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IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening A religious movement that spawned in America, very much like the Great Awakening,

except this one was way more potent and had a much stronger effect on America such as increasing the sectionalism, and also creating a stronger line in between different denominations. Shakers A religious Utopia established in the Kentucky to Maine area that did not believe in having children so they relied on converting others to keep a stable population, which in the end did not work so well. Mormons Church of Jesus Christ Latter-Day Saints, which was found by Joseph Smith after he was given a new Book of the Mormons and they took place in Utah and they practiced many things differently from normal mainstream Americans such as polygamy. Brigham Young The successor to Joseph Smith who came up with the idea to march all the way to Utah to live there and populate. He was the one who helped cause populate Utah so that it could become a state. Transcendentalists People that believed in the new intellectual belief that centered around being an individual and also rejecting traditional religious values and beliefs. Ralph Waldo Emerson A leader of the Transcendentalist movement that wrote many inspiring speeches and public works. He was trained as a Unitarian minister and he lectured in the west. Henry David Thoreau A dear friend of Emerson who also wrote about being individual. His writings were widely distributed and eventually even inspired Gandhi to resist the British. He believed in giving up bodily pleasures so that he could study more about individualism. Utopia A perfect society that was attempted by many people. So far, none has survived and all has failed, which is why the name is derived from the perfect place and also a place that does not exist at the same time. Brook Farm A Utopian society established by George Ripley in the Boston area that worked as a unit farm and shared all works and had intellectual conversations with each other. New Harmony A Utopian society that was found in Indiana with a population of 1000 people. It lasted 2 years and fell apart due to lack of leadership and cooperation.

Oneida Community A community that was found in the beliefs of free love, birth control and it flourished because it was joined by a metal company that helped fund it. It was charged with adultery; however it still exists today. Temperance Crusade The crusade that was against alcohol which had a profound in some of the people because it banned alcohol in some states and also spread awareness of how alcohol should be drunk at all times for example at work. Seneca Falls Convention The convention in which many women of America that wanted rights met and wrote up a Declaration of Sentiments and also wanted equal rights for women. They were overshadowed by the Civil War so their concerns werent addressed. American Colonization Society An organization that was found to send Black people back to Africa, it was found by a black man because he believed that they would stand a better chance in somewhere not America or white-dominated. William Lloyd Garrison A man who wanted to free slaves in America. He published the Liberator papers in which preached an immediate end to slavery. David Walker Black writer who preached for an end to slavery in his writing. He wanted to appeal it in 1829. Hudson River School The American art school that first began teaching the American ways of painting romantic landscapes of American land.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney 1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century? United States became more liberal about religion because of its diversity. Deism was a thought that some of the founding fathers believed in which was that people should use

reasoning and science before religion. Also, there is no holy power on earth, however there still is an omnipotent being but he doesnt affect what happens on the Earth. Unitarians were people that both wanted to liberate and also conserve. Their belief that there is only 1 divine being is something new, innovative and how they fight for freeing slavery is something liberal, their believe of abolishing alcohol is not. The Second Great Awakening brought in a wave of religious revival and Charles Grandisom Finney was one of the main leaders because he set up a system in which women can now actually play an active role in their families. Denominational Diversity Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists) 2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion? The Second Great Awakening had several major changing effects on organized religion. As the first Great Awakening did, it made the lines of division more clear in not only religion but also in the union. The wealthier people, mostly near the East, became more as the Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians and they were very little touched by the whole movement, pretty much unaffected. The more poor society in the South and the West prospered in religious revival. These changes reflected the social cleavages when the churches faced the slavery issue. The Methodists split between North and South because they couldnt agree on the slavery issue. So did the Presbyterians and then split the parties, and then split the union. A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view) Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young 3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors? Mormons are a new religion that was created in America. It is very different from the other religions being that it is the first to celebrate polygamy in America, which was something in contrast to the normal Christians in America that believe in monogamy. It also is based loosely off Christianity, and may have offended many others. It was also a cult back in its days, it had its own army for defence and was controlled by Joseph Smith who thought of himself as a prophet saying that he was given by an angel the Book of Mormon. He tried to spread his word but instead that only got him into further trouble. Free Schools for a Free People Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers 4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850? Some advances made towards the field of education was the acceptance of it. After acceptance, it was then advocated by many for the education of the 3 Rs, reading, riting, and rithmatic. These 3 were the core subjects that most teachers had to teach, however teaching was yet still a poor paying job that had no real standard. A great addition to public education came from Horace Mann, who became the director of the Massachusetts Board of Education, and began to improve the internal structures. Text books were then made by Noah Webster, which really helped shape and form the right things for children to learn and standardize them.

Higher Goals for Higher Learning Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines 5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years? Higher education became more modern as the states started to progress along with the Second Great Awakening, when new denominational liberal-arts colleges began to open up which either kept old curriculum or had new creative curriculum to introduce. The University of Virginia, which was mostly founded by Thomas Jefferson, was a prime example of the modern university at the time promoting freedom of religion and speech and also other liberal freedoms. The Oberlin College was one of the first colleges to accept woman and blacks. Also, adults could also enjoy education in the form of libraries, or lyceums, or magazines which were printed. An Age of Reform Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix 6. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements? The reform movement was a time in which many social values were being changed, for better or for worse, back into the Puritan table of values. This called for some sense of individual liberties and the freedom of slaves, however, it wanted to prohibit alcohol. The movement encouraged for the reformation of the punishment laws, and instead of having so many crimes, and really cruel punishments, penitentiaries, or prisons were then opened up to keep people who broke the law. The treatment of the mentally inclined was still very bad because people still believed that they were cursed. Dorthea Dix decided to help speak for the mentally ill people, and also she was a woman, who at the time began to see that they were getting more rights. Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder" Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851 7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers. The success of the temperance reformers was mixed because they were able to bring awareness of alcoholism, however, they were unable to stop it: their original goal. The group that was spreading such awareness was the American Temperance Society, which was formed to speak of the evils of alcohol to the public. Neil S. Dow was a main reformer and he proposed and advocated the Maine Law of 1851 in which would ban all the selling and production of intoxicating liquor. This was successful along in their goals; however in the end, people could not draw themselves away from the tempting drink that calls to them at the end of each day. Women in Revolt Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments 8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century. The status of the women in the first half of the 19th century was mostly of the homestaying class. They were still considered behind man in many ways, because they were

physically weak and emotionally inferior, and because of that they didnt deserve much of their rights. Most women lost their rights after marriage, and because of that many stayed as spinsters. Alexis de Tocqueville noted that women in America get better treatment than the women of Europe. People such as Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell and Margaret Fuller are people that advocated for womens rights. At the convention of Seneca Falls, many feminists wrote the Declaration of Sentiments. However, this meetings agenda was overshadowed as the Civil War inched closer. Wilderness Utopias Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers 9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America? Utopian communities were different from mainstream America because they carried beliefs that wanted to create a perfect society in which all would either be equal or at least be on par at some aspects. They also mostly exercised living in an actual community, in which everyone had a different job to do in the community as opposed to everyone striving for what they truly wanted to me. They also mostly aimed to be as sexless as possible and this was actually a main cause of their downfalls because of not allowing such reproduction of any level other than making perfect children was very ridiculous and slowed down the growth of most communities. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon 10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain. The United States was not a leader in the world of scientific pursuits because it simply lacked the knowledge needed to get ahead. Although there were geniuses such as Benjamin Silliman, Louis Agassiz, and Asa Grey, they were not able to clearly carry our Americans into being the leader of science. We lacked in almost every aspect, including the medical field, in which most people considered to be a failure because of how behind it was. People were prescribed ancient remedies that clearly did not work, and medicine was so bad that they were often worse than not treating the at normals. So when asked if the US was a leader in scientific pursuits, the answer would clearly be a no. Makers of America: The Oneida Community Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism 11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain. Oneida was an example of a good place because it was able to succeed, yet it was also a place that at the time shouldnt have existed. It was a fairly successful community in that it was able to not die out immediately after it was created. It also was joined by a metal company, and it was soon formed into a corporation that was at the same a tourist sight for many Europeans that were indulged in the idea of free-sex and how a Utopian society would exist. John Humphrey Noyes society shouldnt have existed because of how it worked and it by some strike of luck and miracle has made it. In the time when

Christianity was so dominate in America that people looked so heavily down on them because of their practice of mutual criticism. Artistic Achievements Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster 12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess. During the first few decades of Americas history, art could not really develop into the American taste because it was forced upon to rapidly make houses to keep up with its growing economy. Thomas Jefferson was rather one of the first American architects because of his unique designs in the University of Virginia and in his private manor which was more American. America also had its share of fair artists and writers such as Gilbert Stuart and Charles Wilson Peale. The Hudson River School was found to paint in an American style, and ever since America has won the War of 1812, nationalism gave birth to the new form of art that included the American scenery. The HRS taught this very well and was well known for capturing many scenes of American life. The Blossoming of a National Literature Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant 13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American? What uniquely made American writers American was that their writing was that is had a distinct flavor of being un-civilized as compared to the British writers. The Knickerbocker Groups was a group that helped get many American writers get started. They helped Washington Irving get started, who wrote a lot about American ways. James Fenimore Cooper was the first American novelist, and he wrote The Last of the Mohican's which was a book that really showed what American literature is about because it had that distinct flavour of adventure and impoliteness. William Cullen Bryant might have been related to Kobe Bryant, and in that case he would be of the most unique in American literature. What he actually did was the write poetry and edit the New York Evening Post. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman 14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain. The best transcendentalist, a movement in which people believed that they can go up, or transcend beyond the world, was Ralph Waldo Emerson because he wrote much about self-improvement, self-reliance and many other traits of being independent and liberal. He also encouraged optimism and freedom. his writing reflected the new liberal mindset of the period, which was to change. Change was a dominant theme in the movement, and that was what Emerson brought. Walt Whitman came with new poetry that expressed

feelings and what not. Henry David Thoreau also expressed ideas that were very radical. Glowing Literary Lights Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson 15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a famous American writer that wrote books on American traditions that became bestsellers in Europe. His famous works were Evangeline and The Courtship of Miles Standish. John Greenleaf Whittier and he wrote a lot about the slavery issue. James Russel Lowell was a poet also wrote about freeing the slaves. Oliver Wendell Holmes was a writer wrote about American history and was partly conservative. Louisa May Alcott was a women writer that wrote about transcendentalism. Emily Dickinson was a poet that had a unique structure of rhymes and wrote about the many aspects of life. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville 16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places? I think that Poe and Melville were not appreciated in America because what they wrote was not truly American par say. They writings were very creative, and individual, styles that were independent and not followed by most of others. Poes writing was mostly at the time very depressing, and both Poe and Melville were mentally ill and unstable, which made what they wrote not as light-heartening so that when people read their works, they would not feel the overwhelming sense of nationalism. However, the British enjoyed such work because it was considered to be polite and whatnot. Its complex storyline and non upbeat story seemed like it didnt attract any Americans. Portrayers of the Past Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman 17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote? Geographical backgrounds of historians affected the history they wrote because it causes some form of bias. George Bancroft was born and raised in the military, so therefore he would have a very patriotic feel about his writing, as opposed to those of others. William Prescott lost sight of his eye, and because of that he was able to visit other areas and write about colonial times with England and France. Francis Parkman wrote in complete darkness and wrote about the colonial times.

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