7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTROMECHANICAL AND POWER SYSTEMS October 6-10, 200 - I! i, Romania - C"#$#%!&, Re'(Mo)*o+!

ENHANCED REI EQUIVALENTS WITH PHASOR MEASUREMENTS

Mihai Gavri a an! Ovi!i" Ivanov Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi
A#$%ra&% This paper presents a new static network
equivalencing technique that take into consideration the influence of changes occurring in the reduced system based on voltage phasors measurements from this system. The method was developed around the REI equivalent, but in principle it can be used with any other equivalencing technique. Numerical simulations have shown that real time measurements provided by !"#s installed on the buses of the e$ternal system can considerably improve simulation results produced by traditional REI equivalents for the operating conditions in the internal, observed power system. '()*or!$ %tatic network equivalent, REI equivalent, phasor measurements

are placed at the b!ses of transmission s!bstations to meas!re voltage and c!rrent phasors" ;ompared with other devices, P9Us prod!ce more acc!rate res!lts d!e to the synchroni6ation proced!re that !se high speed synchroni6ed sampling with , microsecond acc!racy +<-" This paper proposes a new ./I model that, beside the traditional load, generator or mi3ed fictitio!s ./I b!ses, !ses special nodes from the e3ternal power system contin!o!sly monitored by P9Us" -, STATIC REI EQUIVALENTS As a general r!le, e%!ivalencing methods divide the original power system into three s!bsystems 8see 'ig" ,:= 8i: the internal power system 8IP&:, i"e" the part of the power system !nder analysis> 8ii: the e3ternal power system 8/P&:, i"e" the part of the system to be replaced by the e%!ivalent, and 8iii: the bo!ndary power system or, simply, bo!ndary nodes 8?@s:, i" e" the set of nodes which separate IP& from /P&" The ./I e%!ivalent replaces the /P& by one or more fictitio!s ./I b!ses, that gro!p together different e3ternal b!ses 8see 'ig" ,:" The basic ./I model either gro!ps all /P& b!ses into a single ./I b!s, or !ses ) ./I b!ses, one for the load b!ses, and the other for the generator b!ses" Aowever, m!ltiple ./I b!ses can be !sed" 9oreover, the res!lting e%!ivalent networ$ can contain more generator ./I b!ses, more load ./I b!ses or even mi3ed ./I b!ses, which gro!p together load and generator b!ses"
EP S REI bus ,N$ IPS

+, INTRODUCTION Present day power systems are basically large or very large systems, whose on line or off line analysis and control often implies a serio!s comp!tational b!rden" #ne of the most efficient approaches to this analysis !ses static networ$ or system e%!ivalents" &tatic networ$ e%!ivalents are !sed in on line applications s!ch as contingency analysis or in off line planning and development st!dies" 'irst networ$ e%!ivalents were proposed by (ard in the mid of the )* th cent!ry +,-" ./I e%!ivalents were proposed by P" 0imo in the late ,12*s, and they are still considered as one of the most efficient networ$ red!ction techni%!es +)-" They are based on e3ternal system b!s red!ction, preserving in a certain e3tent the effect of the e3ternal generator or load b!ses on the operating conditions in the observed system" A ./I e%!ivalent replaces the e3ternal power system by one or more fictitio!s b!ses, designated as ./I b!ses, that gro!p together different e3ternal b!ses" The acc!racy of a ./I e%!ivalent is basically dependent on the dimension and the str!ct!re of the red!ced power system and its ability to acc!rately model the response of the red!ced system to changes occ!rring in the observed system" /3isting approaches in the literat!re !se different b!s gro!ping methods" 'or instance, in +4b!ses are gro!ped into ./I e%!ivalent b!ses based on the power flow sensitivity in the internal part of the system when the b!s loads vary" &imilarity indices are comp!ted for all PU PU, P5 P5 and PU P5 pairs of b!ses in the remote system to assess their sensitivity to the load variation" Then b!ses are gro!ped according to the val!e of the comp!ted indices" The main drawbac$ of this approach consists in the need for a priori specification of thresholds for b!s gro!p differentiation" .ecently, GP& synchroni6ed phasor meas!rement data were proposed to be !sed as inp!t data to the traditional system models +7-" Phasor meas!rement !nits 8P9Us:

REI bus

REI bus

'ig" , Gro!ping b!ses from the /P& to create ./I e%!ivalent b!ses" The gro!ping proced!re is a %!estion which sho!ld ta$e into acco!nt its infl!ence over the acc!racy of the IP& operating conditions comp!ted !sing the ./I e%!ivalent

for different contingencies in the IP&" A distinctive characteristic of a ./I e%!ivalent is that it preserves power losses in the initial and e%!ivalent networ$s thro!gh the !se of a fictitio!s, temporary, linear and lossless networ$ which lin$s the b!ses from the /P& that are to be eliminated to the fictitio!s ./I b!s the so called Bero Power ?alance @etwor$ 8BP?@:" The proced!re of b!ilding the BP?@ consists in the following steps= ," &et!p the n!mber of ./I b!ses to be !sed to b!ild the e%!ivalent of the /P&" )" Associate the b!ses from the /P& to the ./I b!ses 8each b!s from the /P& is associated to a single ./I b!s:" 4" 'or each gro!p /P& b!ses ./I b!s a fictitio!s gro!nd b!s is introd!ced, which is connected in a radial manner to the ./I b!s and the red!ced b!ses" 7" The radial networ$s obtained in the previo!s step are lineari6ed by replacing b!s power inCections %p with c!rrent inCection Ip,&, comp!ted !sing b!s voltages #p from the reference operating conditions" The first two steps of this proced!re can infl!ence in a great e3tant the acc!racy of the ./I e%!ivalent" After b!ilding all BP?@s associated to the ./I b!ses, the networ$ is red!ced applying a traditional Ga!ss red!ction techni%!e, which aims to bring the nodal e%!ation of the system incl!ding the newly formed ./I nodes=
+' - +# - = +I -

Satellite

PMU Local PDC Central PDC

'ig" ) &tr!ct!re of a monitoring system based on &P9 8P9U Phasor 9eas!rement Unit, P0; Phasor 0ata ;oncentrator:" advance system $nowledge with correlated event reporting and real time system vis!ali6ation and validate planning st!dies to improve system load balance and station optimi6ation" &P9 systems are c!rrently !sed primarily for system monitoring and analysis, in applications li$e= phase angle, voltage stability and overload monitoring and control, state estimation, congestion management, system restoration and adaptive protection 1, REI EQUIVALENTS WITH SPM 'or the traditional model of a ./I e%!ivalent, contingencies can be considered only in the IP&" /P& contingencies cannot be represented !nless a complete recalc!lation of the ./I e%!ivalent is r!n to incl!de the contingency in the mathematical model" The new approach that !ses ./I e%!ivalents with P9U b!ses can cope with IP& contingencies li$e the traditional one" 'or /P& contingencies modeling, the basic ass!mption considers that by installing one or more P9Us in certain b!ses from the /P& and by contin!o!sly monitoring voltage phasors in this b!ses it is possible to model the e3ternal system reaction to different operating conditions for both IP& and /P&" In this paper only important contingencies in the /P&, s!ch as loss of a large generating !nit or switching off of a highly loaded transmission line, have considered" The performances of the proposed method were assessed !sing error indices for apparent power flows and voltage phasors only in the IP&=
N+ N* , ref k d% = % b % b N+ N* k = , b= ,

8,:

to a partially triang!lar form" The application of Ga!ss red!ction proced!re ends when all the lower diagonal elements from the col!mns of matri3 + '- corresponding to the e3ternal and ./I b!ses, have been 6eroed" The s!bmatri3 corresponding to the internal and bo!ndary b!ses is e3tracted to represent the admittance matri3 in the e%!ivalent networ$ +D-" ., S/NCHRONI0ED PHASOR MEASUREMENTS The technology of synchroni6ed phasor meas!rements 8&P9: is one of the most interesting present day developments !sed in the field of real time monitoring and control of electric power systems +2-" P9Us provide real time meas!rement of voltage and c!rrent phasors at power system s!bstations that are synchroni6ed !sing GP& time synchroni6ation signal 8'ig" ):" This technology provides real time snapshots of the state of the power system, which enables system operators to ma$e decisions to= increase system loading while maintaining ade%!ate stability margins> improve operator response to system contingencies> red!ce congestion costs and enhance state estimation res!lts>

+ "()-

8):

ref # N+ NN # n , d# = N+ NN k = # ref , n= , n

k n

,**

shape +E-

84: where= N+ n!mber of contingencies> NN n!mber of node> N* n!mber of branches> #nref voltage phasor in

8): or 84: are !sed" In fact, fig!res 4 and 7 show that the of the c!rves d# and d% are similar, hence !sing one or another of these performance indices is optional" If two or more P9U are installed on the b!ses of the /P&, their effect over the res!lts prod!ced by the ./I e%!ivalent are greatly infl!enced by their relative position in the networ$" This behavior co!ld be e3plained by the fact that the original ./I e%!ivalent was comp!ted !sing different operating conditions in the /P&, which can no more be reprod!ced in real time conditions when voltages from P9U b!ses are fi3ed"

'ig" 4 Power flow errors in the I&ys, for different levels of nodal contingency and different location of , P9U" node n, for the reference conditions> #nk voltage phasor in node n, for contingency k> %bref apparent comple3 power flow on branch b for the reference conditions> %bk apparent comple3 power flow on branch b for contingency k" 2, CASE STUD/ The validity of the proposed method was tested on a modified version of the I/// ,7 b!s test systems" These changes were imposed by the need for a convenient definition of IP&, ?@ and /P&, on one hand, and contingencies in the /P&, on another hand" The one line diagram of the I/// ,7 b!s test system can be fo!nd in +F-" 'or this case, the IP&, ?@ and /P& were chosen as follows= b!ses G,, G) and G4 for the IP&, b!ses G7 and G< for the ?@, and b!ses GD to G,7 for the /P&" &ince all b!ses in the original /P& are P5 b!ses with small val!es of the load, the /P& contingency was sim!lated in b!s G,4, which became a PU b!s with active and reactive generation powers of ,** 9( and 4* 9HAr respectively" The res!lts of this n!merical sim!lation are presented in Tables , and ), and 'ig" 4 and 7" As one can see from Tables , and ), when only one P9U b!s is considered in the /P&, the best res!lts correspond to the case when the P9U is located in the same b!s where the contingency is considered 8b!s G,4:" Aowever, good appro3imation acc!racy was obtained for all cases when one P9U is installed in the /P&" The concl!sions are the same, either the voltage d# or the apparent power d% performance indices from e%s"

'ig" 7 Holtage errors in the I&ys, for different levels of nodal contingency and different location of , P9U" ?ased on the above case st!dy, it can be concl!ded that the applications of real time meas!rements provided by P9Us installed in the /P& can considerably improve sim!lation res!lts prod!ced by traditional ./I e%!ivalents" Aowever, if meas!rement data from two or more P9Us installed in the /&ys are to be !sed, then P9Us location m!st be optimi6ed for better res!lts" As a general r!le, the !se of a single P9U in the /&ys is s!fficient and its best location corresponds to the b!s the most e3posed to o!tages, with a high val!e of generation or load" 3, CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a new static networ$ e%!ivalencing techni%!e that ta$e into consideration the infl!ence of changes occ!rring in the e3ternal networ$ based on voltage phasors meas!rements located in the e3ternal systems" The method was developed aro!nd the ./I e%!ivalent paradigm, b!t in principle it can be !sed with any other e%!ivalencing techni%!e" @!merical sim!lations have shown that real time meas!rements provided by P9Us installed on the b!ses of the e3ternal system can considerably improve sim!lation res!lts prod!ced by traditional ./I e%!ivalents" RE4ERENCES
+,- I" ?" (ard, Equivalent circuits for power flow studies , AI// Transactions, Hol" DF, pp" 424 4F7, ,171

+)- 0imo P", ,es reseau$ REI, *ulletin de la -irection des etudes et recherches, /lectricite de 'rance, @o" ), ,1F), pp",4 <D" +4- A"J" &ingh and &";" &rivastava, ) sensitivity based network reduction technique for power transfer assessment in deregulated electricity environment, in Transmission and 0istrib!tion ;onference and /3hibition )**)= Asia Pacific" I///KP/& , vol"4, no", pp" ,12D ,1F, D ,* #ct" )**)

+7- ."'" @!%!i, %tate Estimation and (oltage %ecurity "onitoring #sing %ynchroni.ed !hasor "easurements , 0octor of Philosophy dissertation, I!ly )**," +<- /lectric Power Gro!p, !hasor Technology and Real Time -ynamics "onitoring %ystems, ;onsorti!m for /lectric .eliability technology &ol!tions, )**D" +D- 9" /remia editor, Electric !ower %ystems. Electric Networks > .omanian Academy Press, ?!charest, )**D"

Table , Power flow errors +9HA- in the IP&, comp!ted with e%" 8):, for different levels of nodal contingency 8loss of generation !nit in b!s G,4: and different location of , P9U, compared with the reference case 8wKo P9U:" + PMU in #"$: Con%in5(n& R(6(r(n&( ) (v( 7*8o PMU9 +. ++1 +; ++ 3 < ,**E )1",,* )",11 D"1), 7")*F 7"D4< 7",2< 7")22 )")42 1*E )D"*** )"*7F D")F4 7"*)* )"422 )"1F) 4"DF4 )")D, F*E ))"141 ,"FF7 D",4D 4"177 ,"4F2 )"77< 4",2, )"77D 2*E ,1"1)F ,"D,2 <"2,4 4"F4D ,",7F )",4< )"F1) )"7F< D*E ,D"1DF ,"747 <")<, 4"2*F ,"4F4 )",F) )"<D, )"<*) <*E ,7"*<4 ,")4D 7"DF* 4"7D, ,"D)* )")7D )")*< )"7,1 7*E ,,",F) ,"*), 7"*** 4"*FF ,"2D4 )",FF ,"F)4 )")4* 4*E F"4<< *"21* 4")*7 )"<F* ,"274 ,"1F* ,"7,) ,"1)* )*E <"<2* *"<77 )")F7 ,"1)4 ,"<*F ,"<1, *"124 ,"727 ,*E )"F4, *")F) ,"))D ,"*1* *"11D *"12D *"<** *"FDD Table ) Holtage errors +E- in the I&ys, comp!ted with e%" 84:, for different levels of nodal contingency 8loss of generation !nit in b!s G,4: and different location of , P9U, compared with the reference case 8wKo P9U:" + PMU in #"$: Con%in5(n& R(6(r(n&( ) (v( 7*8o PMU9 +. ++1 +; ++ 3 < ,**E *"7,2 *"))< *"D)2 *"4)* *"7D) *",1, *"4<) *",2* 1*E *"4D4 *")*F *"D*D *"4<< *",1* *",<2 *"4)) *",11 F*E *"4,4 *",F1 *"<21 *"4D* *"*D2 *",)1 *")F1 *"),F 2*E *")<D *",D, *"<)F *"47D *"*72 *",<2 *")<1 *")), D*E *"),< *",7) *"722 *"44, *"*D4 *",2D *"))7 *"))) <*E *",2D *",)) *"7,2 *"4*< *"*12 *",F) *",FF *"),7 7*E *",7* *",** *"4<* *")DF *",,D *",2< *",<, *",1D 4*E *",*F *"*22 *")2< *")), *",,1 *",<< *",,7 *",D2 )*E *"*2F *"*<4 *",14 *",D) *",*7 *",), *"*2D *",)2 ,*E *"*<* *"*)2 *",*, *"*1, *"*D1 *"*24 *"*4F *"*27
+2- LLL !hasor Technology and Real Time -ynamics "onitoring %ystems, ;onsorti!m for /lectric .eliability Technology &ol!tions, /lectric Power Gro!p" +F- (eb address, available at= http=KKwww"cnr cme"roKforen)**FK;0M.#9M,K s4MroKs4 ,< ro"pdf" Mihai Gavri a$ was born in Iasi, .omania, on 'ebr!ary D, ,1<1" Ae received his 9"&" and Ph"0" degrees from the Technical University of Iasi in ,1F7 and ,117, respectively" Ae has wor$ed in the power !tility ind!stry for fo!r years, as site engineer, proCect manager and !tility engineer" &ince ,1FF he has Coined Gh" Asachi Technical University of Iasi" At present he is Professor with the Power &ystems 0epartment" Ae is reading co!rses in Power &ystem Analysis, Power &ystem &tability, ;omp!tational Intelligence Applications in Power, and /nergy 9ar$ets" Ais research interests are in power system analysis, partic!larly iss!es involving artificial intelligence applications in power" Ovi!i" Ivanov was born in ?otosani, .omania, on 9ay ,), ,12F" Ae grad!ated the /lie .ad! Aigh &chool in ?otosani, ,in ,112, and Technical University Gh Asachi of Iasi, the 'ac!lty of Power /ngineering, the Power &ystems 0epartment, in )**)" &ince )**4, is employed at the Gh" Asachi University, The fac!lty of Power /nginnering, Power &ystems departments" Teaching activity= leading of laboratory sessions in the following disciplines= /lectricity Transmission and 0istrib!tion, Intelligent &ystems in Power &ystems, @!merical 9ethods in Power &ystems" ;ompetence areas= artificial intelligence techni%!es applications in power systems> modern methods for the st!dy of electricity mar$et" ;andidate for the Ph0 degree in the Power &ystems field"