1. CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE FIBERS high ratio of length to thickness.

fineness flexibility, Fibres have been defined by the Textile Institute as units of matter characterized by : A fiber is a material which is several hundred times as long as its thick. It is defined as one of the delicate, hair portions of the tissues of a plant or animal or other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to there length. Fiber:2. Definition of Fiber and Textile fibers

It is a smallest textile component which is microscopic hair like substance that may be manmade or natural. It is the basic structural element of textile products. their length/width ratio is at least 1000:1 individual fibres (or elements of a continuous filament) weigh only a few micrograms The characteristic dimensions of fibres are the basis of their use and need to be stressed: Other characteristics might be added, if the fibre is to be of any use for general textile purposes, a sufficiently high temperature stability and a certain minimum strength and moderate extensibility.3. Cont

Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber. Because it can not fill up the above properties. So we can say that all fiber are not textile fiber. Other important properties include elasticity, fineness, uniformity, durability, and luster. The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and sufficient strength. Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, and twisting. Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber. 4. Textile Fiber:

the synthetic (manufactured) polymers, polyamide, polyester, polyolefin and vinyl (including acrylic). cellulose and proteins, the natural polymers, A remarkable fact is that almost all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types: all textile fibers are partially oriented, linear polymers. This is an unusual intermediate range of extensibility, since glasses and crystalline solids are less extensible, whereas rubbers are much more extensible. ordinary textile fibres must be, at least partly, elastic up to breaking extensions between 5 and 50%.5. Cont

flammability. thermal characteristics, chemical resistance, luster, density, fiber resiliency, abrasion resistance, moisture absorption characteristics, Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber. Such secondary properties include : There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric material to make an adequate fiber. Basic Textile Fiber Properties6. Essential properties Textile Fibers

Fiber cohesiveness. Fiber extensibility and elasticity, Fiber strength and flexibility, Fiber uniformity, Fiber length to width ratio, Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are:7. CONT..

Length to Width Ratio: Fibrous material must possess adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber. Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows: Fiber Length to Width Ratio Cotton 1400 Wool 8000 Flax 170 Silk 330000 But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than inch. According to the length, the fibers may be classified into the following two categories: Staple Fiber, Filament Fiber8. CONT.

Tenacity :force per unit linear density That is, tenacity = breaking load/ mass per unit length Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd). In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used. With this term (strength / tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension / load. Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is tenacity strength) which express as force per unit crosssectional area.9. ContStrength:

10. Tenacity of Some Common Fiber:Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 3.0 - 4.9Jute 3.0 - 5.8Flax 2.6 - 7.7Ramie 5.5Silk 2.4 - 5.1Wool 1.1 - 1.7Hemp 5.8 - 6.8

It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns. It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber. Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle.Cohesiveness: The fibers should be sufficient by poliable, then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning. It is one of the essential property of textile fiber.11. ContFlexibility:

So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics. There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve. To make a good quality yarn, it is important that the fibers must be similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility . It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun into yarn.12. Cont.Uniformity:

The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position. Elastic recovery is

expressed as percentage. If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation, it is said to have 100% elastic recovery at x-percent elongation. Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original length. 13. Cont.Elastic Recovery: Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times. Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres. For many thousand years, the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres for different applications. The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe.14. CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES Inorganic fibresInorganic fibresSynthetic fibres Regenerated fibres Man Made fibers Mineral fibers Animal Fibres Vegetable Fibres Natural Fibers 15. Classification of Fibres Leng Type(Natural and manufactured) Classification of fibers can be done by:16. Cont Size(Ultra fine, fine, regular, course)th(Short staple, long staple, continuous filament) 17. Classification of Fibres mineralsAnimal Plant Under them there are various categories: Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal, vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric.18. NATURAL FIBRE fibre of fruit/ nut shells(coconut fibre Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them. fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm) tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp, sisal hemp etc) phloem fiber (flax, ramie ,hemp, jute)

fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton, java cotton)19. Vegetable fibersThey can be further on classified as: High Lignin content Jute, Hemp Low Lignin content Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie Bast fibres20. Cont.. the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality. 90% cellulose,6% moisture and the remainder fats and impurities. cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant . each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen).Composition Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant .21. Cotton it has a flat twisted tube shape. it has 10%increase in strength when wet. its fibre length ranges from inches to 2inches it has poor wrinkle resistance, shrinkage, poor acid resistance , less abrasion resistance , susceptible to damage by moths and mildew, need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove. it is fresh , crisp , comfortable ,absorbent , flexible, has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis. The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength, durability, and absorbency. 22. PROPERTIESIt has 8% moisture regain They are obtained by the process called retting A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point. The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds, and ropes, yarn, paper, composites and burlap.23. BAST FIBREBast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plantProperties

it has low wet strength, low elongation and inexpensive to reduce it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects. it is generally used in geo textiles. The plant grows up to a height of 2.5m and its fibre length is about 2m. It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood. Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin .Properties24. JUTE FIBRE

its plant height is 2.5m and its strength is eight times more than cotton. it is fine absorbent ,quick drying fibre, is slightly stiff and possesses high natural lustre. Ramie requires chemical processing to de-gum the fibre. Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops, having been used for.Properties25. RAMIE FIBRE

Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability, resistance to ultraviolet light and mold, comfort and good absorbency Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long, running the length of the plant. it is yellowish brown fibre Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem, the hemp naturally maybe creamy white, brown, gray, black or green.Properties26. HEMP FIBRE

Secretion Fibres(Filament) , Silk, Spider Silk(Insect fibre) Hair Fibres (Staple) ;Wool, Specialty hair fibres The most commonly used type of animal fiber is 27. ANIMAL FIBRESAnimal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk, hair/fur, wool and feathers.

it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is naturally a white coloured fiber. it is relatively lustrous ,smooth, lightweight, strong and elastic. it is the longest and thinnest natural filament

fibre with the longest filament around 3000yards. Its a fine continuous strand unwound from the cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm. Properties28. SILK FIBREsilk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles. It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva, in the process known as sericulture due to crimp present in it, it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches. it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin it has the highest moisture regain i.e., 14%.29. WOOLWool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principalproperties In addition to clothing, wool has been used as carpeting, felt, wool insulation merino wool is the best grade of wool. there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead. 30. Cont Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted. It is acid proof, flame proof and rust proof. It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals. Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks.properties31. MINERAL FIBRE Protein Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre, Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn andCellulosic Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon, Cupra-ammonium, Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate), Polynosic, High Wet Modulus (HWM) Regenerated Fibres32. MAN MADE Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon, acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters. Cellulose is made of repeat units of the

monomer glucose. Wood, paper, and cotton all contain cellulose. Cellulose is an excellent fiber. Cellulose is one of many polymers found in nature.33. Natural man made fibre(A) Cellulosic fibres 34. ContB) Non Cellulosic Man made fibres:Protein: Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nut From other Sources: Mineral: Glass, Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres: By mining and refining of metals like silver, gold, aluminum and steel. Rubber Fibres: Sap tapped from the rubber tree. Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic) there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium r The fiber is sold as artificial silk Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber. it loses 30-50% of its strength when it is wet. it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface. it is the first man made fibre .35. RAYONRayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber.ayon. Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes ordinarily used for cotton and rayon. Shrink, moth and mildew resistant Relatively fast drying Excellent drapability and softness Wide range of colors and lusters Luxurious feel and appearance Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid.Acetate Fiber Characteristics A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate.36. ACETATE Polypropylene Polyethylene Polyolefins Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinyl alcohol Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinylchloride Acrylonitrile Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride Polyvinyl derivatives Polyester-Terylene, Terene, Dacron etc.

Polyamides-Nylon 66, Nylon 610, Nylon 6 etc37. Man made Synthetic Fibres 38. MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE POLYESTER, NYLONARAMID, ACRYLICMODACRYLIC, SPANDEX, OLEFIN, VINYONSARAN, NYTRILTEFLON / FLUOROCARBONALGINATE : Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be ;Polyester, Nylon , Natural rubber . it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric. it is lustrous and its hand is crisp. the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface. they are thermoplastic, have good strength and are hydrophobic it can be dyed with only disperse dyes it has a high melting temperature The term "polyester" is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c39. POLYESTER Nylon is found in clothing all the time, but also in other places, in the form of a thermoplastic material. There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4, 6, 6.6, 6.10, 6.12,8,10 and 11. Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber.40. NYLON the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers. These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds. Nylons are also called polyamides, because of the characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain.41. Cont Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect, the Payne effect and is often model her elastic. Rubber exhibits

unique physical and chemical properties. The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer . Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of isoprene units, a hydrocarbon dienemonomer.42. Cont Metallic fibres-Aluminium, silver, gold and stainless steel Ceramic Alumina, Silica and Graphite fibres Carbon Glass Silica sand, lime stone and other minerals43. Inorganic Fibres In order to induce crystallization, it must be heated to te In its pure form it exists as a polymer The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica, SiO it has a high degree of viscosity It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing44. GLASS FIBRE it has a good thermal insulation, with at thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m By trapping air within them, blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products. The rest type of glass use for fiber was soda-lime glass or A glass which45. con It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed, and can worsen microscopic crack defects, and lessen tenacity. Because glass has anamorphous structure, its properties are the s46. Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing. They are made through laminating process. More recently, aluminum yarns, aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass. Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal, plastic-

coated metal, metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration.47. METALLIC FIBRES They are used mainly for decorative purpose. Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron, especially at high temperatures, can melt the fibers. If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned. When suitable adhesives and films are used, they are not affected by salt water, chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions.48. Cont 49. Thank you

. CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE FIBERS high ratio of length to thickness. fineness flexibility, Fibres have been defined by the Textile Institute as units of matter characterized by : A fiber is a material which is several hundred times as long as its thick. It is defined as one of the delicate, hair portions of the tissues of a plant or animal or other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to there length. Fiber:2. Definition of Fiber and Textile fibers

It is a smallest textile component which is microscopic hair like substance that may be manmade or natural. It is the basic structural element of textile products. their length/width ratio is at least 1000:1 individual fibres (or elements of a continuous filament) weigh only a few micrograms The characteristic dimensions of fibres are the basis of their use and need to be stressed: Other characteristics might be added, if the fibre is to be of any use for general textile purposes, a sufficiently high temperature stability and a certain minimum strength and moderate extensibility.3. Cont

Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber. Because it can not fill up the above properties. So we can say that all fiber are not textile fiber. Other important properties include elasticity, fineness, uniformity, durability, and luster. The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and sufficient strength. Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, and twisting. Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber. 4. Textile Fiber:

the synthetic (manufactured) polymers, polyamide, polyester, polyolefin and vinyl (including acrylic). cellulose and proteins, the natural polymers, A remarkable fact is that almost all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types: all textile fibers are partially oriented, linear polymers. This is an unusual intermediate range of extensibility, since glasses and crystalline solids are less extensible, whereas rubbers are much more extensible. ordinary textile fibres must be, at least partly, elastic up to breaking extensions between 5 and 50%.5. Cont

flammability. thermal characteristics, chemical resistance, luster, density, fiber resiliency, abrasion resistance, moisture absorption characteristics, Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber. Such secondary properties include : There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric material to make an adequate fiber. Basic Textile Fiber Properties6. Essential properties Textile Fibers

Fiber cohesiveness. Fiber extensibility and elasticity, Fiber strength and flexibility, Fiber uniformity, Fiber length to

width ratio, Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are:7. CONT.. Length to Width Ratio: Fibrous material must possess adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber. Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows: Fiber Length to Width Ratio Cotton 1400 Wool 8000 Flax 170 Silk 330000 But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than inch. According to the length, the fibers may be classified into the following two categories: Staple Fiber, Filament Fiber8. CONT. Tenacity :force per unit linear density That is, tenacity = breaking load/ mass per unit length Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd). In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used. With this term (strength / tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension / load. Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is tenacity strength) which express as force per unit crosssectional area.9. ContStrength: 10. Tenacity of Some Common Fiber:Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 3.0 - 4.9Jute 3.0 - 5.8Flax 2.6 - 7.7Ramie 5.5Silk 2.4 - 5.1Wool 1.1 - 1.7Hemp 5.8 - 6.8 It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns. It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber. Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle.Cohesiveness: The fibers should be sufficient by poliable, then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning. It is one of the essential property of textile fiber.11. ContFlexibility:

So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics. There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve. To make a good quality yarn, it is important that the fibers must be similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility . It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun into yarn.12. Cont.Uniformity:

The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position. Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage. If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation, it is said to have 100% elastic recovery at x-percent elongation. Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original length. 13. Cont.Elastic Recovery:

Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times. Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres. For many thousand years, the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres for different applications. The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe.14. CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES

Inorganic fibresInorganic fibresSynthetic fibres Regenerated fibres Man Made fibers Mineral fibers Animal Fibres Vegetable Fibres Natural Fibers 15. Classification of Fibres

Lengt Type(Natural and manufactured) Classification of fibers can be done by:16. Cont Size(Ultra fine, fine, regular, course)h(Short staple, long staple, continuous filament)

17. Classification of Fibres mineralsAnimal Plant Under them there are various categories: Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal, vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric.18. NATURAL FIBRE

fibre of fruit/ nut shells(coconut fibre Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them. fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm) tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp, sisal hemp etc) phloem fiber (flax, ramie ,hemp, jute) fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton, java cotton)19. Vegetable fibersThey can be further on classified as:

High Lignin content Jute, Hemp Low Lignin content Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie Bast fibres20. Cont..

the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality. 90% cellulose,6% moisture and the remainder fats and impurities. cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant . each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen).Composition Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant .21. Cotton

it has a flat twisted tube shape. it has 10%increase in strength when wet. its fibre length ranges from inches to 2inches it has poor wrinkle resistance, shrinkage, poor acid resistance , less abrasion resistance , susceptible to damage by moths and mildew, need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove. it is fresh , crisp , comfortable ,absorbent , flexible, has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis. The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton

unique properties of strength, durability, and absorbency. 22. PROPERTIESIt has 8% moisture regain They are obtained by the process called retting A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point. The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds, and ropes, yarn, paper, composites and burlap.23. BAST FIBREBast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plantProperties it has low wet strength, low elongation and inexpensive to reduce it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects. it is generally used in geo textiles. The plant grows up to a height of 2.5m and its fibre length is about 2m. It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood. Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin .Properties24. JUTE FIBRE its plant height is 2.5m and its strength is eight times more than cotton. it is fine absorbent ,quick drying fibre, is slightly stiff and possesses high natural lustre. Ramie requires chemical processing to de-gum the fibre. Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops, having been used for.Properties25. RAMIE FIBRE Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability, resistance to ultraviolet light and mold, comfort and good absorbency Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long, running the length of the plant. it is yellowish brown fibre Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem, the hemp

naturally maybe creamy white, brown, gray, black or green.Properties26. HEMP FIBRE Secretion Fibres(Filament) , Silk, Spider Silk(Insect fibre) Hair Fibres (Staple) ;Wool, Specialty hair fibres The most commonly used type of animal fiber is 27. ANIMAL FIBRESAnimal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk, hair/fur, wool and feathers. it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is naturally a white coloured fiber. it is relatively lustrous ,smooth, lightweight, strong and elastic. it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre with the longest filament around 3000yards. Its a fine continuous strand unwound from the cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm. Properties28. SILK FIBREsilk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles. It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva, in the process known as sericulture due to crimp present in it, it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches. it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin it has the highest moisture regain i.e., 14%.29. WOOLWool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principalproperties In addition to clothing, wool has been used as carpeting, felt, wool insulation merino wool is the best grade of wool. there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead. 30. Cont Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted. It is acid proof, flame proof and rust proof. It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals. Asbestos is the only natural

mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks.properties31. MINERAL FIBRE Protein Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre, Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn andCellulosic Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon, Cupra-ammonium, Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate), Polynosic, High Wet Modulus (HWM) Regenerated Fibres32. MAN MADE Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon, acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters. Cellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose. Wood, paper, and cotton all contain cellulose. Cellulose is an excellent fiber. Cellulose is one of many polymers found in nature.33. Natural man made fibre(A) Cellulosic fibres 34. ContB) Non Cellulosic Man made fibres:Protein: Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nut From other Sources: Mineral: Glass, Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres: By mining and refining of metals like silver, gold, aluminum and steel. Rubber Fibres: Sap tapped from the rubber tree. Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic) there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium ra The fiber is sold as artificial silk Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber. it loses 30-50% of its strength when it is wet. it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface. it is the first man made fibre .35. RAYONRayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber.yon. Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes ordinarily used for cotton and rayon. Shrink, moth and mildew resistant Relatively fast drying

Excellent drapability and softness Wide range of colors and lusters Luxurious feel and appearance Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid.Acetate Fiber Characteristics A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate.36. ACETATE Polypropylene Polyethylene Polyolefins Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinyl alcohol Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinylchloride Acrylonitrile Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride Polyvinyl derivatives Polyester-Terylene, Terene, Dacron etc. Polyamides-Nylon 66, Nylon 610, Nylon 6 etc37. Man made Synthetic Fibres 38. MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE POLYESTER, NYLONARAMID, ACRYLICMODACRYLIC, SPANDEX, OLEFIN, VINYONSARAN, NYTRILTEFLON / FLUOROCARBONALGINATE : Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be ;Polyester, Nylon , Natural rubber . it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric. it is lustrous and its hand is crisp. the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface. they are thermoplastic, have good strength and are hydrophobic it can be dyed with only disperse dyes it has a high melting temperature The term "polyester" is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c39. POLYESTER Nylon is found in clothing all the time, but also in other places, in the form of a thermoplastic material. There are several

forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4, 6, 6.6, 6.10, 6.12,8,10 and 11. Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber.40. NYLON the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers. These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds. Nylons are also called polyamides, because of the characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain.41. Cont Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect, the Payne effect and is often model her elastic. Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer . Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of isoprene units, a hydrocarbon dienemonomer.42. Cont Metallic fibres-Aluminium, silver, gold and stainless steel Ceramic Alumina, Silica and Graphite fibres Carbon Glass Silica sand, lime stone and other minerals43. Inorganic Fibres In order to induce crystallization, it must be heated to te In its pure form it exists as a polymer The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica, SiO it has a high degree of viscosity It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing44. GLASS FIBRE it has a good thermal insulation, with at thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m By trapping air within them, blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer

products. The rest type of glass use for fiber was soda-lime glass or A glass which45. con It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed, and can worsen microscopic crack defects, and lessen tenacity. Because glass has anamorphous structure, its properties are the s46. Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing. They are made through laminating process. More recently, aluminum yarns, aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass. Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal, plasticcoated metal, metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration.47. METALLIC FIBRES They are used mainly for decorative purpose. Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron, especially at high temperatures, can melt the fibers. If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned. When suitable adhesives and films are used, they are not affected by salt water, chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions.48. Cont 49. Thank you