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ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS I: STATIC ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS : STATIC ANALYSIS

Requirements of Earthquake Resistant Design Seismic Coefficient Method Torsion due to Eccentricities Storey Drift Calculations Appendages Numerical Examples
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Requirements of Earthquake Resistant Design

Earthquake can cause damage not only on account of the shaking results from them but also due to other chain effects like landslides, floods, fires and disruption to communication. Therefore it is important to take necessary precautions in the planning and design of structures so that they are safe against such secondary effects also.
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6.1.1 The Characteristics (intensity, duration, etc) of Seismic Ground Vibrations expected
Depends on Magnitude of EQ Depth of Focus Distance from Epicenter Characteristics of the Path through which seismic waves travel Soil strata on which the structure stands

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6.1.2 Response of Structures to Ground Vibrations is a Function of --

6.1.3 Design Approach: Structure should

Nature of Foundation Soil Materials, Forms, Size and Mode of Construction of Structures Duration and Characteristics of Ground Motions

Possess at least a minimum strength to withstand minor EQs (<DBE) which occur frequently without damage Resist moderate EQs (DBE) without significant structural damage though some non-structural damage may occur and Aim that structures withstand a major EQ (MCE) without collapse. Actual forces that appear on structures during EQ are much greater than the design forces specified in this standard
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IS 1893(Part I): 2002 specifies design forces for structures standing on Rocks or soils which do not settle, liquefy or slide due to loss of strength during ground vibrations.

However Ductility, arising from inelastic material behavior and detailing. Over-strength, arising from the additional reserve strength in structures over and above the design strength, are relied upon to account for this difference in actual and design lateral forces. The specified EQ loads are based upon post-elastic energy dissipation in the structure and hence the provisions of this standard for design, detailing and construction shall be satisfied even for structures and members for which load combinations which do not contain the EQ effect indicate larger demands than combination including EQ.
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6.1.7 Additions to the Existing Structures

Structurally Independent shall be designed as NEW structure Structurally Dependent shall be designed as Entire conforms to the seismic force resistance requirements for new structure (1) Addition shall comply with the requirements for new structures. (2) Addition shall not increase forces in any structural elements by 5 % unless the capacity of the element subject to increased force is still in compliance with this standard, and (3) Addition shall not decrease the seismic resistance of any structural element unless >= required
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6.3.2 Design Horizontal EQ Load

7.5 Design Lateral Force:

When the Lateral Load resisting elements are oriented along orthogonal horizontal directions the structure shall be designed for the effects due to full Design EQ Load in one horizontal direction at time. When the lateral load resisting elements are not oriented along the orthogonal horizontal directions, the structure shall be designed for the effects due to full design EQ load in one horizontal direction plus 30 % of the design EQ load in the other direction

The Design Lateral Force shall first be computed for the building as a whole. This Design Lateral Force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall design seismic force thus obtained at each floor level, shall then be distributed to individual Lateral Load Resisting elements depending on the floor diaphragm action.

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7.5.3 Design Seismic Base Shear

7.6 Fundamental Natural Period (Tn)

The Approximate Fundamental Natural Period of Vibration (Tn), in seconds, of a Moment-Resisting Frame Building Without Brick Infill Panels may be estimated by the empirical expression Tn = 0.075 * h0.75 for RC Frame Building = 0.085 * h0.75 for Steel Frame Building

Total Design Lateral Force or Design Seismic Base Shear (Vb) along any principal direction shall be determined by Vb = Ah * W Where, Ah = Design Horizontal acceleration spectrum using the fundamental natural Period Ta , as per the considered direction of vibration

W = Seismic weight of the building.

Where, h Height of Building in m, excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns.

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7.6.2 Tn For all Other Buildings

6. 4 Design Spectrum

For Moment-Resisting Frame Buildings with the infill panels Tn = 0.09 * h / (d) Where, h height of building d Base dimension of the building at the Plinth Level, in m, along the considered direction of the Lateral Force

6.4.2 The Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient Ah for a structure Ah = (Z * I * Sa) / (2 * R * g) = (Z/2)*(I/R)*(Sa/g)

Provided that for any structure with T <= 0.1 s, the value of Ah will not be taken less than (Z/2) whatever be the value of (I/R)

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Where, Z = Zone Factor II, III, IV, V Low, Moderate, Severe, Very Severe 0.10, 0.16, 0.24, 0.36

7.3 Design Imposed Loads for Earthquake Calculation

7.3.1 The EQ Force shall be calculated for the Full DL + the percentage of Imposed Load Up-to and including 3.0 kN/m^2 25 % Above 3.0 kN/m^2 50 %

for the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) and Service Life of Structure in the Zone. i.e. DBE = MCE/2 I Importance Factor R Response Reduction Factor Sa/g Average Response Acceleration Coefficient as per Soil Condition

7.3.2 For Calculating the Design Seismic Forces of the Structure, the Imposed Load on Roof NEED not be considered. 7.3.3 Percentage of Imposed Loads shall also be used for Whole Frame Loaded condition in the Load Combinations where the Gravity Loads are combined with the EQ Loads, No reduction as per IS 875 for 16 number of storeys.

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7.4 Seismic Weight

7.7 Distribution of Design Force

7.4.1 Seismic Weight of Floors DL + % of LL

7.7.1 Vertical Distribution of Base Shear to Different Floor Levels Qi = (Vb) * (Wi * hi^2)/( Wi * hi^2) Qi Design Lateral Force at Floor I, W i Seismic Weight of Floor I, hi Height of Floor I measured from Base, n number of Storeys in the building is the number of levels at which the masses are located

the Weight of Columns and Walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey. 7.4.2 Seismic Weight of Building Sum of the Seismic Wt of all the floors. 7.4.3 Any Weight supported in between the storeys shall be distributed to the floors above and below in Inverse proportion to its distance from the floors.
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7.9 Torsion

7.11 Deformations

7.9.1 Provision shall be made in all buildings for Increase in SF on the Lateral Force Resisting Elements resulting from the Horizontal Torsional Moment arising due to eccentricity between the Centre of Mass and Centre of Rigidity. However, the Negative Torsional Shear shall be neglected. 7.9.2 Design Eccentricity ( whichever gives the more severe effect) e di static eccentricty, distance between CM and CR Bi Floor Plan dimension perpendicular to the direction of Force.

7.11.1 Storey Drift Limitation The storey drift in any storey due to minimum specified design lateral force with partial factor of 1.0 shall not exceed 0.004 times the storey height. No drift limit for single storey building which has been designed to accommodate storey drift.

edi 1.5 * esi 0.05 bi

OR

esi - 0.05 bi
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7.12.2 Cantilever Projections

7.12.2.1 Vertical Projections Tower, Tanks, Parapets, Smoke Stacks ( Chimneys) and Other Vertical cantilever projections attached to buildings and projecting above the roof shall be designed and checked for stability for FIVE times the design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah. In the analysis of the building, the weight of these projecting elements will be lumped with the roof weight.

7.11.2 Deformation structures

Compatibility

of

Non-Seismic

For buildings located in seismic zones IV and V, it shall be ensured that the structural components that are not part of the seismic Force Resisting System in the direction under consideration, do not lose their vertical load-carrying capacity under the induced moments resulting from storey deformations equal to R times the storey displacements calculated.

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7.12.2.2 Horizontal Projections All Horizontal Projections like cornices and balconies shall be designed and checked for stability for FIVE times the design Vertical coefficient 7.12.2.3 The increased Design Forces are ONLY for designing the projecting parts and their connections with the main structures. For the design of the main structure, such increase NEED not be considered.

Calculation of Design Seismic Force by Static Analysis

Problem Statement: Consider G+3 Storey building. The building is located in seismic zone III. The soil conditions are medium stiff. The R.C. frames are infilled with brick masonry. The lumped weight due to dead loads is 10 KN/m2 on floors and on roof. The floors carry live load of 5 KN/m2 on floors and roof.

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PLAN AND ELEVATION OF A BUILDING

Cases considered for the analysis

3.0 3.0

(a) Only Building. (b) Building + Vertical Projection --- Water Tank placed concentrically (c) Building + Vertical Projection --- Water Tank placed eccentrically.

3.0 5 @ 5m c/c

PLAN
3.0

(d) Analysis of cantilever portions --- Vertical & horizontal projections.

3.0 3.0 3.0 5 @ 5m c/c

ELEVATION
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Case a): Analysis of G + 3 BUILDING

Design Parameters: For seismic zone III, z= 0.16 (Table 2 of IS:1893) T Importance factor I = 1.0 Response Reduction factor R = 5 Ah = (Z / 2) X (I/R) X (Sa/g) = (0.16/2) X (1/5) X 2.5 = 0.04 Seismic Weights: Floors: Floor area= 25 X 9 = 225 m2 W1 = W2 = W3 = 225 X (10+0.5 X 5) = 3750 KN Total Seismic weight of the structure, W = Wi = 3 X 3750+2250 = 13500 KN
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Fundamental Period:
EQ in X-direction: = 0.09h/d = 0.09 X 12/25 = 0.216 sec.

Vb Roof: W4 = 225 x 10 = 2250 KN

= Ah X W = 0.04 X 13500 = 540 KN. EQ in Y-direction:

T = 0.09h/d = 0.09 X 12/9 = 0.36 sec Ah = (Z / 2) X (I/R) X (Sa/g) = (0.16/2) X (1/5) X 2.5 = 0.04 Vb = Ah X W = 0.04 X 13500 = 540 KN.

Seismic Force is same in both directions.

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VERTICAL PROJECTION (WATER TANK) CONCENTRICALLY

Lateral force distribution along height by Static Analysis

Lateral Force at ith Level for EL in X & Y-direction (KN) 219.66 205.93 91.52 22.88 540

Storey hi Level Wi (KN) (m) Wi hi2 4 3 2 1 2250 3750 3750 3750 12 9 6 3 324 303.75 135 33.75 796.5

Wihi/(Wihi2 0.40678 0.381356 0.169492 0.042373 1

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Case b): Building + Vertical Projection --- Water Tank placed concentrically

Seismic weight on roof:

w4 = DL + wt. of tank wt. of tank :

DATA : a) Roof slab = 0.120 x 5.2 x 3.2 x 25 =49.92 = 50 KN DL on floors = 10 KN/m2 , LL on floors = 5 kN/m2 b)Walls - 0.2 x 16 x 2 x 25 = 160 KN seismic zone III z = 0.16 ; I = 1 : R = 5 c)Bottom slab = 0.2 x 5.2 x 3.2 x 25 = 83.2KN Seismic Weight calculations: 4)Beams = 0.6 x 0.3 x (5 x 2 + 3 x 2) x 25 = 72 KN L = 9m ; b = 25m ; floor area = 225 sq.m 5)Staging 4-columns 4 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 2.1 = 18.9 = 19 KN LL >= 5KN/sqm , 50% LL need to be considered on all floors except roof. Total wt. of tank = 384.2 KN ; Total wt. on roof = 2634.2 KN Seismic weight on floors : Total wt.of structure = 11071.7 KN w1 = 225(10 + 0.5 x 5) = 2812.5 KN = w2 = w3
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VERTICAL PROJECTION (WATER TANK) AT ECCENTRICITY

Lateral force distribution along height by static method.

Storey Le vel 4 3 2 1 Lateral force at level for EQx and EQy (KN) ith

3.0 3.0 3.0 5 @ 5m c/c

Wi (KN) 2634.0 2812.5 2812.5 2812.5 =

hi, m 12 9 6 3

Wi hi2 x 1000 379.3 227.8 101.3 25.3 733.7

Wihi / Wihi2 0.520 0.310 0.140 0.034 1

229.0 137.5 61.1 15.3 442.9

3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

PLAN
2.0 2.1

5 @ 5m c/c
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ELEVATION

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Case c): Building + Vertical Projection --- Water Tank placed eccentrically.
The lumped wt. of tank on roof causes a shift in center of mass of roof level whereas the centre of rigidity remains at the geometrical center of roof. Thus an eccentricity in both directions is induced which X= 11.55 m, creates torsion & increases the shear. CM (11.56 , 4.73) , CR (12.5, 4.5) EQ in X direction:EQ.in x direction : T = 0.09h/d = 0.09 x 1225 = 0.216 Sec. Calculated eccentricity esi = 12.5 - 11.56 = 0.94 m Ah = (Z / 2) X( I / R) X (Sa/g) = 0.04 Design eccentricity edi = 1.5 x esi + 0.05b Design base shear = Ah x W = 442.868 KN edi = esi - 0.05b EQ in Y direction:- Ah = 0.04, Design base shear = Ah x W = 442.868 KN
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The center of mass (CM) is calculated as follows wt. of tank = 384.2 KN = 25.613 KN/m2 mass of tank = 2561.33 Kg/m2 Y= 4.782 m

OR

whichever gives more severe effect

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For, edi = 1.5 x 0.94+ 0.05 x 25 = 1.41 + 1.25 = 2.66 m edi = 0.94 - 0.05 x 25 = 0.94 - 1.25 = -0.31m 2nd column line, Vx = 2.730 KN edi = 2.66 m 3rd column line, Vx = - 2.731 KN EQX = 228.95 KN 4th column line, Vx = - 8.195 KN Torsional moment T =(EQX) x (edi) = 609.007 KNm The -ve values are to be neglected while +ve shear to be added i.e. force is Additional shear due to torsion is given as Vx = (T / Ip) x (y) x (Kxx) not to be deducted as per IS 1893 2002. Ip = ( Kx )x Y2 + (Ky) x X2 , Kx = 12E I / L3 , I = 0.000675 m4 , Similar calculations follow for Y direction . E = 25 X 106 KN/m2 , Kx = 7500 KN/m, (Kx) x Y2 = 1923750, ( Ky) x X2 = 13125000, Ip = 15048750. OR Ist column line, Vx = 8.195 KN

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Case d): Design of Projection (Tank- Column)

Design of container Column: Wt. of container = 384.2 KN ; Wt.of water = 30 x 10 = 300 KN.

Case e): Design considerations for horizontal projections

Design of horizontal projections for vertical earthquake acceleration. Vertical acceleration = 10/3 (Ah) = 0.133. Consider a horizontal balcony 0f 1m x 1m with a parapet wall of ht = 1m M 20 concrete ; Fe 415 Steel L / d =7 M.F.= 1.3

Total load = 384.2 + 300 = 684.2 KN The projection is to be designed for 5 times Ah --- IS 1893 2002 = 5 x Ah = 5 x 0.04 = 0.2 Vb = Ah x W = 0.2 x 684.2 = 136.84 KN. Moment = 2.1 x (136.84/4) = 71.841 KNm & Axial load = 684.2 / 4 = 171.05 KN The column is to be checked for, Axial load = 166.32 KN Moment = 139.713 KNm. along both directions.
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d = 1000/7 x 1.3 = 109.89mm : D = 109.89 + 20 = 129.89 mm =130 mm (say) d = 110 mm .

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Loading calculation : 1) DL = 25 x 0.130 + 1.5 = 4.75 kn/m2 Assume LL = 5 KN / m2 Total load = 9.75 KN/m2 ultimate load = 1.5 x 9.75 = 14.635 KN/m2 Wt. of parapet wall = 1 x 0.1 x 25 = 2.5 KN Design moment = WuL2 + Wu x L = 14.635 x 1 x 1/ 2 + 2.5 x 1 = 9.82 KN m Section design ; for given material dreq =.(9.82 x 106 Ru = 2.76

For the seismic acceleration in vertical direction the stability is checked Av = (2/3) Ah also these projections are designed for five times the horizontal accn.hence Av = (10 / 3) x Ah = (10 / 3) x 0.04 = 0.133 The overturning moment is obtained for a critical or worst combination as Mo = w1 (1 + Av)L / 2 + w2 (1+ Av)L w1 = 1 x 1 x 0.130 x 25 + LL; w2 = 2.5 KN ( Point load of the Parapet wall)

/ 2.76 x 1000) = 59.65 mm < provided. -- o.k.

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