the air resistance and the frictional force in back&ard direction. D. G %ct/No0 = 2HH2 : D.G %ct/No0 = 2HH3 : )&N8'& %F +(.. %' )&N8'& %F 4'(A$8, : The point on a body, &here the &hole mass (&eight) of the body is concentrated is called the centre of mass or the centre of gravity. The centre of mass of a regular shaped body of the same density throughout is at its centre. $n other irregular shaped body, it can be found by e,periment.
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)&N8&' %F +(.. %' )&N8&' %F 4'(A$8, : K0"$%$T$B% : C The point on a body &here the &hole mass of the body is concentrated is called the center of mass or center of gravity of the body. 1alanced forces means forces in e#uilibrium.