THE SUSTAINABILITY FISHERIES MANAGEMENT OF SHARK AND RAY IN INDONESIA UNTIL THE YEAR 2040 *)

Dr. Priyanto Rahardjo, MSc. Lab. Fisheries Resources, Jakarta Fisheries University email : labsdistp@gmail.com twitter : @labsdi_stp Executive Summary Shark and ray resources in nusantara water is award for Indonesian nation. Sharks and rays are renewable resources, but if wrong in exploitation and this threatened resources of extinct (collapse), the recovery will require long time and a real expensive cost. Exploiting wisely wise and hardly is required, that this resources can be endowed chronically between generations. The characteristics biology of shark and ray (elasmobranchii) are slow growing, long lived, sexual matured at the age of relative old and only yields a few pups, nature of like that makes very sensitive shark and ray to fishing pressure (FAO, 2000). Exploitation of shark and ray fisheries in Indonesia waters haves the character of multi species and multi gear. Remembers the high price of fishery commodity (shark and ray), hence many fishermen hunting sharks and rays as target species. Indonesia fisherman exploits all part of shark and ray, for example meat to consume, fin for export commodity, skin to be tanned, bone for glue material, even as germination inhibitor of ferocious cell in human body. The major challenge for shark and ray fisheries in Indonesia is how making management model of shark and ray on an ongoing basis, capable to guarantee that continuity of resources this sea can be endowed chronically between generations to 30 year to the fore. While best management opportunity for fishery of shark and ray is applying of management strategy of resources matching with sustainable development principles.

Exploitation of shark and ray FAO NEWSROOM (7 June 2005) explains many poor residents of world hinges from fish. About 38 percent of all fish is traded internationally. The total world export value for fish and fish products is nearly US$60 billion. Significantly, the volume share of developing countries in fishery exports represent about 55 percent of the total (shark and ray is main commodity). Net receipts of foreign exchange by developing countries through fish trade is now around US$ 17 billion a year, more than they earn from export of tea, rice, coffee together.

*) Publish in September 30, 2007 at http://begawanlaut.blogspot.com/

Is this opportunity or risk? The answer is how applying responsible management is so important. In January 2007, all five RMFOs (RFMO, REGIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION) will meet in Kobe, Japan, for the first time ever to discuss necessary improvements to the fisheries management and trade in fish marine products (IOTC,CCSBT,WCOFC, ICCAT and IATTC). However, as this briefing highlights, the RMFOs have generally failed to meet their own obligations, as well as those set by the international community to prevent overexploitation of high-seas fish species, rebuild depleted stock, or protect the wider ecosystem. Important issue from this meeting is how applying IPOA-Sharks. Aims to ensure the conservation and management of sharks and their long-term sustainable use. But simply most all member states RMFOs fails in applies IPOA shark. FAO NEWSROOM (5 March 2007) reports that concern over situation of high-seas fish species. Strengthening fisheries management in international waters a major challenge. More than half of stocks of highly migratory sharks as either overexploited or depleted. The global situation of 600 marine fish stocks monitored by FAO are 3% (under exploited) ; 20 % (moderately exploited); 52 % (fully exploited); 17 % (over exploited); 7% (depleted); and 1 % (recovering from depletion). Shark and ray is one of fish gone out to sea to be a real extraordinary. Shark is excellent swimmer of long distance and is highest predator. Shark and ray in finding along the length of Atlantic ocean, Pacific, Indian Ocean and other ocean. But fishery world of shark and ray experiences a number of problems of public insists on fiishing existence, continuity they and endangers broader ecosystem. The best scientists of world warns, without assertive action, most population of shark and ray will decline at level endangering in one decades. Shark and ray is big business for Indonesian nation, imagines the price of fin to reach 660 US$ per kilogram in Asian marketing. Water territory of Indonesia sea is state which at most catching shark and ray (100 000 tons) with shark product export value equal to US $ 13 million (FAO, 2000). Fisherman exploits all part of shark and ray, for example flesh to consume, fin for export commodity, skin to be tanned, bone for glue material, even as germination inhibitor of ferocious cell in human body (Irianto, 1993; and Nasran, 1993). Exploiting of resources fishery of shark and ray in Indonesian water ia has taken place hereditaryly, starts from epoch Majapahit, colonization of Dutch, Japan and hitherto ( after Indonesia independence era). Note of exploiting opening of resources sea fisher in the form of fishery statistic started in the year 1975. Although still limmited, but this very useful statistic

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as initial step in fisheries management . Based on fishery statistic of Indonesia (1975-2005) shows production of shark and national ray experiences fluctuation (between 47000 tons to 105000 tons), and highest haul happened in the year 1999 ( 105.000.ton). In general catch per unit effort (CPUE) indicated degradation from year to year. Since the year 1975 hitherto, fishery statistic of Indonesia notes shark and ray only in two types, while its number of shark and ray species 197 (30 species has been exploited commercially). Fishing activity of shark and ray takes place during the year. Fishing season specifically is not able yet to in determining except based on monthly data produce of fish landed in fishery port. For example, arrest top of shark in Indonesia west is April. Fishery of shark and ray consisted of having immeasurable fish species (multi species) and catched by various fishing gear (multi gear) in Indonesia water. Fishing activity of shark and ray ( elasmobrancii) in Indonesia water growed since the year 1970. Although shark and ray is bay catch from various fishing gear, but level of the exploiting have been intensive (Widodo, 2000). This thing seen from catch per unit effort ( CPUE), and degradation of production (Fishery Statistic of Indonesia 1975 - 2005). Besides, already happened degradation of biodiversity of resources marked with loss of type Pristidae. The fishing gear shark and ray in number which many are demersal large of bottom gillnet, demersal small of bottom gillnet, trammel net, danish seine, drift gillnet, rays bottom long line, bottom long line, tuna long line), and portable traps. Till now, exploiting of resources shark and ray in Indonesia good to local consumer and also export still in the form of source of man food. While direction of exploiting result of sea fisher in developed countries allotment at health, pharmacy raw material (drugs), cosmetic, souvenirs etc. Difference various form of fishr product clearly makes it is having higher level added value if only applied as source of man food.

Potential of shark and ray As the biggest archipelago country in world, Indonesia continent region (1,9 million Km2) spread over at around 17500 of island united by a real sea wide (around 5,8 million Km2). Coastline length encircling continent is around 81000 km, which is longest tropical coastline world or longest both world after Canada. Geographically Indonesia sea lays between Pasific ocean and Indian Ocean, between Asian continents and Australian, included in of presentation of Sunda shelf in part of west and Sahul shelf in part of east. Since the year 2000 seas we are recognized world as the coral triangle believed have potential resources involves is highest in

*) Publish in September 30, 2007 at http://begawanlaut.blogspot.com/

world. Height of the biodiversity not merely because of a real strategic geographical position, but also influenced by various factors like various seasonal climate, current or a period of seawater influenced two ocean, and variance of habitat type and ecosystem in it. Biodiversity potency in Indonesia ocean region, good in the form of species, ecosystem and genetic is a real asset to support development of Indonesia economics. Understanding of marine fish potential simple is the many species and number of fish on the sea. For example, for state ASEAN having number of fish species Indonesia (3213 species), Philippine (2824 species), Malaysia (1102 species), and five other ASEAN states has number of fish species under 1000 species. Number of shark and ray species of Indonesia water is estimated to 197 species, and 142 species has been recognized surely, and 30 species has been exploited commercially. The basic question are fishery potential of shark and ray Indonesia alighted from time to time because fishing pressure ? Limited studies about fishery potency of shark and ray Indonesia, however if it is seen from data totally during rearward 30 years, inferential that Indonesia sea fisher potency doesn't change. Mean exploitation pressure of fishing and other factor still be well-balanced with carrying capacity resources fisheries of shark and ray. This thing because of our fisherman majority exploiting it still following responsible fishing method (Code of Conduct of Responsible Fishing, FAO). Despite of a minority part our fisherman using equipment destroying area. In the year 1997 the Indonesia scientist of marine fisheries compromises builds Komisi Nasional Stok Assessment (KNSA) as a mean to evaluates periodical marine fisheries potential. To make moderate and facilitates information, divisible sea fisher potency in nine regions by team KNSA (Picture 1). This division of course by considering various biodiversity potency aspects in Indonesia sea territory, good in the form of species, ecosystem and genetic. Condition of potency and level of exploiting of resources fishery of the existing shark and ray of indicated that major has not been exploited in an optimal fashion. Region which has in exploiting fully generally at coastal area by middle and small scale fisherman. Location which have been over exploited simply only 15 % from overall of available region. While some other regions has not been exploited optimumly (Table 1)

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Figure 1. Nine Marine Fisheries Management areas in Indonesia

Remark: 1=Malacca Strait, 2= South China Sea, 3=Java Sea, 4= Flores Sea, 5= Banda Sea, 6= Maluku Sea, 7=Celebes Sea and Pacific Ocean, 8=Arafura Sea, 9= Indian Ocean

Table 1. Status Shark and Rays Fisheries by Management Area

Source: The Analysis of Some Scientific Paper of Marine Fisheries 1975-2007 Remark:
U : Eksploitasi rendah (Under exploited) M : Eksploitasi sedang (Moderate) UN: Belum dievaluasi (Uncertain) F: Eksploitasi penuh (Fully exploited) O: Eksploitasi berlebih (Over fishing)

*) Publish in September 30, 2007 at http://begawanlaut.blogspot.com/