PETROLEUM
Lesson 0-1
Dr.Ir.Sudjati Rachmat,DEA
Origin of Petroleum
• Inorganic theories
– carbides of iron, calcium etc.. When contacted with water
– action of hot water on limestone, CaCO3 and gypsum
• Organic theories
– Animal theories: due to decomposition of marine animals -
fishes, oysters, other microscopic organisms.
– Vegetal theories: due to decomposition of plants - seaweeds
Land plants such as those in swamps coal beds
oil
Microscopic plants - diatoms: Non-fossil organisms
planktons oil
Geologic Time Scale - Biostratigraphy
Triassic period Permian period
Jurassic period
Pennsylvanian period
Mississippian period
245 m.y
323 m.y Devonian
146 m.y 208 m.y 290 m.y period
363 m.y
409 m.y
Silurian
439 m.y
65 m.y 1 b.y period
57 m.y 510 m.y 2 b.y
570 m.y Evolution
35 m.y
of cells with
23 m.y nucleus
5 m.y
3 b.y First
0.01 m.y fossil
4.6 billion cells
years ago 4 b.y Oldest rocks
ERA
PERIOD dated on Earth
Holocene epoch EPOCH
How Long Does It Take to
Make Oil?
Geologic Time Chart
Eon Era Period Epoch
Quaternary
period
Quaternary Recent
0 0 0 Pleistocene
Cenozoic Era
1
Mesozoic
100 Cretaceous 20 Miocene
(Precambrian)
Tertiary
period
2 Cryptozoic 150 Jurassic 30 Oligocene
200 Triassic 40
Eocene
3
250 Permian 50
4 300 Pennsylvanian
60 Paleocene
Mississippian
4.6 350
Paleozoic
Devonian
400
Silurian
450 Ordovician
500
550 Cambrian
600
How Does Plate Tectonics
Contribute to the Creation of Oil?
Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
Age of the Ocean Floor
Australia
Antarctica
Asthenosphere
Magma forming
• Earthquake centers
Origin of Petroleum
• Likely scenario:
scenario oil = ancient animal + plants
paraffinic base - vegetal origin
Flow
of sedim
ents
SEA/FRESH WATER
Water prevents rapid
oxidation of organic Plants and animals
material
Petroleum System
A Petroleum System requires timely
convergence of certain geologic factors and
geologic events.
These Include:
Seal
Reservoir rock
Migration
Mature source rock
Generation, Migration, and
Trapping of Hydrocarbons
Seal
Fault
Oil/water
(impermeable)
contact (OWC)
Migration route
Seal
Seal
Hydrocarbon Reservoir
accumulation rock
in the
reservoir rock
Top of maturity
Source rock
Migration of Petroleum
• Source rock – mostly shales
• Final accumulation of oil – sandstones,
limestones, fractured shales
Trapped hydrocarbons
Limestone/sandstone secondary
Regional flow primary
of water
shale
10’s – 100’s km
Primary Migration
• Why does the hydrocarbon migrate from the source rock
(shale) to the more porous rocks (sandstone) above?
CAPILLARITY
water oil
Fs Note shape of
Force at the interface, concave
upwards Note shape of
interface
between water interface, concave
and solid due to downwards
surface tension water
Fs oil
Fs α 1 / r
Shales have smaller pore throats than sands.
Water flows readily into shales and oil out of shales
Primary Migration
• Effect of pressure, heat
primary
Faults
Combination
Anticlinal/fault
traps
Flow
of sedim
SEA LEVEL RECEDING ents
Shoreface
Near shore/Shallow Marine
Offshore/Deep Marine
Stratigraphic
Extent of
Petroleum
Overburden Rock
System Essential
Sedimentary
Seal Rock
Basin Fill
Elements
of
Reservoir Rock
Petroleum
Pod of Active System Source Rock
Source Rock
Underburden Rock
Petroleum Reservoir (O)
Basement Rock
Fold-and-Thrust Belt Top Oil Window
(arrows indicate relative fault motion)
Top Gas Window
Co a
stal
Plai
n
Example
Alluvial sedimentation
Barrier Shoreline
Washover fan
Ebb
Tide
Long
Delta
Flood
shore Tide
D
rift Delta Lagoon
Wind
Back-barrier
marsh
Sea Ba
rrie
Shoreface r Is
Sands la n
dF
Shelf Silts ac
ies
Distributary
Photo by L. Klatzel-Mudry
Carbonate Depositional
Environments and Systems
Carbonate Reef System
30 km
S N
Back Reef SL Open Water
(Lagoon)
150 Lime Grainstone
m
Reef
Miliolids Forereef
100 Shelf
Orbitolina
50 Boundstone Chalky
lime mudstone Globigerina
mudstone
1
Schematic Reservoir Layering Profile
in a Carbonate Reservoir
Flow unit
Baffles/barriers
3250
3250 3250 3200 3250
3300 3250
3200
3250
3350 3350
Unconformity Oil/Gas
Oil/Gas
Oil/Gas
Foreland Basin
(Compressive Stress)
Thrust fault
Pull-apart Basin
(Lateral Stress)
Wrench fault
Structural Features
Folded Structures
Anticline Syncline
Fold Terminology
b
m
Li
Li
m b
b m
Li
Anticline
Youngest
Syncline rock
Oldest rock
Modified from xxx)
Overturned Folds
Anticlinal Axis
A x i s
ncl i nal
S y
Photograph by XXX
Faulting (normal faults)
Photograph by XXX
Strike Slip Fault
(Left Lateral)
e
Dip Angle
rik
St
Fault Plane
Methods of Structural Evaluation
Structural Structural Map
Cross Section
A A’
1000
SL A’
OIL
-1000
0
+
-10
-2000 +
+ +
+
00
-20
-3000 + + +
-30
00
00
OIL/Water O
Contact Wa I L
ter
A
2000 Depth (ft)
Structural Hydrocarbon Traps - Fault
Oil or Gas A
Sand
Shale
Sand
A
Fault
Water
Structural Hydrocarbon Traps
Gas
Oil/Gas Closure
Contact
Oil / Water
Contact
Oil
Fold (Anticlinal) Trap
Seal
Salt
Salt Diapir Oil
Dome
Up
Fault scarp
thr
Fa
Upth
ult
ow
Dow
Do
Sc
n
ar p
wn
rown
nthr
thr
ow
own
n