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Basics of Networking
Objectives
In this section, you will learn about: Network definition OSI Reference Model Network Protocols Network Transmission Media Network Operating Systems Types of Networks Basics of Internet TCP/IP Protocol Specialized Serial Interface Protocols
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Lesson 1A / Slide 1 of 47
Introducing Network Basics

Two or more computers connected to each other to share information and resources, such as hard disks and printers, form a network. The following figure shows a typical network setup:
Network Setup
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Introducing Network Basics (Contd.)
Following are the advantages of networks:
Sharing Resources Centralized management Cost Effective Security
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Types of Networks
To manage the exchange of data and sharing of system resources, networks are broadly classified as:
Client-Server Network Peer-to-Peer Network
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Client-Server Network
The following figure depicts a client-server network:
Client-Server network
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Peer-to-Peer Network
The following figure depicts a peer-to-peer network:
Peer-to-Peer network
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OSI Reference Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standard standardizes information exchange between the computers and other devices on the network. OSI has been defined by the International Standards Organization (ISO). OSI is a seven-layer communication protocol stack.
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OSI Reference Model (Contd.)
The seven layers of the OSI model are listed as follows in the bottomto-top approach:
Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
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Physical Layer

It defines the transmission media, such as plugs, wires, and electrical signals that connect the sender and receiver nodes to the network. It determines the type of interface required between the network adapter of the sending and receiving node and the transmission medium. It determines the direction of transmission between two nodes
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Data Link Layer

It is responsible for providing access to the network and transmitting the physical block of data from one node to another. It breaks the data packets into small block of data known as frame. It handles data frames between the Network and Physical layers. It defines the methods used to transmit and receive data on the network.
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Network Layer

It is responsible for routing, switching, and controlling the flow of data between nodes. It translates logical address to the physical address. It is responsible for determining all the possible routes to the destination network.
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Transport Layer

It converts messages into segments or breaks large segments into smaller segments that can be handled by lower layers. It provides error-checking to guarantee error-free data delivery. It provides acknowledgment of successful transmissions and requests retransmission if some packets gets damaged or corrupted.
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Session Layer

It establishes, manages, and synchronizes the communication between the two nodes. It can also control the direction in which the data flows.
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Presentation Layer

It is responsible for encoding and decoding data in a mutually agreeable format. It encrypts the data, which enables security. It compresses the data, which enables to reduce the size of the data packet.
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Application Layer

It provides the interface between the end user and the network. The processes or applications of this layer generate the data packets to be delivered. Some of the common applications and protocols that operate on this layer include e-mail, FTP, and Telnet.
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Network Protocols

Network protocols are set of rules that govern how communication happens on a network. Following are some of the network protocols:

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Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI) AppleTalk Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) Data Link Control (DLC) SNA
Basics of Networking Lesson 1A / Slide 16 of 47
Transmission Media

The physical channel that is used to connect network components, such as nodes and printers is known as transmission media or medium. The types of transmission media include the following:
Cables Wireless.
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Cables

They are the conventional media that are used to set up networks. There are mainly two types of cable media, which are:
Copper Cables Fiber Optic Cables
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Wireless

In Mobile communication and connectivity over networks, wireless transmission proves to be useful. The advantage of wireless technology is that it helps connect distant networks, without physically setting up cables between the destination and the source points. In a wireless setup, the atmosphere is used to transmit and receive signals in the form of electromagnetic waves through an antenna. The different types of wireless transmission carriers, which include the following: Radio Microwave Infrared
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Network Operating Systems

It is an enhanced version of an operating system, with features that allow management and connectivity of nodes within a network. Some of the popular network operating systems are:
Windows NT/2000 Novell Netware UNIX
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Understanding LAN, MAN and WAN
The networks are categorized into the following types, depending on the size and the area they cover:
Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Understanding LAN

It connects computers that are placed relatively close to each other. It is confined to a single building or group of buildings within an area of 1-2 kms. A LAN setup generally uses the same type of transmission medium such as cables because of its small setup.
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Understanding LAN (Contd.)
The following figure depicts a typical LAN setup:
LAN Setup
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Network Components of LAN
The Network components of LAN are:
Media connectors Network Interface Cards (NICs) Repeaters Hubs Bridges Switches
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Understanding MAN

It is relatively larger than a LAN and generally extends across a city or a metropolitan. It ranges up to 10 Kilometers. The following figure depicts a MAN setup:
MAN setup
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Network Components of MAN
In addition to NICs, media connectors, repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches, the MAN setup consists of the following network components:
Gateways Routers
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Understanding WAN

It provides network connectivity spanning across large geographical area, such as across states, countries, or across the globe. A WAN may constitute of two or more LANs and/or MANs. The following figure depicts a WAN setup:
WAN setup
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Network Components Of WAN
In addition to NICs, media connectors, repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches, gateways, and routers, WANs also comprise the following components:
Modems Brouters CSU/DSU
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Internet Architecture

It is also referred to as TCP/IP architecture. It consists of four layers, which are as follows:
Network Access Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Application Layer
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Application Layer

It is similar to Application and Presentation Layer of the OSI Reference Model. This layer is also referred to as process layer. It enables users to access the network by providing the user interface. The most widely known and implemented application protocols are:

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Domain Name Service (DNS) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Transport Layer

It is similar to the transport and session layer of the OSI reference Model It establishes communication sessions between the source and the destination computers over the network It breaks the large packets received from application layer into smaller packets before sending them to the Internet layer It defines two protocols, which are as follows:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
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Internet Layer

It is similar to the Network Layer of the OSI Reference Model. It is responsible for performing all the necessary addressing and routing functions over the network. It defines a packet format and protocol for transferring data over the network. The protocols of this layer are:
Internet Protocol (IP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
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Network Access Layer

It is the lowest layer in the TCP/IP architecture. It corresponds to the physical and data link layers of the OSI Reference Model. It is responsible for actual transmission of data over the physical transmission media.
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Internet-related Authorities

Internet Society (ISOC) Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Internet Corporation for assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
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Request for Comments (RFCs)

It is a formal document which go through a series of reviews for approval. This document contains technology-related issues and ideas, which can help develop better methods and processes. Each RFC is assigned a number.
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Maturity Levels
There are four maturity levels for an RFC, which are as follows:
Proposed Standard Draft Standard Internet Standard Historic
Two additional RFC levels are:

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Experimental Informational
Requirement Levels
RFCs are classified into five requirement levels, which are as follows:
Required Recommended Elective Limited Use Not Recommended
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Multi-Protocol Networks
Networks require interoperability so that the information can be transferred across different physical networks. For this purpose, the networks require multiple protocols that are compatible with each other.
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TCP/IP and Interoperability
Networks employ special devices, such as gateways for the purposes of exchanging information across disparate platforms but a more effective solution would be to use TCP/IP protocol. TCP/IP is an ideal protocol as it allows different systems to work together and is supported by most of the operating systems.
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Specialized Serial Interface Protocols
Some of these specialized serial protocols are:
Point-to-Point Protocol MultiLink Point-to-Point Protocol Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
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Summary
In this lesson, you learned: Two or more computers connected to each other to share information and resources, such as hard disks and printers, form a network. The various advantages of networks are: Sharing Resources Centralized management Cost Effective Security To manage the exchange of data and sharing of system resources, networks are broadly classified as: Client-Server Network Peer-to-Peer Network The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standard standardizes information exchange between the computers and other devices on the network.
NIIT Basics of Networking Lesson 1A / Slide 41 of 47
Summary (Contd.)
The seven layers of the OSI Reference model are: Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer Some of the network protocols are: Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI) AppleTalk Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) Data Link Control (DLC) SNA
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Summary (Contd.)

Cables are the conventional media that are used to set up networks. Radio transmissions operate on radio waves. Microwaves transmit data over a higher bandwidth as compared to radio transmissions. Infrared Transmissions uses infrared radiation to transmit data. Some of the popular network operating systems are: Windows NT/2000 Novell Netware UNIX Linux Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers that are placed relatively close to each other.
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Summary (Contd.)
The network components of LAN are the following: Media connectors Network Interface Cards (NICs) Repeaters Hubs Bridges Switches Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is relatively larger than LANs and generally extend across a city or a metropolitan. Gateway is a network component or a device that acts as an interconnection point for another network. Routers are hardware devices that route data packets through the network to their final destination. Wide Area Network (WAN) provides network connectivity spanning across large geographical area, such as across states, countries, or across the globe.
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Summary (Contd.)

A modem converts the digital signals from the computer to analog signals that can be transmitted through telephone lines. Brouters are protocol-dependent hardware devices and can provide the functionality of both a router and a bridge. The Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Unit (CSU/DSU) is a hardware device that connects a leased line to a users hardware device. The Internet architecture is also referred to as TCP/IP architecture. It consists of four layers, which are as follows: Network Access Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Application Layer There are many authorities and forums that monitor and manage the issues related to Internet. Following are the some of the regulatory authorities: Internet Society (ISOC)
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Summary (Contd.)

Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Internet Corporation for assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) RFCs evolve through various maturity levels during their lifetime. There are four maturity levels for an RFC, which are as follows: Proposed Standard Draft standard Internet Standard Historic In addition to the four maturity level, there are two additional RFC levels which are: Experimental Informational
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Summary (Contd.)
RFCs are classified into five requirement levels, which are as follows: Required Recommended Elective Limited Use Not Recommended SLIP was the first protocol that was developed for transferring IP packets over dial-up lines. PPP protocol is used to transfer data across dial-up connections and Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN). Multilink PPP is used for sending and receiving information from the Internet.
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Basics of Networking

Introducing Network Basics

Introducing Network Basics (Contd.)

Following are the advantages of networks:

Sharing Resources Centralized management Cost Effective Security

Client-Server Network Peer-to-Peer Network

The following figure depicts a client-server network:

The following figure depicts a peer-to-peer network:

OSI Reference Model

OSI Reference Model (Contd.)

Data Link Layer

Copper Cables Fiber Optic Cables

Network Operating Systems

Windows NT/2000 Novell Netware UNIX

Understanding LAN, MAN and WAN

Understanding LAN (Contd.)

The following figure depicts a typical LAN setup:

Network Components of LAN

The Network components of LAN are:

Network Components of MAN

Network Components Of WAN

Modems Brouters CSU/DSU

Network Access Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Application Layer

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Network Access Layer

Request for Comments (RFCs)

Proposed Standard Draft Standard Internet Standard Historic

Two additional RFC levels are:

Required Recommended Elective Limited Use Not Recommended

TCP/IP and Interoperability

Specialized Serial Interface Protocols

Some of these specialized serial protocols are:

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