Yuriann Angelica Pempengco 10B 1. What is First Aid?

Emergency treatment administered to an injured or sick person before professional medical care is available. 2. What are the roles and responsibilities of a First Aider? provide first aid as needed, always working within their skill level record all treatment, however minor, in a first aid injury report arrange referrals for treatment as needed encourage staff to report workplace injuries on an incident report form maintain first aid kits and equipment and restock as needed can access information on an SOS bracelet or similar to attend to a casualty must keep information on casualties confidential apart from reporting requirements and giving medical information to medical staff Report any concerns about the first aid service to their first aid coordinator. 3. What are the objectives of first aid? a. Lifesaving - The objective is literally to save life. Treatment for lifesaving takes precedence over any others. b. Preventing deterioration - The objective is to prevent deterioration rather than to cure the injury or sickness. Apply careful and appropriate treatment on the basis of a thorough understanding of the patient's symptoms and complaints. In general, medicine is used only by a doctor's prescription. c. Easing pain - The objective is to ease psychological and physical pains of the patient. Apply treatment with the minimum possible pain and verbally encourage the patient. 4. What are the good characteristics of a first aider? a. Observant - should notice all signs b. Resourceful - makes use of things at hand c. Gentle - should not cause pain d. Tactful - should not alarm the victim e. Sympathetic - should be comforting f. Cheerful - inspires and develops confidence 5. Give 3 hindrances in giving first aid a. Unfavorable surroundings. b. The presence of crowds. c. Pressure from victim or relatives. 6. Give 4 life saving steps a. Restore the breathing

b. stop the bleeding c. protect the wound d. treat for shock 7. What are wounds? - An injury, especially one in which the skin or another external surface is torn, pierced, cut, or otherwise broken. 8. What are the 2 classifications of wounds? a. Open Wounds b. Closed Wounds 9. What are the types of wounds and the treatment done for each type? Open Wounds: Incisions - caused by a clean, sharp-edged object such as a knife, a razor or a glass splinter. After surgery, you will need to take care of your incision as it heals. You will need to keep the area clean, change the dressing according to your doctor's instructions, and watch for signs of infection. During healing, you may notice some soreness, tenderness, tingling, numbness, and itching around your incision. There may also be 'mild' oozing and slight bruising, and a small lump may form. This is normal and no cause for concern. Lacerations - Injury where tissue is cut or torn. For treatment, tissue is first cleansed of any blood clots and foreign material, dbribed and irrigated. Local anesthetic is administered and atraumatic technique of wound closure is employed, where wound margins are realigned with careful regard to prevention of any further crush injury to tissues. Sterile dressings are applied and immobilization is recommended for complex extremity wounds. Abrasions (grazes) - Injury where a superficial layer of tissue is removed, as seen with 1st degree burns. The wound is cleansed of any foreign material, sometimes employing a scrub brush to prevent traumatic tattooing by dirt and gravel, and should be performed within the first day of injury. Local anesthetic can be used for pain; however treatment of the wound is non-surgical, using moist dressings and a topical antibiotic to protect the wound and aid healing. Puncture wounds - caused by an object puncturing the skin, such as a nail or needle. 1. Stop the bleeding. Apply gentle pressure with a clean cloth or bandage. If bleeding persists after several minutes of pressure, seek emergency assistance. 2. Clean the wound. Rinse the wound with clear water. Use tweezers cleaned with alcohol to remove small, superficial particles. If debris remains embedded, see your doctor. Clean the area around the wound with soap and a clean cloth. 3. Apply an antibiotic. After you clean the wound, apply a thin layer of an antibiotic cream or ointment.

4. Cover the wound. Bandages can help keep the wound clean and keep harmful bacteria out. 5. Change the bandage regularly. Do so at least daily or whenever it becomes wet or dirty. 6. Watch for signs of infection. See your doctor if the wound doesn't heal or if you notice any redness, drainage, warmth or swelling. Penetration wounds - caused by an object such as a knife entering the body. Penetrating trauma is a surgical disease. As detailed earlier, patients with penetrating trauma tend to die sooner than those with blunt trauma. Following a rapid assessment, patients with penetrating trauma should be transported to the appropriate level trauma center. Such supportive measures as airway maintenance, hemorrhage control and maintenance of body temperature should be provided en route. IV access should be obtained en route (do not delay transport to place an IV), if possible. In patients with hypotension (shock), administer enough fluid (usually 12 L of an isotonic solution) to maintain the systolic blood pressure of at least 90 mmHg. Avulsion wounds Injuries where a section of tissue is torn off, either partially or in total. In partial avulsions, the tissue is elevated but remains attached to the body. A total avulsion means that the tissue is completely torn from the body with no point of attachment. In the case of a partial avulsion where the torn tissue is still well-vascularized and viable, the tissue is gently cleansed and irrigated and the flap is reattached to its anatomical position with a few sutures. If the torn tissue is non-viable, it is often excised and the wound closed using a skin graft or local flap. In the case of a total avulsion, the tissue is often very thick and demands debulking and defattening methods before it can be regrafted. Major avulsions describe amputation of extremities, fingers, ears, nose, scalp or eyelids and require treatment by a replant team. Closed Wounds: Contusions (bruise) - caused by blunt force trauma that damages tissues under the skin. The treatment for a contusion depends on the location and severity of injury. Initial treatment for a contusion includes rest, cold compresses, elevation, and an elastic wrap for the first 24 to 48 hours. A sling or crutches may be required for moderate to severe contusions. Acetaminophen or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication helps to reduce pain. For severe contusions, physical therapy is started when swelling has resolved and movement does not cause pain. Physical therapy helps restore function and flexibility, and reduces recovery time. Minor contusions usually resolve within 10 to 14 days, while severe contusions may require months of therapy. Hematoma - caused by damage to a blood vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin. In case of injuries to vital organs (brain, liver, etc.), you must immediately seek medical attention because, in addition to other damage, it can cause very dangerous to life hematomas. Conservative treatment of small hematomas: immediately after injury put cold and compression band (to prevent the development of hematoma) and analgesics (to reduce the unpleasant pain), and a few days after the injury physical therapy (to accelerate resorption).

Later in case of small hematomas you need heat and massage (not earlier than 5-6 days), in case of large hematomas they make emptying punctures (needle, trocar) or open the hematoma and treated as an open wound. Festering hematoma is necessarily opened. In case of large hematoma the evacuation of blood is made by a puncture and then a pressure bandage is applied. In the event of renewed bleeding they make autopsy, perstriction or angiorrhaphy. In case of festering hematomas they open it and make drainage. Uncomplicated hematomas are usually treated easily. Crushing Injuries - caused by a great or extreme amount of force applied over a long period of time. In the case of minor crush injuries, medical attention shouldnt be necessary. Simply clean the wound with fresh water, especially if bleeding is present, to avoid infection. Apply ice to the point of injury and keep it compressed to alleviate pain. Should there be considerable swelling and limited or no mobility in the affected extremity, medical attention may be necessary in order to obtain an X-ray and determine if there is a break. Fractures are often a cause of compartment syndrome. If the wound is considerably greater with moderate to heavy bleeding, immediate medical attention is required, and a tetanus shot will be necessary, as well as other antibiotics. In serious crush injuries, in which compartment syndrome has already set in or is inevitable, immediate surgery (most likely a fasciotomy) will be required to eliminate the pressure on the muscles and nerves. If the injury is not treated immediately, and compartment syndrome exists for considerable time, then amputation may be required. 10. Whats a fracture? A fracture is an injury to a bone when the tissue of the bone is broken. 11. What are the 2 classes of fractures? a. Open Fracture (Compund) - A compound fracture involves a bone sticking out through the skin. b. Close Fracture (Simple) - A closed transverse bone fracture is a common type of bone fracture, according to the AAOS. With this type of fracture, the skin is closed, but the bone is broken. 12. What are the treatments for fractures? The general aim of early fracture management is to control hemorrhage, provide pain relief, prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury, and remove potential sources of contamination (foreign body and nonviable tissues). Once these are accomplished, the fracture should be reduced and the reduction should be maintained, which will optimize the conditions for fracture union and minimize potential complications. The goal in managing fractures is to ensure that the involved limb segment, when healed, has returned to its maximal possible function. This is accomplished by obtaining and subsequently maintaining a reduction of the fracture with an immobilization technique that allows the fracture to heal and, at the same time, provides the patient with functional aftercare. Either nonoperative or surgical means may be used.

Nonoperative (closed) therapy consists of casting and traction (skin and skeletal traction). Casting Closed reduction should be performed initially for any fracture that is displaced, shortened, or angulated. This is achieved by applying traction to the long axis of the injured limb and then reversing the mechanism of injury/fracture, followed by subsequent immobilization through casting or splinting. Splints and casts can be made from fiberglass or plaster of Paris. Barriers to accomplishing reduction include soft-tissue interposition and hematoma formation that create tension in the soft tissues. Closed reduction is contraindicated under the following conditions: Undisplaced fractures If displacement exists but is not relevant (eg, humeral shaft fracture) If reduction is impossible (severely comminuted fracture) If the reduction, when achieved, cannot be maintained If the fracture has been produced by traction forces (eg, displaced patellar fracture) Traction - For hundreds of years, traction has been used for the management of fractures and dislocations that are not able to be treated by casting. With the advancement of orthopedic implant technology and operative techniques, traction is rarely used for definitive fracture/dislocation management. Two types of traction exist: skin traction and skeletal traction. In skin traction, traction tapes are attached to the skin of the limb segment that is below the fracture. When applying skin traction, or Buck traction, usually 10% of the patient's body weight (up to a maximum of 10 lb) is recommended. At weights greater than 10 lb, superficial skin layers are disrupted and irritated. Because most of the forces created by skin traction are lost and dissipated in the softtissue structures, skin traction is rarely used as definitive therapy in adults; rather, it is commonly used as a temporary measure until definitive therapy is achieved. In skeletal traction, a pin (eg, Steinmann pin) is placed through a bone distal to the fracture. Weights are applied to this pin, and the patient is placed in an apparatus to facilitate traction and nursing care. Skeletal traction is most commonly used in femur fractures: A pin is placed in the distal femur (see image below) or proximal tibia 1-2 cm posterior to the tibial tuberosity. Once the pin is placed, a Thomas splint is used to achieve balanced suspension. 13. What are burns? A burn is a type of injury to flesh or skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. 14. What are the classifications of burns? First-degree (superficial) burns - First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no

blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and usually consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color. Second-degree (partial thickness) burns - Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful. Third-degree (full thickness) burns - Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. Third-degree burns may also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn site appears white or charred. There is no sensation in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.

15. What are the treatments applied on burns? First-degree burns usually heal on their own within a week. Treatment may depend on the severity of the burn and may include the following: cold compresses lotion or ointments acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain A second-degree burn that does not cover more than 10 percent of the skin's surface can usually be treated in an outpatient setting. Treatment depends on the severity of the burn and may include the following: antibiotic ointments dressing changes one or two times a day depending on the severity of the burn daily cleaning of the wound to remove dead skin or ointment possibly systemic antibiotics Treatment for third-degree burns will depend on the severity of the burn. Burn severity is determined by the amount of body surface area that has been affected. The burn severity will be determined by your child's physician. Treatment for third-degree burns may include the following: early cleaning and debriding (removing dead skin and tissue from the burned area). This procedure can be done in a special bathtub in the hospital or as a surgical procedure. intravenous (IV) fluids containing electrolytes antibiotics by intravenous (IV) or by mouth antibiotic ointments or creams a warm, humid environment for the burn

 nutritional supplements and a high-protein diet pain medications skin grafting (may be required to achieve closure of the wounded area) functional and cosmetic reconstruction Sources: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/first+aid, http://www.monash.edu.au/ohs/safety-roles/first-aiders-role.html, http://www.bousai.metro.tokyo.jp/english/e-athome/care.html, http://www.kbicol.org/First_Aid_and_Rescue/, http://www.studymode.com/essays/First-Aid-1174649.html, http://www.leatherneck.com/forums/showthread.php?74604-Bootcamp-Dity-s-%28ParrisIsland%29, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/wound, http://www.medstudentlc.com/page.php?id=65, http://www.slideshare.net/pdhpemag/wounds-presentation#btnNext, http://www.riobravoreversal.com/Printable/incision_care_p.htm, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/first-aid-puncture-wounds/FA00014, http://www.jems.com/article/patient-care/penetrating-trauma-wounds-challenge-ems, http://www.freemd.com/contusions/treatment.htm, http://how2treat.com/how-to-treat-a-hematoma/, http://www.injuryinformation.com/injuries/crush-injury.php, http://www.livestrong.com/article/74421-two-main-types-bone-fractures/, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1270717-treatment, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn, http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/burns/classify.html