Peet pe) eee OU RTE nglish as a second language A (eToys Gerunds, Tenses, Conjugations, Modals, irregular Verbs & more a Sih ty Verbs are words that usally show action. Some| examples are: tall, walk, it, eat, go, write, Sometimes verbs do not show action; instead, some] verbs conmoct the subject with an adjective ‘Some examples are: be, become, get, smell sound, taste, Fee, look, appear, see The barna tastes sweet + Verbs also give information about time, Some verb tenses ae: present, pas, future tada tains, yesterday rained, net week it wil an Simple Tenses tell about habits, single actions. Continuous or Progressive Tenses focus on action happening at the moment of speaking continuous tenses abvays havea form ofthe verb] “be” and "ing" on the base form ofthe ver). Simple Continuous Tesmows in December. Tis snowing no, Mary ate dinner ay Mary was eating hour ago. ‘when I came Transitive verbs are flowed by an object (in italics) People eat fod. John will ee a passport, Intranstive verbs are no followed by an object. = Boys an, Fish swim. Children ery +Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, ‘Transitive: People ea fod John drives car They are studying English ctrnnsitive: People eat. John drives. They are studying i) REGULAR VERBS Most verbs are regular verbs: ed is added to make the past tense and the pas participle, Verbs have three principle pars: ‘ase form past tense play played want wanted 00k cooked study studied ‘past participle Rie A gerund sto ing Form oFa verb used as noun Verb + ing: sleeping. playing, walking Its used in the same way’ as @ noun Asa subject: sv Walking isa good exercise THE GERUND [As an object: 5 YO We enjoy playing tennis. Gerunds are used with certain verbs: Verb + Gerund He quits smoking [Common verbs followed by gerunds: apprecit Finish (get through) void keep (keep on) consider (think about) quit give up) discus (talk about) suggest enjoy Go-+ Gerund Go is followed by gerund in cenain idiomatic expressions, mostly relating to receation They go dancing Saturday night 9 boating, go camping. go dancing. go swimming Passive Forms of Gerund Passive Gerund Being + 1 appreciate being Past participle invited to this even: Past Gerun Having 1 appreciate having Past-Passive Gerund Having been [appreciate having been Past participle hod the opportunity to meet he Past participle told the news, At SE indicates [shows action atthe moment speaking: indicates very activity aking place while speaker is speaking. am eating you are enting hese i eating it ieating \we are eating they are eating shows habit what a person does every [a aay, (each year, mont, et). MENT indicates an action which shows. action of is finished or completed: prolonged duration which (can be used with time staking place in the pas last week. | was looking ‘you were looking, be’she was looking, it was looking ve were looking they were looking we looked icy looked Simple Future Tense esa planned shows an action of some action to take place in|duration which will be the foture; (tomorrow, talking place in the future next week, month, et.) ASB Pt T will be living yu will be Hiving, heise will be Hiving ‘twill be living we wil Hive they wal be Hing TAN Te an action whic stared at some indefinite has the same intent a ime in the past and is simple present perfect but NOT completed; the with emphasis on ACTION’ importance ofthe action| DURATION of an action. eontinues to the present and may even happen in enc Fit thst signal the present perfect or present perfect continuous are since and or: already and yt. have studied | have been studying ou have studied you have been studying hcishe has studied [else has eem studying it has studied it has been studying ‘ve have been studying thay have been studying ve have studied ney nave sed when there are TWO) verbs in the past tolhas the seme purpose as indicate which ACTION simple past perfect but with happened first; that first emphasis on ACTION) past DURATION of an action, perfect the seeond aston sim the simple past had talked you had talked hele had talked it had talked we had eae 1 nad been talking you had been talking hefshe had been talking ic ad been talking swe had been talking ‘hey had been talking verbs. in the future tofhas the same purpose 2s indicate the completion of| future perfect. but with Jone action before thelemphasis on ACTION/ the verb| DURATION of an ation, hat is completed fis is in the future perfect. 1 wilt have worked —_|I will have been working you will have worked [you will have been cise will have worked working it wil have worked |bevshe will we will have worked working they wil have worked _ it will hve bem working sve will have boon working they wil have been working have beenCT ela a PL ic) have been ‘you have been fc has been she has been hasbeen it had been woh been we had been we wil have been they have been they had been they wil have been [THERE IS/THERE ARE Sometimes the subjet of the sentence is NOT inthe} subject postion. Instead itis the en ofthe seatence “There ea petreon the wal =A pletare sono wal A picture” is the subject the verb "be" is singular] cas the subjects wngule, Thad boon you had been | he had been she had een USED TO * Used 0+ er base frm signals sp att tha nt happen ary more wed to + wr [base frm ed to pay ih toy teins. [1 no She used fo cook dinner [She no longer docs that ae vSEDTO =e earful nt to confuse be wed to {hbit] with used to (put activity no longer done be used to + For > ig signals abt that the speak anew jb last yea. had workdiy tow 1am used to geting up $a. Eating dinner at § pas no problem. am wsed to AE GOING TO: FUTURE'TIME Afi, geting up was difficult fr me, bu he ly going to + as shee going t+ hase ithe going to + base Hoth be going to and wil express *To predict something about the Futur, use either be sing to oe wil. ts going to rain tomorrow I wil ran tomorrow To express an action push ue be going te; tis san intention, previously planned Tam olng to make you dinner. (I've already planned wo do this | He fot going to attend clas. He has made plans tobe absent} uicKSiuay) = To express that a speaker wants odo something. sch as to wolunoer orto help out we wil, Somoone 5 Knocking at the door there is NO prediction or previous plan T havea question wit geri Re bh ety There ae thre main conditional sentences Fach semence has two pars =the conditional chase und + he conditional cause is sometimes called the “i clause. The eoutitonal geese is bated on what i “ae or posible® and wht is "not tue or impossible" We talk about these conditions in either the presente or the pas. Present Rea [Possible If (present tome} Ir sty har If se comes eat, bey have tine, Gave tene/model] Twill succeed she can find a good seat. they will visit thei ends 1 these resus ae possi IF the condons happen. = Present Unreal [Impossible can never happen] ‘7 ipast ese {ouldcould Simple Verb Form) 11 na aca in [Dutt dont have a car, ead drive to New York: 0 [can dive ther] 1 Babs wore sk ‘onigh he would go to the pay [Bat Bois sick, soe won't go tonight] I sre tad aT, {But se doesn? dave aT ‘he could watch the game 0 she can? watch the game] tnt conditional type the pas” tense thatthe action is present and not possible. [Note the verb "be" in this conditional is always the “ere” far forall persons Past Unreal {Impossible 10 change happen past pert ‘ia Nor [vould ould might have + past participle) [Ud nor stody;_ thereire, 1 got bad grade + This pox tom ad real 1d suid, Jmporsile We change would have goten a ood grade she mise her bas end rived ae Mary woke up lt angry with her) 1 Mary had goten up eas, she ‘have ative late woul have gotten angry with her Mixed conditions depend on the "at dn have missed the bs an od Also, the boss “Truth Realty Consequence/Reason {didn do my homework. 1 am in trouble no. 11 td done i woulda be in trouble now He sf He ate alo of candy He wouldn't be ft fo) 7h had eaten so mach en the conditional sentence Begins with WM, then o moma is used between the condi rel. The conditional ‘clause and the fence cam aso gin withthe Sie could watch the ge if she had a TV Tvl suoooed if stay hard. ‘would have poten yood grade #1 had Sentences with special verbs or adjectives tha stress importance or necessity in the main clause. + Always use the simple base form of the verb in the noun clause Verbs: advise, ask, demand, propose recommend, command, request, desi insist, prefer, requite, suggest Adjectives: advisable, best, better, essential, ood, imperative, desirable, necessary, require important, urgent + Regardless of the tense ofthe main ver, the verb inthe noun clause is always simple base form: in the negative, only add “not” tothe base form. The doctor advised [that] she go into the hospital It vas important that] John come early. prefer (that) they not arrive earl. It will be best forall of us [that] he be absent ‘tomorrow: Did he insist [that] we not be noi > PREFERENCE Would rather... ‘+ PRESENT TIM How olf are you? 1 would rather not tell you. [I's my choice to tell you oF not} - Do you want chicken or beef? =f {T would] rather have chicken, Uhad beef lastnight. 1d rather have chicken than bee ~ How is this elas? =Titather be sleeping than siting here. + PAST TIME, How was the movie? + Itwas okay, but Il rather have stayed at home. In. speaking, people usually use the contraction "7a" instead of saying "/ would” vSING May I [please] speak with you? “Could I [please}speak with you? both have the same poite meaning: Can I [please] speak with you? 1s also polite, bur less formal and acceptable Possible replies: = OF course =Yes. = Certainly Would you mind if L.. "Would you mind if" has the meaning of "Is this a problem for you? Is ital ight with you?" The verb is always in the past Would you mind 1 opened the window? “Would you mind if | shut off the light? “Would you mind i | turned off the TV? Would you mind if | borrowed your pen?= Possible replies: “No, nat al, = No, of cours no, “No, that would be Fine. USING [YOU] Would you [please] pass the salt? Will you {please} pass the salt? Could yo please] pass the salt? -Can you [ please) pass the salt? Possible pies: Yes, a Be happy to, Yes, ofcourse, = Yes, TU be ghd = Sure, OFeoune, Would you mind Would you mind" has the meaning of "Is this problem for you? Is it all ght with you?" Here, use "ing" with the verb. Would you mind opening the window? Would you mind shutting off the light? Would you mind turning off the TV? Would you mind lending me your pen? Possible repli No, Td be happy to. Not at al Til be glad to. Using [you-IMPERATIVE, *Sometimes a simple command [imperative] ‘sufficient to request that someone do something +Adding “please” will make the request. more Polite: +Use the simple base form of the verb: for negatives, use "don't You may say “please” before the verb or at the end of the sentence, = [Please] Open the door. Be quiet {please}. {[Please,} Don’ close the window. ‘Don't shout at me, {please} Possible replies: “Sure, 1 be glad to. “Sure, 'm sorry. Okay, [didn't mean to, No, Ican' Pm busy. “Making suggestions: Lets... Why don Vdoesn'.. Shall. speaker) Lets not. Lets go for walk first, Why don't we eat? 'No, why’ don't we go fora walk fis. Shall we eat? No, lets not. Let go fora walk fis. ‘An informal expression which includes. th speaker is "bow about [verb ing]? How about eating? 'No, how about gong for a walk frst” + When someone asks for help or advie, you ex sve suggestions by using two modal: could, meaning this is a possibility suggestion. -F'm having problems in math. Can yo help me? -Well, you could find a tutor. (possibility) You could work with a friend. [ possibilin possibly} help. (good idea) a ee Lets (means "let us") cat. (includes: the} MAKING SUGGESTIONS: COULDSHOULD] “or should, meaning you think this is a good] Or you could use & computer program. I think you should go 10 your teacher for rs ee te bot ta i) Buty ey J-Modals (also known as Modal Ausiliaries) ‘express a special meaning and add that meaning to the main verb -He can swim, = He has the ability to swim: he Knows how to subject, but the meaning stays the same. Verb Object HIME tie may smoke, ~ Ht has permission to smoke. tips the git, IMM He might go.» He isnot sure about going. ‘ishelped by Susan. -He will come. = He is going to come. [future] He should study ~ I is very advisable for him to} study. -He must leave. = I is very necessary for him to} leave. * Modals do mot have an s fore, she, it + Main verbs do not have an s when modal is used, + Modals are not followed by to + Verb + Modals work the same way as other auxiliaries do in grammar, especially in questions and] negatives. ‘object) are used inthe passive, +n the passive, it s nor possible to use verbs such] as happen, sleep, come and seem as they are intransitive verbs (verbs not followed by an objecd. Subject Verb Object Active: An accident happencd (none). i (none), eter" Susi helps Peter: oe sete one Passive: Peter is helped by Susan, aoe, ee Present Progressive: moh Ste uceriilny Ne mgt ame, is Active: Susan i helping Peter should oii shou ta nig Passive: Peters being helped by Susan. Prcermy eit he Present Perfect ‘Active: Susan has helped Peter Passive: Peter has been helped by Susan. Simple Past: ‘Active Susan helped Peter Passive Peter was helped by Susan. Past Progressive: ‘Active Susan was helping Peter Passive Peter was being helped by Susan, Past Perfect: Active Susan had helped Peter. Passive Poter had been helped by Susan Simple Future: eee cue Fecemiy iewebioree Src, te pele wie mtcs. ee Cavan empposed io expecttion A datos supposed Soi cea eto omcsity ounae tse wa tooricersiny willbe ere Aetve Soa wil lp Petr ee Pave Peer wl be teped by Susan mt Be Going To: ‘be going to 100% certaity Tam going to be there ‘atv Suan going to lp Per. a ce Passive Peter is going to be helped by Susan. | ‘a es ae fe Future Perfect: pemisiee Cant go mm? ‘ete Suan wl ve ped Par ister om Eat Prsve Feel ve bec lpd by Suan =. Sao ee rr passive FORM OF MoDaLs rere subject Modal + Be +Past aricip — Maric will invited to the dance, — ‘Coad you ‘pene by the cil sem tod seston gear eee melee ereety, Sea. ! eg ae =a ee oan... = Sl ee “you anytime. would rete Wind you shut de? ‘Wall our cing? efrnce Tul athe e - motto tabu action {wd 1 vet woes Sikepast ne Take he ea stat suggestion Shull open the dor? 1 J} rue Past-passtve FORM OF MODALS The canle must have hoon bit 300 years ago. susan ought to have been invited tothe mectig,