Management of Chikungunya Through Ayurveda and Siddha-A Technical Report

1
MANAGEMENT OF CHIKUNGUNYA THROUGH

AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
A Technical Report

.

CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
Department of AYUSH
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Government of India
www.ccras.nic.in

2

MANAGEMENT OF CHIKUNGUNYA THROUGH
AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
A Technical Report

Department of AYUSH
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Government of India
New Delhi
www.ccras.nic.in
2009

3

Publisher
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha
Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
J.L.N.B.C.A.H.Anusandhan Bhavan, 61-65, Institutional Area,
Opp. D-Block, Janakpuri, New Delhi 110 058
E-mail: ccras_dir1@nic.in, Website: www.ccras.nic.in

Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, 2009

Cover Page
Chikungunya Virus
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Willd. Miers)
Ardraka (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
Illinkam (Red Sulphide of Mercury)

4

EDITORIAL BOARD
CHIEF EDITOR
Prof. G. S. Lavekar
Director
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi
EDITOR
Dr. M. M. Padhi
Deputy Director (Technical)
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha
CO-EDITORS
Dr. M. M. Rao
Assistant Director(Ayurveda)
CCRAS, New Delhi

Dr. Ganapathiraman
Director,
Central Research Institute ( Siddha),
Chennai
REVIEW BOARD
Dr. Lalitkanth
Scientist-G & Head ECD
Indain Council of Medical Research, New Delhi

Dr. S. K. Mishra
Ex - Advisor, Dept. of ISM & H
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
New Delhi

Dr.A.C. Mishra
Director
National Institute of Virology,
ICMR, Pune

CONTRIBUTORS

Dr. N. Srikanth
Assistant Director (Ayurveda)
Dr. T. Anandan
Assistant Director (Siddha)
Central Research Institute (Siddha), CCRAS, Chennai
Dr.V.Srivedi
Research Officer (Ayurveda)
CSMDRIA & S, Chennai
Dr. S. Selvarajan
Research Officer (Siddha)
Central Research Institute (Siddha), CCRAS,Chennai
Dr. B. Venkateshwarlu
Research Officer (Ayurveda)
5

EDITORIAL SUPPORT

Dr. M. M. Sharma
Research Officer (Ay.)
CCRAS, New Delhi
Dr. G. C. Bhuyan
CCRAS, New Delhi
Dr. B. Das
CCRAS, New Delhi
Dr. Senthelvel
Research Officer (siddha )
CCRAS, New Delhi
Dr. Sarada Ota
Research Officer(Ay.)
CCRAS, New Delhi
Dr. S.Singh
CCRAS, New Delhi
Dr. B. S. Sharma
CCRAS, New Delhi
Dr. K. Prameela Devi
CCRAS, New Delhi

Dr. Sulochana
CCRAS, New Delhi
Dr. S. K. Vedi
CCRAS, New Delhi

Dr. S. Gaidhani
Assistant Director (Pharmacology)
CCRAS, New Delhi
Dr. S. K. Meher
CCRAS, New Delhi
6

PREFACE
Ayurveda - the science of life is a comprehensive system of health care of great antiquity, based on
experiential knowledge and grown with perpetual additions. Original dimensions of Ayurveda are in
built in the ancient compendia of Indian wisdom called Vedas, which are believed to be documented
around 6000 years back.
Siddha system is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India. The term Siddha means
achievements and Siddhars were saintly persons who achieved results in medicine. Siddha system
of medicine which has got greater antiquity and very popular in southern peninsular of India is
considered as one of the twin systems of India.
About 65% of population in India is reported to use Ayurveda and medicinal plants to help meet
their primary health care needs and the safety of this vibrant tradition is attributed to time tested
use and textual reference.
The recent out break of Chikungunya has caused considerable discomfort and morbidity to certain
extent among the affected population. The current treatment measures help to certain extent
during acute pyrexial phase while no satisfactory treatment regimen is avialble for managing
sequelae of acute phase. The post pyrexial phase / post Chikungunya status where there is a severe
debilitating arthritis associated with fatigue needs clinically safe and effective long term therapy to
improve the quality of life. Ayurveda and Siddha offers number of single drugs, compound herbal
and herbomineral combinations, may be rationally used to combat such conditions. Besides, several
physical measures for vector control and environmental sanitation like fumigation (Dhoopana) with
antimicrobial agents (Rakshoghna dravyas) which can be traceable from codified Ayurveda and
Siddha literature.
The Council extends its gratitude for continuous support rendered by Dr. S. K. Sharma, Adviser
(Ayurveda), Dr. Madhavan, Former Adviser (Ayurveda), Dr. D. C. Katoch, Former Deputy Adviser
(Ayurveda), Department of AYUSH, New Delhi.
The Council places the record of appreciation to Dr. A. P. Singh, Fomer Director, Indain Medicine &
Homoeopathy, Government of Gujarat, Dr. G. A. Raj Kumar, Special Commissioner of Indain Medicne
and Homoeopathy, Government of Tamil Nadu, Dr. V. Arunachalam, Former Director, National
Institute of Siddha, Research Officers/ Medical Officers/ Physicians working in Government Research
Department, Hyderabad, Government Ayurvedic dispensaries/ Hospitals of Karnataka, staff of
Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai and Government Hospital, Trichencode for
providing health care services during the Chikungunya out break.
I appreciate the support rendered by officers and staff of CCRAS Headquarters, New Delhi for their
support.
I also appreciate Mr. Narender, Mr. Upendra from Publication section for their tireless efforts in
bringing out this publication.
I hope, this document would immensely help the scientists, academicians, practitioners, research
scholars, Public health administrators and students for sustainable utilization of merits of Ayurveda
and Siddha and delivering safe, better health care services.
(Prof. G.S.Lavekar)
Director
CCRAS
Date: 20
th
January 2009
Place: New Delhi
7

CONTENTS
PREFACE
PAGE NO.
I. CORE GROUP
II. PARTICIPANT INSTITUTES
III. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
SECTION -1 INTRODUCTION
SECTION-2 CONCEPT OF CHIKUNGUNYA IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
SECTION-3 PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
SECTION-4 STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH IN CHIKUNGUNYA
ANNEXURES
Annexure-1 : Chikungunya Case Report Form
Annexure-2 : Algorithm to ascertain suspected case of Chikungunya
Annexure-3 : Case Definition for Chikungunya
Annexure-4 : Format for Preventive and Treatment Claims
Annexure-5 : Preclinical evaluation of Linga Chenduram and Nilavembu Kudineer
Annexure-6 : Standard Operating Procedures for commonly used Ayurveda and
Siddha Formulations
Annexure-7: Report and Recommendations of National seminar on Managment
of Chikungunya through Ayurveda and Siddha
Annexure-8 : Organizations working on Chikungunya

REFERENCES

8

CORE GROUP
9

CORE GROUP
Dr. G. S. Lavekar
Director,
CCRAS,
New Delhi.
Dr. Madhavan
Ex-Advisor (Ayurveda), Department of AYUSH,
Government of India.

Dr. S. K. Sharma
Advisor (Ayurveda), Department of AYUSH,
Government of India.
Dr. A. P. Singh
Director,
Directorate of Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy,
Government of Gujarat.

Shri. G. A. Rajkumar
Special Commissioner,
Indain Medicine and Homoeopathy Department,
Governmentof Tamil Nadu.
Director
Department of ISM&H,
Government of Karnataka,
Bangalore, Karnataka.

Dr. Arunachalam
Former Director,
National Institute of Siddha,
Chennai.
Dr. Veluchamy
Former Director,
Central Research Institute (Siddha),
Chennai.

Dr. A. Narayana
Director,
Indian Institute of History of Medicine,
Hyderabad.
Dr. N. Srikanth
Assistant Director (Ayurveda),
CCRAS Head Quarters,
New Delhi.
Dr. M. M. Padhi
Deputy Director (Technical),
New Delhi.

Dr.M.M.Rao
Ex-Assistant Director In-charge,
Indian Institute of History of Medicine, Hyderbad,
Presently at CCRAS Head Quarters, New Delhi.

Dr. M. M. Sharma
Research Officer (Ayurveda),
New Delhi.

Dr.Galib
Ex. Research Officer (Ayurveda),
CCRAS Head Quaters, New Delhi,
Presently at IPGT&RA, Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar, Gujarat.

Dr. Bhupati Raj
Director,
National Institute of Siddha,
Chennai.
Dr. Gopakumar
Assistant Director (Ayurveda),
Regional Research Institute (Ayurveda), Bangalore ,
Presently at RRI (A), Trivandrum

Dr. N. Jaya
Assistant Director Incharge,
Central Research Institute (Panchakarma),
Cheruthuruthy.

Dr. V. Prabhakaran
Assistant Dirctor (Ayurveda),
Cheruthuruthy.
Dr. L. K. Sharma
Former Director,
Central Research Institute (Ayurveda), Gwalior.

Dr. S. Gaidani
Assistant director (Pharmacology),
CCRAS, Head Quarters, New Delhi.

Dr. B. K. Rravindran Pillai
Former Assistant Director,
Regional Research Institute (Ayurveda),
Trivandrum.
Dr. G. K. Swamy
Vijayawada.
Dr.K. Manicakavasagam
Professor & Head of the Department,
Natioanl Institute of Siddha,
Chennai.
Dr. T. Anandan
Assistant Director (Siddha),
Central Research Institute (Siddha),
Chennai.

Dr. P. K. S. Nair
Dr. B. N. Sridhar
10

Cheruthuruthy.
Bangalore.
Dr. Madhavi Kutty
Cheruthuruthy.
Dr. P. Radha Krishnan
Cheruthuruthy.

Dr. R. P. Sharma
Retired Research Officer (Ayurveda),
Central Research Institute (Ayurveda),
Gwalior.
Dr. (Smt.) M. D. Gupta
Gwalior.

Dr. Om Prakash
Gwalior.

Dr. G. Venkateshwarlu
Research Officeer (Ayurveda),
Regional Research Institute (Ayurveda), Bangalore,
Presently at CRI(P), Cheruthuruthy.

Dr. H. Pushpalatha
Research Officeer (Ayurveda),
Bangalore.

Dr. V. C. Deep
Cheruthuruthy.
Dr. B. Venkateshwarlu
Central Research Institute (Ayurveda), Gwalior,
Presently at CCRAS, Head Quarters, New Delhi.

Dr. G. Kusuma
Cheruthuruthy.
Dr. U.R. Sekhar Namburi
Gwalior.

Dr. S. Selvarajan
Research Officer (Siddha),
CCRAS Head Quarters, New Delhi,
Presently at Central Research Institute (Siddha),
Chennai.

Mr. Manish Wanjari
Research Officer (Pharmacology),
Gwalior.

Mr. N. K. Pandey
Assistant Research Officer (Botany),
Gwalior.
Principal
Taranath Governemnt Ayurvedic Medical College,
Bellary, Karnataka
Principal
Government Siddha Medical College,
Palayamkottai, Tamilnadu.

Dr. G. Babu
Gwalior.
Mr. Vasanthakumar K.G,
Assistant Director (Chemistry),
Central Research Institute(Ayurveda),Gwalior,
Presently at CCRAS Head Quarters, New Delhi.

Dr.Ganapathiraman
Director,
Central Research Institute ( Siddha), Chennai

11

PARTICIPANT INSTITUTES
12

PARTICIPANT INSTITUTES
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) Institutions
1. CCCRAS Head Quaters, New Delhi.

2. Central Research Institute (Panchakarma), Cheruthuruthy.

3. Central Research Institute (Ayurveda), Gwalior.

4. Central Research Institute (Siddha), Chennai.

5. Regional Research Institute (Ayurveda), Banaglore.

6. Regional Reseach Institute (Ayurveda), Trivandrum.

National Institute
1. National Institute of Siddha, Chennai.

State Government AYUSH Departments
1. Directorate of Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy, Government of Gujarat.

2. Government Ayurvedic Dispensaries and Hospitals functioning under
Department of AYUSH, Karnataka.
3. Indain Medicine and Homoeopathy Department, Chennai.
State Government Colleges/ Hospitals
1. Government Ayurvedic Hospital, Government Research Department,
Hyderabad.
2. Government Hospital (Siddha wing), Thiruchengodu
3. Government Taranath Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Bellary.
4. Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai.

13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
14

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The concept of epidemics is very well defined and established in Ayurveda and Siddha.
Acharya Charaka (1500BC - 400AD), the great physician of Ayurveda had mentioned
epidemic conditions under the head Janapadodwamsa. Numerous methods of prevention
and controls of epidemics, measures for environmental sanitation finds an important place
in Ayurvedic and Siddha literatures. It has also been mentioned that the natural course of
disease and its treatment may vary according to the period, geographical extent, ecoclimatic
conditions, psychosomatic constitution of an individual and so on.
Certain new disease entities may also appear in the course of time that has no identity and
they may be managed through suitable drugs and procedures based on the symptom
profile, taking leads from authentic literatures. This provides us basic idealogy of creating an
evidence on safety and efficacy through Reverse pharmacology.
Chikungunya being one such entity, emerged as epidemic out break across the country
causing discomfort and morbidity to certain extent to the affected. There is no specific
allopathic management for Chikungunya and vaccine is under invstigation. The
contemporary modalities of management encompass the use of medication for symptom
relief by antipyretics, analgesics, antiinflammatory agents. Though, these measures help to
certain extent during acute pyrexial phase, no satisfactory treatment regimen is avialble for
managing sequelae of acute phase. The post pyrexial phase/ post Chikungunya status
where there is a severe incapicitating arthritis associated with fatigue needs clinically safe
and effective long term therapy to improve the quality of life.
Ayurveda and Siddha offers a number of single drugs, compound herbal and herbo mineral
combinations, may be rationally used to combat such conditions. Besides, several physical
measures for vector control and environmental sanitation like fumigation (Dhoopana) with
antimicrobial agents (Rakshoghna dravyas) which can be traceable from codified Ayurveda
and Siddha literature.
During the recent outbreak of Chikungunya in certain regions across the country, the Central
Council for Resaerch in Ayurveda and Siddha, AYUSH department of certain states,
Government Ayurvedic and Siddha Colleges, Hosiptals and dispensaries have provided
health care services of affected for the management of Chikungunya through medical relief
camps and out patient services. The Central Research Institute (Panchakarma),
Cheruthurthy, Central Research Institute (Ayurveda) Gwalior, Central Research Institute
(Siddha) Chennai, Regional Research Institute (Ayurveda), Trivandrum, Regional Research
Institute (Ayurveda), Bangalore; State Government AYUSH Departments of Gujarat,
Hyderabad, Karnataka, Chennai; National Institute of Siddha, Chennai; Governemnt Siddha
Medical College, Palayamkottai and Government Hospital, Trichenchodu have significantly
contributed during the outbreak. Scientific observations and case reports have been
recorded for furtherance of research and evaluation of the treatment episodes.
15

To appraise the role of Ayurveda and Siddha in the management of Chikungunya, the
Council has organized a two day National Seminar on Management of Chikungunya
through Ayurveda and Siddha during 9
th
& 10
th
March 2007 at National Institute of Mental
Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore. The main objective of the workshop was to make a
platform for the Ayurvedic and Siddha physicians with Modern scientists to discuss and
formulate a National strategy, Protocols and therapies for Chikungunya, which would be
highly useful for the provision of Health care facilities and Research strategies for future
endeavors.

A special format is evolved to record the effective treatment episodes and claims from
academicians, physicians and widely circulated across the country before the conduct of the
national seminar, and were later compiled systematically. The observations drawn from
medical camps and documented reports collected from various parts of the country
revealed that the Ayurveda and Siddha regimens certainly has a role in the symptom
management of post Chikungunya sequela like persistent, incapacitating arthritis, fatigue,
etc.

The data embodied in this document would immensely help for taking forward the leads
from Ayurveda and Siddha for further scienctific validation on safety and efficacy through
systematic experimental and clinical studies.

16

Section-1
INTRODUCTION
17

1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
The disease was first observed during the outbreak in 1952 on the Markonde Plateau, along
the border between Tanganyika and Mozambique. Marion Robinson and W.H.R. Lumsden
first described in 1955, according to Lumsden, the term Chikungunya is derived from the
Makonde root verb Kungunyala which means to become contorted or more specifically
to say which bends up which reflects the posture of patient suffering from the arthritic
symptoms. This disease is almost always self limited and rarely fatal.
Chikungunya usually starts with sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting,
joint pain with or without joint swelling and rash which is very similar to that of Dengue
fever. Unlike dengue there is no haemorrhagic or shock syndrome.

1.2 Etiology
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) belongs to the family Togaviridae, is member of genus
Alphavirus. The vector of this disease is Aedes mosquito (Sps. aegypti.), which was the same
vector for Dengue and Yellow fever. Recently the Pasteur Institute in Paris claimed that the
virus has suffered a mutation that enables it to be transmitted by Aedes albopictus (Tiger
Mosquito) also.
1.3 Epidemiology
Chikungunya was first described in Tanzania, Africa in 1952. An out break of Chikungunya
was seen in Malaysia 1999.
In India a major epidemic of Chikungunya fever was reported during the last millennium viz.;
1963 (Kolkata), 1965 (Pondicherry and Chennai in Tamil Nadu, Rajahmundry,
Vishakapatnam and Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh; Sagar in Madhya Pradesh; and Nagpur in
Maharashtra) and 1973 (Barsi in Maharashtra). Thereafter, sporadic cases also continued to
be recorded especially in Maharasthra state during 1983 and 2000.
In the year 2005 and 2006, there has been a huge outbreak of Chikungunya in India. There is
no case reported from the Northern states like Haryana, Punjab etc., The states affected by
the Chikungunya are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa,
Pondicherry, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andaman & Nicobar, GNCT of Delhi, etc.
The number of suspected cases in these states as on 30/10/2006 is given in the Table no.1.
Analysis of the recent out breaks has suggested that the increased severity of the disease
may be due to a change in genetic sequence, altering the virus coat protein which
potentially allows multiplying more easily in mosquito cells. (http://medicine.plosjournas.org.)

18

Table- 1 showing the number of suspected cases in India as on date 30/10/2006.
S. No. Name of the State No. of
districts
affected
Total fever cases/
Chikungunya cases
suspected
No. of
Confirmed
cases
1. Andhra Pradesh 23 77533 248
2. Karnataka 27 760513 294
3. Maharashtra 31 263268 679
4. Tamil Nadu 35 64155 116
5. Madhya Pradesh 21 60098 70
6. Gujarat 25 72589 170
7. Kerala 8 65434 38
8. Andaman & Nicobar 2 4469 0
9. GNCT of New Delhi 12 356 32
10. Rajasthan 1 102 24
11. Pondicherry 1 542 9
12. Goa 2 260 2
TOTAL 188 1369319 1682
(http://www.nvbdcp.gov.in/Chikungunya status.html

1.4 Clinical features
The incubation period of Chikungunya can be 2-12 days, but usually 3-7 days. After an
incubation period there is a sudden onset of fever (>40 C or 104 F), chills, arthralgia or
arthritis, rash, nausea, vomiting, headache, conjunctival suffusion, mild photophobia. The
joints of the extremities are swollen and tender. Some patients may have incapacitating
arthralgia or arthritis, which may last for weeks to months.
Acute Chikungunya fever lasts for few days to a couple of weeks but as Dengue fever, West
Nile fever and other arboviral fevers, some patients may complaint prolonged fatigue
which lasts for several weeks. In the recent out break in Andhra Pradesh, the fever and
crippling joint pain is the prevalent complaint. Fever lasted for 2 days but joint pains, intense
headache, insomnia and an extreme degree of prostrations lasts for variable period, usually
for 5-7 days.
1.5 Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Chikungunya is mainly made when the epidemic disease occurs with the triad
of fever, rash and rheumatic manifestations. Viraemia present in most of the patients during
the first 48 hours and in some cases it may be detected after 4 days also. Virus specific IgM
antigens are readily detected by capture ELISA in patients recovering from Chikungunya
fever and they persist in excess for 6 months.
Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies appear with cessation of viremia. All the
patients will be positive by day 5-7 of illness. IgM capture ELISA is the main diagnostic tool
to distinguish from Chikungunya.
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Table No 2 - State-wise Status of Chikungunya Fever in India, 2006
State 2006 2007 2008
No. of
Districts
affected
Total fever
cases
/suspected
Chikungunya
cases
No. of
samples
sent to
NIV/NICD
No. of
Confirmed
cases
No. of
Deaths
Total fever
cases
/suspected
cases
No. of
samples
sent to
NIV/NICD
No. of
Confirmed
cases
No. of
Deaths
Total fever
cases
/suspected
cases
No .of
samples
sent to
NIV/NICD
No. of
Confirmed
cases
No. of
Deaths
1 II 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Andhra
Pradesh
23 77535 1224 248 0 39 39 11 0 0 0 0 0
Karnataka 27 762026 5000 298 0 1705 641 133 0 1104 203 17 0
Maharashtra 34 270116 5901 804 0 1762 297 135 0 1 1 1 0
Tamil Nadu 35 64802 648 116 0 45 13 10 0 0 0 0 0
Madhya
Pradesh
21 60132 892 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gujarat 25 75419 1155 225 0 3223 238 122 0 49 23 12 0
Kerala 14 70731 235 43 0 24052 4732 909 0 68 35 14 0
Andaman &
Nicobar
2 1549 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
GNCT of
Delhi
12 560 560 67 0 203 203 22 0 0 0 0 0
Rajasthan 1 102 44 24 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
Pondicherry 1 542 52 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Goa 2 287 75 2 0 93 93 18 0 0 0 0 0
Orissa 13 6461 171 34 0 4065 423 90 0 0 0 0 0
West Bengal 1 21 0 21 0 19138 1135 347 0 0 0 0 0
Lakshadweep 1 35 0 0 0 5184 10 10 0 0 0 0 0
Uttara
Pradesh
4 4 4 4 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0
Haryana 0 0 0 0 20 7 13 0 0 0 0 0
Total 216 1390322 15961 2001 0 59535 7837 1826 0 1222 262 44 0
(http://www.nvbdcp.gov.in/Chikungunya status.html)
20

1.6 Treatment
There is no specific management for Chikungunya. Vaccine is under investigation and not
available. Symptomatic treatment is recommended. The line of management usually the
rest, Intravenous fluids, anti pyretic, anti inflammatory, analgesic agents.
Chloroquine Phosphate (250 mg) once daily has been tried in the patients with fever and
arthritis which has demonstrated promising results. Aspirin to be avoided.
1.7 Prevention and Control
The prevention of Chikungunya can be done through preventing the mosquito bites and
preventing the mosquito breeding.
(a).To prevent mosquito bites:
Use mosquito repellents containing DEET on exposed skin
When indoors, stay in well-screened areas. Use bed nets if sleeping in areas that are not
screened or air-conditioned.
When working outdoors during day times, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants to avoid
mosquito bite.
(b). To Prevent Mosquito breeding
The prevention of mosquito breeding can be done by three methods such as Source
reduction, use of larvicide and biological controls.
1). Source reduction can be done by elimination of all potential vector breeding places
near the domestic or peri-domestic areas. Not allowing the storage of water for more
than a week. Straining of the stored water by using a clean cloth once a week to
remove the mosquito larvae from the water and the water can be reused. The sieved
cloth should be dried in the sun to kill immature stages of mosquitoes.
2). Pyrethrum extract (0.1% ready-to-use emulsion) can be sprayed in rooms (not outside)
to kill the adult mosquitoes hiding in the house. Temephos can be used at the dose of
1ppm/ once a week in place where water cannot be removed such as water for cattles
and other purposes.
3). Biological controls such as introduction of larvivorous fish, namely Gambusia and
Guppy in water tanks and other water sources.

21

Section-2
CONCEPT OF CHIKUNGUNYA IN
AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
22

2.CONCEPT OF CHIKUNGUNYA IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA

2.1 Historical Perspective
The concept of communicable diseases is well defined and established in Ayurveda. Charaka
(1500BC - 400AD) the great physician of Ayurveda has mentioned epidemic conditions under
the head Janapadodhwamsa (Ch.S.Vimana Sthana-2) and dedicated a separate chapter on
epidemic disorders named as Janapadodhwamsa Vimanam. The factors are Jala (water), Vayu
(air), Desha (place) and Kala (season), vitiation of these factors are considered to be responsible
for the production of communicable diseases which can be well correlated with modern
science. When contamination and vitiation of these factors takes place epidemics follow. Today
water borne diseases, environmental diseases, epidemiological disorders and seasonal
disorders due to infections can be correlated with Janapadodhwamsa Vyadhis. Such conditions
are attributed to vitiation of air, water, soil etc.,
Susruta (1500BC-500AD) has very clearly defined such diseases under Oupasargika roga i.e.,
communicable diseases (S. S. N. 5/32-33);

Acharya Charaka has described three main objectives of Bhuta-Visa rati (Reproduction); himsa
(Production of disease) and abhyarchanam (worship by mankind). Susrutha has emphasized
that, in case of children Grahas affect them if the mother or Dhatri does not have adequate
hygiene and does not offer prayers. It is evident from above description that the Ayurveda has a
enormous knowledge of mode of spread, nature of microorganism and how to combat the
disease long back. The krimis, bhutas, grahas, rakshas and their agantuka nidana are all micro
organisms may be virus, bacteria and fungal organisms.
Charaka has given three main processes for treating the krimi rogas. These are nidana
parivarjana (to avoid the factors responsible for the production of disease), apakarshana
(removal of krimi from the affected site) and Prakriti Vighata (changing the environment,
which favourable for the growth of microbes). The concept seems to be very similar to modern
microbiology and practice of medicine.
The overall literary survey on Krimi reveals that wherever the symptomatology consists of
jvara, atisara, puya, sotha, sula etc., the presence of invasion by krimis (microbes), should be
considered and the line of treatment should be planned accordingly .
23

Though there is no direct reference of Chikungunya, but it can be equated with the condition
when Jvara is associated with arthritis. In Ayurvedic literature, we can find such references
where fever is associated with arthralgia/ arthritis. The symptoms of Vata Pitta Jvara and Vata
Kapha Jvara are similar to the symptoms of Chikungunya fever to some extent. (Table-3) The
description of Sandhigata Sannipata Jvara mentioned by Bhava Prakkasha (1550AD) can be
equated with Chikungunya fever. Sandhigata Sannipata Jvara is characterised by fever, joint
pains and swelling, sleeplessness, cough etc., Bhela Samhita (Sutra Sthana, 13) has mentioned
Sharada jvara a seasonal fever that occurs preceeding the rainy season, usually attributable
to viral fevers.
Table-3 Symptoms of Chikungunya which can be correlated with Jvara lakshanas mentioned
in different Ayurvedic texts.
Name of the
Text
Type of Jvara/
Roga
CHIKUNGUNYA SYMPTOMS
Fever Chills Arthritis/
Arthral
gias
Head
ache
Nausea Vomit
-ing
Fatigue Sleep
Less-
ness
Constitutional
symptoms
Loss of
appetite
Heavi
ness
Ch.S.Ch. VP + - + + - + + + - -
VK + + + + - - - - - -
Su. S.U. VP + - + + - + + + + -
VK + + + + - - - - - +
As. H. Ni VP + - + + - + + + - -
VK - - + + - - - - +
As.S.Ni.

VP + - + + - - - - - -
VK - - + + - - - - - -
Ma.Ni.

VP + - + + - + - + +
VK + + + + - - - - - +
Bh.Pr.
Ma.

Sandhigata-
Sannipata Jvara
+ - + - - - - + - -
[VP- Vata Pitta Jvara; VK- Vata Kapha Jvara; + Present ; - Absent ]
[Ch.S.Ch. - Charaka Samhita Chikitsa sthana 3/85-87; S.S.U. - Susruta Samhita Uttara Tantra 39/47-49
As.H.Ni. -Astanga Hridaya, Nidana sthana 2/24-25 ; As. S. Ni. -Astanga Samgraha Nidana Sthana 2/21-22 ;
Ma.Ni.-Madhava Nidana 2/14-16 ; Bh.Pr.Ma- Bhava Prakasha Madhyama Khanda, Prathama Bhaga, 500.]

24

|-..+ .... -.. .-. .-.. .-..-.+
+-..-.... .-..... -.. -.-..:|.++-++
....-..:|...-.--.. ...|.-.-..+|.+
-.|.+. ... .:. .|-.. .... . +++++
|-..:.- .|.-... +.. ......-.+
..... -..... .... -.-..+ |.++.++
(.+ .|-.. |.|+.. ..., - .

... -.. -.-.. .- ....-. |-..-..+
+-..-.... .-.. .-.-..:|....++:.++
..-.. -.--.. . ...|.-.-..+|.+
.|-.. .... -.. |.:. ...-.. .++:++
|-..:.- .|.-... +.. .....-.+
..... -..... ...-. -.-..+ |.++:++
(.-.. .|-.., --. .., :.:
(-.... |..., -:

|-..|.-...|-..--..-+-..-....|...-..+
-|.:...: -.-..-.-.. -.--..|...+. . ....|.-...++-:++
...-..|...|-..+ .|.....+..|....+
-.|.-..:+|.|-.-.-..:.-. -....-.|..-.|.-.++--++
(.. -. |... ..., --:--

|-..:|.-...|-..--..-+-..-....|...-..+
-|.:...: -.-..-.-.. -.--..|...+. . .... .|.-...++-++
...-..|...|-..+.|.....+..|....
-.|.-..+|.|-.-.-..:. -.-....-.|..-.|.-. ++--++
(.. .:.-, |... ..., ----

...:|.-.|... -..-....... |..., .-..++.. -.. |...|.:.. +..+ ++
.-..|-.|. +||..-..|. .--. .. -., |...-.|.. .. . |- |..v. .|..++
(-....+.-., -...:, -..|.+., -
25

According to Charaka (Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana 3/114-116) Bhutabhishanga
vatolbana vishama Sannipata Jvara can also be understood as Chikungunya.
+.-.-..+-..+..|-..+. .. -.++:++
..:|-....--... -... .. -...|-...-.+
+.-.-..+-....., +.... |.-., ... -...++-++
-...|-..... + .|. -....-....-...+
-...|.+. ..... .|...-..-.++++
(.+ .|-.. |.|+.. ..., :

In Siddha system, the signs and symptoms of Vatha suram is similar to Chikungunya.

Anar pitham is the one of the types of Pitham. It is located in stomach and intestine, which
separates the nutrition from the food. If, Kapham increased in stomach and intestine, which will
decrease the function of anar Pitham, which will leads to indigestion and fever.
2.2. Symptoms in Siddha System of Medicine:

26

1. Rigor with fever
2. Pain in the major joints associated with swelling especially knee, elbow shoulder and
ankle joints, small joints may also be affected
3. Stiffness of joints
4. Restricted movements
5. Flatulence
6. Vomiting
7. Anorexia
8. Lacrimation in the eyes, heaviness of head.
9. Sleeplessness
10. Restlessness
11. Blackness of the face and lips
2.4 Comparision of Vadha Suram and Chikungunya
In Siddha system of medicine disease classifications are based on the symptoms, vitiation of
humours and line of treatment. In this clinical entity fever and arthritis are the most important
and predominant symptoms and it has to taken up for the correlation with Chikunguniya. Thus,
27

in Siddha system of medicine the symptom fever has been classified in to several clinical
entities.
It has been classified in to sixty four types and in to two categories is called as thanvali suram
(fever due to the constitutional pathology) and piravali suram (diseases caused by the extrinsic
factors) under first category 12 types and second category 52 types are found to be described.
The signs and symptoms manifested in the disease can be correlated with Vatha suram. The
symptoms were described in Vatha suram is resembles like Chikunguniya symptoms.
2. 4. Management of Chikungunya in Ayurveda and Siddha
Chikungunya is not a life threatening infection. The treatment modalities of Chikungunya can be
categorised into symptom modifiers and general health promoters; more specifically to say the
drugs which improve the Quality of Life (QOL) and Vector control measures/ agents are
beneficial in the management of Chikungunya.
(a.) Symptom modifiers:
The agents that alleviate symptoms are categorised under symptom modifiers such as-
1. Jvara hara (anti pyretics)
2. Sotha hara (anti inflammatory)
3. Vedanaa hara (analgesics)
4. Kushtghna (Skin diseases)
5. Kandughna (anti pruritic)
6. Kasa hara (anti tussive)
7. Swasa hara (anti dyspnoeic)
8. Atisara hara (anti diarrhoeal) etc.,

(b). General Health Promoting agents
The agents that improve Quality Of Life (QOL), provides strength or resistance against
the disease and also facilitate early recovery are classified under General Health
Promoters such as

1. Balya (Tonic)
2. Rasayana (Immunomodulator)

28

(c). Vector control measures/agents
Vector control measures are mostly physical measures for environmental cleanliness.

1. Dhoopana ( for Fumigation)
2. Bhuthaghna & Rakshoghna (Anti microbial agents)
(I) List of some single drugs can be used in Chikungunya fever -
(a). Symptom Modifiers

S. No. Sankrit Name Botanical Name

1. Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Willd. Miers
2. Sunti Zingiber officinale Rosc.
3. Bhunimba Andrographis paniculata Linn.
4. Patha Cissampelos pariera Linn.
5. Tulasi Ocimum sanctum Linn.
6. Nimba Azadirachta indica A.Juss
7. Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz.
8. Vibhitaki Terminalia belerica Roxb.
9. Amalaki Emblica officinalis Geartn.
10. Manjishta Rubia cordifolia Linn.
11. Musta Cyperus rotundus Linn.
12. Katuki Picrorrhiza Kurroa Royle ex. Benth
13. Rasna Pluchea lanceolata Oliver&Hiern
14. Guggulu Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari
15. Haridra Curcuma longa Linn.
16. Sallaki Boswelia serrata Roxb.
17. Nirgundi Vitex negundo Linn.

(b). General health Promoters

1. Aswagandha Witahnica somnifera Dunal
2. Amalaki Emblica offcinalis Gaertn.
29

3. Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Willd. Miers
4. Yastimadhu Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
(c). Vector control measures
1. Tulasi Ocimum sanctum Linn.
2. Nimba Azadirachta indica A. Juss
3. Aparajita Clitorea terneta Linn.
4. Vacha Acorus calamus Linn.
5. Jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi DC.
6. Guggulu Commiophora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari
7. Salaparni Desmodium gangeticum DC.
8. Sala Shorea robusta Linn.

(II). A. The commonly used Ayurvedic poly herbal/ herbo-mineral/ metallic formulations in
the management of Chikungunya symptoms viz., fever, arthritis/ arthralgia, etc.,

S. No. Indication Name of the Formulation Reference

1. Jeerna Jvara,
Sannipata Jvara
Amritottara Kvatha Curna Sahasrayoga,
Kashaya Prakarana,30

2. Vata roga Gandharvahastadi Kvatha Curna Sahasrayoga,
Kashaya Prakarana 394

3. Sannipata Jvara Chinnodbhavadi Kvatha Curna Sahasrayoga,
Kashaya Prakarana;38

4. Parsva sula, Jvara Dasamula Kvatha Curna Bhaisajya Ratnavali
Kasarogadhikara;13

5. Jvara,
Sannipata Jvara
Darunagaradi Kvatha Curna Sahasrayoga,

6. Kapha Jvara Nimbadi Kvatha Curna Cakradatta, Jvara Chikitsa;101

7. Jvara Patoladi Kvatha Curna Astangahridaya,
Sutrasthana,15:15

30

8. Jvara Panchatikta Kvatha Curna Cakradatta, Jvara Chikitsa;132

9. Vata roga,
Amavata
Rasnadi Kvatha Curna Sahasrayoga,

10. Parva sopha, Rasna erandadi Kvatha Curna Sahasrayoga,

11. Sandhi vedana Maharasnadi Kvatha Curna Sarangadhara Samhita,
Madhyama Khanda Adhyaya-
2,89-91

12. Jvara Sadanga kvatha Curna Astangahridaya,
Chikitsa Sthana 1:15

13. Sandhi sotha,
Vata roga
Maha Yogaraj Guggulu Sarangadhara Samhita,
Madhyama Khanda Adhaya- 7,
56-60

14. Sandhi sotha,
Vata roga
Yogaraj Guggulu Bhaishajya Ratnavali
Amavatadhikara 90-93

15. Jvara Sudarshan Curna Bhaishajya Ratnavali
Jvaradhikara 308-312

16. Jvara Ananda bhirava Rasa Rasendra Sara Samgraha
Jvaradhikara,
Adhyaya 2;103

17. Jirna Jvara Arogyavardhani Gutika

Rasaratna Samuccahaya
Visarpadi Chikitsa Adhyaya
20;106-108

(II).B Jvara hara Dhuma churnas described in Bhaishajya Ratnavali

1. Astanga Dhuma (Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Jvaradhikara, 254).
Guggulu, Nimba Patra, Vacha, Kushta, Haritaki, Yava, Sarsapa and Ghrita all mixed
together and burnt.
2. Aparajitha Dhooma Curna (Bhaishajya Ratnavali,Jvaradhikara, 255)
Guggulu,Gandha trina, Vacha, Sarja, Nimba, Arka, Agaru, Devadaru mixed together and
burnt.
31

(III). Commonly used Siddha formulations in the management of Chikungunya symptoms

(1). Fever:

1. Bramanandha Bairava Mathirai - Twice daily after meals
2. Linga Chenduram 100mg +
Thrikadugu chooranam 1gm - Twice daily with honey after meals.
(2). Fever with Arthritis:
1. Vishnu Chakkara Mathirai - Twice daily after meals
2. Amukkara tablet - 1-3 timeswith hot water
3. Sivappu Kukkil Thylam - External Use
4. Karpoorathi thylam - External Use
5. Vatha sura Kudineer - 60 ml twice daily before Meals
(Equal quantity of 4 & 5, mix well and apply externally over the affected area)
6. Vatha Sura Kudineer
(3). Other Formulations
1. Nilavembu Kudineer - 60 ml twice daily before meals
2. Amukkara Choornam - 1gm thrice daily with honey
3. Arumuga Chenduram - 100 mg thrice daily with honey
(4). Post Arthralgia condition
1. Arumuga Chenduram
Pavala Parpam
Naga Parpam
Amukkara Chooranam
100 mg
50 mg
50 mg
1 gm
2 times with honey after food
2. Gowri Chinthaamani
Vasantha Kusumakara Maathirai
Thali sathi Chooranam
100 mg
1 pill
1 gm
3. Chanda Maarutha Chenduram
Thrikaduku Coornam
50 mg
1 gm
4. Ayaveera Chenduram
Sangu Parpam
Amukkura Chooranam
50 gm
100 mg
1 gm
External applications
1. Visha Musti Thailam
2. Vatha Kesari Thailam
32

2.6.Diet and Life style adoption

Ahara (Diet):
1. Always have home made fresh food, plenty of lukewarm liquids, light and warm diet,
liberally use ginger and turmeric in foods
2. Always avoid food prepared under unhygienic conditions, contaminated and stale food,
Cold drinks, beverage etc.,

Vihara (Life style):
1. Avoid visiting the disease prevalent areas
2. Proper sanitation measures to be followed.
33

Section-3
Prevention and Management
34

3. Prevention and Management
Treatment and Health care services provided by CCRAS Institutes, State
Government AYUSH Departments and Central and State Siddha Institutes
during Chikungunya out break

1. Central Research Institute (Panchakarma), Cheruthuruthy
2. Central Research Institute (Ayurveda), Gwalior
3. Regional Research Institute (Ayurveda), Bangalore
4. Regional Research Institute (Drug Research), Trivandrum
5. Directorate of Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy, Government of
Gujarat
6. Government Research Department, Hyderabad
7. Department of AYUSH,Government of Karnataka
8. Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy Department, Chennai
9. National Institute of Siddha, Chennai
10. Governement Hospital Siddha Wing,Thiruchengodu
11. Government Siddha Medical College, Palaymkottai
12. Central Research Institute (Siddha), Chennai

35

3.1 Central Research Institute (Panchakarma), Cheruthuruthy

During the out break of Chikungunya in Lakshadweep, a tour was carried out by Dr. P. K. S.
Nair, Research Officer (Ayurveda), Central Research Institute (Panchakarma), Cheruthuruthy,
CCRAS, Dr. C. S. Aggrarwal, Joint Director, National Vector Borne Disease Control Program,
Dr.G.Gopinathan, Research Officer (Homoeopathy), Central Rsearch Institute (Homoeopathy),
Kottayam, Kerala, Dr. P. Philip Samuel, Research Scientist and Mr. R. Krishnamoorthi, Research
Assistant, Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (CRME), ICMR to conduct medical camp
in Lakshadweep during 12
th
to 16
th
December 2006.

The Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (CRME), a premier laboratory of the Indian
Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Madhurai has detected an unusual virus that caused
Chikungunya in the Lakshadweep islands during 2006-07. The CRME has alerted the
Lakshadweep health authorities to take steps to protect the people there from getting affected
and also prevent mosquitoes from proliferating further. The team of scientists that conducted
detailed investigation on mosquito samples collected from Lakshadweep concluded that the
virus had R 20; deviant genetic profile compared to the Central East African virus that spread
chikungunya in Tamil Nadu last year. (The HINDU 22 August 2007)

Total 353 patients were screened and treated in various parts of the Island, and the breakup of
the same is given below:

Name of the Place Anthroth Chemmachery Kalpeni
No. of Patients treated 181 99 73

Table- 4 - The details of the cases attended Anthroth medical camp 12/12/2007

S.No Clinical condition Adult Children Total
Male
Total
Female
Total
Male Female Male Female
1. Jvara (Fever) 11 6 4 6 15 12 27
2. Sandhi sula
(Tenderness in Joints )
104 127 3 3 107 130 237
3. Sandhi sopha
(Sweeling in Joints)
1 8 0 1 1 9 10
4. Visarpam (Skin rash) 4 6 0 0 4 6 10
5. Kasa and Swasa
(Cough and Dysponea)
0 4 0 1 0 5 5
6. Daurbalya (Weakness) 2 4 1 0 3 4 7
7. Sira sula (Headache) 4 4 0 0 4 4 8
8. Other 17 22 0 2 17 24 41
TOTAL 143 181 8 13 151 194

345

36

Table -5 Details of the patients attended Kalpeni medical camp on 15/12/2006

S. No. Clinical condition Adult Children Total
Male
Total
Female
Total
Male Female Male Female
1. Jvara(Fever) 2 1 1 1 3 2 5
2. Sandhi sula
(Tenderness in Joints )
27 13 1 0 28 13 41
3. Visarpam (Skin rash) 2 0 0 0 2 0 2
4. Other 15 10 0 0 15 10 25
TOTAL 46 24 2 1 48 25 73

The patients were given treatment based on clinical symptoms such as fever, arthralgia/
arthritis, skin rashes, fatigue, head ache and respiratory symptoms like cough and dyspnoea.
They were also provided Aparajita Dhuma Churna - a mosquito repellent for fumigation,
manufactured by Oushadhi Pharmaceuticals, Government of Kerala.

List of Ayurvedic medicines given to the Chikungunya patients based on symptoms during
the camp at Lakshadweep:

S.No. Symptom/Sign Medicines Prescribed
1. Jvara (Fever) 1. Amruthottara Kwatha Curna
2. Indukantha Kwatha Curna
3. Vettumaran gutika
4. Sudharshana gutika

2. Sandhi sula/ Sandhi Sotha
(arthralgia/ arthritis)
1. Rasna Saptaka Kwatha Curna
2. Punarnavadi Kwatha
4. Jadamayadi Lepam (External application)

3. Visarpam (Skin rash) 1. Guduchyadi Kwatha Curna
2. Bilwadi Gutika
3. Haridra Khanda Curna

4. Daubarya (Weakness) 1. Indukantha Kwatha Curna

5. Sirasula (Headache) 1. Indukantha Kwatha Curna
2. Amruthottara Kwatha Curna
3. Sudharshana gutika

6. Kasa, Swasa
(Cough and Dyspnoea)
1. Indukantha Kwatha Curna
2. Haridra Khanda Curna

37

Consultation services at Community Health Centre, Anthroth on 12/12/2006

Government Hospital, Kalpeni, Lakshadweep, Medical camp arranged on 15/12/2006

38

Wall poster pasted in public places to create awareness on Chikungunya
39

Central Research Institute for Panchakarma, Cheruthuruthy has conducted a OPD based study
in Chikungunya patients. Patients complaining fever, head ache, general weakness, abdominal
colic, pain and swelling in joints and skin rashes were administered with one of the following
drug regimen for 15 days.
Group I:
1. Amrutotharam Kwatha Churna 150 gm. (to prepare kwatha 60 ml. thrice daily)
2. Tribhuwanakeerthi rasa - 21 Nos. 1 tablet thrice daily
3. Vilwadi gutika- 21 Nos. 1 tablet thrice daily
4. Sudarsana - 21 Nos. 1 tablet thrice daily

Group II:
1. Rasna Saptakam kwatha Churna- 150 gm. (To prepare kwatha 60 ml. thrice daily)
2. Sudarsanam Tab.- 21 Nos. 1 tablet thrice daily
3. Vettumaran gutika- 21 Nos. 1 tablet thrice daily
4. Arogyavardhini Vati-21 Nos. 1 tablet thrice daily
5. Kottamchukkadi lepa Churna-100 gm. for external application, where swelling dwells)

Patient were treated with Group I during pyrexial state and with group-II drug regimen
during post pyrexial phase.
Table 6 Details of the patients treated with the two drug regimens
Age (yrs) Group I Group II
10-19 2 7
20-29 3 8
30-39 2 38
40-49 4 46
50-59 5 32
60-69 0 33
70-79 . 0 10
80-89 0 4
Total 16 178

Total patients treated with group-I and group-II were 16 (male 6 and female 10) and 178 male-
57 and female 121) respectively.
Results were assessed based on the improvement in signs and symptoms. 75% or more
is considered as good response; 50-74 % relief is fair response ;25-49% relief is poor response
and 24% and below is no response.
40

Out of 16 patients treated with Group-I, one patient showed good response, 2 patients
showed fair response, 1 patient showed poor response and remaining 12 patients were
dropped out. Patients treated with Group-II (n=178), 22 showed good response, 59 showed fair
response, 34 showed poor response, 11 showed no response and 52 patients were dropped
out.
Arogya vardahni Vati is also administered as an adjuvant to prevent the complications like
pancreatitis, liver disease and diabetes.

3.2 Central Research Institute (Ayurveda), Gwalior:

The patients attending the Out Patient Department (OPD) of Central Research Institute
(Ayurveda), Gwalior were screened for Chikungunya fever based on signs and symptoms and
appropriate treatment was advised. Patients presenting with fever, chills and rigors, etc. are
screened to rule out malaria by testing the presence malarial parasite in their blood smear.

Central Research Institute (Ayurveda), Gwalior has organized free medical camps during 25
th
,
26
th
September 2006 at City Campus, Gwalior and during 16
th
, 18
th
and 19
th
October 2006 at
Nakachandravadani, Thatipur and Gandhi Nagar respectively. 154 Patients were provided with
free medicines during camp in September whereas 854 patients in October 2006.

Total 478 new cases and 255 old cases have attended Out Patient Department of Central
Research Institute (Ayurveda), Gwalior.

Table-7 Details of the probable Chikungunya patients attended Out Patient Department of
CRI (A), Gwalior,

CATEGORY MONTH Male Female Male
child
Female
child
Total
OLD PATIENTS September 2006 52 49 02 04 107
October 2006 72 71 01 04 148
TOTAL 124 120 03 08 255
NEW PATIENTS September 2006 110 69 10 07 196
October 2006 155 117 05 05 282
TOTAL 265 186 15 12 478

41

The following Ayurvedic formulations adminstered to the probable cases of Chikungunya
patients based on their clinical presentation.

S. No. Name of the formulation Major Therapeutic usage
1. Tribhvana Keerthi Rasa All types of fevers and Sannipata Jvara

2. Sanjeevani Vati Vishahara, Amajeerna

3. Sudarshana Curna Tridosha hara, all types of fevers, knee pain, pain in
small joints and backache and lumbago.

4. Sudarshana Ghana Vati Jvara

5. Guduchi Satwa Jvara

6. Amritarishta Jvara and Vishama Jvara

7. Rasna Curna Kaphavata hara, ama pachana, vatahara, shula hara

8. Nimbadi Curna Amavata, Vata rakta, Kushta

9. Yogaraja Guggulu Tridosha hara, Rasayana, all types of Vata roga,
mandagni and in aruchi.

10. Simhanada Guggulu Khanja, Pangu, Amavata, Vatarakta, Kushta
11. AYUSH BL taila Vatarogadhikara
12. AYUSH 64 tablet Vishamajvara and Jvara
13. Vishamushti Vati Vata Jvara
14. Agnitundi Vati Agnimandya and Amajvara
Apart from medical camps, Central Research Institute (Ayurveda), Gwalior has also carried out
OPD based study to evaluate the efficacy of above formulations (S. No. 1-14) in probable cases
of Chikungunya fever. Patients satisfying the inclusion criteria viz., multiple joint pains, fever,
skin rash, headache and anorexia were enrolled in the study and received medication; however,
patients presented with malaria, dengue and typhoid fever were excluded from the study.
Total number of patients received treatment was 636 and patients were advised to follow up
at every week upto 4 weeks. Results were assessed based on severity of pain in joints and fever.
Pain and other signs and symptoms were graded as +++ for severe, ++ for moderate, + for
mild, 0 for absent.
42

The following observations were made:

The incidence of Chikungunya was more in the age group between 46-60 years (n=233) and
less in the age group between 0-15 years (n=40). Whereas 161 patients were seen in age group
between 16-30 years and 202 patients were seen in age group between 31-45 years. It was also
observed that female patients were lesser than male.

The maximum number of patients (n=282) visited OPD in the month of October 2006 and
minimum number of patients (n=26) in the month of December 2006. However 196 visited in
September 2006 and 132 in November 2006.

The presence of signs and symptoms in these patients are given below.

Table 8a. The presence of signs and symptoms

S. No. Signs and
symptoms
Presence of signs and symptoms
Before Treatment
+++ ++ + 0 Total
1. Jwara 156 200 154 - 410
2. Sandhi Shoola 254 316 45 - 615
3. Sandhi Shotha - - 272 - 272
4. Kandu - - 53 - 53
5. Arochaka - - 120 - 120
6. Shirah Shoola - - 154 - 154

Out of 636 patients, 162 patients reported for follow up and the details are mentioned below.
The results indicated that 47% of patients reported relief from the Sandhishoola (joint pain),
85% patients reported relief from the Jwara, 93% of patients reported relief from the
Sandhishotha (joint swelling) during their follow up.

Table 8b. Improvement in signs and symptoms before and after treatment.

S. No. Signs and
symptoms
Assessment of symptoms
Before Treatment After Treatment
+++ ++ + 0 Total +++ ++ + 0 Total
1. Jwara 18 47 44 - 109 00 02 14 93 109
2. Sandhi Shoola 73 77 12 - 162 03 14 69 76 162
3. Sandhi Shotha - - 81 - 81 - - 06 75 81
4. Kandu - - 18 - 18 - - - 18 18
5. Arochaka - - 34 - 34 - - - 34 34
6. Shira Shoola - - 37 - 37 - - - 37 37
43

3.3 Regional Research Institute (Ayurveda), Bangalore and Advance Research Unit, Bangalore

Regional Research Institute (Ayurveda), Bangalore and Advanced Research Unit Bangalore had
treated about 488 probable cases of Chikungunya patients during 04/07/2008 to 18/07/2008 .
Patients were selected on the basis of presence of fever, pain and swelling in joints,skin rash
and cough. Out of 488, patients were treated with Group-I (n=385) and Group-II (n=103) drug
regimens. The details of the drug regimens were given below:

Group-I Drug Regimen

1. Sanjeevini Vati 100mg twice daily
2. Sudarshana Ghana Vati 500mg thrice daily
3. Amrutharishta 30 ml twice daily

Group-II Drug Regimen
1. Sanjeevini Vati 100mg twice daily
2. Trayodashanga Guggulu 500 mg thrice daily
3. Maha Rasnadi Kvatha 45 ml twice daily.

Both the drug regimens were administered with hot water for 15 days. Results showed,
patients treated with Drug Regimen-I (n=385), 176 patients were cured, 96 showed marked
improvement, 58 showed moderate improvement, 27 showed no improvement and 18 were
withdrawn the therapy. Rest of the patients data is not available. Patient treated with Drug
Regimen-II (n=103), 51 patients were cured, 21 showed marked improvement, 11 showed
moderate improvement, 8 showed no improvement and 12 were withdrawn the therapy.

Two patients reported vomiting in Group-I and one reported dizziness in Group-II. None
severe adverse reactions observed during the therapy and follow up period.
3.4 Regional Research Institute (Drug Research), Trivandrum
Probable cases of Chikungunya patients attending Out patient Department of Regional
Research Institute (Ay), Trivandrum were administered a combination of Amritarishta (30 ml),
Vettumaran Gutika (1 tablet), Amruthotharam Kashayam (60 ml), Sudarshana Vati (1 tablet)
thrice daily. Patients were put on rice gruel diet and Shandangapaneeyam for drinking. In some
cases, where cough was reported, patients were advised Talisa Patra Curna and
Dhanwandaram Gutika thrice daily.
With above therapy fever has come down within 5-7 days, however in the presence of
persistent pain and swelling in joints patients were administered with a drug regimen consists
44

of Punarnavadi Kashaya (60 ml), Yogaraja Guggulu (1 tablet), Cheriya Rasnadi Kashaya (60
ml) thrice daily and Nagaradi lepa for external use. Treating Physicians reported that with the
above treatment 90% of the cases got complete relief.

3.5 Directorate of Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy, Government of Gujarat

During the Chikungunya out break, the Directorate of Indian System of Medicine and
Homoeopathy, Department of Health and Family welfare, Government of Gujarat has organized
several curative and preventive medical camps which covered 25 districts across the state.
The details of the camps organized from 27/08/2006 to 14/11/2006 are given below.
Nature of Camp Total Number of
Camps Conducted
Total Number of
beneficiaries
Preventive Camps 1403 48,88,103
Curative camps 181 2,81,000
Total 1584 51,69, 103

During Preventive camps, patients were advised Swasthya Raksha Amruta Peya prepared by
using the decoction of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Nadod (Vitex negundo) Nimba
(Azadirachta indica), Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum), Sunthi (Zingiber officinale), Kariyatu
(Andrographis paniculata), Nagarmoth (Cyperus rotundus), Pathyadhi Kvatha, Guduchyadi
Kvatha and Maha Sudarshana Curna. The dose of the Swasthya Raksha Amrut Peya is 50 ml
twice daily for 7 days.

During Curative camps, the probable cases of Chikungunya patients were advised
Mahasudarsana Ghana Vati, Samshamani Vati, AYU - 64, Kanchanara Guggulu and Pathyadi
Guggulu for 7 days with Swasthya Raksha Amruta Peya.

A very good response was observed in both curative and preventive cases. The details of the
districts and number of the people benefited with Swasthya Raksha Ammrut Peya during the
preventive and curative camps are listed in Table-6.

Table - 9 Number of beneficiary received Swasthya Raksha Amrut Peya in districts of Gujarat
State.
S. No.
Name of the
District
Name of the Organization
Number
of the
Centre
Total number
of
beneficiaries
1. Ahmedabad
District Ayurved Officer, Ahmedabad
Smt. Maniben Ayurved Hospital,
Ahmedabad.

37

13

265053

131350

45

Akhandanad Ayurved Hospital,
Ahmedabad.

35

16227
2. Amreli
District Ayurved Officer, Amreli
Government Ayurved Hospital, Amreli
12
05
23840
3090
3. Anand
District Ayurved Officer, Anand
Government Ayurved Hospital, Ankalav
Government Ayurved Hospital,
Khambholaj
271
03

17
773396
131202

148040
4. Banaskantha
District Ayurved Officer, Banaskantha
Vadagam
47

06
328818

6424
5. Bharuch District Ayurved Officer, Bharuch 38 57311
6. Bhavanagar
District Ayurved Officer, Bhavanagar
Bhavnagar
Government Ayurved Hospital, Talaja
26

11
10
52251

50121
30219
7. Panchmahal
District Ayurved Officer, Panchmahal
Popatpura
136

105
28780

118303
8. Jamnagar
District Ayurved Officer,Jamnagar
Gulabkuvarba Ayurved Hospital,
Jamnagar.
Government Ayurved Hospital,Jodiya
05

04
05
24972

8394
10906
9. Junagadh
District Ayurved Officer, Junagadh
Junagadh
30

28
38918

23458
10. Kachchh
District Ayurved Officer, Kachchh
Government Ayurved Hospital, Bhuj
34
03
141190
71189

11. Kheda
District Ayurved Officer, Kheda
J.S. Mabavidhyalaya.Nadiyad
Government Ayurved Hospital,Pipalata
kapadvanj
27
03
03

07
424303
29847
65957

7899
12. Mahesana
District Ayurved Officer, Mahesana
Government Ayurved Hospital, Unja
27
27
40147
46840
13. Narmada District Ayurved Officer,Narmada 14 68543
14. Patan
District Ayurved Officer, Patan
Government Ayurved Hospital, Patan
Siddapura

32
10

03
51511
92366

35238
46

15. Porbandar District Ayurved Officer, Porbandar 07 40342
16. Rajkot
District Ayurved Officer, Rajkot
Government Ayurved Hospital, Rajkot
Government Ayurved Hospital, Morbi
23
04
40
70212
13588
90388
17. Sabarkantha
District Ayurved Officer, Sabarkantha
Himmatnagar
28

25
107347

838749
18. Surat District Ayurved Officer, Surat 46 68252
19. Vadodara
District Ayurved Officer, Vadodara
Vadodara
160

06
294101

48639
20. Valsad
District Ayurved Officer, Valsad
Bilimora
17

09
42145

37590
21. Dahod
District Ayurved Officer, Dahod
Devagadhbariya
Government Ayurved Hospital, Limdi
20

03
33
36624

8590
90971
22. Navasari
District Ayurved Officer, Navasari
Government Ayurveda Hospital,
Vijalpor
04
04
5860
7743
23. Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar
Government Ayurved Hospital, Lodara

07
01

24664
392
24. Ahwa Government Ayurved Hospital, Ahwa 20 23585
25. Surendra Nagar
Surendranagar

25

80395
TOTAL 1516

52,49,280

3.6 Government Research Department, Hyderabad.

During April to December 2006, The Government Research Department of Dr. B. R. K. R.
Government Ayurvedic Medical College, Hyderabad has treated about 3400 probable cases of
Chikungunya patients with a combination of Jvara hara Kashaya, Mruthyunjaya rasa and
Kanchanara Guggulu. The Above combination showed a very good response in the cases
treated. The department has also prepared a formulation called Chintamani and supplied in
capsule form to the patients with Post Chikungunya status. The composition, preparation, dose
and mode of administration of the Jvara hara Kashaya and Chintamani capsule are mentioned
below.
47

(i). Jvara Hara Kashaya

(a). Ingredients
1. Kirathatikta (Andrographis paniculata)
2. Musta (Cyperus rotundus)
3. Parpataka (Fumaria parviflora)
4. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)

(b). Method of preparation: The above ingredients are coarsely powdered taken in
equal quantities and Kwath Curna is prepared. 10 g of Kvatha Curna is boiled in 4 glasses
of water and reduced to one fourth.

(c). Dose : 150 ml twice daily.

(ii). Chintamani capsule (for Post Chikungunya status)
(a). Ingredients
1. Jvara Hara Kashaya - 5 Parts
2. Trikatu (Sunthi+Marica+Pippali) -1 Part
3. Katuki (Picrrorhiza kurroa) -1 Part
4. Shodita Vishamushti (Strychnos nuxvomica) -1 Part

(b). Method of preparation: The above ingredients are powdered and filled in 500 mg.
capsule.

(c). Dose: 1 capsule twice or thrice daily.

Table-11 Details of patients treated with Jvara hara Kashaya and Chintamani Capsule
during April 2006 to December 2006.
S. No. Month Male Female Old Cases Total Number
of Patients
1. April 06 240 205 17 462
2. May 06 182 217 122 521
3. June 06 381 273 62 716
4. July 06 303 354 28 585
5. August06 241 184 11 436
6. September 06 175 153 57 385
7. October 06 75 64 28 167
8. November06 56 42 16 114
9. December06 06 05 0 11
TOTAL 1659 1497 341 3497
48

3.7 Department of AYUSH, Government of Karnataka:

The State Government AYUSH Department of Karnataka has extensively worked during the
Chikungunya outbreak. About 35 Government Ayurvedic dispensaries/ hospitals working under
Department of AYUSH has actively engaged in patient care, patient education, community
education which includes vector control measures, disease prevention and protection from the
disease, organizing various preventive and curative medical camps. Common Public and
Patients visiting the Government Ayurvedic dispensaries / hospitals were provided with suitable
prophylactic and curative measures. Many number of patients were benefited with Ayurvedic
formulations (for both internal and external use) and dietary specifications. They were also
provided with herbal mosquito repellents.

The details of the Ayurvedic formulations administered as preventive and curative treatment
during the outbreak of Chikungunya in different Government Ayurvedic dispensaries/ hospitals
in Karnataka are given below.

1. Amrita Guggulu and Rasnadi Curna
Amrita Guggulu and Rasnadi Curna with Ardraka Swarasa was administered to the people and
the probable cases of Chikungunya patients attending Government Ayurvedic Dispensaries at
Srinivasa Puram, Shivarpatna, Seesandra, Chintamani, Ambukkai of Kolar district of Karnataka
as prophylactic and curative treatment.
Total 365 people administered Amrita Guggulu and Rasnadi Curna as prophylaxis and 302 are
served as controls. Out of 365, 61 have developed disease after prophylaxis and all 302 controls
developed the disease.
Total 365 Chikungunya patients were received Amrita Guggulu and Rasnadi Curna with
Ardraka Swarasa as anupana for 5 - 42 days and followed up for 3-6 months. Out of 365, 244
patients are cured, 13 showed marked improvement, 38 showed moderate improvement, 18
showed no response and 1 reported worsening of the condition. The details of the other cases
are not available. The treating physicians opined that the above treatment has improved the
immunity (Table-12).
2. Amrita Guggulu, Sudarshana Curna and Amritarishta
Probable cases of Chikungunya patients attending Government Ayurvedic Hospital, Chintamani
were administered Amrita Guggullu (2 tablets twice daily), Sudarshana Curna (2 g twice daily)
and Amritarishta (30 ml twice daily). Total 100 patients were adminstered above treatment for
a period of 7-40 days. Out of 100, 90 patients were cured, 5 showed moderate improvement
and 5 were referred to other hospitals. None reported adverse reaction to the above
medication.
49

3. Amritarishta and Yogaraj Guguulu
The common public and patients attending the Government Ayurvedic Dispensaries at
Timmana (Dist.Hosur), Gunadal, Kanabur, Kerutagi, Hebbal and Balabitti of Bijapur district of
Karnataka were administered Amritarishta and Yogaraj guggulu (2 tablets thrice daily) with
milk as both prophylactic and curative measure. Total population covered was 5100,
Prophylaxis received by 680 and 648 were served as controls. Total 245 probable cases of
Chikungunya patients received the treatment, of which 110 cured, 5 showed marked response
whereas 60 showed moderate response. The data regarding response of other patients is not
available. Amavatari vati ( 2 tablets thrice daily), Rasna erandadi kvatha, Arogya vardhani vati
were also co-administered in dispensaries of Hebbal, Kanaboor and Timmania villages
respectively. The treating physicians admited that the above treatment has significantly
reduced the fever and body pains as well as improved the resistance towards to the disease.
The joint pains and joint swelling persisted for 2 months. However 20 patients at the Kerutagii
dispensary and 18 at Balabitti had complained hyperacidity with above treatment. (Table-13).
4. Amrita Sattva,Godanti Misrana and Guggulu
Twenty probable cases of Chikungunya patients were treated with Amrita Sattva, Godanti
Misrana and Guggulu with honey twice daily for 5 days and Kanaka taila (for external
application) at Government Ayurvedic hospital, Niduvalli, Chikmagalur district. The patients
were followed up for 1 month. Out of 20, 5 patients were cured, 8 showed marked
improvement, 3 showed moderate improvement. Absolutely no improvement was seen in 3
patients and whereas 1 was withdrawn. No adverse events were reported.
5. Sanjivani Vati and Guduchi
Extensive work has been carried out by Government Taranath Ayurvedic College & Hospital,
Bellary during Chikungunya out break. They have covered 5 lakhs population including from the
borders of Andhra Pradesh also. Sanjivani Vati (2 tablets twice daily) was administered as
preventive and curative measure.
Total 600 people are were administered Sanjivani Vati (2 tablets twice daily) for 4 weeks and
Amrutha Swarasa 15 ml once daily in the morning for 12 weeks as prevention (till the epidemic
subsides). 5 out of 600 developed disease after taking prophylaxis. 55 served as controls and
30 developed disease later. Sanjevani Vati at the dose of 2 tablets twice daily for a period of 2-
8 weeks was employed as curative treatment in the probable cases of Chikungunya patients.
Patients and people were also advised some dietary specifications such as intake of hot water,
Sunti and Lasuna swarasa 10 ml with 20ml of honey, and to avoid cool drinks, curd, oil and
spicy foods and these patients were also advised to practice regular Pranayama and Yogasana.
Physician opines that the effect of Pindataila in pain and stiffness of joints were better when
compared to NSAIDS.
Apart from Sanjivani Vati, physicians also prescribed other drugs like Tribhuvana Keerthi rasa,
Hinguleshwar Ras, Samshamani Vati, Bhallataka Vati, Nityananda Ras, Jayamangala Ras,
50

Mahamrithyunjaya Rasa, Amritadi Gugggulu along with some formulations as anupana such
as Amrottara Kashaya, Maha Rasnadi Kashaya, Rasna erandadi Kashaya, Rasna Dashamoola
Kashaya, Maha Sudarshana Kadha etc. The dose of above mentioned Vati is being 1 tablet
thrice daily and dose of decoction is 20 ml thrice daily for period of 2-8 weeks. The treating
physicians commented that the intake of Guduchii Swarasa everyday was followed by many
people and Sanjivani Vati (2 tablets Twice daily with hot water ) was taken by all the people
who are involved in the study/project such as hospital staff.
6. Amritarishta, Vasakasava, Anadabhairavi Ras, Arogya vardhani Vati
During June 2006 to May 2007, the Government Ayurvedic Hospital, Hassan has covered 8
talukas and 26-27 thousands population. Total 10,431 people received Amritarishta (10ml),
Vasakasava (10 ml), Anadabhairavi Ras (2 tablets thrice daily), Arogya vardhani Vati (2 tablets
thrice daily) for 3 days as preventive measure. Duration of follow up was 5-7 days and the total
cases followed up were 5100. Physicians opined that the Ayurvedic medicines were highly
effective in the prevention of Chikungunya. The same combination was also administered as
curative treatment, the number of cases treated were not mentioned, but details regarding
the improvement were 23% showed marked improvement, 30% showed moderate, 18%
showed no improvement, 3% showed worsening of the disease.
7. Amritha and Sunthi Kashaya
Amritha (Tinospora cordifolia) stem 6-8 and Sunthi (Zingiber officinalis) rhizome 20g were
boiled with water and reduced to one fourth. This decoction at the dose of 30ml thrice daily for
one week is administered as preventive measure for Chikungunya at Government Ayurvedic
Dispensaries (15 villages of Mandya districts). Around 7100-7350 people received above
treatment as prophylaxis; out of them, around 535-625 developed the disease. The treating
physicians opined that the intake of Guduchi and Shunti decoction thrice daily has improved the
immunity and people who were already on medication were able to withstand the joint pains if
they are affected with Chikungunya later (Table-14).
8. Yogaraja guggulu, Jvarakesari Pills, Guducgyadi Kashaya
Yogaraja Guggulu (2 tablets thrice daily) and Jvarakesari pills (2 tablets thrice daily) with
Guduchyadi Kashaya (as anupana ) before food is administered as curative treatment to the
probable cases of Chikungunya patients attending the Government Ayurvedic Dispensaries of
Mandya district. Patients are provided with Aswagandha Bala Lakshadi Taila for external
application. Patients were diagnosed on the basis of clinical presentation. The duration of
treatment is 7 to 10 days. Around 3477-3569 patients were treated with above drug regimen
and about 605-700 were followed up; Improvement was assessed based on subjective
parameters. Out of above patients around 985-1015 cured, 1090-1152 showed marked
improvement, 569 to 615 showed moderate improvement and 205-260 had no improvement.
Physicians reported that the patients treated with above drug regimen have shown early
recovery. Fever and body pains improved within 2 to 3 days of treatment but joint pains
persisted for 2 to 3 months. None reported adverse events (Table-15).
51

Table- 12 showing the details of the cases received Amrita Guggulu and Rasnadi Curna
S.No. Name of the
Government
Ayurvedic Dispensary
/Hospital
Kolar District
Total
population
covered
No. of
Cases
treated as
Prophylaxis
No. of
Cases
developed
disease
after
Prophylaxis
No. of
cases
treated as
controls
No. of
controls
developed
disease
No. of
cases
treated
Results
C
u
r
e
d

M
a
r
k
e
d

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t

M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t

N
o

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t

1. Srinivasa Puram 550 30 6 22 22 30 24 * 2 4
2. Shivarpatna 860 40 8 32 32 40 32 * 2 6
3. Seesandra 2000 70 10 60 60 70 50 3 9 8
4. Chintamani 1-2 Lakhs 165 33 132 132 165 132 8 25 *
5. Ambukkai 1580 60 4 56 56 60 56 02 * *
TOTAL 104990-204990 365 61 302 302 365 244 13 38 18

Table-13 showing the details of the cases received Amritarishta and Yogaraj Guggulu

S.No. Name of the
Government
Ayurvedic
Dispensary/Hospital
District
Total
population
covered
No. of
Cases
treated as
Prophylaxis
No. of
Cases
developed
disease
after
Prophylaxis
No. of
cases
treated
as
controls
No. of
controls
developed
disease
No. of
cases
treated
Results
C
u
r
e
d

M
a
r
k
e
d

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
t
n
t

M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
t
n
t

N
o

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
t
n
t

1. Timmanna 1600 60 * 40 * * * * * *
2. Gunadal 3500 105 * 100 * * * * * *
3. Kanaboor * 290 * 280 * * * * * *
4. Kerutagi * 115 * 120 * 115 50 * 30 *
5. Hebbal * * * * * 20 15 5 * *
6. Balabitti * 110 * 108 * 110 45 * 30 *
TOTAL 5100 680 * 648 * 245 110 5 60 *
{* Information Not Availble }
52

Table- 14 showing the details of cases received Amrita and Sunthi Kashaya as Prophylaxsis

S.No. Name of the
Government
Ayurvedic
Dispensary/
Hospital
District
Duration
Of
Follow up
Total population
covered
No. of Cases
treated as
Prophylaxis
No. of Cases
developed
disease
After Prophylaxis
No. of cases
treated as
controls
No. of controls
developed
disease
1. K.K.Pet * 6000 100 * * *
2. Mandya Sept-Nov06 2 lakhs 130 65 * *
3. Dudda Dist June-Sept.06 10000 150 75 * *
4. Muttegere June-Oct 06 6000 100-200 30-50 * *
5. Dudda June-Oct06 2000-2500 100-150 40-50 * *
6. Kannali June-Sept06 - 100 50 * *
7. Taggali June-Dec 06 - 120 - 80 *
8. K.R.Pet June-Oct06 - 150-200 40-50 * *
9. Hosgiri June-Oct06 5000 120 * *
10. K.R.Pet June-Oct06 4,700 250-300 45 * *
11. Doddpalya June-Oct06 5500 160 40 * *
12. Hosaholalu
K.R.Pet
June-Oct06 7,000 300 50 * *
13. Adichochanagiri
Mandya Dist.
Aug-Dec06 - 5000 * * *
14. Maddur June-Oct06 70,000 220 * * *
15. Yadagahalli Aug-Nov06 2500 100-150 100-150 60-70 *
TOTAL - 318700 to 319200 7100 to 7350 535 to 625 140 to 150 *
[* information not available ; Approximately ]

53

Table: 15 showing the details of cases received Yogaraj Guggulu,JvaraKesari and Guduchyadi Kashaya as Curative treatment.
[* Information Not available ; Approximately ]

S.No. Name of the
Government
Ayurvedic
Dispensary/
Hospital
District
Duration of
Treatment
No. of
cases
treated
No. of
cases
followed up
Results
Cured Marked
Improvement
Moderate
Improvement
No Improve-
ment
1. K.K.Pet,
Madya District
June-Sept06 100 * * 97 * *
2. Mandya District Sept-Nov06 272 60-80 - 50-60 80-90 50-60
3. Dudda June-Sept06 132 55 25-30 35-40 * *
4. Muttegere June-Oct 06 200-210 80-100 20-25 20-22 10-12 *
5. Dudda June-Oct06 150-152 40-45 * 20-25 20-25 10-15
6. Kannali June-Sept06 50 50 * 20-25 20-28 30-50
7. Taggali June-Dec06 80 - 30 20 10
8. K.R.Pet - 350-400 100-150 50 25-30 100-150 -
9. K.R.Pet June-Oct06 70-100 * * 20-25 20-25 10-15
10. Hosgiri June-Sept.06 120 * * * 60-80 30-40
11. Mandagiri June-Oct06 300 * 180 50 60 10
12. Doddapalya June-Oct06 300 * 160 80 45 15
13. Hosaholalu June-Oct06 500 * 340 90 60 10
14. K.R.Pet June-Oct06 483 * * 483 * *
15. Maddur June-Sept.06 220 220 180-200 70-85 * *
16. Yadaganahalli Aug-Nov06 150 * * 10-20 20-30 40-45
TOTAL 3477 to 3569 605 to 700 985 to 1015 1090 to 1152 595 to 615 205 to 260
54

3. 8 Indain Medicine and Homoeopathy Department, Chennai

Indain Medicine and Homoeopathy Department, Chennai conducted special camps for the
treatment of Chikungunya from 25/09/2006 to 09/10/2006 in participation and under
overall supervision of Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai.
Camps were conducted at all levels of Districts, Taluka and Primary Health Centers and
patients were provided with Siddha and Ayurvedic combinations of medicine, prepared by
Government Pharmacay and supplied through by TAMPCOL, Chennai. There are 2 types of
drug regimens administered based on the course of the disease i.e., pyrexial state (3 to 5
days) and post pyrexial state.

The drug regimen administered to patients in pyrexial state

1. Thridosa Mathirai 1-2 pills twice daily with honey
2. Sudarshana Churna 1 g twice daily with honey
3. Nilavembu Kundineer 15-30 ml twice daily
4. Pinda tailam and
Karpooradi tailam
For external use

The drug regimen administered to patients in post-pyrexial state

1. Ayaveera Chenduram 100 mg
2. Sudarshana Churna 1 g twice daily with honey
3. Nilavembu Kundineer 15-30 ml twice daily
4. Pinda tailam and
Karpooradi tailam
For external use

Total number of probable cases of Chikungunya patients treated with above drug regimen
were 95,968 as on 21
st
November 2006 and 24,397 on subsequent period.

3. 9 National Institute of Siddha, Chennai

Probable cases of Chikungunya patients visiting Out Patient Department of National
Institute of Siddha, Chennai during 30/09/2006 to 26/12/2006 were administered with the
following drug regimen mentioned below. Total 5538 patients received the treatment
1. Brammananda Bairavam Mathirai 100-200 mg tablet thrice daily with honey / hot water
2. Ammukkara Choornam 500mg-1 g tablet thrice daily with honey / hot water
3. Nilavembu kudineer 5 g twice daily
4. Pain Balm External use
5. Vatakesari thailam and Laghu
Vishamushti thailam

External use
55

Total cases received the treatment were 5538 of which new cases were 3584 (male - 1547,
Female - 2027, Children - 10) and follow up cases were 1954 (male - 841, female - 1103 and
Children - 10).

3. 10 Government Hospital (Siddha wing), Thiruchengodu

Common people visting Government Hospital Siddha wing, Thiruchengodu were provided
with leaflets containing information on preventive aspect of the disease.

Probable cases of Chikungunya patients presented with fever were admistered
Bramanandha bairana Mathirai, Linga chenduram 100 mg, Trikaduga Choornam 1g twice
daily with honey after food. Patients presented with fever and arthritis were put on
following drug regimen.

1. Vishnu Chakkara Mathirai - Twice daily after meals
2. Amukkara tablet - 1-3 timeswith hot water
3. Vatha sura Kudineer - 60 ml twice daily before meals
4. Sivappu Kukkil Thylam - External use
5. Karpoorathi thylam - External use
(Equal quantity of 4 and 5 are mixed and applied externally over the affected area)
Table: 16 Number of Chikungunya cases studied in Government Hospital Thiruchengodu
Date New Patients Old Patients Total Total
Male Female Children Male Female Children Male Female Children
25/7/06 164 117 27 239 189 21 403 306 48 767
26/07/06 198 101 18 175 189 5 373 290 23 686
27/07/06 172 126 33 165 131 - 337 259 33 627
28/07/06 196 152 17 228 220 6 424 372 23 819
29/07/06 163 134 39 211 197 11 374 331 50 755
30/07/06 - -1 - 119 108 3 119 108 3 230
Total 3884

Seventy four patients were taken up for a clinical study in probable cases of Chikungunya
patients. Results of the therapy was detailed in table

56

Table- 17 Details of the patients, duration of the therapy and improvement

S. No. Sign and Symptom Total
number
of
Patients
No. of
Days
treated
No. of patients
Showed
complete relief
No. of patients
Showed
Moderate relief
1. Fever with rigor 37 3 31 6
2. Pain and swelling
Knee 55 6 38 17
Ankle 40 6 29 11
MTP joints 16 5 12 4
Hip 6 5 5 1
Shoulder 8 5 6 2
Cervical 4 5 3 1
Elbow 22 6 19 3
Wrist 18 7 15 3
IP and MCP joints 12 5 8 4
3. Fatigue 12 5 7 5
4. Nausea 4 2 4 0
5. Headache 12 3 11 1
6. Giddines 11 3 9 2
7. Itching 2 6 1 1
8. Anorexia 4 4 4 0
9. Insomnia 32 5 28 4
10. Constipation 50 4 42 8
11. Irritation in the
eye
70 3 69 1
12. Lymphadenopathy 13 5 10 3

11. Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai
About 1063 patients visiting Noi Naadal Departmenet of Government Siddha Medical
College, Palayamkottai during 22
nd
September 2006 to 2
nd
January 2007 were administered
with following drug regimen during pyrexial state.
1 Nilavembu Kudineer, 60ml 2 times before meals with honey
2 Amukkara Choornam, 1gm thrice daily with honey
3 Arumuga Chenduram, 100 mg, thrice daily with honey
4. Vedi Annabethi Chenduram, 100 mg, thrice daily with honey
5. 5 Pavala parpam, 50mg, thrice daily with honey
6. 6 Pindathailam for external use
7. 7 Karpoorathy thailam for external use

57

During post Chikungunya arthralgia patients were administered with one of the following
drug regimen.
1. Arumuga Chenduram
Pavala Parpam
Naga Parpam
Amukkua Chooranam
100 mg
50 mg
50 mg
1 gm
2. Gowri Chinthaamani
Vasantha Kusumakara
Maathirai
Thali sathi Chooranam
100 mg
1 pill
1 gm
3. Chanda Maarutha
Chenduram Thrikaduku
Coornam
50 mg
1 gm 2 times with honey after food
4. Ayaveera Chenduram
Sangu Parpam
Amukkura Chooranam
50 gm
100 mg
1 gm

NOTE: Visha mushti thailam and Vatha Keasari Thailam for external application

Table- 18 Details of the patients, duration of the therapy and improvement
S. No. Sign and
Symptoms
Total number
of Patients
No. of
Days
No. f patients
Showed
complete
relief
No. f patients
Showed
Moderate
relief
1. Fever with rigor 334 3 295 39
Knee 838 10 762 76
Ankle 902 8 806 96
MTP joints 603 10 522 81
Hip 496 6 411 85
Shoulder 378 8 302 76
Cervical 207 10 191 16
Elbow 764 8 683 81
Wrist 932 10 814 118
IP and MCP joints 701 10 623 78
3. Fatigue 632 4 591 41
4. Nausea 263 4 204 59
5. Headache 198 3 173 25
6. Giddiness 411 4 384 27
7. Itching 34 10 29 5
8. Anorexia 372 5 331 41
58

9. Insomnia 631 6 572 59
10. Constipation 802 4 771 31
11. Irritation in the
eye
192 3 169 23
12. Lymphadenopathy 48 6 37 11

3. 12 Central Research Institute for Siddha, Chennai (Multi center clinical observation)
A multi center open clinical observation was conducted to evaluate the effect of Nilavembu
Kudineer in combination with three drug regimens (1 to 3) in probable cases of Chikungunya
patients. Nilavembu Kudineer at the dose of 15 to 60 ml twice daily in combination with
above drug regimen are administered to the patients visiting Out Patient Departments
(OPD) of the four reputed Siddha institutes in Tamil Nadu.

The study drug was administered to the patients in following Centers :

1. National Institute of Siddha, Chennai.
2. Central Research Institute for Siddha, Chennai
3. Government Siddha College, Palayamkottai, District Trinelveli
4. Primary Health Center, Trichencode, District Namakkal.

Materials and Methods

The diagnosis of Chikungunya was made on the basis of clinical presentation.The patients
presenting with following symptoms were considered as major symptoms for the diagnosis
of Chikungunya, they are-

1. Fever with rigor
2. Pain and swelling in
i. Shoulder joint
ii. Elbow Joint
iii. Wrist joint
iv. Interphalangeal and Metacarpal Joints
v. Hip joint
vi. Knee joint
vii. Ankle Joint
viii. Metatarsal Joints
ix. Cervical

3. Irritation in the eye
4. Constitutional Symptoms :
i. Fatigue
ii. Nausea
iii. Headache
59

iv. Giddiness
v. Itching
vi. Anorexia
vii. Insomia
viii. Constipation

The Patients attending the Out Patient Department and all age groups of either sex
presented with above symptoms were administered with the study drug. All the baseline
symptoms were recoded at first visit.

Treatment arms
The study drug was categorized into 4 drug regimens

1. Drug Regimen-1 (during Pyrexial state)
2. Drug regimen -2 (during post pyrexial state)
3. Drug regimen -3
4. Drug Regimen-4

The Drug regimens 1 to 3 were admistered with Nilavembu kudineer and the Drug regimen
4 was admistered with Vatasura kudineer. Patients were asked to come for review everyday
and they were administered with fresh decoction of Nilavembu kudinir.

Nilavembu Kudineer and Linga chenduram were subjected to preclinical evaluation
(Annexure - 5) which includes acute and sub acute toxicity for Linga chenduram and anti
pyretic activity. The dose, frequency, anupana and mode of adminstraion of above drug
regimens were illustrated in Table 19.1 - 19.4.

Duration of the therapy

The treatment for pyrexial state was for 3 days and post pyrexial state was 2 weeks.

Follow up

The patients were followed up once in every week. The symptoms were recored at each
visit and results were analyzed after 3 weeks.

Assessment of results:

The results were assessed based on the improvement in symptoms. The following
criteria was used to assess the improvement-

Complete relief - Total relief in all symptoms
Marked relief - Patients are comfortable and relieved from all the symptoms
Moderate relief - Patient still suffering with mild symptoms
Mild relief - 25-50% relief in symptoms
No relief - Absolutely no relief in symptoms
LAMA - Patients discontinued or information not available.

60

Observations:

The total number of patients received treatment for probable Chikungunya patients were
13773, of which the 4225 cases treated at National Institute for Siddha, Chennai, 1364 cases
at Central Research Institute for Siddha, Chennai, 4300 cases at Government Siddha College,
Palayamkottai and 3884 cases at Primary Health Center, Thiruchencode (Table 20.1).

The incidence of the disease observed more in females (56.8%) than males (43.2%). The
majority of the age group affected were 30-40 years (31.2%) and rarely seen in children
below 10 years (Table: 20.2 - 20.5).

Apart from fever, the most predominant symptoms were observed are pain and swelling in
large joints (50.7%), fatigue (32.1%) and stiffness in the joints (23.8%) (Table -21.5).

The four drug regimens were admistrered to the probable cases of Chikungunya patients
based on the clinical presentation. At the end of the therapy, 18.6% showed complete relief,
30.6% showed marked improvement, 32.1% moderate improvement, 10.1% showed mild
improvement and 4.45% showed no relief. However 4.05% cases were probably
discontinued therapy or withdrawn (Table-22).

Results showed that Nilavembu Kudineer and Bramanada Bairavam in pyrexia state and in
post pyrexia state Amukkara chooranam, Linga chenduram and Gowri chinthamani
chenduram have shown better therapeutic effect. The fever comes to normal within three
days and in the case of post pyrexia states the symptoms like pain and swelling in joints,
abdominal disturbances responded quickly within one week in majority of the cases. Within
a few weeks these drugs have shown better effect in controlling the pain and swelling of the
large joints.

As a preventive measure, use of Nilavembu kudineer daily has prevented the incidence of
Chikungunya and effective in all age groups, which was observed by the physicians at
Primary health centre, Trichencode.

Bramananda Bairavam was a proven drug in the management of fever even in delirium with
fever, which showed better response in controlling the pyrexia. Nilavembu kudineer though
it has been indicated in the treatment of fever, on pharmacological screening, which
showed better anti inflammatory and analgesic effect than anti pyrexia effect (Ghosh et. al,
1981).

Linga chenduram, Amukkura chooranam and Gowri chindamani chenduram are the drugs of
choice to produce the antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, which was
confirmed and evidenced in the pharmacological screenings (Ghosh et. al, 1977& 1981).
Among all the drug regimens, these drugs mentioned above only has produced the better
therapeutic effect.

61

Table 19.1 - Drug Regimen I (Pyrexia state)

S. No Name of the medicine Dose Vehicle Remarks
1 Bramanadha bairavam One to two pills twice a day Honey Internal use
2 Thirikadugu chooranam One gm twice a day Honey Internal use
3 Nilavembu Kudineer 15 to 30 ml twice a day Internal use
4. Pinda thylam with
Karpoorathy thailam
-- -- External use

Table 19.2 Drug Regimen II (Post Pyrexia state)

1 Linga Chenduram 100mg twice a day Honey Internal use
2. Gowri chinthamani chenduram 100 mg twice a day Honey Internal use
2 Amukkara chooranam One gm twice a day Honey Internal use
3 Nilavembu Kudineer 15 to 30 ml twice a day - Internal use
4. Pinda thylam with Karpoorathy
thailam
- - External use

Table 19.3 Drug Regimen III
1 Nilavembu Kudineer 60ml 2 times before meals Honey Internal use
2 Amukkara Choornam 1gm 3 times Honey Internal use
3 Arumuga Chenduram 100 mgm 3 times Honey Internal use
4. Vedi Annabethi Chenduram 100 mgm 3 times Honey Internal use
8. 5 Pavala parpam 50mgm 3 times Honey External use
9. 6 Pindathailam -- -- External use
10. 7 Karpoorathy thailam -- -- External use

Table 19.4 Drug Regimen IV
1 Chandamarutha Chenduram 100mg twice a day Honey Internal use
2 Ayaveera Chenduram 100 mg twice a day Honey Internal use
3 Vathasura Kudineer 15 to 30 ml twice a day - Internal use
62

OBSERVATIONS
Table 20.1 Total number of population covered in all 4 centers
S.No. Name of the Institute Total Patients received
Study drugs
1. National Institute for Siddha, Chennai 4225
2. Central Research Institute for Siddha, Chennai 1378
3. Government Siddha College, Palayamkottai 4300
4. Primary Health Center, Trichencode 3884
TOTAL 13787

Age and Sex wise distribution of cases treated in Centers
Table 20.2 National Institute of Siddha, Chennai
S.No. Age
( in Years)
Male Female Male
child
Female
child
Total
1 0 10 - - 6 9 15
2 10 20 128 182 - - 310
3 20 30 251 335 - - 586
4 30 40 586 679 - - 1265
5 40 50 354 503 - - 857
6 50 - 60 292 408 - - 700
7 60 > 223 269 - - 492
Total 1834 2376 6 9 4225
Table 20.3 Central Research Institute for Siddha, Chennai.
Sl.no Age
( in Years)
Male Female Male
child
Female
child
Total
1 0 10 - - 5 9 14
2 10 20 52 65 - - 117
3 20 30 61 133 - - 194
4 30 40 232 363 - - 595
5 40 50 143 169 - - 312
6 50 - 60 36 56 - - 92
7 > 60 23 31 - - 54
Total 547 817 5 9 1378

63

Table 20.4 Government Siddha Medical College, Trinevelli
S.No. Age
( in Years)
Male Female Male
child
Female
child
Total
1 0 10 - - 3 6 9
2 10 20 135 189 - - 324
3 20 30 259 347 - - 606
4 30 40 596 693 - - 1289
5 40 50 357 508 - - 865
6 50 - 60 294 411 - - 705
7 >60 230 272 - - 502
Total 1871 2420 3 6 4300

Table 20.5 Primary Health Centre, Trichencode
Sl.no Age
( in Years)
Male Female Male
child
Female
child
Total
1 0 10 - - 3 3 6
2 10 20 103 144 - - 247
3 20 30 225 302 - - 527
4 30 40 541 622 - - 1163
5 40 50 338 485 - - 823
6 50 - 60 268 378 - - 646
7 >60 213 259 - - 472
Total 1688 2190 3 3 3884

Distribution of symptoms among the the probable Chikungunya patients
received trail drug in Out Patient Departments of 4 centers
Table 21.1 - National Institute of Siddha, Chennai
S.No. Symptoms Number of
cases
1 Fever 2723
2 Pain and swelling (small joints) 318
3 Pain and swelling (large joints) 2453
4 Stiffness / Restricted movements 1052
5 Gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea / anorexia/ flatulence) 273
6 Abdominal pain 145
7 Headache 414
8 Skin rashes 172
9 Fatigue 1613
64

Table 21.2 - National Institute of Siddha, Chennai
S.No Symptoms Number of
cases
1 Fever 735
6 Abdominal pain 57
7 Headache 109
8 Skin rashes 33
9 Fatigue 112
Table 21.3 - Government Siddha Medical College, Trinevelli
cases
1 Fever 2581
5 Gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea / anorexia /flatulence) 263
7 Headache 317
8 Skin rashes 212
9 Fatigue 1345

Table 21.4 - Primary Health Centre, Trichencode

cases
1 Fever 2101
7 Headache 362
8 Skin rashes 89
9 Fatigue 1357

65

Table 21.5 Distribution of symptoms among the patients received the study drug

S.No. Symptoms Name of the Center Total no. of
Cases presented
with Symptom
National
institute of
Siddha,
Chennai
Central
Research
Institute for
Siddha,
Chennai
Governmen
t Siddha
College,
Tirunevelli
Primary
Health
Center,
Trichencod
e
1. Fever 2723 735 2581 2101 8140
(Small joints)
318 118 287 189 912
(Major joints)
2453 653 2137 1740 6983
4. Stiffness / Restricted
movements
1052 451 916 871 3290
5. Gastrointestinal
symptoms nausea,
anorexia flatulence)
273 132 263 204 872
6. Abdominal pain 145 57 154 112 468
7. Headache 414 109 317 362 1202
8. Skin rashes 172 33 212 89 506
9. Fatigue 1613 112 1345 1357 4427

Table 22 Overall improvement in probable Chikungunya cases after the therapy in 4 centers
S.No.
RESULTS*
Name of the Center No. of cases
improved
National
institute of
Siddha,
Chennai
Central
Research
Institute,
Siddha,
Chennai
Governmen
t Siddha
College,
Tirunevelli
Primary
Health
Center,
Trichencode
1. Complete Relief 792 195 815 761 2563 (18.6%)
2. Marked Relief 1279 281 1426 1235 4221 (30.6%)

3. Moderate Relief 1404 397 1309 1312 4422 (32.0%)

4. Mild Relief 402 295 386 309 1392 (10.1%)
66

5. No Relief 187 108 176 142 613 (4.45%)
6. LAMA 161 87 187 124 559 (4.05%)
Total number of cases
treated
4225 1363 4299 3883 13770

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Complete relief - Total relief in all symptoms
Marked relief - Patients are comfortable ans relieved from all the symptoms
Moderate relief - Patient still suffering with mild symptoms
Mild relief - 25-50% relief in symptoms
No relief - Absolutely on relief in symptoms
LAMA - Patients discontinued or information not available.

Graph-1 Distribution of symptoms among Chikungunya patients

67

Graph-2 Overall improvement in Chikungunya cases after the therapy.

68

Section-4
STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH IN CHIKUNGUNYA
69

4. STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH IN CHIKUNGUNYA

Chikungunya is an epidemic disorder, there should be continuous upgrading of the
knowledge is required about the Chikungunya infection, transmission, control, virus, vector
and epidemiology.

As this disease mainly related to public health, the research has to be focussed on the
geographical extent and spread of the infection, risk assessment if it is reintroduced.

The formulations used by units of CCRAS and other State Government AYUSH Departments
during the out break are classical and prepared form various herbs and herbo-mineral
components which are time tested and clinically being prescribed. Further research is
needed to standardize these formulations by developing Standard Operating Procedures
(SOPs), pharmacopoeial standards, stability studies and establishing the safety data of these
formulations. The formulations can be revalidated through reverse pharmacological
approach there by creating the scientific evidence.

Research team containing multi disciplinary personnel are to be engaged in designing a
clinical protocol to evaluate the safety, efficacy and tolerability of Ayurveda and Siddha
drugs in Chikungunya, with a proper diagnostic criteria that include clinical, laboratory and
epidemiological criteria, Case Record Form (CRF) and well defined assessment criteria in
terms of Primary and secondary outcomes preferably objective measures.

Research is also needed for the treatment of Chikungunya during out breaks, in severe
cases, in post Chikungunya sequel, and the long term effect of Chikungunya in terms of
improving the Quality of Life (QOL) of a patient.

Without use of proper vector control measures, the prevention and management of
Chikungunya was almost imcomplete. Therefore, more research has to be carried out to
explore potential medicinal plants in Ayurveda and Siddha for vector control.

Through Collaborative research more knowledge can be acquired regarding virus
characterization and interaction, the vector responsible for the out break, host and
mosquito interaction etc., which information will be very valuable during the out breaks

The Appropriate documentation of the information on current out break of Chikungunya
in terms of epidemiogical data, risk assessment, management in general and
management in severe cases will be useful in future out break.
70

ANNEXURES

71

ANNEXURE -1
Chikungunya Case Report Form

Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India
No.61-65, Institutional Area, Opposite to D Block, Janak Puri, New Delhi. 110 058

CASE RECORD FORM
Name of the Institute:

OPD / IPD No. : Date of Visit:

Name of the Patient : Age: Sex: MaleFemale

Residential Address :

Contact Phone No. :

History of residing in the Epidemic area : YES No

Anyone in the family affected by same illness : YES No

Occupation:
Symptoms of Chikungunya
Fever
Joint pains (Specify the joints).
Joint swelling (Specify the joints)...
Headache
Skin rashes
Respiratory symptoms like Cough and Dysponea
Any other
Pathological/ Immunological findings (carried out if any) specify
Duration of illness :

Phase of the Disease : Active Relapse Post Chikungunya Status
Treatment Details:
Previous medication if any: Allopathy Ayurveda Siddha Homoeopathy Unani

S. No.
Name of the
Medicine
Dose & Frequency Anupana Start Date End
Date

72

Treatment Prescribed
S. No. Name of the Medicine Dose & Frequency Anupana Duration

ASSESSMENT FORM

Visit Number: Date of Visit:

S. No. Symptoms Status of symptoms
7
th
Day (Visit-1) 15
th
day (Visit-2) Remarks
Complete
relief
Partial
relief
No
relief
Complete
relief
Partial
relief
No
relief

1 Fever
2 Joint pains
3 Joint swelling
4 Headache
5 Skin rashes
6 Respiratory
symptoms
Cough/ Dysponea
If any others
(Specify)

7 If any other
(Specify)

8 Laboratory Criteria
(carried out if any)
Pathological/
Immunological
findings

[Complete Relief-Totally asymptomatic; Partial Improvement: 50% improvement in
Symptom; No Relief: Absolutely no improvement in symptom.]

If any Adverse Drug Reactions Reported:

Signature of the Physician

73

ANNEXURE-2
Algorithm for Ascertainment of Suspected Chikungunya case

[Developed by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; A mission Report
Chikungunya in Italy, Joint ECCD/WHO visit for a European risk assessment, 17-21, September
2007, Page No.22]

74

ANNEXURE-3
CHIKUNGUNYA CASE DEFINITION FOR SURVEILLANCE

[Developed by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; A mission Report
Chikungunya in Italy, Joint ECCD/WHO visit for a European risk assessment, 17-21,
September 2007, Page No.22]

Clinical criteria Acute onset of fever > 38.5
0
C and severe arthralgia not
explained by other medical conditions.

Epidemiological criteria Residing or having visited epidemic areas having reported
transmission within 15 days prior to the onset of symptoms.

Laboratory Criteria

At least one of the following tests in acute phase
- Virus isolation;
- Presence of Viral RNA by RT-PCR;
- Presence of Virus specific IgM antibodies in single
serum sample collected;
- Seroconversion to virus specific antibodies in
samples collected at least one to three weeks
apart.

On the basis, the following categories of cases are reported.

Possible case : A patient meeting clinical criteria

Probable case : A patient meeting both the clinical and epidemiological criteria

Confirmed cases : A patient meeting the laboratory criteria, irrespective of the clinical
presentation.

75

ANNEXURE-4

Format for Documentation of Medical Practices and Claims on Prevention
and Treatment of Vector Borne and other Communicable Diseases by
AYUSH System (s) of Medicine made by Individuals and Organizations in
Public and Private Sectors

Claimants Profile

Individuals/ Organizations Name

Complete Postal Address

Phone Number (s)

Mobile Number (s)

E Mail ID

Name of the Disease/ Condition for
prophylaxis/ treatment

Duration

Place

76

Form-1
Documentation on Medical Practices and Claims on Prevention of Vector
Borne and other Communicable Diseases by AYUSH System(s) of Medicine
made by Individuals and Organizations in Public and Private Sectors

Claims of Successes in Prevention of Epidemic Disease
{If details do not fit in the given space, please enclose separate sheet (s)}

1. Claimants Name & Address

2. Particulars of Disease
Name of disease
Place(s)
Duration

From To
3. Period during which Preventive Medicine was
distributed

From To
4. Personnel involved
(Indicate their names and qualifications)
Individual
Organization (Government/NGO)
Other Associates

5. Methodology

5.1 Preventive

5.1.1 Basis for the selection of drug(s) /
medicine(s)

5.1.2
Name (s) of drug (s) / Medicine (s)
prescribed
Single drug (s) (indicate common name
in Hindi and regional language, Botanical
/ Sanskrit / Arabic / Persian or name used
in Homoeopathy)
Compound drug (s) (indicate ingredients,
whether traditional or classical or self-
made with method of preparation)
If procured from the market, indicate the
source
Anupana / Badarqa (i.e. vehicle in case
of Ayurveda, Siddha / Unani)
Dosage and Duration of administration
Potencies (in case of Homoeopathy)
Mode of administration

77

5.1.3 Total no. of people administered
prophylaxis

5.1.4 Prophylaxis administered by whom
a) By Individual / Organization
b) Other Associates

5.1.5 Total no. of people maintained as control

5.1.6 Control maintained by whom
a) By Individual / Organization
b) Other Associates

5.1.6 Other measures adopted by:
a) Individual
b) Organization
c) Others (Give details)

5.1.7 Names/ No. of
Villages/ Locality/ Houses covered

5.1.8 Total Population covered
(with reference to 5.1.7)

6.
Follow up
6.1 Methodology Adopted

6.1.1 Followed by whom
Self
Community/ health workers/ other
agencies

6.1.2 Means of follow-up
Door to door
In the hospital
Through camps
Any other means

6.2

Duration of follow up From To

6.3

Number of cases followed by:
Individual
Organization
Other agency

7
Results
7.1

a. Number of cases that contacted/
developed disease after taking
prophylaxis
b. Number of Controls that developed
disease

7.2

Treatment taken after development of
disease

7.3

Approximate Expenditure incurred on
medicine per patient

7.4

Source of funding

8.
Any constraints / difficulties faced (including man power and financial) for
conducting/undertaking the program.

78

9.
Salient achievements of the study

10.
If you would have opportunity to work in this direction in future, how would like to proceed:

UNDERTAKING

1) I/We do hereby affirm that the above information is based on facts and is based on the work
of the undersigned.

2) I/We would have no objection if this information is documented in public interest.

Place:
Date:
Name of the Individual/ Organization
Seal
79

Form-2

Documentation on Claims of Treatment of Vector Borne and other
Communicable Diseases by AYUSH System (s) of Medicine made by
Individuals and Organizations in Public and Private Sectors

Treatment Claims of Epidemic and other Diseases
{If details do not fit in the given space, please enclose separate sheet (s)}

1. Claimants Name and address

2. Particulars of Disease/Condition Treated
Name of the disease
Place (s) of occurrence

3. Duration of treatment
From To

4. Personnel involved
(Indicate their names and qualifications)
Individual
Organization (Government/NGO)
Other Associates

5. Methodology

5.1 Therapeutic
5.1.1 Number of cases treated
5.1.2 Criteria for Diagnosis
Clinical presentations alone or Laboratory
and other Investigations OR
Both

5.1.3 Basis for selection of drug (s)/ medicine s)

5.1.3 Name of Drug (s)/Medicine (s) prescribed
Single drug(s) (indicate common name in
Hindi and regional language, Botanical /
Sanskrit / Arabic / Persian or name used in
Homoeopathy)
Compound drug (s) (indicate ingredients,
whether traditional or classical or self-
made with method of preparation)
If procured from market, indicate the
source
Anupana / Badarqa (i.e. vehicle in case of
Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani)
Dosage and Duration of administration
Potencies in case of Homoeopathy
Mode of administration

6. Follow up
6.1 Methodology adopted
6.1.1 Followed by whom
Self
Community/health workers/ other agencies

80

6.1.2 Means of follow-up
Door to door
In the hospital
Through camps
Any other means

6.2 Duration and interval of Follow up
6.3 Number of cases followed up
6.4 Outcome Assessment criteria
Subjective parameters (Clinical
presentation) OR
Objective parameters (Laboratory and
other Investigations) OR
Both

7. Results
Total Number of Cases
a. Cured*

b. Marked Improvement**

c. Moderate Improvement***

d. No Improvement

e. Worse

f. Dropouts

g. Deaths

h. Cases referred to other Hospitals

8. Any adverse drug reaction/side effect(s) observed?
If yes, what were the side effects/drug reactions
observed?

Yes/ No

Name (s) of side effects/
drug reactions
No. of cases

9. Approximate Expenditure incurred on medicine
per patient

10. Any constraints / difficulties faced, including man power and financial, during the study
11. Salient achievements of the study

12. If you would have opportunity to work in this direction in future, how would like to proceed:

*Cured-Complete remission of signs and symptoms and normalization of Laboratory findings.
** Marked Improvement- Complete remission of signs and symptoms.
*** Moderate Improvement Partial remission of sign and symptoms.

UNDERTAKING
1) I/ We do hereby affirm that the above information is based on facts and is based on the work
of the undersigned.
2) I/ We would have no objection if this information is documented in public interest.

Place:
Date:
Name of the Individual/Organization
Seal
81

ANNEXURE- 5

PRECLINICAL EVALUATION (PHARMACOLOGY) OF LINGA CHENDURAM
AND NILAVEMBU KUDINEER

1. Linga Chenduram was studied in acute and sub-acute toxicity models. The drug
did not show any toxixity within 7 days after single exposure, but showed sub
acute toxic affects in the doses of 200 and 500 mg/ kg body weight with
presence of mercury in vital tissue and histopathological studies.
2. Linga chenduram was evaluated for its probable antipyretic, hypothermic, anti
inflammatory and analgesic effect in various experimental models using albino
rats and mice. The drug showed significant antipyretic activity comparable to
that of Acetyl Salicylic Acid and Paracetamol. The drug also showed significant
analgesic activity in mice by hot plate method.
3. Nilavembu kudineer, a mixture of nine herbal materials in equal parts have long
since been used as febrifuge in Siddha medicine. The drug was screened for
antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in different experimental
models. The drug showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in the doses of 20
and 30 ml /Kg, orally. The drug also showed the analgesic activity for 50 and 30
ml / kg, which showed 53.36% and 37.31% effect respectively.

82

ANNEXURE-6
Standard Operating Procedures for Commonly
Used Ayurveda and Siddha Formulations In
Chikungunya

( A).AYURVEDIC FORMULATIONS
I. Category : ASAVA & ARISHTA
(1). AMRITARISHTA
Reference : Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Jvaradhikara ; 690-692

Definition : Amritarishta is a fermented liquid preparation with self generated
alcohol prepared by using following ingredients.
Ingredients :
S.No. Sanskrit Name Botanical Name Part Quantity
1. Amrita(Guduci) Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miers Stem 4.800Kg
2. Bilva Aegle marmelos Corr. Root/stem bark 480 g
3. Syonaka Oroxylum indicum Vent. Root/stem bark 480 g
4. Gambhari Gmelina arborea Linn. Root/stem bark 480 g
5. Patala Stereospermum suaveolens DC. Root/stem bark 480 g
6. Agnimantha Premna integrifolia Linn. Root/stem bark 480 g
7. Salaparni Desmodium gangeticum DC Plant 480 g
8. Prisniparni Uraria picta Desv. Plant 480 g
9. Brihati Solanum indicum Linn. Plant 480 g
10. Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum Schard &
Wendle.
Plant 480 g
11. Goksura Tribulus terrestris Linn. Plant 480 g
12. Water for decoction
reduced to
49.152Lit.
12.288 Lit.

13. Guda 14.400Kg
Praksepa dravyas
14. Ajaji (sveta
jiraka)
Cuminum cyminum Linn. Fruit 768 g
15. Raktapuspaka
(Parpata)
Fumaria parviflora Linn. Plant 96g
16. Saptacchada
(Saptaparna)
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Stem bark 48g
83

17. Sunthi Zingiber officinale Rosc. Rhizome 48g
18. Marica Piper nigrum Linn. Fruit 48g
19. Pippali Piper longum Linn. Fruit 48g
20. Nagakesara Mesua ferrea Linn. Stamen 48g
21. Abda (Musta) Cyperus rotundus Linn. Rhizome 48g
22. Katvi (Katuka) Picrorrhiza kurroa
Royle ex. Benth.
Rhizome 48g
23. Prativisa
(Ativisa)
Aconitum heterophyllum
Wall ex. Royle
Root 48g
24. Vatsabija
(Indrayava)
Holorrhena antidysentrica Wall. Seed 48g

Method of Preparation:
1. Take the raw materials of Pharmacopoeial quality.
2. Coarsely powder the ingredients 1-11, add water and soak for over night.
3. Boil the mixture till it is reduced to one fourth. Filter through an unbleached muslin
cloth.
4. Crush jaggery and add to above decoction, stir it well till the jaggery dissolves
completely.
5. Powder the ingredients 14-24 individually and pass through BSS Sieve No.60 and add
to above kashaya.
6. Transfer the above preparation to the old earthen pot which is previously, ghee
smeared and fumigated with Pippali churna.
7. Seal the lid with 7 layers of clay smeared cloth and keep the pot in a heap of grains
for 4-7 weeks without disturbing.
8. After 30 days, check whether fermentation process is completed by lighting a match
stick near the lid, if it does not extinguish fermentation is completed.
9. Filter the solution through unbleached muslin cloth 2-3 times.
10. Store in air tight, amber coloured, glass container.
Dosage : 12-24 ml
Anupana : Water
Important Therapeutic Use: All types of Jvara
Commonly, majority of formulations are advised to take after food.
84

II. Category : KVATHA CURNA

(1). AMRTOTTARA KVATHA CURNA (Synonym: Nagaradi Kvatha Curna)

Reference : Sahasrayoga, Kasayaprakarana ; 30

Definition : Amrotottara Kvatha Curna is a coarse powder prepared by using
following ingredients.
Ingredients :
S.NO. Sanskrit Name Botanical Name Part used Quantity
1. Nagara (Sunthi) Zingiber officinale Rosc. Rhizome 2 parts
2. Amrita (Guduci) Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Stem 6 parts
3. Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz. Pericarp 4 parts

2. Coarsely powder the ingredients individually and pass through sieve No.10.
3. Mix all the ingredients in the proportion mentioned above to get homogeneous
mixture.
4. Store in air tight container.
Dosage : 48 g (in decoction form*)

Important therapeutic use : Jirna jvara, sannipatra jvara

* Decoction is to be made from Kvathacurnas and then be consumed.

(2). CHINNODBHAVADI KVATHA CURNA

Reference : Sahasrayoga, Kashaya Prakarana; 38

Definition : Chinnodbhava Kvatha Curna is a coarse powder prepared by using
Ingredients :

S.No. Sanskrit Name Botanical Name Part
used
Quantity
1. Chinnodbhava
(Guduci)
TInospora cordifoilia (Willd.) Miers Stem 1 Part
2. Vrisa (Vasa) Adhatoda vasica Nees. Root 1 Part
85

3. Kiratika(Kiratatikta) Swertia chirayata (Roxb. ex. Flem.)Karst Plant 1 Part
4. Parpata Fumaria parviflora Linn. Plant 1 Part
5. Sunthi Zingiber officinale Rosc. Rhizome 2 Parts
6. Valahaka (Musta) Cyperus rotundus Linn. Rhizome 3 Parts
7. Yavasaka Alhagi pseudalhagi (Beib)Desv Plant 3 Parts

1. Take the raw materials of pharmacopoeial quality.
2. Coarsely powder the ingredients individually and pass through sieve No.10.
mixture.
Therapeutic Uses : Sannipata Jvara

(3) RASNADI KVATHA CURNA

Reference : Sahasra Yoga, Kashaya Prakaran:396

Definition : Rasnadi Kvatha Curna is a coarse powder prepared by using following
ingredients.
Ingredients
S.No. Sanskrit Name Botanical Name Part used Quantity
1. Rasna Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiern. Plant 1 Part
2. Tamalaki Phyllanthus niruri Linn. Plant 1 Part
3. Vrisa Adhatoda vasica Nees. Root 1 Part
4. Agaru Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Heart wood 1 Part
5. Sathi Hedychium spicatum Ham ex. Smith Rhizome 1 Part
6. Citra Ricinus communis Linn. Root 1 Part
7. Abda Cyperus rotundus Linn. Rhizome 1 Part
8. Cavya Piper chaba Hunter Root 1 Part
9. Asmabhit Berginea ligulata (Wall.)Engl. Rhizome 1 Part
10. Dhatri Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Pericarp 1 Part
11. Bharangi Clerodendron serratum (Linn.)Moon Root 1 Part
12. Patola Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Plant 1 Part
13. Pushkara Inula racemosa Hook.f. Root 1 Part
14. Nisa Curcuma longa Linn. Rhizome 1 Part
15. Sairiya Barleria prionitis Linn. Plant 1 Part
16. Visva Zingiber officinale Rosc. Rhizome 1 Part
86

17. Agni Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Root 1 Part
18. Bilva Aegle marmelos Corr. Stem bark 1 Part
19. Syonaka Oroxylum indicum Vent. Stem bark 1 Part
20. Gambhari Gmelina arborea Linn. Stem bark 1 Part
21. Patala Sterospermum suaveolens DC. Stem bark 1 Part
22. Agnimantha Premna integrifolia Linn. Stem bark 1 Part
23. Salaparni Desmodium gangeticum DC. Plant 1 Part
24. Prisniparni Uraria picta Desv. Plant 1 Part
25. Brihati Solanum indicum Linn. Plant 1 Part
26. Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum Schard.&
Wall.
Plant 1 Part
27. Gokshura Tribulus terrestris Linn. Plant 1 Part
28. Daru Cedrus deodara (Roxb.)Loud Heartwood 1 Part

2. Coarsely powder the ingredients individually and pass through Sieve No.10.
mixture.

Prakshepa Dravya : Saindhava lavana, Khanda, Pippali
Important therapeutic Uses : Amavata, Vata roga etc.,

(4). MAHA RASNADI KVATHA CURNA

Reference : Sarangdhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Adhaya 2: 89-91

Definition : Maha Rasnadi Kvatha Curna is a coarse powder prepared by using

1. Rasna Pluchea lanceolate Oliver &Hiern. Plant 1 Part
2. Dhanvayasa Fagonia criteca Linn. Plant 1 Part
3. Bala Sida cordifolia Linn. Plant 1 Part
4. Eranda mula Ricinus communis Linn. Plant 1 Part
5. Devadaru Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud Heart wood 1 Part
87

6. Sathi Hedychium spicatum Ham ex. Smith Rhizome 1 Part
7. Vaca Acorus calamus Linn. Rhizome 1 Part
8. Vasaka Adhatoda vasica Nees. Leaf 1 Part
9. Nagara Zingiber officinale Rosc. Rhizome 1 Part
10. Pathya Terminalia chebula Retz. Pericarp 1 Part
11. Cavya Piper chaba Hunter Stem 1 Part
12. Musta Cyperus rotundus Linn Rhizome 1 Part
13. Punarnava Boerrhavia diffusa Linn Root 1 Part
14. Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miers Stem 1 Part
15. Vriddhadaru Ipomea petaloidae Choisky Root 1 Part
16. Satapushpa Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fruit 1 Part
17. Gokshura Tribulus terrestris Linn. Fruit 1 Part
18. Asvagandha Withania somnifera Dunal. Root 1 Part
19. Prativisa (Ativisa) Aconitum heterophyllum
Wall. ex. Benth
Root 1 Part
20. Kritamala Cassia fistula Linn. Root 1 Part
21. Satavari Asparagus racemosus Linn. Root 1 Part
22. Krisna Piper longum Linn. Fruit 1 Part
23. Sahachara Barleria prionotis Linn. Plant 1 Part
24. Dhanyaka Corinadrum sativum Linn. Plant 1 Part
25. Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum
Schard & Wall.
Plant 1 Part
26. Brihati Solanum indicum Linn. Plant 1 Part

2. Coarsely powder the ingredients individually and pass through Sieve No.10.
mixture.

Prakshepa Dravya : Sunthi Curna, Pippali Curna, Ajamodadi Curna
Important therapeutic Uses : Vata roga, Amavata etc.,

88

III. Category : GUGGULU
(1). Yogaraj Guggullu
Reference : Bhaishajyaratnavali, Amavatadhikara; 90-93
Definition : Yogaraj guggullu is a tablet, prepared by using following ingredients.
Ingridients:
1. Citraka Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Root 1 part
2. Pippalimula Piper longum Linn. Root 1 part
3. Yavani (Yavani) Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.)
Sparague
seed 1 part
4. Karavi (Krisna jiraka) Carum carvi Linn. Fruit 1 part
5. Vidanga Embelia ribes Burn.f. Fruit 1 part
6. Ajamoda Apium graveolens Linn. Fruit 1 part
7. Jiraka Cuminum cyminum Linn. Fruit 1 part
8. Suradaru (devadaru) Cedrus deodara (Roxb.)Loud Heart
wood
1 part
9. Cavya Piper chaba Hunter. Stem 1 part
10. Ela Elettaria cardamomum
Maton
Seed 1 part
11. Saindhava lavana Rock salt - 1 part
12. Kustha Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke Root 1 part
13. Rasna Pluchea lanceolata
Oliver & Hiern.
Root/leaf 1 part
14. Goksura Tribulus terrestris Linn. Fruit 1 part
15. Dhanyaka Coriandrum sativum Linn. Fruit 1 part
16. Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz. Pericarp 1 part
17. Bibhitaki Terminalia belerica Roxb. Pericarp 1 part
18. Amalaki Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Pericarp 1 part
19. Mustaka (musta) Cyperus rotundus Linn. Rhizome 1 part
20. Sunthi Zingiber officinale Rosc. Rhizome 1 part
21. Marica Piper nigrum Linn. Fruit 1 part
22. Pippali Piper longum Linn. Fruit 1 part
23. Tvak Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Blume
Stem bark 1 part
24. Usira Vetiveria zizanoides (Linn.)
Nash
Root 1 part
25. Yavagraja (yava) ksara Hordium vulgare Linn. Plant 1 part
26. Talisa patra Abies webbiana Lildl. Leaf 1 part
27. Patra Cinnamomum tamala Nees &
Eberm.
Leaf 1 part
28. Guggulu - sodhita Commiphora wightii. Exudate 1 part
89

(Arn.) Bhandari
29. Sarpi (Goghrita) Clarified Butter 1 part

2. Purify Guggulu (as per method mentioned in Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I, 2
nd

Edition).
3. Powder the ingredients 1 to 27, except 11 and 25 and pass through the Sieve No.85
4. Roast Saindhava Lavana on moderate flame till the moisture is removed and pass
through Sieve No.85.
5. Prepare Yavakshara (as mentioned in Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I, 2
nd

Edition) and pass through Sieve No.85.
6. Add all the fine powders mentioned in above proportin to purified Guggullu and
pound it well with adding small quantities of Ghrita in Stone mortar till if forms a
soft mass.
7. Make the pills and dry at 40C in oven.
8. Store in air tight glass container.
Dosage : 3 g
Anupana : Rasnasaptaka kvatha, Lasuna svarasa, honey.
Important therapeutic uses : Udararoga, amavata, adhyavata, krimi, dusta vrana,
plihavriddhi, gulma, anaha, arsa, agnimandhya, daurbalya,
sandhigata, vata, majjagata vata.
90

IV. Category : CURNA

1). SUDARSANA CURNA

Reference : Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Jvaradhikara; 308-312

Definition : Sudarshana Curna is a powder prepared from following ingridients.

Ingredients

S. No. Sanskrit Name Botanical Name Part Quantity
1. Kaliyaka (Pita candana) Coscinium fenestratum Colebr. Heart
wood
1 Part
2. Rajani (Haridra) Curcuma longa Linn. rhizome 1 Part
3. Devadaru Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud Heartwood 1 Part
4. Vaca Acorus calamus Linn. rhizome 1 Part
5. Ghana Cyperus rotundus Linn. Tu.Root 1 Part
6. Abhaya (Haritaki) Terminalia chebula Retz. Pericarp 1 Part
7. Danvayasa Fagonia cretica Linn. Plant 1 Part
8. Sringi (Karkatasringi) Pistacia intergerrima Stew ex
Brandis
Gall 1 Part
9. Ksudra (Kantakari) Solanum xanthocarpam Schard
& Wall
Plant 1 Part
10. Mahausadha (Sunthi) Zingiber officinale Rosc. Rhizome 1 Part
11. Trayanti (Trayamana) Gentiana kurroo Royle. Plant 1 Part
12. Parpata Fumaria parviflora Linn. Plant 1 Part
13. Nimba Azardirachta indica A. Juss. Stem bark 1 Part
14. Grandhika (Pippalimula) Piper longum Linn. Root 1 Part
15. Balaka (hrivera) Coleus vettiveroides K.C.Jacob Root 1 Part
16. Sathi Hedychcum spicatum
Ham ex. Smith
Rhizome 1 Part
17. Pauskara (Puskara) Inula racemosa Hook.f Root 1 Part
18. Magadhi (Pippali) Piper longum Linn. Fruit 1 Part
19. Murva Marsedenia tenacisisma
Wight&Arn.
Root 1 Part
20. Kutaja Holorrhena antidysentrica
Wall.
Stem bark 1 Part
21. Madhuyasti (Yasti) Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Root 1 Part
22. Sigrudbhava (Sigru) Moringa pterygosperma
Gaertn.
Seed 1 Part
23. Indrayava (Kutaja) Holorrhena antidysentrica
Wall.
Seed 1 Part
24. Vari (Satavari) Hemedesmus indicus R.Br. Root 1 Part
91

25. Darvi (Daru haridra) Berberis aristata DC. Stem 1 Part
26. Kucandana (Rakta
candana)
Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. Heart
wood
1 Part
27. Padmaka Prunus serasaoides D.Don Heart
wood
1 Part
28. Sarala Pinus longifolia Linn. Heartwood 1 Part
29. Usira Vettiveria zizanoides Nash. root 1 Part
30. Tvak Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Blume.
Stem Bark 1 Part
31. Saurastri Alum 1 Part
32. Sthira (Salaparni) Desmodium gangiticum DC Plant 1 Part
33. Yamani (Yavani) Trachyspermum ammi
Sprauge.
Fruit 1 Part
34. Ativisha Aconitum heterophyllum Rt. Tuber 1 Part
35. Bilva Agele marmelos Corr. Rt/Stem
bark
1 Part
36. Marica Piper nigrum Linn. Fruit 1 Part
37. Gandhapatra (Prasarani) Paederia foetida Linn. Leaf 1 Part
38. Dhatri (Amalaki) Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Pericarp 1 Part
39. Guduci Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.)Miers
Stem 1 Part
40. Katuka Picrrorhiza kurroa Royle.ex
Brandis
Rhizome 1 Part
41. Citraka Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Root 1 Part
42. Patola Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Plant 1 Part
43. Kalasi (Prisniparni) Uraria picta Desv. Plant 1 Part
44. Kairata (Kiratatikta) Swertia chirayata
(Roxb.ex.Flem). Karst
Plant 1 Part

2. Powder the ingredients individually and pass through Sieve No.85.
mixture.
Dose : 2-4 g
Anupana : Warm water
Indication : Jvara, Vishama Jvara, Jirna jvara
92

(2) NIMBADI CURNA

Reference : Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Vatarakthadhikara; 31-33
Definition : Nimbadi Curna is a powder prepared from following ingredients.
1. Nimba Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Stem bark 48g
2. Amrita Tinospora cordifolia
Willd.Miers
Stem 48g
3. Abhaya Terminalia chebula Retz. Pricap 48g
4. Dhatri Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Pericap 48g
5. Somaraji Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Seed 48g
6. Sunthi Zingier officnale Rosc. Rhizome 12 g
7. Vidanga Embelia ribes Burn.f Fruit 12 g
8. Edagaja Cassia tora Linn. Seed 12 g
9. Kana Piper longum Linn. Fruit 12 g
10. Yavani Tracyspermum ammi
Sprauge.
Fruit 12 g
11. Ugragandha Acorus calamus Linn. Rhizome 12 g
12. Jeeraka Cuminum cyminum Linn,. Fruit 12 g
13. Katuka Picrorrhiza kurroa oyle.ex
Benth
Rhizome 12 g
14. Khadira Acacia catechu Linn. Heartwood 12 g
15. Saindhava Rock salt - 12 g
16. Yavakshara Hordeum vulgare Linn. - 12 g
17. Haridra Curcuma longa Linn. Rhizome 12 g
18. Daru haridra Berberis aristata DC. Stem 12 g
19. Musta Cyperus rotundus Linn, Rhizome 12 g
20. Devadaru Cedrus deodara Roxb Heartwood 12 g
21. Kushta Saussurea lappa C.B.Clarke Root 12 g
Method of Preparation
2. Powder the ingredients individually except 15 and 16 and pass through Sieve No.85.
3. Roast Saindhava lavana till moisture is removed and pass through sieve No.85
mixture.
Dose : 1-3 mg
Anupana : Guduchi Kvatha, Warm water
Indication : Udara, amavata, vatarakta, kushta, pama, carma dala etc.,
93

V. Category : VATI
[1]. Sanjivani Vati

Reference : Sarangdhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda Adhyaya 7;18-19

Definition : Sanjivani vati is a tablet prepared from the following ingredients.
Ingredients
1. Vidanga Embelia ribes Burn. f Fruit 1 Part
2. Nagara Zingiber officinale Rosc. Rhizome 1 Part
3. Krishna Piper longum Linn. Fruit 1 Part
4. Pathya Terminalia chebula Retz. Pericarp 1 Part
5. Amalaki Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Pericarp 1 Part
6. Bibhitaki Terminalia belerica Roxb. Pericarp 1 Part
7. Vaca Acorus calamus Linn. Rhizome 1 Part
8. Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.)Miers
Stem 1 Part
9. Bhalllatak Suddha Semecarpus anacardium
Linn.
Fruit 1 Part
10. Visa (Vatsanabha )Suddha Aconitum ferox Root tuber 1 Part
11. Gomutra Cows urine - Q.S.

2. Purify Bhallataka and Vatsanabhi.(Method mentioned in Ayurvedic Formulary, Part-I,
-2
nd
Edition.)
3. Powder all the ingredients individually and pass through BSS Sieve No.85
4. Mix all the powders in the proportion mentioned above.
5. Triturate above mixture with Cows urine till the mixture attains the pill consistency.
6. Dry at 40 C in oven.

Dosage : 125 mg

Anupana : Ardraka swarasa, warm water

Indication : Ajirna, visuchi, gulma

94

(B) SIDDHA FORMUALTIONS
(1). PIRAMMNANTA PAIRAVAM
Reference: Citta vaittiyat tirattu, pp. 35,
The Siddha Formulary of India, pp. 93
Ingredients:
1. Venkram (Borax) Sodium- biborate 1 part
2. Kantakam Sulphur 1 part
3. Manclai (Red orpiment) Arsenic disulphide 1 part
4. Aritram (Yellow orpiment) Arsenic trisulphide 1 part
5. Npi (Root) Aconitum ferox 1 part
6. Cukku (Dried rhizome) Zingiber officinale 1 part
7. Ilin kam (Cinnabar) Red sulphide of Mercury 1 part
8. Incic cru (Rhizome juice) Zingiber officinale Q. S.

Purification of drugs:
Venkram
Fry it till water of crystallization gets evaporated and use.
Kantakam
Melt kantakam in a spoon with butter. Pour into Cows milk. Repeat for a total of 30 times.
Wash in water and dry.
Manclai
Grind it in ginger juice, lime juice and in cows butter milk separately for 3 hours each. Dry it
in sun and use.
Aritram
Keep it inside the lime stone. Pour donkeys urine over the lime stone. After sometime take
out Aritram, wash and use.
Npi
Cut it into small pieces. Soak it in cows urine for three days. Wash it in water and use.
Note: Daily change the Cows urine.
Ilin kam
Soak it in lime juice for 24 hours. Wash it with water and use.
95

Purify drugs 1 to 7 and grind finely with item 8 for 24 hours and make 100 mg. pills and dry
in shade.
Dose and Anupana: 1 to 2 Pills twice daily with honey or water
(2). TIRIKATUKUC CRANAM
Reference: Akattiyar paripranam- 400, Stanza No. 300
The Siddha Formulary of India, pp 156
Ingredients:
2. Mil aku (Fruit) Piper nigrum 1 part
3. Tippili (Fruit) Piper longum 1 part

Powder each items separately, sieve and then mix them.
Dose and Anupana: 1 g twice daily with honey or water
(3). NILAVMPUK KUT INR
Reference: Citta vaittiyat tirattu, pp. 291
Ingredients:
1. Nilavmpuc camlam(W.plant) Andrographis paniculata 1 part
2. Vet tivr (Root) Vettiveria zizanioides 1 part
3. Vilmiccam vr (Root) Cymbopogon jwarancusa 1 part
4. Cantanat tl (Wood powder) Santalum album 1 part
5. Pypput al camlam (W.plant) Trichosanthes cucumerina 1 part
6. Kraik kil anku (Rhizome) Cyperus rotundus 1 part
8. Mil aku (Fruit) Piper nigrum 1 part
9. Par ptakam (W.plant) Mollugo cerviana 1 part
Gently pound the drugs and mix. (Boil 25 gm. of powder with 500 ml. of water till the
decoction is concentrated to 125 ml.)
Dose : 15 to 30 ml twice daily
96

(4). PINTA TAILAM
Reference: Gun aptam, Part II, pp 433
Ingredients:
1. Manjitti (Root) Rubia cordifolia 50 gm.
2. Nannri (Root) Hemidesmus indicus 50 gm.
3. Ven kun kiliyam (Resin) Shorea robusta 25 gm.
4. Tn meluku Bees wax 25 gm
5. Nallenney (Sesame oil) Sesamum indicum 600 ml.
6. Nr Water 2.4 lit.
7. Kti nr Vinegar Q. S.

Powder items 1 and 2 and sieve. Separate the fine and coarse powder. Make a paste with
the fine powder using vinegar. Make a decoction with the coarse powder. Mix the paste and
decoction, add sesame oil and prepare tailam. Put powder of item 3 and small pieces of
item 4 in the filter, pour tailam gently until the drugs are dissolved completely.
Dose: External Application
(5). KARKPRTHY TAILAM
Ingredients:
1. mam (Seed) Trachyspermum ammi 16 parts
2. Karpram (Camphor) Cinnamomum camphora 1 part
3. Tnki ennai (Coconut oil) Cocos nucifera 4 parts

Purification of drug:
Karpram
Remove foreign bodies like dust etc. Keep it soaked in Cen kal unr flower juice for 24
minutes. Dry it sunlight and use.
Boil items 1 and 3 and prepare tailam up to hard stage and filter. Mix Kar pram with the
tailam, when it is still hot. Store in tightly stoppered bottles.
Dose: External Application
97

(6). ILIN KAC CENTRAM (No. 1)
Reference: Gunaptam, part II and III, pp 159
Ingredients:
1. Ilin kam (Cinnabar) Red sulphide of Mercury 35 gm
2. rrut tummattic camlac cru Citrullus colocynthis 1. 4 lits.
(W. plant juice)
Purification of the drug:
Ilin kam
Heat item 1 in an earthen pan. Add item 2 in small quantities and continue heating till item
2 is totally used up. Wash and finely powder.
Dose and Anupana: 100 m g twice daily with honey or water
(7). KAURI CINTMAN IC CENTRAM
Reference: Akattiyar vaittiya kviyam- 1500, Stanza No. 741- 752
Ingredients:
1. Iracam (Mercury) Hydrargyrum 35 gm.
2. Kantakam Sulphur 35 gm.
3. Porikram (Borax) Sodium biborate 35 gm.

Purification of the drugs:
Iracam
Grind it well with brick powder and turmeric powder separately for 24 hours each. Wash it
in water and use.
Kantakam
Melt Kantakam in a spoon with butter. Pour into Cows milk. Repeat for a total of 30 times.
Porikram
Fry it till the water of crystallization gets evaporated and use.
98

Grind items 1 and 2 and then grind with item 3 to a fine powder. Pack them in pieces of
thick cloth into spherical bundles of the size of an areca nut. Place them on the ground in a
line, cover them with sand, arrange 10 Cow dung cakes on them and ignite. When burnt and
cooled, recover the contents of the packets and grind to a powder. The product will be of a
black shade similar to that of a plmpal am.
Dose and Anupana: 100 mg twice daily with honey or water
(8). AMUKKARC CRANAM
Reference : Akattiyar vaittiya irattinac curukkam, Stanza No. 129- 130
Ingredients:
1. Kirmpu (Flower bud) Syzygium aromaticum 1 part
2. Cirunkkapp (Flower bud) Cinnamomum wightii 2 parts
3. lam (Fruit) Elettaria cardamomum 4 parts
4. Mil aku (Fruit) Piper nigrum 8 parts
5. Tippili (Fruit) Piper longum 16 parts
6. Cukku (Dried rhizome) Zingiber officinale 32 parts
7. Amukkar (Root) Withania somnifera 64 parts
8. Carkkarai Sugar 128 parts

Clean items 1 to 7 and powder each of them and mix. Add sugar (item 8) and mix well.
Dose and Anupana: 1 g thrice daily with honey or water

(9). RUMUKA CENTRAM
Reference: Citta vaittiyat tirat tu, pp 138
Ingredients:
1. Vlai iracam Mercury obtained from Cinnabar 5 parts
2. Kntam (Magnet) Magnetic oxide of iron 7 parts
3. Kantakam Sulphur 9 parts
4. Venkram (Borax) Sodium biborate 8 parts
99

5. Intuppu (Rock salt) Sodium chloride impura 4 parts
6. Ayappoti (Powder of iron) Iron filings 12 parts
7. Katrazhai charu Aloe vera Q.s.

Purification of the drugs:
Kantam
Heat it till it becomes red hot. Then dip it in horse gram decoction. Repeat the process for
21 times.
Kantakam
Venkram
Powder and keep each of the items listed from 2 to 6 separately. Grind item 1 with the
powder of item 3 and then add the other powders and grind with the addition of item 7 for
5 days. Finally make cakes and dry. Place them in a wide earthen trough, cover with another
identical trough and seal seven times with clay smeared cloth ribbon. Heat on an oven for
24 hours, allow to cool and take the centram which will be like mtul am p in color.
Powder it and store.
Dose and Anupana: 100 mg thrice daily with honey or water
(10). PAVALA PARPAM (NARPAVALA PARPAM)
Reference: Akattiyar vaittiya pranam- 205, Stanza No. 62- 65
Ingredients:
1. Narpavalam Coral Q.s.
2. Kttu Muyal Irattam Blood of the jungle rabbit Q.s.

Narpavalam
Soak it in lime juice for a day. Wash and use.

Put item 1 in a flask or crucible, add item 2, seal and calcine. Take the product and keep
exposed to the atmosphere for two days, so that it readily crumbles. Powder and store.
Dose and Anupana: 50m g thrice daily with honey or water
100

(11).NKA PARPAM
Reference: Citta vaittiya tiratt u, pp 122
Ingredients:
1. Nkam (Tutta nkam) Zinc Q.s.
2. Kariclaic camlac cru Eclipta prostrata Q.s.

Nkam
Melt the metal and pour cautiously into Iluppai ney (Mahua oil) mixed with some sal
ammoniac. Recover metal and repeat the process 20 more times.
Put item 1 in a heavy earthen pan and heat. When it is molten add item 2 little by
little for 12 hours so that a calx results.
Dose and Anupana: 100 -200 mg twice daily with honey or water
(12).VACANTA KUCUMKARAM
Reference: Citta vaittiya tirat t u, pp 42
Ingredients:
1. Ilinkam (Cinnabar) Red sulphide of Mercury 8.75 gm.
2. Venkram (Borax) Sodium biborate 8.75 gm.
3. Ilavankam (Flower bud) Syzygium aromaticum 8.75 gm.
4. Tippili (Fruit) Piper longum 8.75 gm.
5. Kot tam (Tuber) Saussurea costus 8.75 gm.
6. Akkarkram (Root) Anacyclus pyrethrum 8.75 gm.
7. Atimaturam (Root) Glycyrrhiza glabra 8.75 gm.
8. Krcanai (Gall stone of the ox) Bos taurus 4. 2 gm.
9. Paccaik karpram Borneo camphor 4. 2 gm.
10. Kunkumapp (Saffron) Crocus sativus 4. 2 gm.
11. Incic cru (Rhizome juice) Zingiber officinale Q.s.
12. Typ pl Mothers milk Q.s.
101

Ilinkam
Venkram
Paccaik karpram
Remove foreign bodies like dust etc. Keep it soaked in Cenkalunr flower juice for 24
minutes. Dry it sunlight and use.
Grind drugs 1 to 10 with the addition of item 11 for 2 days and item 12 for another 2
days. Make 100 mg. pills and dry in shade.
Dose and Anupana: 1 g twice daily with honey or water
(13).TLICTIC CRANAM
Reference: Citta vaittiyat tirattu, pp 228- 229
Ingredients:
1. Tlicap pattiri (Leaves) Taxus baccata 1 part
2. Ilavancap pattai (Bark) Cinnamomum veru 1 part
3. lam (Fruit) Ellettaria cardamomum 1 part
5. Atimaturam (Root) Glycyrrhiza glabra 1 part
6. Perunkyam (Oleo-gum- resin) Ferula foetida 1 part
7. Nellimulli (Dried fruit) Phyllanthus emblica 1 part
8. Kottam (Root) Saussurea costus 1 part
9. Tippili (Fruit) Piper longum 1 part
10. Karuncrakam (Seed) Nigella sativa 1 part
11. Catakuppai (Fruit) Anethum sowa 1 part
12. mam (Fruit) Trachyspermum ammi 1 part
13. Narcrakam (Fruit) Cuminum cyminum 1 part
14. Tippilik kattai (Stem) Piper longum 1 part
15. Kirampu (Flower bud) Syzygium aromaticum 1 part
16. Ctipattiri (Aril) Myristica fragrans 1 part
17. Karkatakacinki (Gall) Rhus succedanea 1 part
18. Ctikky (Kernel) Myristica fragrans 1 part
102

19. Tnrikkyt tl (Fruit rind) Terminalia belerica 1 part
20. Katukkyt tl (Fruit rind) Terminalia chebula 1 part
21. Catmncil (Root) Nardostachys grandiflora 1 part
22. Milaku (Fruit) Piper nigrum 1 part
23. Cirunkapp (Flower bud) Cinnamomum wightii 1 part
24. Canpaka mokku (Flower bud) Michelia champaka 1 part
25. Vyvitankam vittu (Seed) Embelia ribes 1 part
26. Ilavanka pattiri (Leaf) Cinnamomum tamala 1 part
27. Kottumalli vittu (Seed) Coriandrum sativum 6 parts
28. Carkkarai Sugar 12 parts

Clean, dry in sun, gently fry and finely powder items 1 to 27, sieve the
powder and mix with item 28.
Dose and Anupana: 1-2 tab twice daily with honey or water

(14).VISHNU CAKKARAM
Reference: Vaittiya cillaraik krvai, pp 249)
Ingredients:
1. Iracam (Mercury) Hydrargyrum 1 part
2. Ilinkam (Cinnabar) Red sulphide of Mercury 1 part
3. Kantakam Sulphur 1 part
4. Npi (Root) Aconitum ferox 1 part
5. Palakaraip parpam Calx of Cowrie shell 1 part
6. Pl tuttam (White vitreol) Zinc sulphate 1 part
7. Tlakam (Yellow orpiment) Arsenic trisulphide 1 part
8. Kntam (Magnet) Magnetic oxide of iron 1 part
9. Manclai (Red orpiment) Arsenic disulphide 1 part
10. Vppam palac cru (Fruit juice) Azadirachta indica Q.s.
Iracam
in water and use.
103

Ilinkam
Kantakam
Npi
Cut it into small pieces. Soak it in cows urine for three days. Wash it in water and use.
Note: Daily change the Cows urine.
Tlakam
Keep it inside the lime stone. Pour donkeys urine over the lime stone. After sometime take
out Tlakam, wash and use.
Kntam
Heat it till it becomes red hot. Then dip it in horse gram decoction. Repeat the process for
21 times.
Manclai
Grind it in ginger juice, lime juice and in cows butter milk separately for 3 hours each. Dry it
in sun and use.
Grind drugs 1 to 9 with the addition of item 10 till a fine pill rolling consistency is reached.
Make 130 mg. pills and dry in shade.
Dose and Anupana: 1-2 tab twice daily with honey or water
(15).CANTAMRUTAC CENTRAM
Reference: Citta vaittiyat tirat tu, pp 151
Ingredients:
1. Ilinkam (Cinnabar) Red sulphide of Mercury (Natural) 2 parts
2. Pram (Calomel) Hydrargyrum subchloride 1 part
3. Vram (Corrosive sublimate) Mercuric chloride par
4. Kantakam Sulphur part
104

5. Iracac centram Red sulphide of Mercury (Artificial) part
6. Typ pl Mothers milk Q.s
Ilinkam
Pram
Suspend calomel on a mixture (10 gm. each of black betel leaf and black pepper made into a
paste and dissolved in 2 lits. of water) and boil till the liquid is reduced to and then wash
and dry.
Vram
Steam the drug with the tender coconut water and camphor mixture for half an hour. Dry in
sun.
Kantakam
Iracac centram
Soak it in lemon juice for a day. Wash and dry.
Powder item 4 and then item 3, mix and grind with item 2, then incorporate item 5 and
lastly item 1. Grind with the addition of item 6, dry and powder.
Dose and Anupana: 100mg twice daily with honey or water
(16). AYAVRAC CENTRAM
Reference: Gun aptam, part II and III, pp 58
Ingredients:
1. Ayappodi (Iron powder) Iron filings 35 gm.
2. Iracam (Mercury) Hydrargyrum 35 gm.
3. Vram Mercuric chloride 17.5 gm.
4. Navccram (Salt ammonia) Ammonium chloride 17.5 gm.

105

Iracam
in water and use.
Vram
Steam the drug with the tender coconut water and camphor mixture for half an hour. Dry in
sun.
Navccram
Grind it in Goats urine. Dry it and use.
Grind items 1 and 2. Then add to it items 3 and 4 and grind for 3 days when a red product
results. Put this into a new earthen pan and fry till the material attains to color of
murukkamp. Immediately remove from the oven and take the medicine.
Dose and Anupana: 100mg twice daily with honey or water
(17). CANKU PARPAM
Reference: Citta vaittiyat tirattu, pp 123
Ingredients:
1. kyat tmarai ilaik karkam (Leaf paste) Pistia stratiotes Q.s
2. tu canku (Conch) Xonchus pyrum Q.s.

tu canku
Take equal parts by weight of lime stone and alkaline earth. Add 8 parts of water stir and
keep aside. Take the clear water. Put tu canku into the water, and boil. Wash and dry.
Method of preparation:
Make a paste of item 1, apply on item 2, dry in sun for a day and calcine.
Dose and Anupana: 100-200mg twice daily with honey or water
106

(18). VTA KCARIT TAILAM
Reference: Traiyar taila varkkac curukkam, pp. 48, Stanza No.9
Ingredients:
1. Caturakkallic cru (Juice) Euphorbia antiquorum 1.400 lits.
2. Nocci ilaic cru (Leaf juice) Vitex negundo 1.400 lits.
3. Talutalai ilaic cru (Leaf juice) Clerodendrum phlomidis 1.400 lits.
4. Vellttup pl (Milk of the goat) Capra aegagrus L. 1.400 lits.
5. Erukkanpl (Latex) Calotropis gigantea 1.400 lits.
6. Nallenney (Sesame oil) Sesamum indicum 1.400 lits.
7. manaku enney (Castor oil) Ricinus communis 1.400 lits.
8. Katukkyt tl (Fruit rind) Terminalia belerica 2.5 gm.
9. Kttu milaku (Fruit) Piper aurantiacum 2.5 gm.
10. Vellaippntu (Bulb) Allium sativum 2.5 gm.
11. Perunkyam (Oleo-gum-resin) Ferula foetida 2.5 gm.
12. Nellikky kantakam Allotrophic form of sulphur 2.5 gm.
13. Kttam (Root) Saussurea costus 2.5 gm.
14. Cukku (Dried rhizome) Zingiber officinale 2.5 gm.
15. Milaku (Fruit) Piper nigrum 2.5 gm.
16. Tippili (Fruit) Piper longum 2.5 gm.
17. Katuku (Seed) Brassica nigra 2.5 gm.

Nellikky kantakam
Melt kantakam in a spoon with butter. Pour into Cows milk. Repeat for a total of 30
times. Wash in water and dry.
Make a fine paste of items 8 to 17 by grinding with some amount of item 4. Mix it
with the remaining amount of item 4 and also items 1 to 3 and 5 to 7. Boil and make tailam.
Dose: For external Use

107

(19).ILAKU VITAMUT TIT TAILAM
Reference: Traiyar taila varkkac curukkam, pp. 101, Stanza No.79
Ingredients:
1. Nallenney (Sesame oil) Sesamum indicum 2.800 lits
2. Et tik kot tai (Seed) Strychnos nuxvomica 88 gm.
3. Velltt up pl (Milk of the goat) Capra aegagrus L. Q.s.
4. Vel laippntu (Bulb) Allium sativum 88 gm.
5. yil pat tait tl (Bark powder) Holoptelea integrifolia 53 gm.
Soak item 2 in item 3 for 12 hours and make shavings. Mix with the other materials
and boil till the solid constituents show a reddening. Filter and take for use.
Dose: For external Use
(19). VTA CURAK KUTINR
Reference: Citta vaittiya tiratt u, pp 290
Ingredients:
1. Perunkncori vr (Root) Laportea crenulata 35 gm.
2. Tippili mlam (Root) Piper longum 35 gm.
3. Cittira mlam (Root) Plumbago zeylanica 35 gm.
4. Cankam vr (Root) Azima tetracantha 35 gm.
5. Vellerukkuc camlam(W.plant) Calotrophis gigantea 35 gm.
6. Nilavempuc camlam(W.plant) Andrographis paniculata 35 gm.
7. Murukkan vittu (Seed) Butea monosperma 35 gm.
8. Kalarcci vr (Root) Caesalpinia bonduc 35 gm.
9. Kantankatiric camlam (W. Plant) Solanum surattense 35 gm.
10. Pramutti vr (Root) Pavonia odorata 35 gm.
11. Cittarattai (Rhizome) Alpinia officinarum 35 gm.
12. Mvilinkam vr pattai (Root bark) Crataeva magna 35 gm.
13. Prarattai (Rhizome) Alpinia galanga 35 gm.
14. Cirukncori vr (Root) Tragia involucrata 35 gm.
15. Catakuppai (Fruit) Anethum sowa 35 gm.
16. Visnukarantaic camlam (W.plant) Evolvulus alsinoides 35 gm.
17. Cirutkku (Root) Clerodendrum serratum 35 gm.
108

18. Cukku (Dried rhizome) Zingiber officinale 35 gm.
19. Tippili (Root) Piper longum 35 gm.
20. Cevviyam (Root) Piper nigrum 35 gm.
21. Kottam (Root) Saussurea costus 35 gm.
Method of preparation
Clean the drugs powder coarsely and mix. Divide the mixture into 21 equal parts. For
making decoction, add 340 ml. of water with one part (35 gm.) of the powder and boil down
to one fourth.
Dose : 15 to 30 ml twice daily

109

Annexure-7

Report and Recommendations of National workshop on the management of
Chikungunya through Ayurveda and Siddha held on 9
th
& 10
th
March 2007 at
NIMHANS, Bangalore.
OBJECTIVES
The principle objective of the workshop was to make a platform for the Ayurvedic / Siddha
physicians with Modern scientists to discuss and formulate a National strategies, protocols
and therapies for Chikungunya, which would be highly useful for the provision of Health
care facilities and Research strategies for future endeavors. Moreover, the workshop could
also provide an opportunity to the participants to exchange their academic knowledge and
clinical experiences.
A total number of 175 registered delegates, which includes 35 Resource persons, 30 P.G.
Scholars and 115 participants from Ayurveda, Siddha and Modern medical sciences were
attended the workshop. Among them 20 delegates were from Kerala, 25 delegates from
Andhra Pradesh, 20 participants from Tamilnadu and 115 delegates from Karnataka
including Regional Research Institute & Advanced Research Unit Technical staff.
EVENTS:
DAY 1
The Programme was started with invocation followed by lightening of lamp. Key note
address & welcome speech has been given by Dr. K. Gopakumar, Organizing Secretary and
Asstt. Director Incharge of R.R.I (Ay.), Bangalore. The workshop was inaugurated by Dr. D.
Nagaraja, Director & Vice Chancellor, NIMHANS, Bangalore and presided by Dr. P. S
Prabhakaran, Vice Chancellor, Rajeev Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore. In
their speech, they have expressed that, though Indian system of medicine has become very
popular in the Western world, there is an immense scope in Ayurvedic & Siddha systems
Research field. They have mentioned that, the major draw back of traditional system of
medicine is, since it is centuries old system and the classical methodologies are being
followed with no new innovations or variations are being incorporated so far. Hence, these
systems are lacking the modern medical disciplines status. Moreover, in Ayurveda and
Siddha there is no proper Standard/ uniform methodologies, Standardized treatment
procedures and drugs.
They have also expressed that, there is no proper treatment for Chikungunya in Modern
medicine and also pointed out the abuse of Antibiotics, the most serious mistake that man
can commits.
Dr. A. Narayana, Deputy Director (Tech), CCRAS, Dr. G. Veluchamy, Director, CRI (S),
Chennai have emphasized, in general, about making well coordinated technical platform for
formulating effective Ayurvedic and Siddha therapies, after thorough and systematic,
110

globally accepted protocols and evaluation schemes, so that we can formulate a National
strategy for prevention and cure of epidemic disease like Chikungunya.
Dr.D.Sudhakar, A.D (Ay.), A.R.U, Bangalore expressed vote of thanks.
TECHNICAL SESSIONS:
During Day 1, after the inaugural function, a total number of 5 sessions were conducted. In
the 1
st
session, the experts, Dr. V Ravi, Prof. & Head, Dept. of Neurovirology, NIMHANS,
Bangalore, Dr. M. B Maiya, Retd. Principal, Bangalore Medical College & Director, Maiya
Multispeciality Hospital, Bangalore, Vaidya Samba Murthy Gayatri, Chief Physician,
Ayurveda Academy, Bangalore and Dr.G. Veluchamy, Director, CRI (S), Chennai have
presented scientific papers on Chikungunya. Their papers were on the topics of Virology &
Laboratory Diagnosis, Chikungunya clinical features & Management, An insight on current
trends in the diagnosis and management of Chikungunya: An Ayurvedic view and an insight
on current trends in the diagnosis and management of Chikungunya : Siddha view
respectively.
This Session was chaired by Dr. J. R. Krishna Murthy, the eminent Siddha Physician
and Ex. S.A.C. Chairman (Siddha), CCRAS, New Delhi and Co-Chaired by Dr. Rangesh
Paramesh, Director, R& D, Himalaya Drugs, Bangalore.
Prof. Dr. V. Ravi, has given a vivid picture about the classification, structure, natural cycle
and replication of CHIK virus and its vectors, Pylogenetic & Molecular epidemiological
features of Chikungunya.
Dr. M.B Maiya, has explained epidemiology, clinical picture, differential diagnosis with
Dengue Fever, management, prevention and future strategies of Chikungunya.
Vaidya Sambha Murthy Gayatri emphasized on Ayurvedic description in understanding its
pathogenesis, treatment principles of Abhisangaja Jwara, and clinical plan of Ayurvedic
treatment. During the out break of Chikungunya, the Ayurvedic Academy conducted several
Health camps in affected rural areas of Karnataka under his able guidance and treated more
than 3, 500 (Three thousands five hundred) patients. He expressed that the line of
treatment of Abhisangaja, Agantuja Jwara has been given significant curative results. The
following drugs were used effectively in the management of Chikungunya.
* Amrutha sanjeevani syrup
* Guduchi ghritha
* Shadanga paneeya
* Musta parpataka Kashaya
* Sanjeevani vati in guduchi kashaya.

Dr. G. Veluchamy in his deliberation, he gave a vivid picture about the classification of
disease as per Siddha system of medicine based on symptoms, vitiation of humors, and line
of treatment. The Siddha drugs Viz. Thrithosa mathirai, Bramanatha bairavam and
Vasanthkusmakarajam mathirai, Vishnuchakara mathirai, Vatha Rakshasam mathirai,
Kutineer, Vathasura Kutineer etc. could be used successfully in the management of Chikun
guniya according to his experiences.
111

In the 2
nd
technical session, 5 Ayurvedic experts who were from Karnataka, Kerala and
Andhra Pradesh presented their clinical experiences on management of Chikungunya. Dr. S.
Sarangapani, Asstt. Professor, Dept.of Shalya, Government Ayurvedic College, Hyderabad
chaired the session and Co Chaired by Dr. S. Gopakumar, Lecturer, Government Ayurveda
College, Kannur, Kerala.
Dr. Prasanna Rao, Principal, SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan has explained the Ayurvedic
approaches towards Chikungunya includes Ayurvedic purview, mode of treatment etc. He
had carried out clinical study at well-known SDM Hospital during and after the outbreak of
Chikungunya. The used trial drugs were classified in two groups. In first group Simhanada
guggulu, Tribhuvana keerthi rasa, Rasna Eranda kashaya, Vishagarbha taila and Dashanga
lepa, where as in second group, Amruthadi guggulu, Maharasnadi kashaya, Kottam chukkadi
taila and jatamayadi lepa with Marmani vati were used. He concluded that the above said
drugs were effective in relieving symptoms of Chikungunya. He also emphasized the
principles of Jwara in acute stages and Vathashonitha chikitsa and its treatment in chronic
stage of Chikungunya.
Dr. B.S Sridhar, Prof. & Head Dept. of P.G Studies in Panchakarma, GAMC, Bangalore
presented a paper on his clinical experiences, on the management of Chikungunya. In his
presentation, the Ayurvedic drugs were used according to the stage of the disease. In acute
stage Samshamani vati, Rasna Eranda kwatha and in post Chikungunya stage,
Sadyovirechana with Nimba Amruthadi along with castor oil followed by Amruthadi guggulu,
Rasna Eranda kwatha, Kumari Haridra lepa were used. In chronic stage, Snehapana with
Guggulu Tiktaka ghritha, Virechana with Nimba Amruthadi castor oil, Ghrithaksheeravasthi
for 16 days, Amruthadi guggulu, Rasna Eranda kwatha, Jatamayadi lepa and Rasayana
treatment with Yogaraja guggulu lehya, Guduchi Tablet, Ashwagandha, Bala, Yashtimadhu
Ksheerapaka were prescribed and found effective.
Dr. Prashanth A. S., Asstt. Professor, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubli
has highlighted the description of life cycle and role of Mashaka (Mosquito),
Janapadodhwamsa vikara and Agantuja Jwara and their types in Ayurveda. The treatment of
Chikungunya was based on the principles of Sannipata jwara, Vishama jwara and Samavatha
in Ayurveda. The mode of action of the drugs was selected based on their properties such as
Jwaraghna, Vedanaasthapana & Sothaghna etc. The preventive medication through use of
Sanjeevani vati with cumin seeds and tulasi boiled in water were found much effective. The
Chikungunya effected areas were fumigated with drugs having the properties like
Krimighna, Dhupana yogas. Total 465 cases were treated at Ayurveda College Hospital, Hubli
during June to September 2006. All the patients were treated according to the clinical
conditions with following drugs.
1. Sudarshana churna
2. Agnitundi vati
3. Vatagajankusha ras
4. Punarnava guggulu
5. Mukka mukkadukadi gutika
6. Hinguleshwara ras
112

In post Chikungunya, in which rheumatic problems were predominant, Amrutharishtha
Sanjeevani vati and Pinda tailam for local application were found much effective.
Dr.P.S.Chandran, Sr. Medical Officer, Government Ayurvedic Hospital, Cherthala, Distt.
Alleppy, Kerala has presented a paper on the basis of his experience during the recent out
break of Chikungunya and treatment measures adopted through medical camps. The
curative strategy was made as per the following criteria.
1).Controlling of fever and its associated systems.
2). Controlling of post fever arthritis.
3). Prevention of disease as a whole.

During the health camps, the formulations such as Amrutaristam, Vettumaran
gutika, Sudarshan tablet, Bilvadi gutika, Dhanvantaram gutika, Talispatradi churnam, Vilwadi
lehyam, Punarnavasavam, etc. were prescribed for controlling fever and associated
symptoms.
In Post fever arthritis in Vata predominance condition,
1. Dasamula kashayam
2. Indukantha kashayam
3. Balapunarnavadi kashayam
4. Yogaraja guggalu
5. Karpuradi taila for external use were used by the Ayurvedic physicians in health camps.

In Pitta predominance condition
1. Guluchyadi Kashaya
2. Punarnavadi kashaya
3. Amruta Guggulu
4. Chandra Prabha vati
5. Jatamayadi lepa

and in Kapha predominance condition
1. Amrutottaram kashayam
2. Guggalu tiktaka kashayam
3. Rasna Saptaka kashayam
4. Gokshuradi Guggulu
5. Nagaradi Churnam for local application were also found equally effective.

The preventive measures to increase the immunity by administration of Sudarshana tablet
control of mosquitoes with mosquito repulsion using Aparajitha dhoopam and killing of
larvae with mixture of tobacco leaves, neem oil, soap powder etc. sprinkled in cesspools.
Dr. M. Srinivasulu, Professor, Dept. of Basic principles, Anantha Laxmi Government
Ayurvedic college, Warangal (A.P) has expressed his views about clinical diagnosis according
113

to the principles of Ayurveda and he considered that Amavata symtomatology is quiet
similar with Chikungunya. Hence, he has applied the same chikitsa principles on
Chikungunya effected patients and observed better results. In acute fever condition
Mrityunjaya ras 250mg, Godanthi mishran 2 tab tds, and after fever subsides, Amavatari ras
250mg, Lasunadi vati 2tab tds, Gandharvahastadi kashaya 30-40ml tds were used. In chronic
cases, Simhanada guggulu 2 tab BD, with powdered mixture of Lasuna, Nirgundi, Suranjana,
Shallaki & Vatagajankusha rasa were also given in dosage of 500 mg in addition to
Gandharvahastadi quatha 30 - 40 ml TDS. He also expressed his observation about use of
Simsapa (Dalbergia sisso Roxb.) 3 4 leaves powder twice a day found highly effective in
tribal & rural areas of Khammam district, A P. which further required scientific evaluation
and thorough standardization.
The 3rd technical session was chaired by Dr. P. H. C. Murthy, Professor, Dept. of P. G.
Studies in Rasasastra, Government Ayurveda College, Vijayawada (A.P) and Co-chaired by
Dr. Anandan R.O (Siddha), CRI (S), Chennai. In this session two speakers from Siddha system
of medicine presented their views and experiences. G. Ganapathy, a siddha expert from
Chennai has explained the choice of drugs in Siddha medicine in the management of
Chikugunya as
Vasanta kushumakar mathirai, Amukkara churnam, Nilavembu kudineer, Shivappu kukkil
tailam for external application etc.
Apart from these, he also narrated the need of preventive measures of Chikungunya with
and active mosquito breeding control measures.
The next speaker Dr. J. R. Krishnamurthy a senior Siddha physician has shared his clinical
experiences that Chikungunya is more or less similar to the features of Valisuram, as
described in Yoogi Chintamani an important Siddha text. During and post chikungunya
epidemic, two different drugs for internal & external use were advised.
In first group: 1). Nilavembu (Andrographis paniculata) a single herbal decoction was used in
control of the bouts of pyrexia and chills.
2). Vishnu chakkara mathirai, a compound mineral preparation was also used to arrest the
progressive viral infection.
3). Surface application with oil water emulsion of Thazhuthazai (Clerodendron phlomoides),
Katrazhai (Aloevera), camphor and guggulu over the painful joints followed by local hot
water fomentation etc was found effective in the management in Chikungunya during his
vast experience.
The 4th technical session was chaired by Dr. B. Sudhi kumar, Reader, Government
Ayurveda College, Tripunithura, Kerala and co-chaired by Dr. A. K. Manoj Kumar, Reader, V.
S. P. S. Ayurveda College, Kottakkal. There were three speakers from Ayurveda and one
from Siddha system of medicine.
Dr. Lalita B. R. Asstt. Professor, Government Ayurvedic College, Bangalore explained
Ayurvedic perspective of Chikungunya and compared with symptoms Sannipataja Vishama
Jwara. The following prophylactic measures were narrated.
114

1. Snartha Jala with Nirgundi patra, Dattura patra
2. Dhupana with Aranya tulasi patra, Nimba taila, Drona pushpi, Dhattur patra and Sapta
cchada.
3. Astanga dhoopa with gritha as a jwaranasaka.
4. Abhanga with Tikta gritha
5. Udvartana with Vacha Haritaki churna
Use of mosquito repellents such as Tulasi herbal liquid, Tulasi mosquito candles, Cow dung
with tulasi for fumigation also were discussed. These current methods were reported to be
much effective.
Dr. M. L. Naidu elaborately discussed about Janapadodvansa (Epidemics in Ayurveda ) and
its treatment approaches for controlling epidemics in general. As per his version,
Bhutabhishangaja jwara, Sandhigata sannipata jwara and Agantuja vishama jwara treatment
principles can be well adopted in the effective management of Chikungunya. Some effective
Ayurvedic formulations viz.,
1. Kiratakadi kashayam
2. Sanjeevani vati
3. Amritastaka kashayam
4. Maharasnadi kashayam
5. Ayush-64
6. Shadanga paneeyam
7. Maha sudarshana churnam
8. Godanthi bhasma
9. Pravala pishti
10. Guduchi satwa
11.Maha yogaraja guggulu
12. Kaishore guggulu
13.Simhanada guggulu
14.Santapanashaka vati etc. according to the stage and severity of the illness were also
suggested by him.
Dr. G. Vinod kumar, Prof. & Head, Dept. of Panchakarma, Government Ayurvedic College,
Trivandrum has presented a paper on possible treatment approaches for control of
epidemic diseases w.r.t. Chikungunya and explained Janapadodhwansa in Ayurveda
caused by pollution of Vayu, Jala, Desha, Kala, which are mainly caused by unrighteous way
of leading life. He presented the details of the mosquito repellent drugs and lotion for
controlling mosquitoes & Larvae. The lotions have been formulated prepared and tested by
Government Ayurvedic college, Trivandrum. These preparations have been used extensively
in Chikungunya affected areas in Kerala. Dr. Vinod kumar has explained the preventive
measures and treatment methods elaborately.
The 4
th
Speaker was from Siddha medicine, Dr. V. M. Ravichandran, Medical Officer, SKM
Health & Mind Welfare Charity Trust, Erode (T.N.) narrated some of his study observations
115

in the management of Chikungunya. A total of 165 cases were studied with selective Siddha
drugs such as Nilavembu Kudineer churnam - 5 g decoction BD, Chandamarutha chanduram
- 50mg OD with honey, Brahmananda bhairavam tab 1BD with water for 10 days. The
assessment was made based on clinical features like Fever, Joint pains, Rashes, etc. He said
that, the out come positive result was 77% of the subjects with marked improvement.
The 5
th
Technical session was on Expert group meet for finalization of selected Ayurvedic
and Siddha drugs in the management of Chikungunya. This session was moderated by
Dr.G.Veluchamy, Director, CRI(S), Chennai and Dr. S. Gopakumar, Lecturer, Government
Ayurvada College, Kannur (Kerala). The Ayurvedic experts chaired the session were 1). Dr. G.
Vinod kumar, Prof. & Head, Dept. of Panchakarma, Government Ayurvedic College,
Trivandrum, 2). Dr. N. Jaya, Asstt. Director Incharge, CRI (Ay) , Cheruthuruthy 3).Dr. B. Sudhi
kumar, Reader, Government Ayurveda College, Tripunithura, Kerala and among Siddha
experts 4). Dr. Thyagarajan, Associate Professor, National Institute for Siddha, Chennai and
5). Dr. Kanagarajan, R.O (S), CRU (S), Palayamkottai.
An Ayurvedic physician from the participants asked about how Bilvadi gutika, which is an
Agada drug, can it be indicated in Chikungunya? Dr.Gopakumar answered that, Bilvadi
gutika is dushivishara in action and in Bhutabhishanga as well as in acute & infectious
diseases and it must be useful. Dr. N. Jaya has recommended a compound formulation
Swasthya Rakshaka amrita peya, which contains Tulasi, Shunti, Nirgundi, Kiratatikta and
Musta in the form of Kashaya (which was used by Gujarath state Ayurvedic department
during the recent outbreak of Chikungunya) effectively. She presented and suggested the
following compound formulations, which were distributed at Lakshadweep islands during
the recent attack of Chikungunya as per the symptoms given below.
1). Jwara: Amritothara kwatha, Indukantha kwatha, Vettumaran gutika, Sudarshana gutika.
2). Sandhisula: Rasna Saptaka kwatha, Punarnavadi kwatha, Vettumaram gutika, Jatamayadi
lepa.
3). Visarpa: Guduchyadi kwatha, Bilvadi gutika, Haridrakhanda, Avipattikara churna.
4). Kasa / Swasa : Indukantha kwatha, Vettumaran gutika, Haridrakhanda.
5). Sirasula : Indukantha kwatha, Amritothara kwatha, Sudarhana gutika.
Dr. Sudhikumar suggested treatments like Amapachana, Jwarahara, Vedanasthapana drugs
for the epidemic control. According to his treatment experience, Shadanga thoya,
Amritothara kashaya, Bilvadi gutika, etc. could be given in Jwara. Rasna Saptaka kwatha,
Rasna panchaka kwatha, Lasuna eranda kwatha to cure joint pains and Jata mayadi lepa,
Kottam chukadi tailam as external application for effective treatment.
Dr. Ravi Chandran, a Siddha expert has suggested Vishnuchakram mathirai, Nilavembu
kudineer, Vathajwara kudineer as a complete remedy for Chikungunya.
Dr. Vinod Kumar recommended some single herbal drugs and few formulations such as
Bhunimba, Guduchi, Katuki, Amrutarishta, Bilvadi gutika and to improve the immunity
Indukantha kashaya & ghritha (in latter stage) for complete cure.
116

Dr.Thyagarajan had suggested that, the Siddha drugs like Brahmananda Bairavaras,
Nilavembu kudineer could be prescribed as an Antiviral drugs and external application with
Vatha Kesari tailam for better results.
Dr. Veluchamy, Moderator of the session emphasized on use of some Siddha remedies viz.
Amukkara churna which act as an Anti inflammatory and Immunomodulatory agent in
general and for fever Nilavembu kudineer, Vatajwar kudineer & Taleesadi churna through
Siddha treatment in the management of Chikungunya.
DAY 2 (10/03/2007)

Technical session VI was mainly focussed on Interactions with participants and P. G.
Scholors which was anchored cum moderated by Dr. G. Srinivasa Acharya, Prof. & Head,
Dept. of Kayachikitsa, SDM College of Ayurveda, Udupi and assisted by Dr. Anandan,
Research Officer (S), CRI (S), Chennai.
The following subject experts from Modern, Ayurveda and Siddha systems chaired the
session.
1). Dr. C. Nagaraj, Reasearch officer, Dept. of Epidemiology, Ministry of H & F W,
Government of India, Koramangala, Bangalore, 2). Dr. B. G. Gopinath, Principal, Sri Sri
Ayurveda College, Bangalore 3). Dr. Padmanabha Rao, Ayurvedic Physician, Bangalore. 4).
Dr. K. S. Jayasree, Prof. & Head, Government Ayurvedic Medical College, Bangalore. 5). Dr.
Srikanth Babu, Reader, A. L. Government Ayurvedic College, Warangal, (A. P.) 6). Dr. S. Rami
Reddy, C.G.H.S Dispensary, Hyderabad, 7). Dr. P. K. Sudarshan Nair, R O (Ay), CRI,
Cheruthuruthy, Kerala and 8). Dr. Palanichamy, Siddha expert, Chennai.
In this session, one of the participants had asked about the swabhavoparama of
Chikungunya and Dr. B. G. Gopinath replied that, it was a mrudu vyadi, the term swabhavo
parama vyadi could be used for Chikungunya. Another P. G. Scholar from Hyderabad asked
to Dr.C. Nagaraja that had he noted the vertical transmission of Chikungunya. Then Dr.
Nagaraja explained that Transplacental transmission of this disease was not recorded and
Breast milk transmission also not noted. However, there might be possibility of transmission
of the disease. Children and mother together can equally suffer from Chikungunya due to
mosquito bite. P. G. Scholar from Kerala questioned that why Chikungunya affects joints
only? Dr. Nagaraja narrated that Chick virus enter the body and attributes the antibodies
formation. These immune complexes are situated in cartilaginous part of joints. Hence it
manifests mainly at joints. One Ayurvedic expert from the audience had asked that how can
Chikungunya be classified as Janapadadvansa vyadi? Then, Dr. S. Acharya answered that
Adharma is said to be the main reason. In epidemic of Chikungunya, the failure of
beurocracy or city administration resulting in to lack of cleanliness, impaired sewage
disposal, etc. would be nothing but Adharma only. Another P. G. scholar from Hyderabad
raised a question if the pregnant women suffer from Chikungunya, what is the line of
treatment and whether Rasaoushadis can be given in first trimester? Dr. Jayashree
explained that Garbha pala rasa like metallic preparations are being used safely since
decades in pregnancy. Hence, rasa preapartions can be definitely used for short period in
first trimester of pregnancy. Combination of Aswagandha, Satavari and Shadanga paniya
with jaggary are recommended especially in pregnant Chikungunya cases. An Ayurvedic
117

physician asked that why Chikungunya does not effect infants and children? Dr. Nagaraja
answered that both are getting affected by Chikungunya. Other question raised by a P. G.
scholar was about the role of Tikta rasa on virus? Dr. Rami Reddy answered that, definitely
Tikta rasa has a vital role and it acts as antiviral agent. As evidenced from example of
Nimba, Kiratatikta, Sudarshan churnam (Ref. Sannipata jware purvam kaphapaham).
Dr. Jayashree added that, these drugs has also got Immuno modulator actions. Dr. S.
Gopakumar concluded that, Tikta rasa is pitta shamaka & Jwara hara because jwara is
classified as pitta dosa pradhana vyadhi.
Technical session-VII
The core theme of this session was Finalization of Research Strategies on Chikungunya.
Dr. N. Srikanth, Asstt. Director (Ay), Dr. A. Narayana, Deputy Director (Tech.), CCRAS were
the moderators and the following resource persons from Ayurveda, Siddha and Modern
medical fraternity chaired the session.
Dr. C. Nagaraj, Reasearch officer, Dept. of Epidemiology, Ministry of H & F W, Government
of India, Koramangala, Bangalore,
Dr. B. G Gopinath, Principal, Sri Sri Ayurveda college, Kanakapura Road, Bangalore.
Dr. K. V. S. Prabhakaran, Additional Director, Dept. of AYUSH, Tilak Road, Abids, Hyderabad.
Dr. Philip Anand, Reader & HOD, Government Ayurveda College, Hyderabad
Dr. V. R. Sheshadri, Secretary & CEO, IMPCOPS, Thiruvamiyur, Adayar, Chennai,.
Dr. M. Parankusha Rao, S. V. Ayurveda College, SVIMS Campus, Tirupati (A.P).
Dr.G. Veluchamy, Director, CRI(S), Chennai.
Dr. Thyagarajan, Associate Professor, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai.
Dr. Nagaraj explained the role of Alphavirus in infection, host parasite interactions transient
viremia and dissemination. The different serological tests particularly neutralization assay,
was elaborated in detail. He also explained about host defenses, role of antibiotics, T-cell
response, etc. The urban epidemics in particular with its epidemiology were narrated along
with tips for diagnosis such as presence of IgM antibody or rise in IgG antibody etc. Different
types of viruses their possible role and geographic distribution were explained through map
and tabular representation. The speech was concluded with molecular aspects of viral
genomic RNA.
Dr. B. G. Gopinath has emphasized on fundamental principles of methodology, mode of
action and assessment of therapeutic effects of herbal formulation. A drug oriented
approach by establishing hypothetical basis in Pharmacodynamic action of drugs by arriving
logical conclusion was felt necessary. He also pointed out that to achieve safe and effective
dosages, scientific validation of suggested drugs for their principle-based attribution is
highly essential.
118

Dr. K. V. S. Prabhakaran has explained the systematic medical treatment associated with
symptom-oriented approach in his speech. He gave the example of Jwarhara kashaya - the
poly herbal formulation which is generally prepared by using is Kiratatikta, Musta, Parpataka
and Guduchi in equal quantity found effective in antiviral activity along with Mrityunjaya
rasa and Kanchanara guggulu. He also reminded that the post sequel treatment for
Chikungunya could be done by prescribing specially formulated Chintamani capsules.
Dr. Philip Anand explained the symptoms of Chikungunya in Ayurvedic parlance and their
systematic & individually isolated treatments by following classical approach. He also
emphasized for use of single herbal drugs which possess Antiviral, Antipyretic and Analgesic
action such as Guduchi, Bhoonimba, Yashtimadhu, Bilva, Haridra etc. in the management of
chikungunya.
Dr. V. R. Sheshadri insisted on determination of each patients constitution and prescription
of internal medicines and simultaneous external application depending upon the symptoms
and severity accordingly. He has suggested some formulations viz. Nimbadi kwatha,
panchatikta kwatha, Ashwagandha churna etc. for internal administration and Pindataila,
mixed with Karpoor tailam (in equal quantity) was found very effective local application in
the management of Chikungunya
Dr. M. Parankusha Rao has explained the nidana, samprapti & lakshana of disease on
concepts based on classical strategies such as janapadodhwansa - Ojakshaya & its causative
factors. He also described the management of Ojakshaya through Rasayana drugs such as
Yashtimadhu, Tulasi, Punarnava, Guduchi, Sunthi, Daruharidra, Amalaki & Haritaki .
Dr. G. Veluchamy has given a vivid picture about the classification of disease described in
Siddha system of medicine along with drugs such as Thrithosa mathirai, Bramanatha
bairavam and Vasanthkusumakaram mathirai, Vishnuchakara maharani, Vatha Rakshasam
mathirai, Kutineer, Vathasura Kutineer which are to be used in the management of
Chikungunya. However, he suggested the need of scientific evaluation of the said drugs with
proper Standardization to incorporate the same in the National health Programs and to use
them during and post epidemic diseased conditions safely and effectively.
Dr. Thyagarajan has prescribed some Siddha drugs like Brahmananda Bairavaras, Nilavembu
kudineer as an Antiviral drug and external application with Vatha Kesari tailam for successful
treatment.
Dr. N. Srikanth explained a comparative account of current status of management and need
for further Research. He also pointed out that recently developed chemotherapeutic agents,
which proved their effectiveness to certain extent, but no potent vaccine was available
against this viral infection. Therefore, basic knowledge of Ayurveda & Siddha could be well
utilized for proper treatment and accordingly Research strategies for needy patients can be
further used and explored. He also depicted the modified research guidelines and
methodologies for drug development in ASU / TSM /CAM. The evidence based clinical
Research strategies like new drug development, screening with reference to
Pharmacological actions, modification of drug & dosage, new indication or new drugs,
reverse Pharmacology and unique screening methods, recognition of general immune
119

response & its reconstitution under prophylaxis which are inevitable in any drug research
also discussed in his talk.
Two days National workshop on the management of Chikungunya through Ayurveda and
Siddha ended with the entire participants deep appreciation to the organizers and with the
profound vote of thanks by the Organising Secretary followed by National Anthem.
CONCLUSION
Since the National workshop on the management of Chikungunya through Ayurveda and
Siddha was confined only to the delegates haling from southern parts of India like Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu; a core committee for development of research
strategies was felt highly necessary. More over most of the delegates were claiming their
own specific methods and medicines in the concluding session. Therefore no concrete
solution could be reached for successful management of Chikungunya.
It was unanimously opined that a core committee consisting of necessary disciplines should
be formulated and few more sittings/ discussions through consortium is felt highly
necessary.

120

NATIONAL SEMINAR ON MANAGEMENT OF CHKUNGUNYA THROUGH
AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
9, 10 March 2006,NIMHANS, Bangalore

PROGRAM SCHEDULE

DAY-1 9 March 2007
Sessions Time Speaker
Technical session-I
An insight on current trends in
the diagnosis and management
of Chikungunya
11.15 AM to 11.45 AM Dr. Ravi, Prof. & HOD,
Dept. of Neuro Virology, NIMHANS
Bangalore

11.45 AM to 12.15 AM
Dr. Sambhavamurthy,
Ayurveda Academy, Bangalore

12.15 PM to 12.45 PM
Dr. Veluchamy, Director,
CRI (Siddha) Chennai,
Tamil Nadu

Technical session-II 12.45 PM to 1.35 PM

Clinical experiences on
management of Chikungunya

Ayurveda
(Each 10 minutes)
Dr. Prasanna Rao
Principal,
S D M College of Ayurveda, Hassan,
Karnataka

Dr. B. S. Sridhar,
Sr. Lecturer, Government Ayurvedic
Medical College,
Bangalore, Karnataka

Dr. A. S. Prasanth,
Astt. Professor,
Dept. of Kaya Chikitsa,
Ayuredic College,
Hubli, Karnataka

Dr. P. S. Chandran,
Sr. Medical Officer,
Government Ayurvedic Hospital,
Cherthala,
Alleppy, Kerala

Dr. M. Sreenivasulu,
Prof. Dept. of Basic principles,
A.L.Government Ayurvedic College,
Warangal, (A.P.)
Lunch 1.35 PM to 2.00 PM

121

Technical session-III 2.00 PM o 2.30 PM

Clinical experiences on
management of Chikungunya

Siddha
(Each 10 minutes)
Prof. P. Jayaprakash Narayan, Rtd.
Vice Principal,
Government Siddha College,
Arumbakkam, Chennai, (T.N.)

Prof. G. Ganapathi,
No. 175/8, TNHB,
Chennai Flat, Annanagar West,
Chennai, (T.N.)

Dr. J. R. Krishna Murthy,
No.11 Perumal Street,
Dharma Koil Street,
Kunathur, Chennai, (T.N.)

Technical session-IV 2.30 PM to 3.45 PM

Possible treatment approaches
for control of epidemics with
special focus on Chikungunya

Alloapathy
Dr. Mahabaleshwara Maiya,
Rtd. Principal,
Bangalore Medical College,
Bangalore

Dr. K. S. Jayashree,
HOD, Dept. of Dravyaguna,
Government Ayurveda Medical
College, Bangalore

Dr. M. L. Naidu,
Reader,
Dept. of Kayachikitsa,
Dr. B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic
College, Hyderabad (A.P.)

Dr. Vinod Kumar,
H O D (Panchakarma),
Government Ayurveda College,
Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala

Dr. Ranganathan,
District Siddha Medical Officer,
Government Dist. Hqrs Hospital,
Dharmapuri, Chennai, (T.N.)

Dr. Siva Kumar,
SKM Health & Mind Welfare
Charity, Chennimalai Road,
Erode, (T.N.).

122

Tea Break 3.45 PM to 5.30 PM
Technical session-V 4.00 PM to 5.30 PM

Expert group meet for
finalization of selected
Ayurveda/Siddha drugs for
control/management of
Chikungunya

Ayurveda

Dr. Nanjappa,
Deputy Director (Ayurveda),
Government Central Pharmacy,
Jayanagar, Bangalore

Dr. M. Parankusha Rao,
S. V. Ayurvedic College,
SVIMS Campus,
Tirupathi, (A.P.)

Dr. N. Jaya,
Asst. Director In charge,
C. R. I. (Ay), Cheruthuruthy,
Kerala

Siddha
Dr. Sudhi Kumar,
Reader
Thripunithura,
Ernakulam, Kerala

Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan,
Retd. Vice Principal,
Government Siddha College,
Arumbakkam, Chennai, (T.N.)

Dr. Thyagarajan, Associate
Professor, National Instiute of
Siddha, Chennai (T.N.)

DAY-2 10
th
March 2007
Technical session-VII 10.00 AM to 11.30 AM

Interaction with participants and
Post Graduate Research
Scholars
Allopathy Dr. C. Nagaraj,
Research Officer,
Dept. of Epidemiology,
Ministry of H & F W, Government of
India, Koramangala,

Dr. B. G. Gopinath,
Principal,
Sri Sri Ayurveda College,
Kanakpura Road,

123

Ayurveda

Dr. Padmanabha Rao,
Ayurvedic Physician,

Dr. Rangesh Paramesh,
Ayurvedic Consultant,
Himalaya Drug Company,
Bangalore, Karnataka.

Dr. S. Rami Reddy,
C.G.H.S Dispensary,
Humayun Nagar, Mehadi Patnam,
Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh

Dr. P. K. Sudarshan Nair,
RO (Ay.),
CRI (Ay), Cheruthuruthy, Kerala

Dr. Satya Prasad,
Medical Officer,
Government Ayurveda Hospital,
Cherthala,
Alleppy-Kerala

Siddha Principal,
Government Siddha Medical
College,
Arumbakkam,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Dr. Palanichamy,
No 250/2, HIG Flats,
Pioneer Colony, Annanagar,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Tea Break 11.30 AM to 11.45 PM
Technical session-VIII 11.45 AM to 1.30 PM

Modern

Dr. C. Nagaraj,
Research Officer,
Dept. of Epidemiology,
Min. of H & F W,
Government of India,
Koramangala, Bangalore, Karnataka

124

Finalization of Research
strategies on Chikungunya

Ayurveda
Dr. B. G. Gopinath,
Principal, Sri Sri Ayurveda College,
Kanakapura Road,

Dr. K. V. S. Prabhakaran,
Additional Director,
Dept. of AYUSH, Tilak Road, Abids,
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Dr. Vinod Kumar,
H O D (Panchakarma),
MG Road, Trivendrum, Kerala
Dr. V. R. Sheshadri,
Secretary & CEO, IMPCOPS,
Thiruvamiyur, Adayar, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu
Dr. M. Parankusha Rao,
S. V. Ayurveda College,
SVIMS Campus,
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

Dr. N. Srikanth,
Asstt. Director (Ay.),
CCRAS, New Delhi

Dr. A. Narayana,
Deputy Director (Tech),
CCRAS, New Delhi

Siddha
Dr.G.Veluchamy,
Director, CRI(Siddha), Arignar
Anna Hospital of Indian Medicine,
Arumbakkam,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Dr. Thyagarajan,
Associate Professor,
National Instiutte of Siddha,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Dr. J R Krishna Murthy,
No. 11 Dharma Koil Street,
Kunathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Lunch 1.30 PM to 2.00 PM
Valedictory Session 2.00 PM to 2.30 PM
NATIONAL ANTHEM

125

ANNEXURE-8

Organizations working on Chikungunya

1. National Institute of Communicable disease (NICD),
New Delhi, India
www.nicd.org
2. World Health Organization (WHO). www.who.int/csr
3. National institute of Virology, Pune, India. www.icmr.nic.in/niv.htm
4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,
Stockholm, Sweden.
www.ecdc.eu.int
5. Health Protection Agency, London. www.hpa.org.uk
6. National Institute of Virology, South Africa. www.niv.ac.za
7. U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
www.usamriid.army.mil
8. International Federation of Red Cross and
Red Crescent Societies
www.ifrc.org
9. Centre for disease contol and
prevention (CDC), Atlanta.
www.cdc.gov
10. Institut de Vielle Sanitaire, France. www.invs.sante.fr

126

REFERENCES
127

REFERENCES

1. http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/Chikungunya/
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September 2006.
4. www.who.int/csr
5. www.ecdc.eu.int- A mission Report Chikungunya in Italy, Joint ECCD/WHO visit for a
European risk assessement, 17-21 September 2007.

6. Sandhya Kamat, A.K.Das, Falguni S Parikh, Chikungunya, Journal of Physicians of India, Vol.54,
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MANAGEMENT OF CHIKUNGUNYA THROUGH

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