The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often

called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email. Internet is interconnection of large number of heterogeneous computer networks all over the world that can share information back and forth. These interconnected network exchange information by using same standards and protocols Applications of internet The internet is treated as one of the biggest invention. It has a large number of uses. 1. Communication: it is used for sending and receiving message from one and other through internet by using electronic mail. Some of the web sites providing this service are yahoomail.com Hotmail.com rediffmail.com etc 2. Job searches: getting information regarding availability of job in different sectors and areas. You can publish your resume in online for prospective job. Some of the web sites providing this service are naukri.com, monster.com, summerjob.com, recuritmentindia.com etc. 3. Finding books and study material : books and other study material stored around the world can be easily located through internet. Latest encyclopaedias are available online. 4. Health and medicine: internet provide information and knowledge about field of health medicine people can have information about various disease and can receive help .patient can be taken to virtual check room where they can meet doctors. Some of the web sites providing this service are 5. Travel: one can use internet to gather information about various tourist place . it can be used for booking Holiday tours , hotels, train and flights. Some of the web sites providing this service areindiatravelog.com, rajtravel.com, makemytrip.com. 6. Entertainment one can doun lode jokes, songs muvis, latest sports updates through internet Some of the web sites providing this service arecricinfo.com, movies.com espn.com 7. Shopping : internet is also used for online shopping. By just giving accounts details you can perform the transaction. You can even pay your bills and perform bank related transaction. 8. Stock market updates : you can sell or buy shares while sitting on computer through internet. Several websites like ndtvprofit.com, moneypore.com, provide information regarding investment 9. Research : a large number of people are using internet for research purposes you can download any kind information by using internet

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Business use of internet: different ways by which intenet can be used for business are: Information about the product can be provided can be provided online to the the customer . Provide market information to the business It help business to recruit talented people Help in locating suppliers of the product . Fast information regarding customers view about companies product Eliminate middle men and have a direct contact with contact with customer .

Providing information to the investor by providing companies back ground and financial information on web site

Network Topologies In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices. Think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find a ring topology there. Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

bus ring star tree mesh More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies. Bus Topology Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that

devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message.

Ring Topology In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network. To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.

Star Topology

Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a "hub node" that may be a network hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet. Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails.)

s Tree Topology

Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the root of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.

Mesh Topology

Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.) Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.

A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in which some devices connect only indirectly to others.

There are many networking devices that are used to carry on the working and which affects performance of the network. Similarly another networking device takes part in this race that is called as networking switch. Basically it is defined as the networking device that able to join or connect the different fragments of the network and continues networking by forming a bridge between them is called as the network switching. It is also called as the switching hub. Networking switches are generally not applicable on the passive networks. Due to the ability of the forming a bridge between the networking components they are also referred to as the network bridge. Types of Network Switch:

There are different types of networking switch based upon the form and the configuration. On the basis of their form they are categorized into rack mounted, chassis or catalyst switch etc. And on the basis of configuration they are differentiated into managed, unmanaged, smart or enterprise managed switches.

Managed Switches:

A type of network switch in which different types of methods are used to manage the different parts of the network and can able to upgrade the working and the performance of the switch with the help of common methods of management is called as the managed network switch.

Unmanaged Network Switch:

Basically these networking switches are designed for those customers that are not able to spend more money because those are less expensive. A type of network switch in which interface is not involved is called as unmanaged network switches. They are designed for the direct use.

Smart Switches:

Basically the smart network switches are the important types of managed switches in which the specific management features are discussed. Typically these switches re used for the networking devices such as VLANs. They also increase the working ability of the parts connected by the switches Layer 2 A network bridge, operating at the data link layer, may interconnect a small number of devices in a home or the office. This is a trivial case of bridging, in which the bridge learns the MAC address of each connected device. Single bridges also can provide extremely high performance in specialized applications such as storage area networks. Layer 3 Within the confines of the Ethernet physical layer, a layer-3 switch can perform some or all of the functions normally performed by a router. The most common layer-3 capability is awareness of IP multicast through IGMP snooping. With this awareness, a layer-3 switch can increase efficiency by delivering the traffic of a multicast group only to ports where the attached device has signaled that it wants to listen to that group. Layer 4 While the exact meaning of the term layer-4 switch is vendor-dependent, it almost always starts with a capability for network address translation, but then adds some type of load distribution based on TCP sessions.[12] The device may include a stateful firewall, a VPN concentrator, or be an IPSec security gateway. [edit]Layer 7 Layer-7 switches may distribute loads based on Uniform Resource Locator URL or by some installationspecific technique to recognize application-level transactions. A layer-7 switch may include a web cache and participate in a content delivery network.[13] Switch Description The DES-3500 Series switches are equipped with unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable ports providing dedicated 10 or 100 Mbps bandwidth. The Switch has 24 UTP ports (48 UTP ports for the DES-3550) and Auto MDI-X/MDI-II convertible ports that can be used for unlinking to another switch. These ports can be used for connecting PCs, printers, servers, hubs, routers, switches and

other networking devices. The dual speed ports use standard twisted-pair cabling and are ideal for segmenting networks into small, connected sub networks for superior performance. Each 10/100 port can support up to 200 Mbps of throughput in full-duplex mode. In addition, the Switch has 2 Mini-GBIC combo ports. These two-gigabit combo ports are ideal for connecting to a server or network backbone. D-Link DES-3526 Overview: D-Link's DES-3526 is a 24-port Managed Layer 2 switch that provides advanced quality of service, network management and security.

The D-Link xStack DES-3526 is a high-performance, managed, stackable Layer 2 switch that provides an ideal solution for workgroups and departments. D-Link Single IP Management (SIM) allows to cluster up a virtual stack of up to 32 DES-3526 switches dispersed switches with fewer distance limitation through a single IP address. The clustering environment spans buildings, making it perfect for businesses that require multiple building deployment. The xStack switch also provides comprehensive security for edge access such as Access Control List, DHCP server screening, and DoS attack prevention.

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