APA Style Rules and Tips

The following highlights the APA style issues most applicable to CUSSW course requirements. The information provided here is derived from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., 2010) and the APA Style web site. To learn more about a specific rule or example not covered here, please refer to the manual itself or the APA Style web site, or contact the Writing Center.

Table of Contents
APA rules for citation of reference sources Reference citation in text Author in text Author in parentheses Including a quotation Use of quotations Citation form One author Two authors Three to five authors Six or more authors Group author Author unknown Anonymous author Multiple works by the same author Authors with the same surname The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Old works Varieties of publication date Personal communication and other unrecoverable data Citation of a work discussed in another Use of verb tense Reference list form Particulars of form o For books o For articles o For articles and books in press

 Electronic source Examples of reference list types Journal article Book Chapter in an edited book Group author In press Non-English source English translation Source reprinted in another Magazine or newsletter article Newspaper article Encyclopedia or dictionary Conference presentation and poster session Report Legal material Dissertation Audiovisual media Electronic source Use of abbreviations Avoiding biased and pejorative language Use of terms gender and sex Sensitivity to labels Form Page layout Headings Arranging items in sequence Title page model Running head Abstract page model Reference list page model Appendix page model

APA rules for citation of reference sources

Adherence to APA rules governing the citation of reference sources will enhance your ability to communicate effectively; therefore, it is best to know and use these rules. In addition to knowing who wrote what and when, documenting your sources and following APA style rules can help you as an author build credibility with your audienceyou are participating in a conversation in a way that shows you understand well the accepted method of discourse. Social science writing can be seen as cumulative. On any given subject, you are acknowledging, that is, citing, what has come before and trying to add something newa new perspective,

additional data, at the very leastso the literature is constantly being replenished and enhanced. And this is whyunlike, for example, MLA style, which is used in the humanitiesAPA wants you to cite the year of your sources. Of great importance is when a study was done, and those most recently published will more likely have the most up-to-date data. And they will more likely assume, acknowledge, and or incorporate past findings and discussions of the issue under study. Even when presenting your own ideas, try to find an authoritative source to cite because doing so gives validity to, confirms, backs up your own position. The use of proper citation will also help you avoid plagiarizing a source. Some students incorporate information from an article into their own writing without referencing the source. This kind of plagiarism often occurs when students can not appreciate the difference between what they think about a subject and what they have read about it. Jotting down your responses to what you are reading can help you begin to notice similarities and differences between your ideas and those in your source material.

Reference citations in text

At first mention in a paragraph of any information gathered from your reading, cite the source and provide the year. Either use the authors name (surname only) as the subject of that the sentence (followed by the year of publication within parentheses): Lee (2012) stated that fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge. or place the authors name and year of publication within parentheses at the end of the sentence: Fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge (Lee, 2012). Use the author as the subject in your sentence if youre going to follow up with one or more sentences that come from that authors work. Doing so allows you to use nouns (author) and pronouns (he, she, they) to refer back to the named author without the need to cite the year subsequent times in the paragraph; however, include the year the first time you use that source again in another paragraph. Lee (2012) stated that fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge. The author went on to state that. Lee also noted. There is no need to include the year in subsequent references within the same paragraph as long as the reference cannot be confused with other studies cited. Leones (2006) multi-experiment study was a breakthrough in the field. However, Green and Burke (2009) challenged Leones findings. Put the author in parentheses at the end of the sentence if youre only providing one piece of information before moving on to another subject or author. Fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge (Lee, 2012). Studies have highlighted techniques that foster such exploration (Henry, 2010; Yarber, 2008). However, cite the year along with the author each time you cite within parentheses.

Lee (2012) stated that fairy tales help children explore the worlds of forbidden knowledge. The author also noted. The study presented four environmental effects on childrens experience (Lee, 2012). If including a quotation, put the page number in parentheses at the end of the quoted lines: Lee (2012) suggested that the effect of fairy tales is muted by "the affectionate environment in which the stories are usually told" (p. 39). Note that the page number comes immediately after the quote, whether its at the end of the sentence or not: Although fairy tales contain frightening information, they thrill rather than terrify (Lee, 2012, p. 35) a healthy child. When using a quotation from an electronic source without page numbers: provide the title of the heading of the section where the quote appears, followed by the abbreviation for paragraph (para.), followed by the paragraph number. The system guarantees health benefits for all (Liu, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 4). As noted by the National Association of Social Workers ([NASW], 1999), social workers elevate service to others above self-interest (Ethical Principles, para. 2).

Use of Quotations
A quotation is an exact, word-for-word copy of a phrase, sentence, or paragraph of your source. It must be surrounded by quotation marks (if consisting of fewer than 40 words), and the author and year must be cited along with the page number (or section and paragraph number from an electronic source without page numbers) from which the quoted material was taken. Use quotations sparingly and only when the authors words are central to the discussion, that is, when you need to 1) state a key theory, model, or point of the author; 2) provide explicit credibility for a critical point; or 3) capture how something of great consequence is expressed. Quotations of fewer than 40 words are incorporated into the text and surrounded by quotation marks ("). The author's name and the page number (or paragraph number for electronic citations) must also be provided. Parks (2010) found the measurement inaccurate, thus the results skewed" (p. 10), but he did not provide an alternative measurement tool. Parks (2010) found the measurement inaccurate, thus the results skewed" (Discussion section, para. 6), but he did not provide an alternative measurement tool. Start quotes of 40 words and more on a new line, and indent the entire quote 5 to 7 spaces (one tab setting) from the left margin. Do not enclose within quotation marks ( ). Provide the author's name and the page number of the quote (in parentheses at the end). The quotation may be single-spaced.

Indicate omitted words in a quotation with an ellipsis mark (three periods, with a space after each: (. . . ). Indicate the omission of a full quoted sentence or more with an additional period (. . . .). Do not use an ellipsis mark at the start of a quotation nor at the end, unless words have been cut from the end of the last sentence quoted. Meyers (2009) found that the six factors . . . diverged in their effect (p. 72). The case of the first letter of the first word of a quotation may be changed along with the end punctuation to match the syntax of your sentence. Use brackets [ ], not parentheses ( ), to enclose words (syntactic additions or changes, explanations) inserted into a quotation by a person other than the writer being quoted. The behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], even when reel [sic] drugs were administered (Meyers, 2009, p. 73). Use single quotation marks () within quotations to set off material that was within double quotation marks () in the original source. Though the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered (Meyers, 2009, p. 73).

Citation form
Use the word "and" to join authors in an in-text citation. Liu and Kang (2009) examined.... Use an ampersand (&) to join authors in a parenthetical citation. One study (Liu & Kang, 2009) indicated that Use a comma before the word "and" when listing three to five co-authors, and a comma before the ampersand (&) in a parenthetical reference. Snyder, Watson, Johns, Bates, and Giles (1999) proposed (James, Jones, & Wilhelm, 2009) When citing more than one study within parentheses, separate the works with semicolons: Studies have shown this trend (Smith, 1999; Gerth, 2006; Lee, 2011). To cite a Web site (but not a specific document or data), write the address in the text, but do not include in the reference list: The Social Work Access Network is a useful Web site (www.sc.edu/swan). For one-author citations, include name and date (and page number if quoting): Holder (2005) indicated....

A recent study (Fan, 2012) noted that "foster children in kinship care have higher education attainment levels" (p. 232) than foster children living in group homes. For two-author citations, spell out both authors' names in every occurrence: Smith and Jones (2000) discussed six changes in the participants behavior. One study identified many hidden biases (Smith & Jones, 2000). For three- to five-author citations, name all authors the first time; then use et al. (et alii: and others) thereafter. So, the first time write, for example: Becker, Roberts, Lee, Polya, and Crews (2011) examined six functions... Subsequent times write: Becker et al. (2011) stated that... For six or more authors, use the first authors name followed by et al. for all occurrences. Group authors (e.g., agencies, corporations, organizations, universities, government offices) Note: when first identifying an organization by its acronym or its abbreviation and citing it as a reference source as well, enclose the abbreviation in brackets within parentheses: In text, first time used: According to Columbia University School of Social Work ([CUSSW], 2012), . A recent report (Administration for Childrens Services [ACS], 2011) examined. Subsequent text citations: In addition, CUSSW (2012) pointed out that students tend to... As a result, ACS (2011) showed that the number of children.... In reference list: Columbia University School of Social Work. (2012). Administration for Childrens Services. (2011). Group authors cited in full: All text citations: According to Googles (2012) mission statement, In reference list: Google. (2012). If the authors name is unknown or unspecified, cite the title (only the first few words if long) or some identifying aspect of the material (chapter, figure, table, etc.) and the year so the reader may refer to it. Use quotation marks enclosing titles of articles or chapters, and italicize

titles of periodicals, books, brochures, and reports. The reference list entry should follow this same categorizing scheme. Regarding social work services for adolescents ("Study Finds Correlation," 2009) The book College Bound Seniors (2008) was used According to Merriam-Websters Eleventh Collegiate Dictionary (2003), the word In a recent Washington Post article (Healing Arts, 2009), an unknown source said If a work's author is referred to as Anonymous, cite it as such (and alphabetize it as well in reference list): Another study (Anonymous, 2011) presented data on. When citing multiple works by the same author at the same time, arrange dates in order by year of publication (earliest first). Use letters after years to distinguish multiple publications by the same author in the same year: Several studies (Johnson, 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2012 in press-a, 2012 in press-b; Park, 2012) showed similar findings. When citing authors with the same surname, include the first authors initials in all text citations, even if the publication years differ: Both P. J. Lee (2009) and R. I. Lee and Smith (2010) also found. When referring to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, cite the title (italicized) and author at first use: As stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), a diagnosis of... Subsequent times refer to the traditional DSM form (italicized) as follows: A manic episode, according to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), refers to a distinct although the expansive mood lasted for over two weeks (4th ed., text rev.; DSMIV TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). For old works, cite either the translation date or the original and modern copyright dates: (Aristotle, trans. 1931) or (Freud, 1890/1983). Varieties of publication date: (2012, May) Use for meetings, conferences, and monthly magazines, newsletters, and newspapers. (2011, September 25) Use for daily and weekly publications. (in press) Use for a work accepted for publication but not yet printed. (n.d.) Use for a work with no date available.

Personal communication and other unrecoverable data

Any communication considered unrecoverable data (person-to-person, letters, memos, phone and e-mail contact, discussion groups, electronic bulletin boards) is cited in text only, not in reference list: W. Smith, Clinical Director of the agency (personal communication, January 22, 2012) said. As stated by an ACS assistant to the Commissioner (J.L. Rhone, personal communication, February 25, 2012), the rules governing. Class or lecture notes and handouts:

Refer in your paper to information learned in a class lecture or discussion by writing class notes or lecture notes and the date within parentheses: (class notes, April 2, 2012). Any handout received in class should be referred to similarly (class handout, April 8, 2012). Do not include such information on the reference page as it is also unrecoverable.

Citation of a work discussed in another

To cite the work of an author whom you have not read but who has been cited by one you have, write the original authors name in the text only (do not give year and do not cite in reference list). Then write the words as cited in and the source from which you read about the original. For example, the author you are reading (Fay) cites another (Kim): Another author (Kim, as cited in Fay, 2009) stated that "autism is a disorder of brain development" (p. 85). Cite Fay in the reference list, not Kim. According to Mitchell (as cited in Arles, Ziegler & Curtis, 1999), children develop Cite Arles and colleagues in reference list, not Mitchell.

Use of verb tense

Past tense (e.g., Jones and Smith showed) expresses an action or condition that occurred at a specific time in the past. Present perfect tense (e.g., Jones and Smith have shown) expresses a past action or condition that did not occur at a specific time, or an action beginning in the past and continuing to the present.

Use the past tense or the present perfect tense when reporting on a researchers work, for example, in a literature review or a description of a procedure if the discussion concerns past events. Ofori and Matsui (2008) reported One study (Peralto, 2009) has shown that... Use the past tense when describing the results of a study. anxiety decreased significantly Use the present tense to discuss results, refer to graphic data, and present conclusions. The results of the experiment indicate

Reference list form

The word References should appear at the top center of the reference list page. Particulars of Form: Use a hanging indent on the first line of each reference entry (flush left margin); indent the second and subsequent lines one tab setting (you may use single spacing for each entry, but use double spacing between each entry): Berkman, B., Gardner, D., Zodikoff, B., & Harootyan, L. (2007). Social work and aging in the emerging health care world. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 48(1/2), 43-57. doi:10.1300/J083v48n01_14 Chen, F. (2008) Effects of a future care planning workshop for aging parents of the mentally ill. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Service, 89(1), 44-50. Lens, V. (2008). Welfare and work sanctions: Examining discretion on the front lines. Social Service Review, 2, 197-222. doi:10.1086/589706 Entries should be arranged alphabetically by authors surnames; use only first letter(s) of first and middle names: Columbia University School of Social Work. (2009). Macfarley, J. H. (1998). McFarley, T. (2002). U.S Department of Education. (2008). For entries with two authors, use a comma and an ampersand (&) between the names. For multiple authors up to seven, separate names with commas and use & before the last authors name. For entries with more than seven authors, list the first six authors, followed by three spaced ellipsis points (. . .), followed by the last authors name. Sormanti, M., & Oppenheim, S. (2010). Garfinkel, I., Huang, C. C., & Nadich, W. (2009).

Yoshioka, M., Ssewamala, F. M., Gearing, R., Burnette, D., Ballan, M. S., Riedel, M., . . . Greenberg, R. (2012). Entries by the same author should be arranged by year of publication, the earliest first. Follow this pattern using lower case letters alphabetically after the year to distinguish multiple publications by the same author in the same year: Ballan, M. (2011a). Ballan, M. (2011b). Ballan, M. (2011c). Entries with no author, including legal material: For an article or chapter: in text, cite the first few words of the title (using double quotation marks around it) and the year: The social welfare paradigm (New Study Finds, 2012) In the reference list: New Study Finds More Children More at Risk of Diabetes. (2012). For a book: in reference list: place title in the author position and italicize entry. Merriam-Websters Eleventh Collegiate Dictionary. (2003). Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, if any, of a journal article, book, book chapter, or essay, and capitalize any proper names in a title: Lens, V. (2008). Welfare and work sanctions: Examining discretion on the front lines. Social Service Review, 2, 197-222. Mui, A. C., & Shibusawa, T. (2008). Asian American elders in the twenty-first century: Key indicators of well-being. New York: Columbia University Press. Use italics for titles of all publications (journals, books, reports, brochures etc.); for journals, use italics from title through volume number (not page numbers) and use uppercase and lowercase letters: Feminism and Psychology, 17, 523-540. Issue numbers are included only with journals paginated by issue (each issue begins on page 1), and they are set within parentheses (with no space after the volume number): Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 1(3), 72-86. For books, follow this form: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2011). Title of book: Sub-title of book. City [and state if needed] of publication: Publisher. Kamerman, S., & Moss, P. (2009). The politics of parental leave policies. London, UK: Policy Press.

Use italics and capitalize only the first word of the title and of the sub-title of a book, and any proper nouns: Miller, R. M., Forecehimes, A., & Zweben, A. (2011). Treating addiction: A guide for professionals. NY: Guilford Press. For journal articles, follow this form: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2012). Title of article. Journal Title, 24 [volume] (x)[issue], 187-199 [inclusive pages]. Kaushal, N., & Nepomnyaschy, L. (2009). Wealth, race/ethnicity, and children's educational outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 31, 963-971. In press: For articles, books, and book chapters that have been accepted for publication but have not yet appeared in print, the year of publication and page numbers can not be included. When referring to such work in the text, use the words in press for year of publication; for example: Both Clark (2008) and Peters (in press) noted a number of discrepancies in the findings. Witte, S. S. (in press). Project Eban: An HIV/STD intervention for African American couples. AIDS. Ssewamala, F. M., Torsten B. N., Waldfogel, J., & Ismayilova, L. (in press). The impact of a microfinance-based intervention on depression levels of AIDS orphaned children in Uganda. Journal of Adolescent Health.

Electronic source
Provide the same information, in the same order, that you would for a printed source (or as much of that information as possible), followed by enough electronic retrieval information needed for one to locate the source. The date that you retrieved a document is needed if the source content is likely to change. Providing this date confirms the content at the time of your research. The date of retrieval is not needed if the content is not likely to change, for example, a journal article or a book. Provide path information (URL) needed to find the material: For journal article based on a print source: Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. (2012). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. (2012). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html Internet content can be changed, deleted, or moved to another location, so publishers have begun assigning a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to journal articles, books, and other published material. Because a DOI offers a permanent link to the location of a source on the Internet,

neither the date of retrieval nor the URL are needed. If a DOI is available for a source (usually found on the first page of an electronic journal article and on the database landing page for the article), include it rather than the date you retrieved the source and its URL. If possible, copy and paste the DOI into your reference list, as a DOI string may be long, and it must appear exactly as it appears in the source. A reader may locate the reference source by pasting the DOI into a Google Scholar search or at CrossRef.org, which is the official DOI search service. For an article assigned a DOI (note lowercase use: doi): Chen, F. (2010) Assisting adult clients with severe mental illness to move out of parental homes. Community Mental Health Journal, 46(4), 372-380. doi: 10.1007/s10597-009-9263-y

Reference list types

The APA Manual lists many examples of reference types (pp. 193-224); below are some of those most commonly used by CUSSW students. If a reference source does not include all the necessary elements, provide as many as possible and in this order: author, year of publication, title, and publication data (city, state, and publisher).

1)

Journal article
Single author: Mandiberg, J. M. (2010). Another way: Enclave communities for people with mental Illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(2), 167-173. Ssewamala, F. M. (2004). Expanding womens opportunities: The potential of Heifer projects in sub-Saharan Africa. Development in Practice, 14, 550-559. doi:10.1080/09614520410001686133 Multiple authors: Hutto, N., Waldfogel, J., Kaushal, N., & Garfinkel, I. (2011). Improving the measurement of poverty. Social Service Review, 85(1), 39-74. doi: 10.1086/659129 Pinto, R. M., McKay, M. M., Baptiste, D., Bell, C. C., Madison-Boyd, S., Paikoff, J., . . . Phillips, D. (2007). Motivators and barriers to participation of ethnic minority families in a family-based HIV prevention program. Social Work in Mental Health, 5, 187-201.

2)

Book
Single author: Christ, G. (2000). Healing childrens grief: Surviving a parents death from cancer. New York: Oxford University Press. Waldfogel, J. (2012). Britains war on poverty. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Multiple authors: Garfinkel, I., Smeeding, T., & Rainwater, L. (2010). Wealth and welfare states: Is America a laggard or leader? New York: Oxford University Press. Mui, A. C., & Shibusawa, T. (2008). Asian American elders in the twenty-first century: Key indicators of well-being. New York: Columbia University Press.

3)

Chapter in an edited book

Single author: Feldman, R. (2010). Critical infrastructures for social work practice research: Pondering the past, reframing the future. In A. E. Fortune, P. McCallion & K. Briar-Lawson (Eds.), Social Work Practice Research for the Twenty-First Century (pp.3-22). New York: Columbia University Press. Takamura, J.C. (2007). Healthy aging in the United States. In M. Robinson, W. Novelli, C. Pearson, & L. Norris. (Eds.), Global health and global aging (pp.177-184). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Multiple authors: Ballan, M., Franklin, C., & Gilbert, D. (2011). Qualitative assessment methods. In C. Jordan & C. Franklin (Eds.), Clinical assessment methods for social workers: Quantitative and qualitative methods (3rd ed., pp. 125-162). Chicago: Lyceum. Mincy, R. B., Lewis Jr., C. E., & Han, W. J. (2006). Left behind: Less-educated young Black men in the economic boom of the 1990s. In R. B. Mincy (Ed.), Black males left behind (pp. 1-10). Washington DC: Urban Institute Press. Multi-volume work: McLanahan, S. S., & Carlson, M. J. (2001). Poverty and gender in affluent nations. In N. J. Smesler & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences, Vol. 17 (pp.11894-11900). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Limited.

4)

Group author (e.g., agencies, corporations, associations, government offices)

National Institute of Mental health. (2000). Clinical outcomes in mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 73-8709). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. If author and publisher are the same, use the term Author for publisher:

Columbia University School of Social Work. (2012). Field education manual. New York: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author. If the online edition of the DSM was used, replace the city and publisher with the DOI:

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 Identify a pamphlet or brochure as such in brackets [ ]:

Research and Training Center in Independent Living. (2010). Guidelines for reporting about people with disabilities (5th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author. Sanctuary For Families. (n.d.). Sanctuary [Brochure]. New York: Author.

5)

Material accepted for publication but not yet in press

Do not give the year (write the words in press), volume, or page numbers until the article or book is published:

Schwalbe, C. S. (in press). A meta-analysis of juvenile justice risk assessment instruments: Predictive validity by gender. Criminal Justice and Behavior. Sormanti, M. (in press). Bereavement practice. In T. Mizrahi & L. Davis (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social work, (20th edition). New York: Oxford University Press.

6)

Non-English source
Give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation:

Journal: Wang, R. (2012). Woguo yiwu jiaoyu touru zhi gongpingxing yanjiu [Inequity in school finance in China]. Jingjixue Jikan, 2, 453-468. Book: Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La gnese de lide de hazard chez lenfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Nazarova I. (2010). Adaptatsia I vozmojnye modeli mobilnosti sirot [Adaptation and possible models of orphans mobility]. Moscow: Moskovskii Obshestvenniy Nauchniy Fond.

7)

English translation
A chapter in an edited book, volume in a multivolume work, or republished work:

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

8)

Source reprinted in another

Dharni, G. (2011). Elements of self-motivation theory. In K. Chesterson & T. Guthiel (Eds.), Self-motivation theory: An appraisal (pp.119-138). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Handbook of child psychology, pp. 29-48, by K.L. Halsey, Ed., 2009, New York: Wiley)

9)

Magazine or newsletter article

Give date shown on publicationmonth for monthlies and month and day for weeklies. Give volume number and page numbers following magazine name.

Fiske, H. (2011, January 13). Nursing home social workers speak out. Social Work Today, 3(1), 8-11. Jordan, K. (2010, August). Babies listening to Mozart. Science, 278, 986-997.

10)

Newspaper article
If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, separating them with a comma (e.g., pp. A1, A7), and for continuous pages, use a hyphen (e.g., pp. C4-C6).

Metz, A. (2011, June 27). Study shows gains in student test scores. The New York Times, pp. A1, B3-5. Sloan, J. (2012, January 2). Social workers engaged in rebuilding community. The Washington Post, pp. B4-5.

11)

Encyclopedia or dictionary
Barker, R. L. (2003). The social work dictionary (5th ed.). Washington, DC: NASW Press. Kaushal, N., Reimers, C., & Reimers, D. (2007). Essay on economy and immigration. In M. Walters, R. Ueda, & B. H. Marrow (Eds), The new Americans: A guide to immigration since 1965. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (pp.320-332). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Ivanoff, A. M., & Riedel, M. (1997). Suicide. In R. L. Edwards (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social work (19th ed. Revised, CD ROM). Washington, DC: NASW Press.

12)

Conferences and presentations

Paper presented at a meeting (if not published provide year and month of event):

Shear, M. K. (2011, May). Lifting the fog: Complicated grief and its treatment. Paper presented at APAA Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI. Poster session:

Mui, A. C. (2009, June). Religiosity and psychological well-being among Asian American elders in New York City. Poster presented at the 4th International Spirituality and Social Work Conference in Los Angeles, CA.

13)

Reports
Available from the Government Printing Office (GPO):

National Institute of Mental Health. (2008). Clinical outcomes in mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 73-8709). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). Obesity in children: New prevention methods (AHCPR Publication No. 567-98007). Washington, DC: Author. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service (article or chapter in an edited collection):

Liu, J. P. (2007). Assessment of Type A behavior. In K. H. Hensen (Ed.), Measuring psychological variables in epidemiologic studies (NIH Publication No. 76-6954, pp. 2862). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC):

George, O. P. (2006). Teacher preparedness in early childhood education centers (Report No. NCRTL-OP-23-4). Newark, NJ: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED573980) Available from a university:

McLanahan, S., Garfinkel, I., Reichman, N., Teitler, J., Carlson, M., & Audigier, C. (2001). The fragile families and child wellbeing study national baseline report. Princeton University, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing. 14)

Legal Material
APA defers to the style used by the legal profession for the citation of legal material. See pages 216-224 of the APA Manual for more in depth details, and see The Blue Book: A Uniform System of Citation (Bluebook; 18th ed., 2005) for a comprehensive discussion. For a court decision:

In text citation: Lee v. Jones (1998) or (Lee v. Jones, 1998) In reference list: (Abbreviate any published source, court, and date)

Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date). Lee v. Jones, 870 G. Supp. 1654 (E.D. NY 1998). For an act:

In text citation: Mental Health Systems Act (1988) or Mental Health Systems Act of 1988 In reference list: Provide source and section number of act, and the publication date of the statutory compilation (in parentheses), which may not be the same as the year of the act: Name of Act, Volume Source xxx (Year). Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. 9401 (1988).

15)

Doctoral Dissertation
Matthieu, M. M. (2004). Path analysis of acute stress reactions after the World Trade Center disaster: Social work students in New York City. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64 (12 A), 4627. (UMI No. 3115359). Lee, Y. (2007). Early motherhood and harsh parenting: The role of human, social, and cultural capital. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbia University. For a dissertation retrieved from a database: Lee, Y. (2007). Early motherhood and harsh parenting: The role of human, social, and cultural capital. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3285112)

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Audiovisual media
Motion picture:

Anderson, W. (Producer/Director/Writer). (2012). Moonrise Kingdom [Motion picture]. United States: Indian Paintbrush. For a film, video, etc. not widely available, include distributor name and address: American Psychological Association (Producer). (2007). Responding therapeutically to patient expressions of sexual attraction: A stimulus training tape [Motion picture]. (Available from the American Psychological Association, 750 1st Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242) Television broadcast:

Werner, D. (Executive Producer). (2012, February 12). The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service. Television series:

Brooks, J. L. (Producer). (2010). The Simpsons [Television series]. Hollywood: 20th Century Fox Television. Single episode from a television series:

Kelley, B. (Writer), & Nastuk, M. (Director). (2009). Lisa the Drama Queen [Television series episode]. In J. L. Brooks (Producer) The Simpsons. Hollywood: 20th Century Fox Television. Music recording form:

Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date). Mayfield, C. (1964). People get ready [Recorded by Seal]. On Soul [CD]. Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers Records.

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Electronic source Provide the same information, in the same order, that you would for a printed source (or
as much of that information as possible), followed by enough electronic retrieval information needed for one to locate the source. The date that you retrieved a document is needed if the source content is likely to change. Providing this date confirms the content at the time of your research. The date of retrieval is not needed if the content is not likely to change, for example, a journal article or a book. Finally, provide path information (URL) needed to find the material. If the source has a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), usually found on the first page of an article and in the results of a database search, include it (in lowercase: doi) rather than the date you retrieved the source and its URL. For an article with a DOI:

Sormanti, M., Wu, E., & El-Bassel, N. (2004). Considering HIV risk and intimate partner violence among older women of color: A descriptive analysis. Women & Health, 39(1), 45-63. doi:10.1300/J013v39n01_03 For an article in an Internet-only journal:

Marx, K. (2008, March 31). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 8, Article 3038 b. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume 8 Online journal, FTP:

Funder, D.C. (1999, March). Judgmental process and content: Commentary on Koehler on base-rate [9 paragraphs] Pscyoloquy [Online serial], 5(17). Retrieved May 4, 2012, from

FTP: Hostname: princeton.edu Directory: pub/harnad/Psycholoquy.94.5.17.baserate.12.funder For databases accessed via the Web:

Kerrigan, D.C., Todd, M.K., & Riley, P.O. (2007). Knee osteoarthritis and high-heeled shoes. The Lancet, 251, 1399-1401. Retrieved September 15, 2011 from DIALOG database (#457, The Lancet) on the World Wide Web: http://www.dialogweb.com For on-line databases:

Davis, T. (1999). Examining educational malpractice jurisprudence: Should a cause of action be created for student-athletes? Denver University Law Journal, 69, 57+. Retrieved September 30, 2012 from WESTLAW on-line database (69 DENULR 57). For databases on CD-ROM (omit retrieval date):

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2007, March). Encryption: Impact on law enforcement. Location: Publisher. Retrieved from SIRS database (SIRS Government Reporter, CDROM, Fall 2009 release) For on-line abstracts:

Meyer, A.S., & Bock, K. (2011). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [On-line]. Memory & Cognition, 20. 715-726. Abstract from: DIALOG File: PsychINFO Item:80-16351 For abstracts on CD-ROM: Bower, DL. (2012). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors [CD-ROM]. Abstract from: Proquest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: 9315947 For newspaper articles: Li, S. (2012, May 2). Social workers engaged in rebuilding community. New York Times, pp. 1, 33. Retrieved June 1, 2012, from the World Wide Web: http://www.nytimes.com For online periodical: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2011). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxxxxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source. For online document: Author, A. A. (2012). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source. For Discussion List and Listserv messages:

Retrieval statement forms: Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Retrieved [month, day, year] from E-mail: DISCUSSIONLIST@e-mail address.

Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Retrieved [month, day, year] from E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address.

Use of abbreviations
Abbreviations are usually said as a series of letters and often preceded by an article: an ATM, an IRA, the FBI, the CIA, the UN, the EU, a CPU; but AT&T, CUSSW, GM, HIV, ICU, KFC, LGBTQ, and all she needs is TLC. Acronyms are abbreviations that have become namesAIDS, NATO, UNICEF, NASA, WASPand they usually do not need articles preceding them. If an abbreviation is commonly used as a word, it does not require explanationIQ, LSD, REM, ESP, AIDS, HIV. Write out abbreviations the first time they occur followed by the abbreviated term in parentheses: The Columbia University School of Social Work (CUSSW), located at Thereafter, use the abbreviated term without the parentheses: Students at CUSSW believe

The following abbreviations should be used ONLY within parentheses: cf. Use compare in your text.

e.g. Use for example etc. Use and so forth, and so on, and the like. However, when listing, its better to introduce elements in a series with words that limitfor example, such as, includingthereby eliminating the need for such endings. i.e. Use that is viz. Use namely vs. Use versus or against

Avoiding biased and pejorative language

In general, avoid anything that causes offense.

Do not use
mankind males, females manpower man a project mothering housewife chairman homosexuals minorities sexual preference lower class underclass poverty class upper class the disadvantaged disabled person defective child the retarded the learning disabled challenged epileptics Amputee Paraplegics wheelchair-bound Cripple Deformed the blind mentally ill person schizophrenics depressives crazy, paranoid, etc.

When you can use

humans, human beings men, women, boys, girls, adults, children, adolescents workforce, personnel, workers, human resources staff a project parenting, nurturing homemaker chair gay men and lesbians name specific population sexual orientation people who are poor with low incomes living under poverty conditions with high incomes with socio-economic disadvantages person with (who has) a disability child with a congenital disability (or a birth impairment) people with disabilities children with [specify the characteristics] person who has_______ individuals with epilepsy person with an amputation individuals with paraplegia uses a wheelchair person who has a limp person with a shortened arm people who are blind person with mental illness or psychiatric disability people diagnosed with schizophrenia people who are depressed person with symptoms of mental illness

borderlines neurotic patients chronic mental illness AIDS victims high-risk groups stroke victim person afflicted with population suffering from afflicted with cerebral palsy stroke victim real parent, natural parent adopted child, own child child out-of-wedlock illegitimate give away, place for adoption reunion adoptive parent search, track down parents an unwanted child hard to place foreign child is adopted

people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder patients with a neurosis (or neuroses) long-term or persistent mental illness people with AIDS high-risk behavior individual who had a stroke person with people who have person with cerebral palsy individual who had a stroke birth parent my child non-marital birth born to unmarried parents make an adoption plan meeting, making contact with parent to locate, contact child in need of adoption child who has special needs child from another country was adopted

Use of the terms "gender" and "sex"

The term "gender" refers to culture and should be used when referring to men and women as social groups, as in this example from the publication manual: "sexual orientation rather than gender accounted for most of the variance in the results; most gay men and lesbians were for it, most heterosexual men and women were against it." emphasized, for example, "sex differences in hormone production."

The term "sex" refers to biology and should be used when biological distinctions are

Sensitivity to labels
Be sensitive to labels. A person in a clinical study should be called a "client," not a "case." When possible, replace terms like subjects with more descriptive termsparticipants, individuals, college students, children, respondents. Avoid equating people with their conditions, for example, do not say "schizophrenics," say "people diagnosed with schizophrenia." Use the term "sexual orientation," not "sexual preference."

The phrase "gay men and lesbians" is preferred to the term "homosexuals." To refer to all people who are not heterosexual, the manual suggests "lesbians, gay men, and bisexual women and men." To avoid confusion between orientation and specific sexual behaviors, use terms such as (1) female-female sexual activity, rather than lesbian sexual activity, and (2) bisexual participants engaged in both male-male and male-female sexual encounters, rather than gay and heterosexual sexual encounters. In racial references, respect current usage: Both the terms "Black" and "African American" are widely accepted. Capitalize Black and White when the words are used as proper nouns to refer to groups of people. Do not use color words for other ethnic groups. Hyphens should not be used in multiword names such as Asian American or African American. Depending on where a person or group is from, the terms Chicano, Hispanic, Latino, Latina, and or Latina/o may be are preferred. These terms may be more precisely understood as fitting into an extensive language, regional, ethnic, and cultural category rather than a racial one. The safest procedure is to use geographical references, for example, "Mexican Americans", when referring to people from Mexico or of Mexican descent. "American Indian", "Native American", and Native North American are all acceptable terms, but there are nearly 450 Native American groups, including Hawaiians and Samoans, so specific group names are far more informative. The term Asian American is acceptable, but use the specific country of origin, when known: Chinese American, Vietnamese American. In general, call people what they want to be called, and do not contrast one group of people with another group called "normal" people. Write "we compared people with autism to people without autism," not "we contrasted autistics to normals." Do not use pejorative terms like "stroke victim" or "stroke sufferers." Use a more neutral terminology such as "people who have had a stroke." Avoid the terms "challenged" and "special" unless the population referred to prefers this terminology (e.g., Special Olympics). As a rule, use the phrase "people with _______" (e.g., "people with AIDS," not "AIDS sufferers"). If possible, be specific about age ranges; avoid ambiguous definitions such as "under 16" or "over 65." When possible, give age range (ages 1216) rather than a broad category (younger adolescents). For persons 12 and younger, "boy" and "girl" are acceptable; for persons 13 to 17, use young man or male adolescent and young woman or female adolescent; for persons 18 and older use "man" and "woman." The term older adults is preferred over "elderly." For older adult groups, the terms young-old, old-old, very old, oldest old, and centenarians may be used, but the specific age ranges should be identified. Provide as much demographic information as needed when describing a population under study: The sample of 60 U.S. graduate students was made up of 47 Whites (25 females and 22 males), 11 African Americans (7 females and 4 males), 9 Latino/as (5 females and 4 males),

and 7 Asian Americans (4 females and 3 males). If relevant, include additional information as well (e.g., age range, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc.).

Form
Page layout o Maintain a minimum of one inch margins on all sides of a page. o Justification should be set to "off" or "left margin only" (the right margin should be uneven). o Indent paragraphs and footnotes five to seven spaces (one tab setting). o Double-spacing throughout a manuscript is most often required. However, to improve readability, single-spacing may be allowed, for example, when quoting passages of more than 40 words and for table titles and headings, figure captions, footnotes, and citation sources on the references page (though double-spacing is required between each reference entry). o The preferred typeface of APA is Times New Roman, with a 12-point font size. o The title page (see model on page 26) consists of the (a) title, centered and placed in the upper half of the paper; (b) authors name, below the title, centered; and (c) institutional affiliation (CUSSW, spelled out), below authors name. Any other information (e.g., course, section, instructor, date) is placed below the first three elements, centered as well. In addition, page numbers run consecutively, beginning with the title page, and appear in the upper right corner of every page, in the Header. Also in the Header, flush left margin of only the title page, should appear the term Running head: followed by a shortened title, typed out in all uppercase letters, in no more than 50 characters, including letters, punctuation, and spaces. o If called for, the abstract appears on page 2 (see model on page 27). o The reference list starts on its own page and at the end of the manuscript (see model on page 28). o If an appendix is included it appears after the reference page (see model on page 29).

Headings

Headings help the reader follow the organization of a paper. They function as an outline, indicating the hierarchy of your ideas. Use the same heading level for topics of equal importance throughout your paper. Use at least two subsection headings within any given subsection. APA designates the use of from one to five levels. For most student papers, one, two, or three levels are sufficient. Below presents how the heading title of each level is formatted (notice the use of bold and italics): One level: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Two levels: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Three levels: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Four levels: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Five levels: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

In lowercase paragraph headings, only the first letter of the first word is uppercase.

Arranging items in sequence

Similar to headings, the ordering of your material within sections, paragraphs, and sentences will help the reader grasp the overall organization of your paper. Arranging items in a determined sequence, one in which the items correspond grammatically and conceptually, will aid you in the presentation of your work. When writing separate paragraphs and sentences in a series, such as for listing conclusions or steps in a procedure, use numbers followed by a period. 1. participants who agreed[paragraph continues]. 2. participants who did not agree[paragraph continues]. 3. participants who had no opinion[paragraph continues]. To avoid the implication of chronology, significance, or hierarchy, use bullets rather than numbers. participants who agreed[paragraph continues]. participants who did not agree[paragraph continues]. participants who had no opinion[paragraph continues].

Use lowercase letters within parentheses to identify items in a series. The participants who agreed were (a) 65 years of age and older; (b) capable of performing the prescribed ADLs on their own, though some experienced difficulties (e.g., see p. 64); and (c) willing to take part in a follow-up study. As an alternative, and most useful in long and complex phrases, bulleted lists within a sentence may be used as well to separate three or more elements; however, maintain proper punctuation throughout. The participants who agreed were 65 years of age and older; capable of performing the prescribed ADLs on their own, though some experienced difficulties (e.g., see p. 64); and willing to take part in a follow-up study.

Title page model

Running head: LAYOUT GUIDELINES IN APA STYLE (In the Header, type the words Running head: exactly as above, followed by a shorter version of the title, no more than 50 UPPERCASE characters, including spaces. This shorter version of the title, along with the page number, in the upper right corner, appears on ALL subsequent pages of your paper.)

Title Page Layout Guidelines for Writing a Paper in APA Style Jane Doe Columbia University School of Social Work (double spaced and centered: title, your name, affiliation; any other info goes below, e.g., course, date, instructor)

A formatting note about the Running head:

To format your paper so that the phrase Running head: appears only in the header of the first pagethe title pageof your paper, follow these instructions: In Microsoft Word: 1. On the View menu, click on Header and Footer. 2. In the toolbar that appears, choose the Page setup image and then the tab Layout. 3. In the menu, under Headers and footers, click the box that says Different first page. 4. In the First Page Header box at the top of page 1, type Running head: and then your abbreviated title. 5. Go to page 2 of your document and delete the phrase Running head:. 6. On page 1, Running head will remain in your first page header, and only your abbreviated title will appear on subsequent pages.

Abstract page model LAYOUT GUIDELINES IN APA STYLE 2

Abstract An abstract for a paper goes on the second page. A brief, comprehensive summary of your paper, the abstract allows the reader to quickly survey its contents. An abstract will usually range between 150 and 250 words, and it should be informative, well-organized, accurate, concise, and readable. A well-prepared abstract can be the most important paragraph in an article. Most readers get their first contact with an article by reading the abstract, usually online. Mention only the most important points, ideas, results, and or implications. Include terms you think researchers will use in their electronic searches. Write your abstract in the third person using an active voice. Use the present tense to describe results and the past tense to describe specific variables manipulated or tests applied. Avoid jargon, such as policy implications are discussed or it is concluded that.

Reference list page model

LAYOUT GUIDELINES IN APA STYLE

29

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 Burnette, D. (2009). Grandparent caregiving in Caribbean Latino families: Correlates of childrens departure from care. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 7(2), 331-43. Chen, F., & Ogden, L. (2012). A worker-client relationship model that reduces homelessness among people with mental illness. Qualitative Health Research, 22(3), 373-383. doi:10.1177/1049732311421180 Chen, W. Y. (2004). The role of violence exposure in adolescents internalizing behaviors: A comparison between African American and Asian American youth. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbia University. Columbia University School of Social Work. (2012). Field education manual. New York: Author. Garfinkel, I., Smeeding, T., & Rainwater, L. (2010). Wealth and welfare states: Is America a laggard or leader? New York: Oxford University Press. Metz, A. (2012, June 27). Study shows gains in student test scores. The New York Times, pp. A1, B 3-4. Pinto, R. M., McKay, M. M., Baptiste, D., Bell, C. C., Madison-Boyd, S., Paikoff, J., . . . Phillips, D. (2007). Motivators and barriers to participation of ethnic minority families in a family-based HIV prevention program. Social Work in Mental Health, 5, 187-201. Research and Training Center in Independent Living. (1999). Guidelines for reporting about people with disabilities (5th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author. Ssewamala, F. M. (2004). Expanding womens opportunities: The potential of Heifer project in sub-Saharan Africa. Development in Practice, 14, 550-559. doi: 10.1080/0961452041000 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). Obesity in children: New prevention methods (AHCPR Publication No. 567-98007). Washington, DC: Author. Waldfogel, J. (2012). Britains war on poverty. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Wang, R. (2003). Woguo yiwu jiaoyu touru zhi gongpingxing yanjiu [Inequity in school finance in China]. Jingjixue Jikan, 2(2), 453-468. Yoshioka, M. R., & Noguchi, E. (2009). The developmental life course perspective: A conceptual and organizing framework for HBSE. Journal of Human Behavior and the Social Environment, 19(7), 873-884.

Appendix page model LAYOUT GUIDELINES IN APA STYLE 30

Appendix An appendix is used to provide additional information that would be either distracting for the reader or inappropriate if it were in the main body of the text. Common types of appendixes include a large table, a word list, a mathematical proof, a computer program that is new or unique to the research referred to in the paper, verbatim instructions to participants, original scales or questionnaires, and raw data. An appendix should be used only if it helps the reader understand and or evaluate the paper. The appendix comes after the reference page(s). A paper may include more than one appendix. If you use only one, label the page as such (see above), centered, at the top of the page. If you use more than one appendix, label each one with a capital letter (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.), and in the text, refer to each one accordingly.