PSU-GS COMPUTER SYSTEM 2

Using SPSS: Tasks

Exercise 1: Defining variables and entering data
You are responsible for collecting data from a clinical trial of Drug X. Drug X is postulated to affect blood levels of a certain hormone (hormone H), so levels of the hormone will be measured before and after treatment with X. In addition to the hormone data, five other pieces of information will be collected from each participant in the trial. 1. Switch to the Variable View and define the seven variables listed in the table below. Use numeric variables in SPSS for categorical data. Variable name Surname Gender Age Income Smoker Hbefore Hafter Data type Categorical (categories are Female and Male) Continuous Continuous Categorical (categories are Smoker and Non-smoker) Continuous Continuous

2. Create the following labels for the variables: income smoker hbefore hafter Household income Smoker or non-smoker Blood levels of H before treatment Blood levels of H after treatment

3. Create the following value labels for the gender variable: 1 = Female 2 = Male 4. The table below shows the data which you have collected from five patients who took part in a pilot study for the clinical trial. Switch to the Data Editor and enter the data on these five patients. Remember to use numeric codes where necessary. Surname ROBBINS MCGREGO R KUMAR ALLINSONHENRY OLDER Gender Female Male Male Female Male Age 32 33 38 51 44 Income 46000 58000 47000 55000 28000 Smoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Smoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Hbefore 94.58 106.12 88.11 83.62 72.31 Hafter 88.79 78.25 102.45 63.82 77.50

Save the data as medicaltrialX.sav. Using SPSS: Tasks 1 August 2013

Exercise 3: Missing data

Some of the data in medicaltrialX.sav contains missing values. 1. Inspect the data in your data sheet and spot any missing values. Take note of which variables have missing values. 2. For each of the variables identified above, decide on an appropriate coding for missing values. For example, for a numeric variable which cannot be negative, -1 might be used. For text data, an X might be used. 3. In Variable View, specify missing values for each variable identified in paragraph 1. above. 4. After specifying the missing values, return to the Data Editor and change any blank cells to the appropriate missing value code. 5. Run the Frequencies command which shows that the missing values have been coded. (Hint: Use the menu option Analyse | Descriptive statistics | Frequencies, move all the variables into the right-hand box, then click OK.) 6. Close the output window (do not save the output). Save the changed data file.

Exercise 4: Importing an Excel file

1. Start a new, blank data sheet. 2. Import the file results.xls into SPSS, using the column headings as variable names. 3. Switch to Variable View. Add a new variable called SEN, and give it the label Special Educational Needs. 4. The SEX variable (as in an earlier exercise) uses values of 1 and 2 to indicate Female and Male respectively. Enter the value labels for the SEX variable. 5. Save the file to results2.sav.

Using SPSS: Tasks

PSU-GS Comp 2

Exercise 5: Sort Cases and Select Cases

Load the data file medicaltrialX.sav. 1. Sort the data in order of age (oldest first). 2. Sort the file in order of smoker within gender (i.e. gender is the primary ordering). 3. Select all the males in the group. 4. Select all cases again. 5. Now select the patients whose hormone levels were greater after the treatment than they were before. There is no need to save the data file at this point. If you have extra time, see if you can select all the smokers.

Exercise 6: Recoding variables

Helpful hint:
If you still have a subset of the cases selected (from the previous exercise), make sure you select all cases before you proceed.

We need to recode some of the data in medicaltrialX.sav (or fixed.sav). The information in the smoker column is coded as text (Y and N). It would be better to code it as numeric data (e.g. 1 and 0), and to use labels to indicate the meaning of these numbers. 1. Use Recode to convert the smoker information into a new variable called smoker1, so that 'Y' becomes 1 and 'N' becomes 0. (Define the label for this new variable as "Smoker or non-smoker") 2. Create value labels for the smoker1 variable so that 1 is displayed as 'Smoker', and 0 is displayed as 'Non-smoker'. 3. Check that the recode has worked properly. If it has, then delete the old variable smoker from your data sheet. 4. Using Recode, create a new variable incband (with label "Income band") to categorise the household income: up to $25,000 as band 1, between $25,000 and $40,000 as band 2, and more than $40,000 as band 3. 5. Save the data file if you are happy with the results of this exercise.

Exercise 7: Frequencies command

This exercise uses the medicaltrialX data, and the incband variable as calculated earlier. If you do not have this, you can load the data file medicaltrialX-part2.sav. 1. Create a Frequencies command with a bar chart to find the following: The numbers within each of the three incband classifications. How many subjects are male, and how many female. 2. Create a Frequencies command for the two hormone level variables (i.e. hbefore and hafter). Include the following in the output: Do not display the actual frequency tables. A histogram with a normal curve superimposed for each variable. 3 PSU-GS Comp 2

Using SPSS: Tasks

 Produce values for the mean, mode and median.

Objects from the SPSS Viewer can be copied and pasted into other applications (e.g. Microsoft Word or Excel). If you have time, open a new document in Microsoft Word. Copy and paste one of the histograms which you have just produced into the Word document. Save it with the title histogram.doc. Do not save the SPSS Viewer output.

Exercise 8: Descriptives command

Use the medicaltrialX data you have been working on or you may wish to load the data file medicaltrialX-part2.sav. 1. Use the Descriptives command to display the default information for age and income. How old is the oldest participant? And the youngest? What is the average household income of the participants? 2. Produce a Descriptives command for the variables hbefore and hafter. This time use the Options to include the skewness and range in the output. Which of the two measurements has the largest range of readings? What is the range? Use the Help menu to find out what skewness means. Using this information, which of the two measurements do you think is closest to being normally distributed? Explain why.

Using SPSS: Tasks

PSU-GS Comp 2

Exercise 9: Crosstabulations command

This exercise uses the incband column as defined earlier. If you do not have this variable in your data, you can load the data file medicaltrialX-part2.sav. 1. Run a Crosstabs command for the variables incband and gender, including the following information: Each cell of the table should list the observed values, the expected values, and the unstandardised residuals. Also run the chi-square test. 2. Run a second Crosstabs command for the same variables. This time do not run the chi-square test, but include the following within each cell of the table: The row, column and total percentages.

Exercise 10: Means command

Use the medicaltrialX data you have been working on or you may wish to load the data file medicaltrialX-part2.sav. 1. Build a Means command where the dependent variables are the two sets of hormone level measurements (i.e. hbefore and hafter) and the independent variable is incband. Answer the following questions: Which group achieves the highest average hormone level, and is this before or after treatment? Which group has the lowest mean hormone level before the treatment? Which group shows the most varied hormone levels before the treatment? And after? (Hint: look at the standard deviations.) 2. Build a similar means command as the previous one. This time make gender the independent variable. Answer the following question: Which gender showed the largest increase in blood hormone levels, on average? 3. Build another Means command which will again analyse the results for each subject, but this time looking at the results for each gender within each incband group. (Hint: enter one category variable in the independent list and click on the Next button before inserting the second category variable.) Which group of men show the highest mean level of H before treatment? What is that mean level? In the highest income category, which gender shows the highest mean level of H after treatment?

Exercise 11: T Tests

Use the medicaltrialX data you have been working on - or you may wish to load the data file medicaltrialX-part2.sav. 1. Perform a T Test to show whether there is a significant difference in the inital hormone levels (hbefore) between men and women. Is there? 2. Perform a T Test across all the cases, to decide whether there is a significant difference in the mean hormone concentrations before and after the treatment. Using SPSS: Tasks 5 PSU-GS Comp 2

3. Now use the Select cases function to select only the women in the study, and repeat step (2). What do you find? If you have time, repeat the test, selecting men instead of women.

Using SPSS: Tasks

PSU-GS Comp 2

Exercise 12: Correlation

Before we test for correlations, we need to calculate a new variable. Refer to the Computing new data section in the course workbook if you need to. Use the medicaltrialX data you have been working on or you may wish to load the data file medicaltrialX-part2.sav. 1. We need to calculate the change in blood levels of hormone H using the two values we already have (the blood levels before and after). Create a new variable dh using the Compute function to calculate the "after" level minus the "before" level.
Now to perform the correlations.

2. Measure the strength of association between income and age with a correlation coefficient and its significance. 3. Measure the strength of association between age and dh with a correlation coefficient and its significance. 4. Produce a scatter plot of dh against age (placing dh on the vertical axis), and: Include a title. Produce a fit line on the graph (Hint: Double-click on the chart to edit it, then click on one of the data points to select the data points, and from the menus choose Chart | Add chart element | Fit line at total).

Exercise 13: Graphical plots

Use the medicaltrialX data you have been working on or you may wish to load the data file medicaltrialX-part2.sav. 1. Produce a pie chart showing the number of people that fall into each of the three income bands. Include a title in the output. Produce labels for the frequency of each income band and the percentage of the population. 1. Produce a clustered bar chart summarising the mean "before" and "after" measurements separately, for men and for women (hint: gender is the category variable).

Using SPSS: Tasks

PSU-GS Comp 2