UNIT I 2 marks 1. Define Cloud computing with example.

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. For example, oogle hosts a cloud that consists of both smallish !Cs and larger servers. oogle"s cloud is a private one (that is, oogle owns it) that is publicly accessible (by oogle"s users). 2. What are the properties of Cloud Computing #here are six key properties of cloud computing$ Cloud computing is % user-centric % task-centric % powerful % accessible % intelligent % programmable !. What is the working principle of Cloud Computing #he cloud is a collection of computers and servers that are publicly accessible via the &nternet. #his hardware is typically owned and operated by a third party on a consolidated basis in one or more data center locations. #he machines can run any combination of operating systems. ". Draw the architecture of Cloud

#. Define Cloud ser$ices with example. 'ny web-based application or service offered via cloud computing is called a cloud service. Cloud services can include anything from calendar and contact applications to word processing and presentations. %. What are the ad$antages of cloud ser$ices % &f the user"s !C crashes host application and document both remain unaffected in the cloud. % 'n individual user can access applications and documents from any location on any !C. % (ecause documents are hosted in the cloud, multiple users can collaborate on the same document in real time, using any available &nternet connection. % )ocuments are not machine-centric &. Wh' is Cloud computing important #here are many implications of cloud technology, for both developers and end users. For developers, cloud computing provides increased amounts of storage and processing power to run the applications they develop. Cloud computing also enables new ways to access information, process and analy*e data, and connect people and resources from any location anywhere in the world. For users, documents hosted in the cloud always exist, no matter what happens to the user"s machine. +sers from around the world can collaborate on the same documents, applications, and pro,ects, in real time. 'nd cloud computing does all this at lower costs, because the cloud enables more efficient sharing of resources than does traditional network computing. (. What are the ad$antages and disad$antages of Cloud Computing )d$antages % -ower-Cost Computers for +sers % &mproved !erformance % -ower &# &nfrastructure Costs % Fewer .aintenance &ssues % -ower /oftware Costs % &nstant /oftware +pdates % &ncreased Computing !ower % +nlimited /torage Capacity % &ncreased )ata /afety % &mproved Compatibility (etween 0perating /ystems % &mproved )ocument Format Compatibility % 1asier roup Collaboration % +niversal 'ccess to )ocuments % -atest 2ersion 'vailability % 3emoves the #ether to /pecific )evices

Disad$antages % 3e4uires a Constant &nternet Connection % )oesn"t 5ork 5ell with -ow-/peed Connections % Can (e /low % Features .ight (e -imited % /tored )ata .ight 6ot (e /ecure % &f the Cloud -oses 7our )ata, 7ou"re /crewed *. Who get +enefits from Cloud Computing % Collaborators % 3oad 5arriors % Cost-Conscious +sers % Cost-Conscious &# )epartments % +sers with &ncreasing 6eeds 1,. Who shouldn-t +e using Cloud Computing % #he &nternet-&mpaired % 0ffline 5orkers % the /ecurity Conscious % 'nyone .arried to 1xisting 'pplications 11. .ist the ad$antages and disad$antages of cloud ser$ice deplo'ment. )d$antages % 1conomy of scale % 0ffer better, cheaper, and more reliable applications % +tili*ation of the full resources % -ess up-front investment % 3apid provisioning % 'utomatic scaling Disad$antages % /ecurity % 6eed 3edundancy #ool % 6o physical backup

12. What are the t'pes of Cloud ser$ice de$elopment % /oftware as a /ervice % !latform as a /ervice

% 5eb /ervices % 0n-)emand Computing 1!. .ist the companies who offer cloud ser$ice de$elopment % 'ma*on % oogle 'pp 1ngine % &(. % /alesforce.com 1". What are the features of ro+ust Cloud de$elopment Who it offers % )ynamic web serving % Full support for all common web technologies % !ersistent storage with 4ueries, sorting, and transactions % 'utomatic scaling and load balancing % '!&s for authenticating users and sending email using oogle 'ccounts 1#. /ention the other Cloud ser$ice de$elopment tools. % 8tera % 9:gen % Cohesive Flexible #echnologies % ;oyent % .osso % 6irvanix % /kytap % /trike&ron 1%. Define the term we+ ser$ice with example. ' web service is an application that operates over a network<typically, over the &nternet. .ost typically, a web service is an '!& that can be accessed over the &nternet. #he service is then executed on a remote system that hosts the re4uested services. ' good example of web services are the =mashups> created by users of the oogle .aps '!&. 5ith these custom apps, the data that feeds the map is provided by the developer, where the engine that creates the map itself is provided by oogle. 1&. What are the issues in we+ +ased applications % #echnical issues % (usiness model issues % &nternet issues % /ecurity issues % Compatibility issues % /ocial issues

1% /arks 1. 0xplain the architecture of Cloud computing in detail. #he key to cloud computing is the =cloud><a massive network of servers or even individual !Cs interconnected in a grid. #hese computers run in parallel, combining the resources of each to generate supercomputing-like power. #he cloud is a collection of computers and servers that are publicly accessible via the &nternet. #his hardware is typically owned and operated by a third party on a consolidated basis in one or more data center locations. #he machines can run any combination of operating systems?

1ow users connect to the cloud. &ndividual users connect to the cloud from their own personal computers or portable devices, over the &nternet. #o these individual users, the cloud is seen as a single application, device, or document. #he hardware in the cloud (and the operating system that manages the hardware connections) is invisible.

The architecture +ehind a cloud computing s'stem

&t all starts with the front-end interface seen by individual users. #his is how users select a task or service (either starting an application or opening a document). #he user"s re4uest then gets passed to the system management, which finds the correct resources and then calls the system"s appropriate provisioning services. #hese services carve out the necessary resources in the cloud, launch the appropriate web application and either creates or opens the re4uested document. 'fter the web application is launched, the system"s monitoring and metering functions track the usage of the cloud so that resources are apportioned and attributed to the proper user(s). Understanding Cloud 2torage 0ne of the primary uses of cloud computing is for data storage. 5ith cloud storage, data is stored on multiple third-party servers, rather than on the dedicated servers used in traditional networked data storage. 5hen storing data, the user sees a virtual server<that is, it appears as if the data is stored in a particular place with a specific name. (ut that place doesn"t exist in reality. &t"s ,ust a pseudonym used to reference virtual space carved out of the cloud. &n reality, the user"s data could be stored on any one or more of the computers used to create the cloud. #he actual storage location may even differ from day to day or even minute to minute, as the cloud dynamically manages available storage space Cloud storage has both financial and security-associated advantages. Financially, virtual resources in the cloud are typically cheaper than dedicated physical resources connected to a personal computer or network /ecurity, data stored in the cloud is secure from accidental erasure or hardware crashes, because it is duplicated across multiple physical machines? Understanding Cloud 2er$ices 'ny web-based application or service offered via cloud computing is called a cloud service. Cloud services can include anything from calendar and contact applications to word processing and presentations. 'lmost all large computing companies today, from oogle to 'ma*on to .icrosoft, are developing various types of cloud services. 5ith a cloud service, the application itself is hosted in the cloud. 'n individual user runs the application over the &nternet, typically within a web browser. #he browser accesses the cloud service and an instance of the application is opened within the browser window. Cloud services offer many advantages. &f the user"s !C crashes, it doesn"t affect either the host application or the open document? both remain unaffected in the cloud.

&n addition, an individual user can access his applications and documents from any location on any !C.

2. 0xplain a+out 3rom Colla+oration to the Cloud. Cloud computing has as its antecedents both client@server computing and peer-topeer distributed computing. Client42er$er Computing5 Centrali6ed )pplications and 2torage5 &n the antediluvian days of computing (pre-9AB: or so), everything operated on the client@server model. 'll the software applications, all the data, and all the control resided on huge mainframe computers, otherwise known as servers. &f a user wanted to access specific data or run a program, he had to connect to the mainframe, gain appropriate access, and then do his business while essentially =renting> the program or data from the server. +sers connected to the server via a computer terminal, sometimes called a workstation or client. #his computer was sometimes called a dumb terminal because it didn"t have a lot (if anyC) memory, storage space, or processing power. +sers accessed the mainframe only when granted permission, and the information technology (&#) staff weren"t in the habit of handing out access casually. 1ven on a mainframe computer, processing power is limited<and the &# staffs were the guardians of that power. 'ccess was not immediate, nor could two users access the same data at the same time. 7eer8to87eer Computing5 2haring 9esources #he server part of the system also created a huge bottleneck. 'll communications between computers had to go through the server first, however inefficient that might be. #he obvious need to connect one computer to another without first hitting the server led to the development of peer-to-peer (!D!) computing. !D! computing defines a network architecture in which each computer has e4uivalent capabilities and responsibilities. #his is in contrast to the traditional client@server network architecture, in which one or more computers are dedicated to serving the others. !D! was an e4uali*ing concept. &n the !D! environment, every computer is a client and a server? there are no masters and slaves. !D! was also a decentrali*ing concept. Control is decentrali*ed, with all computers functioning as e4uals. Content is also dispersed among the various peer computers. 6o centrali*ed server is assigned to host the available resources and services. #he !D! nature of the early &nternet was best exemplified by the +senet network. +senet, which was created back in 9AEA, was a network of computers (accessed via the &nternet),

each of which hosted the entire contents of the network. .essages were propagated between the peer computers? users connecting to any single +senet server had access to all (or substantially all) the messages posted to each individual server. Distri+uted Computing5 7ro$iding /ore Computing 7ower !D! model is that of distributed computing, where idle !Cs across a network or across the &nternet are tapped to provide computing power for large, processor-intensive pro,ects. &t"s a simple concept, all about cycle sharing between multiple computers. ' personal computer, running full-out DF hours a day, E days a week, is capable of tremendous computing power. .ost people don"t use their computers DF@E, however, so a good portion of a computer"s resources go unused. )istributed computing uses those resources. 5hen a computer is enlisted for a distributed computing pro,ect, software is installed on the machine to run various processing activities during those periods when the !C is typically unused. #he results of that spare-time processing are periodically uploaded to the distributed computing network, and combined with similar results from other !Cs in the pro,ect. Colla+orati$e Computing5 Working as a :roup From the early days of client@server computing through the evolution of !D!, there has been a desire for multiple users to work simultaneously on the same computer-based pro,ect. #his type of collaborative computing is the driving force behind cloud computing, but has been around for more than a decade. 1arly group collaboration was enabled by the combination of several different !D! technologies. #he goal was (and is) to enable multiple users to collaborate on group pro,ects online, in real time. #o collaborate on any pro,ect, users must first be able to talk to one another. &n today"s environment, this means instant messaging for text-based communication, with optional audio@telephony and video capabilities for voice and picture communication. &n addition, users must be able to share files and have multiple users work on the same document simultaneously. 3eal-time white boarding is also common, especially in corporate and education environments. 1arly group collaboration systems ranged from the relatively simple (-otus 6otes and .icrosoft 6et.eeting) to the extremely complex (the building-block architecture of the roove 6etworks system). .ost were targeted at large corporations, and limited to operation over the companies" private networks. Cloud Computing5 The Next 2tep in Colla+oration +sers from multiple locations within a corporation, and from multiple organi*ations, desired to collaborate on pro,ects that crossed company and geographic boundaries. #o

do this, pro,ects had to be housed in the =cloud> of the &nternet, and accessed from any &nternet-enabled location. #he concept of cloud-based documents and services took wing with the development of large server farms, such as those run by oogle and other search companies. oogle already had a collection of servers that it used to power its massive search engine? why not use that same computing power to drive a collection of web-based applications &(., /un /ystems, and other big iron providers are offering the hardware necessary to build cloud networks. 0n the software side, do*ens of companies are developing cloudbased applications and storage services. #oday, people are using cloud services and storage to create, share, find, and organi*e information of all different types. #omorrow, this functionality will be available not only to computer users, but to users of any device that connects to the &nternet<mobile phones, portable music players, even automobiles and home television sets. !. Discuss a+out the 7ros and Cons of Cloud Computing. Cloud Computing5 )d$antages 9. -ower-Cost Computers for +sers$

client computers in cloud computing can be lower priced, with smaller hard disks, less memory, more efficient processors, and the like. ' client computer in this scenario wouldn"t even need a C) or )2) drive, because no software programs have to be loaded and no document files need to be saved. D. &mproved !erformance 5hen a desktop !C doesn"t have to store and run a ton of software-based applications. (#he apps are run from the cloud, instead.) 5ith fewer bloated programs hogging the computer"s memory, users will see better performance from their !Cs. 8. -ower &# &nfrastructure Costs &n a larger organi*ation, the &# department could also see lower costs from the adoption of the cloud computing paradigm. &nstead of investing in larger numbers of more powerful servers, the &# staff can use the computing power of the cloud to supplement or replace internal computing resources. F. Fewer .aintenance &ssues Cloud computing greatly reduces both hardware and software maintenance for organi*ations of all si*es. First the hardware with less hardware (fewer servers) necessary in the organi*ation, maintenance costs is immediately lowered. 's to software maintenance, remember that all cloud apps are based elsewhere

G. -ower /oftware Costs &nstead of purchasing separate software packages for each computer in the organi*ation, only those employees actually using an application need access to that application in the cloud. 1ven if it costs the same to use web-based applications as it does similar desktop software (which it probably won"t), &# staffs are saved the cost of installing and maintaining those programs on every desktop in the organi*ation H. &nstant /oftware +pdates 5hen the app is web-based, updates happen automatically and are available the next time the user logs in to the cloud. 5henever you access a web-based application, you"re getting the latest version<without needing to pay for or download an upgrade. E. &ncreased Computing !ower !erform supercomputing-like tasks utili*ing the power of thousands of computers and servers. &n other words, you can attempt greater tasks in the cloud than you can on your desktop. B. +nlimited /torage Capacity #he cloud offers virtually limitless storage capacity. Consider that when your desktop or laptop !C is running out of storage space. 7our computer"s D:: ( hard drive is peanuts compared to the hundreds of petabytes (a million gigabytes) available in the cloud. A. &ncreased )ata /afety +nlike desktop computing, where a hard disk crash can destroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud doesn"t affect the storage of your data. #hat"s because data in the cloud is automatically duplicated, so nothing is ever lost.. 9:. &mproved Compatibility between 0perating /ystems. 1ver try to get a 5indows-based computer to talk to a .acI 0r a -inux machine to share data with a 5indows !CI &t can be frustrating. 6ot so with cloud computing. &n the cloud, operating systems simply don"t matter. 7ou can connect your 5indows computer to the cloud and share documents with computers running 'pple"s .ac 0/, -inux, or +6&J. &n the cloud, the data matters, not the operating system. 99. &mproved )ocument Format Compatibility. &n a world where 5ord D::E documents can"t be opened on a computer running 5ord D::8, all documents created by web-based applications can be read by any other user accessing that application. #here are no format incompatibilities when everyone is sharing docs and apps in the cloud.

9D. 1asier roup Collaboration 1asier group collaboration means faster completion of most group pro,ects, with full participation from all involved. &t also enables group pro,ects across different geographic locations. 6o longer does the group have to reside in a single office for best effect. 5ith cloud computing, anyone anywhere can collaborate in real time. 98. +niversal 'ccess to )ocuments 5ith cloud computing, you don"t take your documents with you. &nstead, they stay in the cloud, where you can access them from anywhere you have a computer and an &nternet connection. 'll your documents are instantly available from wherever you are. #here"s simply no need to take your documents with you<as long as you have an &nternet connection, 9F. -atest 2ersion 'vailability 'nd here"s another document-related advantage of cloud computing. 5hen you edit a document at home, that edited version is what you see when you access the document at work. #he cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents? you"re never in danger of having an outdated version on the computer you"re working on. 9G. 3emoves the #ether to /pecific )evices Change computers, and your existing applications and documents follow you through the cloud. .ove to a portable device, and your apps and docs are still available. #here"s no need to buy a special version of a program for a particular device, or save your document in a device-specific format. Disad$antages 9. 3e4uires a Constant &nternet Connection Cloud computing is, 4uite simply, impossible if you can"t connect to the &nternet. (ecause you use the &nternet to connect to both your applications and documents, if you don"t have an &nternet connection, you can"t access anything, even your own documents. ' dead &nternet connection means no work, period<and in areas where &nternet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could be a deal breaker. 5hen you"re offline, cloud computing ,ust doesn"t work. D. )oesn"t 5ork 5ell with -ow-/peed Connections ' low-speed &nternet connection, such as that found with dial-up services, makes cloud computing painful at best and often impossible. 5eb based apps often re4uire a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large documents.

8. Can (e /low 5eb-based applications can sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software program on your desktop !C. #hat"s because everything about the program, from the interface to the document you"re working on, has to be sent back and forth from your computer to the computers in the cloud. F. Features .ight (e -imited #oday many web-based applications simply aren"t as full-featured as their desktopbased brethren. Compare, for example, the feature set of oogle !resentations with that of .icrosoft !ower!oint? there"s ,ust a lot more you can do with !ower!oint than you can with oogle"s web-based offering. G. /tored )ata .ight 6ot (e /ecure 5ith cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud. #hat"s all well and good, but how secure is the cloudI Can other, unauthori*ed users gain access to your confidential dataI H. &f the Cloud -oses 7our )ata, 7ou"re /crewed & can"t put it any more delicately. #heoretically, data stored in the cloud is unusually safe, replicated across multiple machines. (ut on the off chance that your data does go missing, you have no physical or local backup. ". Who ;enefits from Cloud Computing &f you often collaborate with others on group pro,ects, you"re an ideal candidate for cloud computing. #he ability to share and edit documents in real time between multiple users is one of the primary benefits of web-based applications? it makes collaborating easy and even fun. Kow in the world can all of you get together to create a cohesive presentationI #he solution, in this instance, is to use a web-based presentation program, such as oogle !resentations. 7ou and the department heads can access the main presentation document at your leisure. #he changes one person makes are automatically visible when the other collaborators access the document. &n fact, more than one of you can edit the document at the same time, with each of your changes happening in real time. Collaborating with a web-based application is both more convenient and faster than trying to assemble everyone"s pieces into a single document managed by one member of the team. #his type of collaboration isn"t limited to the corporate world. & like the way families and communities use web-based scheduling programs, such as oogle Calendar, to manage their busy schedules. 0n a personal note, my wife and & share a single oogle calendar? when she adds an item to the calendar, it automatically shows up on the version that & see. &t makes it easy for the two of us to keep our schedules in sync.

9oad Warriors 'nother prime candidate for cloud computing is the road warrior. 5hen you work at one office today, at home the next day, and in another city the next, it"s tough to keep track of all your documents and applications. 7ou may end up with one version of a document on your work !C, another on your laptop, and a third on your home !C<and that"s if you remember to copy that document and take it with you from one location to the next. Far better, therefore, if you can access a single version of your document from any location. 5hen you"re in the office, you log in to your web-based app and access your stored document. o home and use your web browser to access the very same app and document via the &nternet. #ravel to another city and the same application and document are still available to you. 5ith cloud computing, you don"t have to remember which document is where, or to bring a copy of a document with you. 7ou don"t even have to worry about whether a particular application is installed on all your !Cs. (ecause the apps and docs you use are stored on the web and accessible wherever you have an &nternet connection, versioning and compatibility simply aren"t issues. &t"s the same application and the same document wherever you go. Cost8Conscious Users 'nother group of users who should gravitate to cloud computing are those who are cost conscious. 5ith cloud computing you can save money on both your hardware and software. Kardware-wise, there"s no need to invest in large hard disks or super-fast C!+s. (ecause everything is stored and run from the web, you can cut costs by buying a less fully featured !C<without sacrificing anything in the way of performance. 7ou can save ,ust as much<if not more<when it comes to software. &nstead of laying out big bucks for the latest version of .icrosoft 0ffice, you can use oogle"s versions of these apps ( oogle )ocs, /preadsheets, and !resentations) for *ero expenditure. #hat"s right, these web-based applications<and many more from other companies<are completely free to use. 5hen your budget is tight, free is a lot better than the hundreds or thousands of dollars you might spend otherwise. Cost8Conscious IT Departments &nstead of purchasing a new server, the &# staff ,ust redirects the computing re4uest out to the cloud. #he servers that comprise the cloud have plenty of capacity to handle the organi*ation"s increased needs, without the &# staff having to spend a single dime on new hardware.

Users with Increasing Needs Kardware-based cost savings also apply to individual computer users. 6eed more hard disk space to store all your digital photos and .!8 filesI 7ou could purchase a new external hard drive, or you could utili*e lower-cost (or free) cloud storage instead. Kaving trouble running the latest version of your favorite software program because it"s power hungryI 'bandon that powersapping program and use a less-demanding webbased app instead. 6eed more computing power to tackle a particularly vexing problemI +se the power of the cloud, where thousands of computers are at your disposal. &n the old days, the only solution to increased needs was to purchase more powerful hardware. 5ith cloud computing, the solution is in the cloud #. 0xplain the Cloud ser$ice de$elopment. #he needs of a typical &# department are daunting$ #hey must deliver ade4uate computing power and data storage to all users within the company. #his must be done, of course, within a set budget, and there is the rub? to meet peak needs or to add capacity for new users can often send an &# budget soaring. Cloud services, in the form of centrali*ed web-based applications, also appeal to the &# professional. 0ne instance of an application hosted in the cloud is cheaper and easier to manage than individual copies of similar software installed on each user"s desktop !C. +pgrading a cloud app only has to be done one time, where upgrading traditional software has to be done for each !C on which that software is installed. #he advantages of cloud services development are particularly notable to smaller businesses, who otherwise wouldn"t have the budget or resources to develop large-scale applications.

#he !ros and Cons of Cloud /ervice )evelopment )d$antages of Cloud De$elopment 0ne of the underlying advantages of cloud development is that of economy of scale. (y taking advantage of the infrastructure provided by a cloud computing vendor, a developer can offer better, cheaper, and more reliable applications than is possible within a single enterprise. #he application can utili*e the full resources of the cloud, if needed< without re4uiring a company to invest in similar physical resources. /peaking of cost, because cloud services follow the one-to-many model, cost is significantly reduced over individual desktop program deployment. &nstead of purchasing or licensing physical copies of software programs (one for each desktop), cloud applications are typically =rented,> priced on a per-user basis.

Disad$antages of Cloud De$elopment !erhaps the biggest perceived disadvantage of cloud development is the same one that plagues all web-based applications$ &s it secureI 5eb-based applications have long been considered potential security risks. For this reason, many businesses prefer to keep their applications, data, and &# operations under their own control. &t could even be argued that a large cloud hosting operation is likely to have better data security and redundancy tools than the average enterprise. &n any case, however, even the perceived security danger from hosting critical data and services offsite might discourage some companies from going this route. 'nother potential disadvantage is what happens if the cloud computing host goes offline. 'lthough most companies say this isn"t possible, it has happened. 'ma*on"s 1CD service suffered a massive outage on February 9G, D::B, that wiped out some customer application data. %. 0xplain the t'pes of Cloud ser$ice de$elopment in detail. 2oftware as a 2er$ice /oftware as a service, or /aa/, is probably the most common type of cloud service development. 5ith /aa/, a single application is delivered to thousands of users from the vendor"s servers. Customers don"t pay for owning the software? rather, they pay for using it. +sers access an application via an '!& accessible over the web. 1ach organi*ation served by the vendor is called a tenant, and this type of arrangement is called a multitenant architecture. #he vendor"s servers are virtually partitioned so that each organi*ation works with a customi*ed virtual application instance. 7latform as a 2er$ice &n this variation of /aa/, the development environment is offered as a service. #he developer uses the =building blocks> of the vendor"s development environment to create his own custom application. &t"s kind of like creating an application using -egos? building the app is made easier by use of these predefined blocks of code, even if the resulting app is somewhat constrained by the types of code blocks available. We+ 2er$ices ' web service is an application that operates over a network<typically, over the &nternet. .ost typically, a web service is an '!& that can be accessed over the &nternet. #he service is then executed on a remote system that hosts the re4uested services. #his type of web '!& lets developers exploit shared functionality over the &nternet, rather than deliver their own full-blown applications. #he result is a customi*ed web-based application where a large hunk of that application is delivered by a third party, thus easing development and bandwidth demands for the custom program.

' good example of web services are the =mashups> created by users of the oogle .aps '!&. 5ith these custom apps, the data that feeds the map is provided by the developer, where the engine that creates the map itself is provided by oogle. #he developer doesn"t have to code or serve a map application? all he has to do is hook into oogle"s web '!&. <n8Demand Computing 's the name implies, on-demand computing packages computer resources (processing, storage, and so forth) as a metered service similar to that of a public utility. &n this model, customers pay for as much or as little processing and storage as they need. Companies that have large demand peaks followed by much lower normal usage periods particularly benefit from utility computing. #he company pays more for their peak usage, of course, but their bills rapidly decline when the peak ends and normal usage patterns resume. Clients of on-demand computing services essentially use these services as offsite virtual servers. &nstead of investing in their own physical infrastructure, a company operates on a pay-as-you-go plan with a cloud services provider. 0n-demand computing itself is not a new concept, but has ac4uired new life thanks to cloud computing. &n previous years, on-demand computing was provided from a single server via some sort of time-sharing arrangement. #oday, the service is based on large grids of computers operating as a single cloud. &. 1ow to disco$er cloud ser$ice de$elopment ser$ices and tools 0xplain it with example )ma6on 'ma*on has spent a lot of time and money setting up a multitude of servers to service its popular website, and is making those vast hardware resources available for all developers to use #he service in 4uestion is called the 1lastic Compute Cloud, also known as 1CD. #his is a commercial web service that allows developers and companies to rent capacity on 'ma*on"s proprietary cloud of servers< which happens to be one of the biggest server farms in the world. 1CD enables scalable deployment of applications by letting customers re4uest a set number of virtual machines, onto which they can load any application of their choice. 'ma*on"s service lets customers choose from three si*es of virtual servers$ /mall, which offers the e4uivalent of a system with 9.E ( of memory, 9H: ( of storage, and one virtual 8D-bit core processor -arge, which offers the e4uivalent of a system with E.G ( of memory, BG: ( of storage, and two HF-bit virtual core processors

1xtra large, which offers the e4uivalent of a system with 9G ( of memory, 9.E#( of storage, and four virtual HF-bit core processors

:oogle )pp 0ngine #he oogle 'pp 1ngine provides a fully integrated application environment. +sing oogle"s development tools and computing cloud, 'pp 1ngine applications are easy to build, easy to maintain, and easy to scale. 'll you have to do develop your application (using oogle"s '!&s and the !ython programming language) and upload it to the 'pp 1ngine cloud? from there, it"s ready to serve your users. 's you might suspect, oogle offers a robust cloud development environment. &t includes the following features$ I;/ &t"s not surprising, given the company"s strength in enterprise-level computer hardware, that &(. is offering a cloud computing solution. #he company is targeting small- and medium-si*ed businesses with a suite of cloud-based ondemand services via its (lue Cloud initiative. (lue Cloud is a series of cloud computing offerings that enables enterprises to distribute their computing needs across a globally accessible resource grid. 0ne such offering is the 1xpress 'dvantage suite, which includes data backup and recovery, email continuity and archiving, and data security functionality< some of the more dataintensive processes handled by a typical &# department. 2alesforce.com /alesforce.com is probably best known for its sales management /aa/, but it"s also a leader in cloud computing development. #he company"s cloud computing architecture is dubbed Force.com. #he platform as a service is entirely on-demand, running across the &nternet. /alesforce provides its own Force.com '!& and developer"s toolkit. !ricing is on a per log-in basis. /upplementing Force.com is 'pp1xchange, a directory of webbased applications. )evelopers can use 'pp1xchange applications uploaded by others, share their own applications in the directory, or publish private applications accessible only by authori*ed companies or clients. .any applications in the 'pp1xchange library are free, and others can be purchased or licensed from the original developers. )ynamic web serving Full support for all common web technologies !ersistent storage with 4ueries, sorting, and transactions 'utomatic scaling and load balancing '!&s for authenticating users and sending email using oogle 'ccounts

<ther Cloud 2er$ices De$elopment Tools 'ma*on, oogle, &(., and /alesforce.com aren"t the only companies offering tools for cloud services developers. #here are also a number of smaller companies working in this space that developers should evaluate, and that end users may eventually become familiar with. #hese companies include the following$ 8tera (www.8tera.com), which offers the 'pp-ogic grid operating system and Cloudware architecture for on-demand computing. 9:gen (www.9:gen.com), which provides a platform for developers to build scalable web-based applications. Cohesive Flexible #echnologies (www.cohesiveft.com), which offers the 1lastic /erver 0n-)emand virtual server platform. ;oyent (www.,oyent.com), which delivers the 'ccelerator scalable ondemand infrastructure for web application developers, as well as the Connector suite of easy-to-use web applications for small businesses. .osso (www.mosso.com), which provides an enterprise-level cloud hosting service with automatic scaling. 6irvanix (www.nirvanix.com), which offers a cloud storage platform for developers, as well as 6irvanix 5eb /ervices, which provides file management and other common operations via a standards-based '!&. /kytap (www.skytap.com), which provides the 2irtual -ab on-demand web-based automation solution that enables developers to build and configure lab environments using pre-configured virtual machines. /trike&ron (www.strikeiron.com), which offers the &ronCloud cloudbased platform for the delivery of web services, along with various -ive )ata services that developers can integrate into their own applications.