School of Arts & Humanities

Department of Philosophy

6AANB035 Philosophy of Physics

Syllabus Academic year 2013/14 Basic information
Credits: 15 Module Tutor: Eleanor Knox Office: PB/A 704 Consultation time: 11:00-12:30 Wednesdays Semester: 2 Lecture time and venue: 9:00-10:00 Fridays, Provisional Room: K3.11 Class time and venue: TBC

Module description (plus teaching arrangements, aims and objectives)

This module will provide an introduction to the philosophical puzzles raised by physics, and the impact of theories in physics for other areas of philosophy. What does physics tell us about the nature of space, time and matter? Contemporary physics is overwhelmingly empirically successful, but often appears puzzling or even paradoxical; can our best theories be given coherent realist interpretations, and, if so, should we believe what they tell us? This module looks at interpretational problems in Newtonian mechanics, special relativity, quantum mechanics and thermal physics, and explores the philosophical consequences of taking these theories seriously. (Note that while the course will involve introducing some formal aspects of physics, no detailed knowledge of physics, mathematics beyond basic calculus and algebra, or background in philosophy of science will be assumed.)
Nb. Materials , including readings and lecture notes, will be posted on the blackboard site for the module. Students should ensure they have access to this.

Assessment methods and deadlines

Formative assessment: 2x1000 word essays o 1st formative essay due: 5pm Friday 21st February o 2nd formative essay due: 5pm Friday 4th April Essays may answer any of the questions suggested below . Any essays received past the deadline without prior permission or an extremely good excuse will not be accepted. (Please note that formative assessment must be completed to pass the module) Summative assessment: 2 x 2,500-word essays due noon, Friday 16th May 2014.
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Books and Resources

General Textbooks There are very few broad philosophy of physics textbooks that cover the whole syllabus, and none at a really introductory level, but some of the following subject specific books provide excellent introductions: Space and Time Nick Huggett, Space from Zeno to Einstein, (MIT press 1999) classic texts with commentary and a focus on classical mechanics. H.G. Alexander ed., The LeibnizClarke Correspondence, (Manchester University Press 1956). debate between Leibniz and Clarke, a follower of Newton, concerning the reality of space. B. Dainton, Time and Space (Acumen, 2001), -basic all round philosophical introduction to space and time. J. Earman, World Enough and Space-Time (MIT, 1989) slightly more advanced (and more precise) introduction to space and time. Thermal Physics David Albert, Time and Chance, (Harvard University Press 2000). A very accessible introduction, but far from neutral. Albert has a very informal style that some like and some dont. L. Sklar, Physics and Chance: Philosophical Issues in the Foundations of Statistical Mechanics , (Cambridge University Press 1993). More thorough and scholarly introduction. Quantum mechanics Introductory: David Albert, Quantum Mechanics and Experience, (Harvard University Press, 1994) Again, very accessible and informal. Rae, Quantum Mechanics: Illusion or Reality? (Cambridge, 2004) E. Squires, Conscious Mind in the Physical World, (Adam Hilger, 1990) More advanced: J.S. Bell, Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics, (Cambridge, 1987) R.I.G. Hughes, The Structure and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, (Harvard University Press, 1989) M. Redhead, Incompleteness, Nonlocality and Realism, (Clarendon Press, 1989) General Resources Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy Dean Rickles ed., The Ashgate Companion to Contemporary Philosophy of Physics, (Ashgate 2008) An excellent advanced collection aimed at those with a some background in the subject.

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Lecture Schedule
Week One : Newtonian Mechanics: Newton, Leibniz and the reality of space Week Two : Special Relativity I: Introduction to the theory, its consequences, and its formulations. Week Three : Special Relativity II: Philosophical questions - the conventionality of simultaneity, and the explanatory power of the geometrical formulation. Week Four: The Physics of Time I: Special relativitys consequences for the philosophy of time. Week Five : The Physics of Time II: Times arrow, entropy in statistical mechanics and the second law of thermodynamics READING WEEK FIRST FORMATIVE ESSAY DUE 5pm Friday 21st February Week Six : Quantum Mechanics I: Introduction to the theory Week Seven: Quantum Mechanics II: The measurement problem Week Eight: Quantum Mechanics III: Non-locality and the Einstein-Podolosky-Rosen Paradox. Week Nine : Quantum Mechanics IV: Bare realist quantum mechanics the Everett interpretation. Week Ten : Quantum mechanics V: Solving the measurement problem by changing the theory hidden-variables and stochastic collapse theories. SECOND FORMATIVE ESSAY DUE 5pm Friday 4th April

Detailed Lecture Outline (including suggested essay topics and readings):

Some notes on the readings and essays:
Required reading is just that required! You should come to class having read this in detail and be able to give a summary of its content if asked. Although its not required, its highly advisable to be reading at least one additional text each week, and you will need to read several more when you come to write your essays. That said, theres more material listed below than could reasonably be covered in a term; dont feel that you should be on top of all the questions, or all the readings. Links to required reading will be posted on blackboard, or in some cases a copy of the book will be placed on reserve at the Maughan library. Some of the articles below have hyperlinks to online content even where not linked, most journal articles are available online google scholar is a helpful resource. In case of (genuine!) difficulty obtaining any readings, please email me. Starred questions are more about your comprehension of the subject than topics for philosophical debate. Page 3 You may answer these as formative essays, but not summative.

Week One : Newtonian Mechanics: Newton, Leibniz and the reality of space
Questions: I have many demonstrations, to confute the fancy of those who take space to be a substance, or at least an absolute being (LEIBNIZ). Explain and assess Leibnizs arguments against the reality of space. Do Newtons discussions of the rotating bucket experiment and of the globes thought-experiment provide the basis of an argument for the existence of absolute space? Required reading: B. Dainton, Time and Space (Acumen, 2001), Ch. 10 and 11 (pp.164-193). N. Huggett, Space from Zeno to Einstein, Ch. 7-8 (pp. 107-168). Pay particular attention in chapter 7 to the extract from Newtons Scholium. Additional reading: Alexander ed. The LeibnizClarke Correspondence, 1956, (Manchester University Press). J. Earman, World Enough and Space-Time (MIT, 1989), pp. 61-73 and 81-84. R. Rynasiewicz, By their Properties, Causes and Effects: Newtons Scholium on Time, Space, Place and Motion I. The Text. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 26 (1995), pp. 133-153. R. Rynasiewicz, By Their Properties, Causes and Effects: Newtons Scholium on Time, Space, Place and MotionII. The Context, Studies In History and Philosophy of Science 26 (1995). L. Sklar, Space, Time and Spacetime (University of California Press, 1976), pp. 16181. T. Maudlin, Buckets of Water and Waves of Space: Why Spacetime is Probably a Substance, Philosophy of Science 60 (1993): 183203. P. Horwich, On the Existence of Time, Space and Space-Time, Nous 12 (1978), pp. 397-419.

Week Two: Special Relativity I: Introduction to the theory, its consequences, and its formulations.
Questions: *Henceforth space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality.(MINKOWSKI). In what sense, and how, does special relativity postulate a unified spacetime, rather than space and time independently? *Describe the twin paradox. Is it really a paradox, and, if not, whats the best way to explain it away? Required reading: E.F. Taylor and J.A. Wheeler, Spacetime Physics, 2nd edition (W.H. Freeman, 1992). Chapter 3 and special supplement pp.53-120. Physics students may skip or skim this if they feel they have a reasonable grasp of special relativity. A. Einstein, On the electrodynamics of moving bodies available at: http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ For physics students (and others who want to do extra reading): M .Friedman, Foundations of Space-Time Theories (Princeton, 1983), sections IV.1,IV.2, IV.5 (pp. 125-141 and 149-158). Additional reading: H. R. Brown, Physical Relativity (Oxford, 2006). Chapter 3 (pp. 33-40) and Chapter 5 (pp. 69-90). Available online from Oxford Scholarship Online. R. Torretti, The Philosophy of Physics (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 249-60. B. Dainton, Time and Space (Acumen, 2001), Ch. 18 (pp.313-327) (less technical for anyone whos having trouble with the more physics oriented readings).
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Week Three : Special Relativity II: Philosophical questions - the conventionality of simultaneity, and the explanatory power of the geometrical formulation.
Questions: Simultaneity is variously described as relative and conventional. What do these two claims means, and which, if either, is true? Does the geometry of spacetime (as specified by the Minkowski metric) play an explanatory role in special relativity? Required reading(week 3): A. Janis,"Conventionality of Simultaneity", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2002 Edition), E. N. Zalta (ed.), available at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002/entries/spacetime-convensimul/ J.S. Bell, How to Teach Special Relativity, in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 67-80. Additional reading: Conventionality of simultaneity: R. B. Angel, Relativity: the Theory and its Philosophy (Pergamon, 1980), pp. 125-138. D. Malament, Causal Theories of Time and the Conventionality of Simultaneity, Nous 11 (1977), pp. 293-300. S. Sarkar and J. Stachel, Did Malament Prove the Non-Conventionality of Simultaneity in the Special Theory of Relativity?, Philosophy of Science 66 (1999), pp. 208-220. H. R. Brown, Physical Relativity (Oxford, 2006), pp. 95-105 M Friedman, Foundations of Space-Time Theories (Princeton, 1983), pp. 165-176. H. Reichenbach, Space and Time (Dover, 1958), pp. 123-135. R. Torretti, Relativity and Geometry (Pergamon, 1983) pp. 220-230. J. A. Winnie, Special Relativity without One-Way Velocity Assumptions: Parts I and II. Philosophy of Science 37 (1970) pp. 81-99 and 223-238. Geometrical explanation: R. B. Angel, Relativity: the Theory and its Philosophy (Pergamon, 1980), pp. 81-90. G. Nerlich, The Shape of Space (Cambridge, 1976), 10.1-10.9 (pp. 213-251) and possibly also chapter 2 (pp. 29-49), esp. sections 2.7-2.8. H. R. Brown, Physical Relativity (Oxford, 2006), chapter 8 (pp. 128-149). Y. Balashov and M Jansen, Presentism and Relativity, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 54 (2003), pp. 327-346. http://www.phil.uga.edu/faculty/balashov/papers/presentism.pdf H. R. Brown and O. Pooley, The origin of the spacetime metric: Bells Lorentzian pedagogy and its significance in general relativity, in C. Callender and N. Huggett (eds.) Physics Meets Philosophy at the Planck Scale (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 256-272. Available online at http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9908048 . Sections 1-4 and 6 G. Nerlich What can geometry explain? British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 30 (1979) p.69. M Friedman, Foundations of Space-Time Theories (Princeton, 1983), chapter VI (pp. 216-263, esp., pp. 236-263). R. Torretti, Relativity and Geometry (Pergamon, 1983) chapter 4, sections 4.1-4.4 (pp 88-114) E. Taylor and J.A. Wheeler, Spacetime Physics 2nd edition (W.H. Freeman, 1992), pp. 137-163.

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Week Four: The Physics of Time I: Special relativitys consequences for the philosophy of time.
Questions: Is presentism compatible with special relativity? Required reading: J. M. E. McTaggart, "The Unreality of Time", Mind, New Series, Vol. 17, No. 68 (Oct., 1908), pp. 457474. S. W. Saunders, "How Relativity Contradicts Presentism", in C. Callender (ed.), Time, Reality & Experience (CUP, 2002), pp. 277-92. Additional reading: H. Putnam, "Time and Physical Geometry", Journal of Philosophy 64 (1967): 240-7. Reprinted in his Mathematics, Matter and Method, Philosophical Papers Vol. 1 (CUP, 1975). H. Stein, "On Einstein-Minkowski Space-Time", Journal of Philosophy 65 (1968): 5-23. N. Maxwell, "Are Probabilism and Special Relativity Incompatible?", Philosophy of Science 52 (1985): 23-43. H. Stein, "On Relativity Theory and Openness of the Future", Philosophy of Science 58 (1991): 147-67. M. Hinchliff, "A Defense of Presentism in a Relativistic Setting", Philosophy of Science 67 (2000): S57586.
M. Dummett, "A defense of McTaggart's proof of the unreality of time", Philosophical Review 69 (1960): 497-504. Reprinted in his Truth and Other Enigmas (Duckworth, 1978). G. Evans, "Does tense-logic rest upon a mistake?", in his Collected Papers (OUP, 1979), pp. 343-63. D. H. Mellor, Real Time II (Routledge, 1998), Ch. 7. P. Percival, "A presentist's refutation of Mellor's McTaggart", in C. Callender (ed.) Time, Reality and Experience (CUP, 2002), pp. 91-118. M. Dickson, Quantum chance and non-locality (CUP, 1998), pp. 165-74. B. Dainton, Time and Space (Acumen, 2001), Chs 2, 3, 5, 6 & 17. R. Weingard, "Relativity and the reality of past and future events", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 23 (1972): 119-21. N. Maxwell, "On Relativity Theory and Openness of the Future", Philosophy of Science 60 (1993): 341-8. S. Savitt, "There's no time like the present (in Minkowski Spacetime)", Philosophy of Science 67 (2000): S563-74. E-print: http://scistud.umkc.edu/psa98/papers/. R. Clifton and M. Hogarth, "The Definability of Objective Becoming in Minkowski Spacetime", Synthese 103 (1995): 355-87. Y. Balashov & M. Janssen, "Presentism and Relativity", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (2003) 54(2): 327-346.E-print: http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/525/

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Week Five: The Physics of Time II: Times arrow, entropy in statistical mechanics and the second law of thermodynamics
Questions:
Is the time asymmetry of thermodynamics best explained by the initial conditions of the universe? Should we try to explain the low-entropy initial condition of the universe, and, if so, how might it be explained?

Required reading: Albert, D., Time and Chance, Harvard University Press, 2000. Chapter 1-4 (pp. 1-96) (chapter 3 can be skimmed if necessary). Price, H. On the origins of the arrow of time: why there is still a puzzle about the low-entropy past, in C. Hitchcock (ed.), Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science, Blackwell 2004, pp. 219-239. Callender, C. There is no puzzle about the low-entropy past, in C. Hitchcock (ed). ibid, pp. 240-256. Additional reading: Earman, J. The past hypothesis: not even false, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 37 (2006), pp. 399-430. Penrose, R. The Emperors New Mind, Oxford University Press, 1989. Chapter 7.
B. Dainton, Time and Space (Acumen, 2001), ch4 and 7 Callender, C. Measures, Explanations and the Past: Should Special Initial Conditions be Explained?. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 55 (2004), pp. 195-217. Price, H. Times Arrow and Archimedes Point. Oxford University Press, 1996. Chapter 2 (pp. 22-48). Wald, R. The arrow of time and the initial conditions of the universe , Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 37 (2006), pp. 394-3. Sklar, L. Physics and Chance (Cambridge, 1993). Chapter 8 (pp. 297-332

Week Six: Quantum Mechanics I: Introduction to the theory

Questions: There are no formal essay questions for this week, but you should come out of the reading having some idea how the following play a part in the formalism of quantum mechanics (if youre only reading the Albert, he doesnt quite use all these terms if you still dont know what they means after the lecture, please ask!): o Superposition o Operator o Schrodinger equation o Wave function o Commutator o Configuration space o Born rule o Collapse of the wavefunction o Hilbert space Required reading: David Albert, Quantum Mechanics and Experience, ch1-2 pp1-60 For physics students (and anyone else who wants to have a go): David Wallaces notes on quantum formalism, available on blackboard Additional reading: M. Redhead, Incompleteness, nonlocality and realism: a prolegomenon to the philosophy of quantum mechanics. (Clarendon, 1987). Ch 1 A. Rae, Quantum Physics: Illusion or reality?, (Cambridge, 1986). Ch1-3 R.I.G. Hughes, The Structure and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Part I
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Week Seven: Quantum Mechanics II: The measurement problem

Questions What is the measurement problem, and is it a problem at all? Required reading: D. Albert, Quantum Mechanics and Experience (Harvard University Press, 1992), Chapter 4 (pp. 73-79) and part of chapter 5 (pp. 80-92). Peierls, R., in P.C.W.Davies and J.R Brown (ed.), The Ghost in the Atom (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 70-82. S. Saunders, What is the problem of measurement?, available at
http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hrp/issues/1994/Saunders.pdf

Additional reading: On the measurement problem J.S. Bell, Quantum Mechanics for Cosmologists, in Quantum Gravity 2, C. Isham, R. Penrose and D. Sciama (ed.) (Oxford, 1981), pp. 611-637. Reprinted in J.S.Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 117-139. Sections 1-3. M.L.G. Redhead, Incompleteness, Nonlocality and Realism, (Clarendon Press, 1989) Chapter 2 (pp. 4470). A. Rae, Quantum Physics: Illusion or reality?, ch4 On the Copenhagen interpretation Bub, J. Interpreting the Quantum World (Cambridge, 1997), chapter 7 (pp. 189-211), esp. section 7.1 (7.2 focusses on much more technical, formal results). Cushing, J. Quantum Mechanics: Historical Contingency and the Copenhagen Hegemony, (University of Chicago Press, 1994) chapter 3 (pp. 24-41) & possibly also chapters 5-6 (pp. 90-122). Peres, A. Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods (Kluwer, 1993), pp. 353-357. Saunders, S. Complementarity and Scientific Rationality, Foundations of Physics 35, 347-72, available at http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lina0174/cushing.pdf.

Week Eight: Quantum Mechanics III: Non-locality and the Einstein-Podolosky-Rosen Paradox.
Questions: Outline the Bell nonlocality theorem. What does it tell us about the interpretation of quantum theory? Required Reading: D. Albert, Quantum Mechanics and Experience (Harvard University Press, 1992), Ch4 pp61-72 M. Redhead, Incompleteness, nonlocality and realism: a prolegomenon to the philosophy of quantum mechanics. (Clarendon, 1987). Chapter 3 and 4.pp71-118 J. S. Bell Bertlmanns socks and the nature of reality. Journal de Physique, Colloque C2, suppl. au numero 3, Tome 42 (1981), pp. C2 41-61. Reprinted in J.S.Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 139-158. Additional Reading: R. I. G. Hughes, The Structure and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Harvard, 1989), sections 6.2, 6.3, 6.7, 8.6 J. N. Butterfield, Bells Theorem: What it takes, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 43 (1992), pp. 41-83. T. Maudlin, Quantum non-locality and relativity. (Blackwell, 1994), especially chapters 1 (pp.6-28), 5 (pp.125-161), 7 (pp.189-222).

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Week Nine: Quantum Mechanics IV: Bare realist quantum mechanics the Everett interpretation.
Questions: What is the most satisfactory formulation of the Everett interpretation, and how successful is it as a resolution of the measurement problem? Required Reading: D. Albert, Quantum Mechanics and Experience (Harvard University Press, 1992). First part of chapter 6 (pp. 111-119). D. Wallace, Everett and Structure, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 34, pp. 87105 (2003). Additional Reading: Saunders, Barrett, Kent and Wallace eds, Many Worlds? Everett, Quantum Theory and Reality. (OUP 2010) this is a very up to date collection of Everett articles see especially articles in sections 1,3 and 4. Available at:
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560561.001.0001/acprof-9780199560561

S. Saunders, Time, Quantum Mechanics, and Probability, Synthese 114 (1998), pp.373-404. Online at http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lina0174/part3.pdf G. Bacciagaluppi, "The Role of Decoherence in Quantum Mechanics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), available at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2003/entries/qm-decoherence/. Barrett, Jeffrey, "Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2003/entries/qm-everett/ . Kent, Against Many-Worlds Interpretations, online at http://xxx.arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9703089. This is a 1997 update of Kents 1990 paper of the same name in International Journal of Modern Physics A5 , pp. 1745-1762. M. Lockwood, Many Minds Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 47 (1996), pp. 159-88. D. Papineau, Many minds are no worse than one, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 47 (1996), pp. 233-41.

Week Ten: Quantum mechanics V: Solving the measurement problem by changing the theory hidden-variables and stochastic collapse theories.
Questions: Does the Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber theory solve the measurement problem satisfactorily? How satisfactory is the de Broglie-Bohm theory as a resolution of the measurement problem?

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Required Reading: D. Albert, Quantum Mechanics and Experience (Harvard University Press, 1992). Ch5 and 7 J.S. Bell, Quantum Mechanics for Cosmologists, in Quantum Gravity 2, C. Isham, R. Penrose and D. Sciama (ed.) (Oxford, 1981), pp. 611-637. Reprinted in J.S.Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 117-139. Section 4.
G. Ghirardi, Collapse Theories. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2002 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2002/entries/qm-collapse/.

Additional Reading: On collapse theories: D.Albert, and B. Loewer, Tails of Schrodingers Cat, in Perspectives on Quantum Reality: nonrelativistic, relativistic, field-theoretic, Rob Clifton (ed.) (Kluwer, 1996). Available online at http://philosophy.rutgers.edu/FACSTAFF/BIOS/PAPERS/LOEWER/loewer-schroedingers-cat.pdf P. J. Lewis, Interpreting Spontaneous Collapse Theories, 2004. Available online from http://philsciarchive.pitt.edu (search for Lewis) J.S. Bell, Are there quantum jumps?, in Schrodinger: Century of a Polymath (Cambridge, 1987). Reprinted in J.S.Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 201212. Sections 1-3 and 5. D. Home, Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Physics: an overview from modern perspectives. (Plenum, 1997) pp. 97-118. T.Maudlin, Quantum non-locality and relativity: metaphysical intimations of modern physics. (Blackwell, 1994). Chapter 7 (pp. 189-222). W. Myrvold, On peaceful co-existence: is the collapse postulate incompatible with relativity?, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 33 (2002), pp. 435-66. On hidden-variables theories:
D. Drr, S. Goldstein, and N. Zangh, "Bohmian Mechanics and the Meaning of the Wave Function," in Cohen, R. S., Horne, M., and Stachel, J., eds., Experimental Metaphysics -- Quantum Mechanical Studies for Abner Shimony, Volume One; Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 193, ( Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997). Available online at http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9512031 D. Wallace, Hidden-Variable Theories, section 6 of The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics, in the Ashgate Companion to Philosophy of Physics (pre-print of this article available on blackboard) . Especially sections 6.1, 6.2 and 6.4. M. Redhead, Incompleteness, nonlocality and realism: a prolegomenon to the philosophy of quantum mechanics. (Clarendon, 1987). Chapter 5 (pp. 119-138). J. S. Bell, On the impossible pilot wave, Foundations of Physics 12 (1982), pp. 989-99. Reprinted in J.S.Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 201-212. H Brown et al, Cause and Effect in the Pilot Wave Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, in J.T. Cushing et al (eds.), Bohmian mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996). H. Brown, and D. Wallace, Solving the measurement problem: de Broglie-Bohm loses out to Everett. Foundations of Physics 35 (2005), pp.517-540. Available online at http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0403094 Michael Dickson, 'Antidote or Theory?', Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 27B, 229 (1996). G. Ghirardi, Bohms Theory versus Dynamical Reduction, in in J.T. Cushing et al (eds.), Bohmian mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996), pp. 353-377.

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