Chap 3

Chapter 3
PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Pure Substances, Phase Change Processes, Property Dagra!s
3-1C Yes, since the chemical composition throughout the tank remain the same.
3-2C A liquid that is about to vaporize is saturated liquid; otherwise it is compressed liquid.
3-3C A vapor that is about to condense is saturated vapor; otherwise it is superheated vapor.
3-4C No.
3-5C The temperature will also increase since the boiling or saturation temperature of a pure substance
depends on pressure.
3-6C ecause one cannot be varied while holding the other constant. !n other words, when one changes,
so does the other one.
3-7C At critical point the saturated liquid and the saturated vapor states are identical. At triple point the
three phases of a pure substance coe"ist in equilibrium.
3-8C Yes.
3-9C #ase $c% when the pan is covered with a heav& lid. ecause the heavier the lid, the greater the
pressure in the pan, and thus the greater the cooking temperature.
3-10C At supercritical pressures, there is no distinct phase change process. The liquid uniforml& and
graduall& e"pands into a vapor. At subcritical pressures, there is alwa&s a distinct surface between the
phases.
Property Tab"es
3-11C A perfectl& fitting pot and its lid often stick after cooking as a result of the vacuum created inside as
the temperature and thus the corresponding saturation pressure inside the pan drops. An eas& wa& of
removing the lid is to reheat the food. 'hen the temperature rises to boiling level, the pressure rises to
atmospheric value and thus the lid will come right off.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. ( )**+ The ,c-raw./ill #ompanies, !nc. 0imited distribution permitted onl& to teachers and
educators for course preparation. !f &ou are a student using this ,anual, &ou are using it without permission.
1.2
3-12C The molar mass of gasoline $#+/2+% is 223 kg4kmol, which is much larger than the molar mass of
air that is )5 kg4kmol. Therefore, the gasoline vapor will settle down instead of rising even if it is at a
much higher temperature than the surrounding air. As a result, the warm mi"ture of air and gasoline on
top of an open gasoline will most likel& settle down instead of rising in a cooler environment
3-13C !ce can be made b& evacuating the air in a water tank. 6uring evacuation, vapor is also thrown
out, and thus the vapor pressure in the tank drops, causing a difference between the vapor pressures at the
water surface and in the tank. This pressure difference is the driving force of vaporization, and forces the
liquid to evaporate. ut the liquid must absorb the heat of vaporization before it can vaporize, and it
absorbs it from the liquid and the air in the neighborhood, causing the temperature in the tank to drop.
The process continues until water starts freezing. The process can be made more efficient b& insulating the
tank well so that the entire heat of vaporization comes essentiall& from the water.
3-14C Yes. 7therwise we can create energ& b& alternatel& vaporizing and condensing a substance.
3-15C No. ecause in the thermod&namic anal&sis we deal with the changes in properties; and the
changes are independent of the selected reference state.
3-16C The term hfg represents the amount of energ& needed to vaporize a unit mass of saturated liquid at a
specified temperature or pressure. !t can be determined from hfg 8 hg . hf .
3-17C Yes; the higher the temperature the lower the hfg value.
3-18C 9ualit& is the fraction of vapor in a saturated liquid.vapor mi"ture. !t has no meaning in the
superheated vapor region.
3-19C #ompletel& vaporizing 2 kg of saturated liquid at 2 atm pressure since the higher the pressure, the
lower the hfg .
3-20C Yes. !t decreases with increasing pressure and becomes zero at the critical pressure.
3-21C No. 9ualit& is a mass ratio, and it is not identical to the volume ratio.
3-22C The compressed liquid can be appro"imated as a saturated liquid at the given temperature. Thus
T f P T : ,
v v
.
1.)
3-23 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] Complete the following table for H2 O;
T, C
P, kPa v, m
3
/ kg Pa!" #"!$%&'(&)*
<* 12.352 3.2= Saturated mixture
120.21 )** 0.8858 >aturated vapor
)<* 3** 0.5952 Superheated vapor
22* =** 0.001051 Compressed liquid
1.1
3-24 EE+ ?roblem 1.)1 is reconsidered. The missing properties of water are to be determined using @@>,
and the solution is to be repeated for refrigerant.213a, refrigerant.)), and ammonia.
Analsis The problem is solved using @@>, and the solution is given below.
$Warning off
{$Arrays off}
Procedure Find(Fluid$,Prop1$,Prop2$,Value1,Value2:T,p,h,s,,u,!,"#a#e$$
%&ue #o #he ery general na#ure of #his pro'le(, a large nu('er of )if*#hen*else)
s#a#e(en#s are necessary+%
,f Prop1$-)Te(pera#ure, .) Then
T-Value1
,f Prop2$-)Te(pera#ure, .) #hen .all /rror()0o#h proper#ies canno# 'e
Te(pera#ure, T-!!!F2),T$
if Prop2$-)Pressure, 1Pa) #hen
p-alue2
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
-olu(e(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
endif
if Prop2$-)/n#halpy, 1341g) #hen
h-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
-olu(e(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
endif
if Prop2$-)/n#ropy, 1341g*5) #hen
s-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,T-T,s-s$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,T-T,s-s$
-olu(e(Fluid$,T-T,s-s$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,T-T,s-s$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,T-T,s-s$
endif
if Prop2$-)Volu(e, (6741g) #hen
-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,T-T,-$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,T-T,-$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,T-T,-$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,T-T,-$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,T-T,-$
endif
if Prop2$-),n#ernal /nergy, 1341g) #hen
u-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,T-T,u-u$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,T-T,u-u$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,T-T,u-u$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,T-T,u-u$
endif
1.3
if Prop2$-)8uali#y) #hen
!-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,T-T,!-!$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,T-T,!-!$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,T-T,!-!$
-olu(e(Fluid$,T-T,!-!$
u-,n#/nergy(Fluid$,T-T,!-!$
endif
/ndif
,f Prop1$-)Pressure, 1Pa) Then
p-Value1
,f Prop2$-)Pressure, 1Pa) #hen .all /rror()0o#h proper#ies canno# 'e Pressure,
p-!!!F2),p$
if Prop2$-)Te(pera#ure, .) #hen
T-alue2
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
-olu(e(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,T-T,P-p$
endif
h-alue2
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,p-p,h-h$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,p-p,h-h$
-olu(e(Fluid$,p-p,h-h$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,p-p,h-h$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,p-p,h-h$
endif
s-alue2
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,p-p,s-s$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,p-p,s-s$
-olu(e(Fluid$,p-p,s-s$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,p-p,s-s$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,p-p,s-s$
endif
-alue2
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,p-p,-$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,p-p,-$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,p-p,-$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,p-p,-$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,p-p,-$
endif
u-alue2
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,p-p,u-u$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,p-p,u-u$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,p-p,u-u$
-olu(e(Fluid$,p-p,s-s$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,p-p,u-u$
endif
!-alue2
1.<
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,p-p,!-!$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,p-p,!-!$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,p-p,!-!$
-olu(e(Fluid$,p-p,!-!$
u-,n#/nergy(Fluid$,p-p,!-!$
endif
/ndif
,f Prop1$-)/n#halpy, 1341g) Then
h-Value1
,f Prop2$-)/n#halpy, 1341g) #hen .all /rror()0o#h proper#ies canno# 'e /n#halpy,
h-!!!F2),h$
p-alue2
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,h-h,P-p$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,h-h,P-p$
-olu(e(Fluid$,h-h,P-p$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,h-h,P-p$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,h-h,P-p$
endif
T-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
-olu(e(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,T-T,h-h$
endif
s-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,h-h,s-s$
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,h-h,s-s$
-olu(e(Fluid$,h-h,s-s$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,h-h,s-s$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,h-h,s-s$
endif
-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,h-h,-$
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,h-h,-$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,h-h,-$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,h-h,-$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,h-h,-$
endif
u-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,h-h,u-u$
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,h-h,u-u$
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,h-h,u-u$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,h-h,u-u$
endif
!-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,h-h,!-!$
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,h-h,!-!$
1.=
s-en#ropy(Fluid$,h-h,!-!$
-olu(e(Fluid$,h-h,!-!$
u-,n#/nergy(Fluid$,h-h,!-!$
endif
endif
,f Prop1$-)/n#ropy, 1341g*5) Then
s-Value1
,f Prop2$-)/n#ropy, 1341g*5) #hen .all /rror()0o#h proper#ies canno# 'e /n#rolpy,
h-!!!F2),s$
p-alue2
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,s-s,P-p$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,s-s,P-p$
-olu(e(Fluid$,s-s,P-p$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,s-s,P-p$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,s-s,P-p$
endif
T-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,T-T,s-s$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,T-T,s-s$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,T-T,s-s$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,T-T,s-s$
endif
h-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,h-h,s-s$
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,h-h,s-s$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,h-h,s-s$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,h-h,s-s$
endif
-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,s-s,-$
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,s-s,-$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,s-s,-$
u-in#energy(Fluid$,s-s,-$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,s-s,-$
endif
u-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,s-s,u-u$
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,s-s,u-u$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,s-s,u-u$
-olu(e(Fluid$,s-s,s-s$
!-2uali#y(Fluid$,s-s,u-u$
endif
!-alue2
p-Pressure(Fluid$,s-s,!-!$
T-Te(pera#ure(Fluid$,s-s,!-!$
h-en#halpy(Fluid$,s-s,!-!$
-olu(e(Fluid$,s-s,!-!$
1.A
u-,n#/nergy(Fluid$,s-s,!-!$
endif
/ndif
if !9: #hen "#a#e$-)in #he co(pressed li2uid region+)
if !;1 #hen "#a#e$-)in #he superhea#ed region+)
,f (!91$ and (<;:$ #hen "#a#e$-)in #he #=o*phase region+)
,f (!-1$ #hen "#a#e$-)a sa#ura#ed apor+)
if (!-:$ #hen "#a#e$-)a sa#ura#ed li2uid+)
end
%,npu# fro( #he diagra( =indo=%
{Fluid$-)"#ea()
Prop1$-)Te(pera#ure)
Prop2$-)Pressure)
Value1->:
alue2-1:1+7}
.all Find(Fluid$,Prop1$,Prop2$,Value1,Value2:T,p,h,s,,u,!,"#a#e$$
T?1@-T A p?1@-p A h?1@-h A s?1@-s A ?1@- A u?1@-u A !?1@-!
%Array aria'les =ere used so #he s#a#es can 'e plo##ed on proper#y plo#s+%
ABBAY> TA0@
h
5341g
P
1Pa
s
1341g5
T
.
u
5341g
(
7
41g
!
2BCD+> D:: E+7F:D 2>: 2E2C+D :+>B>2 1::

0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
s #$%&$g'()
T

#
C
)
8600 kPa
2600 kPa
500 kPa
45 kPa
Stea!

1.+
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
* #!
3
&$g)
T

#
C
)
8600 kPa
2600 kPa
500 kPa
45 kPa
Stea!

10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
* #!
3
&$g)
P

#
$
P
a
)
250 C
170 C
110 C
75 C
Stea!

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
h #$%&$g)
P

#
$
P
a
)
250 C
170 C
110 C
75 C
Stea!

1.5
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
s #$%&$g'()
h

#
$
%
&
$
g
)
8600 kPa
2600 kPa
500 kPa
45 kPa
Stea!

1.2*
3-25E Complete the following table for H2 O;
T, ,
P, '!&a u, -(. / /0m Pa!" #"!$%&'(&)*
1** !".03 A+) Saturated mixture
2!".22 3* 23!.02 >aturated liquid
<** 2)* 11"#.# Superheated vapor
3** 3** 3"3.8# Compressed liquid
3-26E EE+ ?roblem 1.)<@ is reconsidered. The missing properties of water are to be determined using
@@>, and the solution is to be repeated for refrigerant.213a, refrigerant.)), and ammonia.
%Gien%
T?1@-7:: ?F@
u?1@-EF2 ?0#u4l'(@
P?2@-D: ?psia@
!?2@-:
T?7@->:: ?F@
P?7@-12: ?psia@
T?D@-D:: ?F@
P?D@-D2: ?psia@
%Analysis%
Fluid$-)s#ea(Hiap=s)
P?1@-pressure(Fluid$, T-T?1@, u-u?1@$
!?1@-2uali#y(Fluid$, T-T?1@, u-u?1@$
T?2@-#e(pera#ure(Fluid$, P-P?2@, !-!?2@$
u?2@-in#energy(Fluid$, P-P?2@, !-!?2@$
u?7@-in#energy(Fluid$, P-P?7@, T-T?7@$
!?7@-2uali#y(Fluid$, P-P?7@, T-T?7@$
u?D@-in#energy(Fluid$, P-P?D@, T-T?D@$
!?D@-2uali#y(Fluid$, P-P?D@, T-T?D@$
%! - 1:: for superhea#ed apor and ! - *1:: for co(pressed li2uid%
"olu#ion for s#ea(
T, F P, psia ! u, 0#u4l'(
7:: CE+:2F :+C1E7 EF2
2CE+2 D: : 27C
>:: 12: 1:: 11ED
D:: D:: *1:: 7E7+F
1.22
3-27 Complete the following table for H2 O;
T, C
P, kPa h, k1 / kg x Pa!" #"!$%&'(&)*
120.21 )** 20#5.8 *.A Saturated mixture
23* 3!1.53 2+** 0.5!5 Saturated mixture
1"".!! 5<* "52."# *.* Saturated liquid
+* <** 335.3" $ $ $ Compressed liquid
350.0 +** 12=).) $ $ $ Superheated vapor
3-28 Complete the following table for efrigerant!"#$a;
T, C
P, kPa v, m
3
/ kg Pa!" #"!$%&'(&)*
.+ 1)* 0.000"5!9 Compressed liquid
1* ""0.!# *.*2< Saturated mixture
$12."3 2+* 0.110#1 >aturated vapor
+* =** 0.0##"10 Superheated vapor
3-29 Complete the following table for efrigerant!"#$a;
T, C
P, kPa u, k1 / kg Pa!" #"!$%&'(&)*
)* 5"2.0" 5< Saturated mixture
.2) 185.3" 35."8 >aturated liquid
8!.2# 3** 1** Superheated vapor
+ =** !2.2! Compressed liquid
1.2)
3-30E Complete the following table for efrigerant!"#$a;
T, ,
P, '!&a h, -(. / /0m x Pa!" #"!$%&'(&)*
!5.89 +* A+ 0.5!! Saturated mixture
2< 29."59 !9.92 *.= Saturated mixture
2* A* 15.35 $ $ $ Compressed liquid
1!0 2+* 2)5.3= $ $ $ Superheated vapor
22* 1!1.1! 11".23 2.* Saturated vapor
3-31 A piston.c&linder device contains B.213a at a specified state. /eat is transferred to B.213a. The final
pressure, the volume change of the c&linder, and the enthalp& change are to be determined.
Analsis $a% The final pressure is equal to the initial pressure, which is determined from
$Pa +,-.
,
_
+ +
) )
)
)
atm 2 )
kg.m4s 2***
kN 2
43 m% $*.)<
% m4s kg%$5.+2 $2)
k?a ++
43 D
g m
P P P
p
$b% The specific volume and enthalp& of B.213a at the initial state of 5*.3 k?a and .2*# and at the final
state of 5*.3 k?a and 2<# are $from @@>%
v2 8 *.)1*) m
1
4kg h2 8 )3A.A= kC4kg
v ) 8 *.)<33 m
1
4kg h) 8 )=+.2= kC4kg
The initial and the final volumes and the volume change are
3
! ,-,/,0

25<A . * )2=) . *
m )2=) . * 4kg% m kg%$*.)<33 +< . * $
m 25<A . * 4kg% m kg%$*.)1*) +< . * $
1 1
) )
1 1
2 2
V
v V
v V
m
m
$c% The total enthalp& change is determined from
$%&$g 12-. kC4kg )3A.A=% = kg%$)=+.2 +< . * $ % $
2 )
h h m H
1.21
B.213a
*.+< kg
.2*#
%
3-32E A rigid container that is filled with water is cooled. The initial temperature and final pressure are to
be determined.
Analsis The initial state is superheated vapor. The temperature is determined to be
=@% . A $Table
4lbm ft )5 . )
psia * )<
2 1
2
2
F 00,
T
P
v
This is a constant volume cooling process $v 8 V 4m 8
constant%. The final state is saturated mi"ture and thus the
pressure is the saturation pressure at the final temperature;
3@% . A $Table
4lbm ft )5 . )
D 2**
D 2** : sat ) 1
2 )
)
psa ,-+0,0
P P
T
v v
3-33 A piston.c&linder device that is filled with B.213a is heated. The final volume is to be determined.
Analsis The initial specific volume is
4kg m 23 . *
kg 2
m 23 . *
1
1
2
2

m
V
v
This is a constant.pressure process. The initial state is determined
to be a mi"ture, and thus the pressure is the saturation pressure at
the given temperature
2)% . A $Table k?a 2**
# )=.3 . : sat ) 2

P P P
The final state is superheated vapor and the specific volume is
21% . A $Table 4kg m 1*21+ . *
# 2**
k?a 2**
1
)
)
)

v
T
P
The final volume is then
3
! ,-3,133 4kg% m 1*21+ . * %$ kg 2 $
1
) )
v V m
1.23
/
)
7
)<* psia
2 lbm
).)5 ft
1
P
v
)
2
P
v
)
2
B.213a
)=.3E#
2 kg
*.23 m
1
3-34 0eft chamber of a partitioned s&stem contains water at a specified state while the right chamber is
evacuated. The partition is now ruptured and heat is transferred from the water. The pressure at the final
state is to be determined.
4kg m 25+5 . 2
kg 2
m 25+5 . 2
1
1
2
2

m
V
v
At the final state, the water occupies three
times the initial volume. Then,
4kg m <5=A . 1 % 4kg m 25+5 . 2 $ 1 1
1 1
2 )
v v
ased on this specific volume and the final temperature, the final state is a saturated mi"ture and the
pressure is
3% . A $Table
# 1 : sat )
$Pa ,-243

P P
3-35E A piston.c&linder device that is filled with water is cooled. The final pressure and volume of the
water are to be determined.
4lbm ft 1=2< . )
lbm 2
ft 1=2< . )
1
1
2
2

m
V
v
to be superheated vapor and thus the pressure is determined to be
=@% . A $Table
4lbm ft 1=2< . )
D 3**
) 2 1
2
2
psa /,,

P P
T
v
The saturation temperature at )** psia is 1+2.+ED. >ince the
final temperature is less than this temperature, the final state
is compressed liquid. Fsing the incompressible liquid
appro"imation,
3@% . A $Table 4lbm ft *2=21 . *
1
D 2** : )

f
v v
3
5t ,-,1413 4lbm% ft *2=21 . * %$ lbm 2 $
1
) )
v V m
1.2<
'ater
)** k?a
2 kg
2.25+5 m
1
@vacuated
P
v
)
2
/
)
7
3**ED
2 lbm
).1=2< ft
1
3-36 A piston.c&linder device that is filled with B.213a is heated. The final volume is to be determined.
Analsis This is a constant pressure process. The initial specific volume is
4kg m 2<5< . *
kg 2*
m <5< . 2
1
1
2

m
V
v
The initial state is determined to be a mi"ture, and thus the pressure is
the saturation pressure at the given temperature
2)% . A $Table k?a 2**
# )=.3 . : sat 2

P P
The final state is superheated vapor and the specific volume is
21% . A $Table 4kg m 1*21+ . *
# 2**
k?a 2**
1
)
)
)

v
T
P
3
! 3-,133 4kg% m 1*21+ . * %$ kg 2* $
1
) )
v V m
3-37 The internal energ& of water at a specified state is to be determined.
Analsis The state of water is superheated vapor. Drom the steam tables,
=% . A $Table
# )**
k?a <*
$%&$g /44,-,
&
T
P
3-38 The specific volume of water at a specified state is to be determined using the incompressible liquid
appro"imation and it is to be compared to the more accurate value.
Analsis The state of water is compressed liquid. Drom the steam tables,
A% . A $Table
# 2**
,?a <
&$g ! ,-,,1,.1
3
v
T
P
ased upon the incompressible liquid appro"imation,
3% . A $Table
# 2**
,?a )
# 2** :
&$g ! ,-,,1,.3
3

f
T
P
v v
The error involved is
,-1+6
2**
**2*32 . *
**2*32 . * **2*31 . *
@rror ?ercent
which is quite acceptable in most engineering calculations.
1.2=
B.213a
.)=.3E#
2* kg
2.<5< m
1
P
v
)
2
3-39E The total internal energ& and enthalp& of water in a container are to be determined.
Analsis The specific volume is
4lbm ft )
lbm 2
ft )
1
1

m
V
v
At this specific volume and the given pressure, the state is a saturated
mi"ture. The qualit&, internal energ&, and enthalp& at this state are
$Table A.<@%
tu4lbm A . =5A % 55 . +++ %$ 335* . * $ <2 . )5+
tu4lbm A . ==* % )5 . +*A %$ 335* . * $ 25 . )5+
335* . *
4lbm ft % *2AA3 . * 31)A . 3 $
4lbm ft % *2AA3 . * ) $
1
1
+ +
+ +
fg f
fg f
fg
f
'h h h
'& & &
'
v
v v
The total internal energ& and enthalp& are then
Btu 4+2-2
Btu 44,-2

% tu4lbm A . =5A %$ lbm 2 $
% tu4lbm A . ==* %$ lbm 2 $
mh H
m& (
3-40 The volume of a container that contains water at a specified state is to be determined.
Analsis The specific volume is determined from steam tables b& interpolation to be
=% . A $Table 4kg m 52A) . )
# 1=*
k?a 2**
1

v
T
P
The volume of the container is then
3
! 3-20/ 4kg% m 52A) . ) %$ kg 1 $
1
v V m
1.2A
'ater
2** psia
) ft
1
'ater
1 kg
2** k?a
1=*#
3-41 A rigid container that is filled with B.213a is heated. The temperature and total enthalp& are to be
determined at the initial and final states.
Analsis This is a constant volume process. The specific volume is
4kg m **23 . *
kg 2*
m *23 . *
1
1
) 2

m
V
v v
The initial state is determined to be a mi"ture, and thus the
temperature is the saturation temperature at the given pressure.
Drom Table A.2) b& interpolation
C ,-41
k?a 1** : sat 2
T T
and
kC4kg <) . <3 % 21 . 25+ %$ **51)2 . * $ =A . <)
**51)2 . *
4kg m % ***AA1= . * *=A5A+ . * $
4kg m % ***AA1= . * **23 . * $
2 2
1
1
2
2
+ +
fg f
fg
f
h ' h h
'
v
v v
The total enthalp& is then
$% 0.0-/ % kC4kg <) . <3 %$ kg 2* $
2 2
mh H
The final state is also saturated mi"ture. Bepeating the calculations at this state,
C /1-00
k?a =** : sat )
T T
kC4kg =3 . +3 % 5* . 2+* %$ *2A11 . * $ <2 . +2
*2A11 . *
4kg m % ***+255 . * *13)5< . * $
4kg m % ***+255 . * **23 . * $
) )
1
1
)
)
+ +
fg f
fg
f
h ' h h
'
v
v v
$% 3.4-. % kC4kg =3 . +3 %$ kg 2* $
) )
mh H
1.2+
B.213a
1** k?a
2* kg
23 0
P
v
)
2
3
3-42 A piston.c&linder device that is filled with B.213a is cooled at constant pressure. The final
temperature and the change of total internal energ& are to be determined.
4kg m 2)1)) . *
kg 2**
m 1)) . 2)
1
1
2

m
V
v
The initial state is superheated and the internal energ& at this state
is
21% . A $Table kC4kg *+ . )=1
4kg m 2)1)) . *
k?a )**
2 1
2
2

&
P
v
The final specific volume is
4kg m *=2=2 . *
)
4 m 2)1)) . *
)
1
1
2
)

)g v
v
This is a constant pressure process. The final state is determined
to be saturated mi"ture whose temperature is
2)% . A $Table
k?a )** : sat )
C 1,-,+ T T
The internal energ& at the final state is $Table A.2)%
kC4kg =2 . 2<) % )2 . 2+= %$ =23* . * $ )+ . 1+
=23* . *
4kg m % ***A<11 . * *55+=A . * $
4kg m % ***A<11 . * *=2=2 . * $
) )
1
1
)
)
+ +
fg f
fg
f
& ' & &
'
v
v v
/ence, the change in the internal energ& is
$%&$g 11,-.2 *+ . )=1 =2 . 2<)
2 )
& & &
1.25
B.213a
)** k?a
2** kg
2).1)) m
1
P
v
) 2
3-43 A spring.loaded piston.c&linder device is filled with water. The water now undergoes a process until
its volume is one.half of the original volume. The final temperature and the entrop& are to be determined.
Analsis Drom the steam tables,
=% . A $Table 4kg m *A131 . *
# 3**
,?a 3
1
2
2
2

v
T
P
The process e"perienced b& this s&stem is a linear P.v process. The equation for this line is
% $
2 2
v v c P P
where P2 is the s&stem pressure when its specific volume is v2. The spring equation ma& be written as
% $ % $ % $
2
)
2
)
2
)
2
2 ,
2
v v V V

A
)m
A
)
' '
A
)A
A
' '
)
A
* *
P P
s s
#onstant c is hence
<
3 ) 3 )
)
)
kg4m kN <5< , 3<
m% ) . * $
kg% kN4m%$*.< 5* %$ 2= $ 3

D
)m
A
)m
c
The final pressure is then
k?a )1)= % 4kg m *A131 . * $
)
kg4m kN <5< , 3<
k?a 3***
) )
% $
1
<
2 2 2
2
2 2 ) 2 )
,
_
+ + v v
v
v v
c
P c P c P P
and
4kg m *1=A) . *
)
4 m *A131 . *
)
1
1
2
)

)g v
v
The final state is a mi"ture and the temperature is
<% . A $Table
k?a )1)= : sat )
C //, T T
The qualit& and the entrop& at the final state are
$%&$g 12/,-+ + +
% 3 . 2+<A %$ 32+< . * $ << . 531

32+< . *
4kg m % **225* . * *+=*53 . * $
4kg m % **225* . * *1=A) . * $
) )
1
1
)
)
fg f
fg
f
h ' h h
'
v
v v
1.)*
P
v
)
2
3-44E The local atmospheric pressure, and thus the boiling temperature, changes with the weather
conditions. The change in the boiling temperature corresponding to a change of *.1 in of mercur& in
atmospheric pressure is to be determined.
Properties The saturation pressures of water at )** and )2)D are 22.<1+ and 23.A*5 psia, respectivel&
$Table A.3@%. 7ne in. of mercur& is equivalent to 2 in/g 8 1.1+A k?a 8 *.352 psia $inner cover page%.
Analsis A change of *.1 in of mercur& in atmospheric pressure corresponds to
psia *.23A
in/g 2
psia *.352
in/g% 1 . * $
,
_
P
At about boiling temperature, the change in boiling temperature per 2
psia change in pressure is determined using data at )** and )2)D to
be
D4psia A+1 . 1
psia % <1+ . 22 A*5 . 23 $
D % )** )2) $

P
T
Then the change in saturation $boiling% temperature corresponding to a change of *.23A psia becomes
F ,-04 8 psia% 23A D4psia%$*. A+1 . 1 $ D4psia% A+1 . 1 $
boiling
P T
which is ver& small. Therefore, the effect of variation of atmospheric pressure on the boiling temperature
is negligible.
3-45 A person cooks a meal in a pot that is covered with a well.fitting lid, and leaves the food to cool to
the room temperature. !t is to be determined if the lid will open or the pan will move up together with the
lid when the person attempts to open the pan b& lifting the lid up.
Assumptions 1 The local atmospheric pressure is 2 atm 8 2*2.1)< k?a. 2 The weight of the lid is small
and thus its effect on the boiling pressure and temperature is negligible. 3 No air has leaked into the pan
during cooling.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at )*# is ).115) k?a $Table A.3%.
Analsis Noting that the weight of the lid is negligible, the reaction force * on the lid after cooling at the
pan.lid interface can be determined from a force balance on the lid in the vertical direction to be
PA +* , PatmA
or,
% N4m 2 8 ?a 2 $since 8 ?a m =55A 8
?a % ) . )115 1)< , 2*2 $
3
m% 1 . * $
% %$ 3 4 $ % $
) )
)
)
2 6997

P P D P P A *
atm atm
The weight of the pan and its contents is
2 7835 8 % m4s kg%$5.+2 + $
)
mg -
which is much less than the reaction force of =55A N at the pan.lid interface. Therefore, the pan will m)4"
.' together with the lid when the person attempts to open the pan b& lifting the lid up. !n fact, it looks like
the lid will not open even if the mass of the pan and its contents is several hundred kg.
1.)2
P t *.1 in/g
P
?
atm
8 2 atm
).115) k?a
3-46 'ater is boiled at 2 atm pressure in a pan placed on an electric burner. The water level drops b& 2*
cm in 3< min during boiling. The rate of heat transfer to the water is to be determined.
Properties The properties of water at 2 atm and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat 8 2**# are hfg 8
))<=.< kC4kg and vf 8 *.**2*31 m
1
4kg $Table A.3%.
Analsis The rate of evaporation of water is
kg4s **2A3) . *
s =* 3<
kg A*3 . 3
kg A*3 . 3
*.**2*31
m% *.2* G$ 3 4 m% *.)< $ H % 3 4 $
evap
evap
) )
evap
evap

t
m
m
. D
m
f f

v v
V
Then the rate of heat transfer to water becomes
k5 3393 kC4kg% .< kg4s%$))<= **2A3) . * $
evap fg
h m %
3-47 'ater is boiled at a location where the atmospheric pressure is A5.< k?a in a pan placed on an
electric burner. The water level drops b& 2* cm in 3< min during boiling. The rate of heat transfer to the
water is to be determined.
Properties The properties of water at A5.< k?a are Tsat 8 51.1#, hfg 8 ))A1.5 kC4kg and vf 8 *.**2*1+
m
1
4kg $Table A.<%.
Analsis The rate of evaporation of water is
kg4s **2A<2 . *
s =* 3<
kg A)A . 3
kg A)A . 3
*.**2*1+
m% *.2* G$ 3 4 m% *.)< $ H % 3 4 $
evap
evap
) )
evap
evap

t
m
m
. D
m
f f

v v
V
Then the rate of heat transfer to water becomes
k5 3398 kC4kg% .5 kg4s%$))A1 **2A<2 . * $
evap fg
h m %
1.))
/
)
7
2 atm
/
)
7
A5.< k?a
3-48 >aturated steam at Tsat 8 1*# condenses on the outer surface of a cooling tube at a rate of 3< kg4h.
The rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 >tead& operating conditions e"ist. 2 The condensate leaves the condenser as a saturated
liquid at 1*#.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 1*# are hfg 8 )3)5.+ kC4kg $Table A.
3%.
Analsis Noting that )3)5.+ kC of heat is released as 2 kg
of saturated vapor at 1*# condenses, the rate of heat
transfer from the steam to the cooling water in the tube is
determined directl& from
$7 3,-. 8
kC4h 132 , 2*5 kC4kg% .+ kg4h%$)3)5 3< $
evap

fg
h m %
3-49 The boiling temperature of water in a <.cm deep pan is given. The boiling temperature in a 3*.cm
deep pan is to be determined.
Assumptions oth pans are full of water.
Properties The densit& of liquid water is appro"imatel&
8 2*** kg4m
1
.
Analsis The pressure at the bottom of the <.cm pan is
the saturation pressure corresponding to the boiling
temperature of 5+#;
k?a 53.15
# sat:5+
P P
$Table A.3%
The pressure difference between the bottoms of two pans is
k?a 1.31
s kg4m 2***
k?a 2
m% %$*.1< m4s %$5.+*A kg4m $2***
)
) 1
,
_
h g P
Then the pressure at the bottom of the 3*.cm deep pan is
P 8 53.15 I 1.31 8 5A.+) k?a
Then the boiling temperature becomes
C ++-,
k?a sat:5A.+) boiling
T T
$Table A.<%
1.)1
3* cm
< cm
D 8 1 cm
. 8 1<
1*#
3-50 A vertical piston.c&linder device is filled with water and covered with a )*.kg piston that serves as
the lid. The boiling temperature of water is to be determined.
Analsis The pressure in the c&linder is determined from a force balance on the piston,
PA , PatmA + -
or,
k?a 225.=2
s kg4m 2***
k?a 2
m *.*2
% m4s kg%$5.+2 $)*
k?a% $2**
) )
)
atm
,
_
+
+
A
mg
P P
The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure,
C 1,.-2
k?a 225.=2 : sat
T T
$Table A.<%
3-51 A rigid tank that is filled with saturated liquid.vapor mi"ture is heated. The temperature at which
the liquid in the tank is completel& vaporized is to be determined, and the T!v diagram is to be drawn/
Analsis This is a constant volume process $v 8 V 4m 8 constant%,
and the specific volume is determined to be
4kg m *.2==A
kg 2<
m ).<
1
1

m
V
v
'hen the liquid is completel& vaporized the tank
will contain saturated vapor onl&. Thus,
4kg m *.2==A
1
)

g
v v
The temperature at this point is the temperature that
corresponds to this vg value,
C 132-,
4kg m *.2==A : sat
1
g
v
T T
$Table A.3%
1.)3
/
)
7
A<#
T
v
2
1
- 8 mg
P
atm
P
3-52 A rigid vessel is filled with refrigerant.213a. The total volume and the total internal energ& are to be
determined.
Properties The properties of B.213a at the given state are $Table A.21%.

4kg m *.*1A=)<
kC4kg .+A 1)A
# * 2)
k?a ** +
1
v
&
T
P
Analsis The total volume and internal energ& are determined from
k1 65537
m 030753
3

kC4kg% kg%$1)A.+A $)
4kg% m )< kg%$*.*1A= $)
1
m& (
mv V
3-53 A rigid vessel contains B.213a at specified temperature. The pressure, total internal energ&, and the
volume of the liquid phase are to be determined.
Analsis $a% The specific volume of the refrigerant is
4kg m *.*<
kg 2*
m *.<
1
1

m
V
v
At .)*E#, vf 8 *.***A1=) m
1
4kg and vg 8 *.23A)5 m
1
4kg $Table A.22%.
Thus the tank contains saturated liquid.vapor mi"ture since vf J v J
vg , and the pressure must be the saturation pressure at the specified
temperature,
$Pa 13/-3/
# )* : sat
P P
$b% The qualit& of the refrigerant.213a and its total internal energ& are determined from
k1 90432
+ +
kC4kg% kg%$5*.3) $2*

kC4kg .3) 5* 3< . 251 *.11=2 )<.15
*.11=2
*.***A1=) *.23A)5
*.***A1=) *.*<
m& (
'& & &
'
fg f
fg
f
v
v v
$c% The mass of the liquid phase and its volume are determined from
3
m 0300489

4kg% m 1=) kg%$*.***A $=.=15
kg =.=15 2* *.11=2% $2 % 2 $
1
f f f
t f
m
m ' m
v V
1.)<
B.213a
2* kg
.)*#
B.213a
) kg
+** k?a
2)*#
3-54 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] A piston.c&linder device contains a saturated liquid.vapor
mi"ture of water at +** k?a pressure. The mi"ture is heated at constant pressure until the temperature
rises to 1<*E#. The initial temperature, the total mass of water, the final volume are to be determined, and
the P!v diagram is to be drawn.
Analsis $a% !nitiall& two phases coe"ist in equilibrium, thus we have a saturated liquid.vapor mi"ture.
Then the temperature in the tank must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure,
C 12,-.1
k?a +** : sat
T T
$b% The total mass in this case can easil& be determined b& adding the mass of each phase,
$g +3-.0 + +

A3< . 1 A*3 . +5
kg 1.A3<
4kg m *.)3*1<
m *.5
kg +5.A*3
4kg m *.**222<
m *.2
1
1
1
1
g f t
g
g
g
f
f
f
m m m
m
m
v
V
v
V
$c% At the final state water is superheated vapor, and its specific volume is
4kg m *.1<33)
# 1<*
k?a +**
1
)
)
)
T
P
$Table A.=%
Then,
3
! 33-1/ 4kg% m ) kg%$*.1<33 $51.3<
1
) )
v V
t
m
1.)=
P
v
2 1
3-55 EE+ ?roblem 1.<3 is reconsidered. The effect of pressure on the total mass of water in the tank as
the pressure varies from *.2 ,?a to 2 ,?a is to be investigated. The total mass of water is to be plotted
against pressure, and results are to be discussed.
P?1@-F:: ?1Pa@
P?2@-P?1@
T?2@-7>: ?.@
VHf1 - :+1 ?(67@
VHg1-:+B ?(67@
spsa#Hf1-olu(e("#ea(Hiap=s, P-P?1@,!-:$ %sa#+ li2+ specific olu(e, (6741g%
spsa#Hg1-olu(e("#ea(Hiap=s,P-P?1@,!-1$ %sa#+ ap+ specific olu(e, (6741g%
(Hf1-VHf14spsa#Hf1 %sa#+ li2+ (ass, 1g%
(Hg1-VHg14spsa#Hg1 %sa#+ ap+ (ass, 1g%
(H#o#-(Hf1I(Hg1
V?1@-VHf1IVHg1
spol?1@-V?1@4(H#o# %specific olu(e1, (67%
T?1@-#e(pera#ure("#ea(Hiap=s, P-P?1@,-spol?1@$%.%
%The final olu(e is calcula#ed fro( #he specific olu(e a# #he final T and P%
spol?2@-olu(e("#ea(Hiap=s, P-P?2@, T-T?2@$ %specific olu(e2, (6741g%
V?2@-(H#o#Jspol?2@
(#o# ?1g@ P1 ?1Pa@
BC+7B 1::
B>+71 2::
BD+CE 7::
BD+2D D::
B7+B7 >::
B7+E1 C::
B7+>C E::
B7+D> F::
B7+7F B::
B7+7D 1:::
1.)A
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
* #!
3
&$g)
P

#
$
P
a
)
350 C
Stea!
1 /
P83,, $Pa

1,, /,, 3,, .,, 0,, 4,, 2,, 3,, +,, 1,,,
+3
+3-0
+.
+.-0
+0
+0-0
+4
+4-0
P#1) #$Pa)
!
t
o
t

#
$
g
)

3-56E >uperheated water vapor cools at constant volume until the temperature drops to )<*ED. At the
final state, the pressure, the qualit&, and the enthalp& are to be determined.
Analsis This is a constant volume process $v 8 V0m 8 constant%, and the initial specific volume is
determined to be
4lbm ft 1.*311
D <**
psia 2+*
1
2
2
2
T
P
$Table A.=@%
At )<*ED, vf 8 *.*2A** ft
1
4lbm and vg 8 21.+2= ft
1
4lbm. Thus at the
final state, the tank will contain saturated liquid.vapor mi"ture since
vf J v J vg , and the final pressure must be the saturation pressure at
the final temperature,
'!&a 29384
D )<* : sat
P P
$b% The qualit& at the final state is determined from
,-/1+
*2A** . * +2= . 21
*2A** . * *311 . 1 )
)
fg
f
'
v
v v
$c% The enthalp& at the final state is determined from
-(.//0m 42630 + + 32 . 53< )25 . * =1 . )2+
fg f
'h h h
1.)+
T
v
)
2
/
)
7
2+* psia
<**D
3-57E EE+ ?roblem 1.<=@ is reconsidered. The effect of initial pressure on the qualit& of water at the
final state as the pressure varies from 2** psi to 1** psi is to be investigated. The qualit& is to be plotted
against initial pressure, and the results are to be discussed.
T?1@->:: ?F@
P?1@-1F: ?psia@
T?2@-2>: ?F@
? 1@-olu(e(s#ea(Hiap=s,T-T?1@,P-P?1@$
?2@-?1@
P?2@-pressure(s#ea(Hiap=s,T-T?2@,-?2@$
h?2@-en#halpy(s#ea(Hiap=s,T-T?2@,-?2@$
!?2@-2uali#y(s#ea(Hiap=s,T-T?2@,-?2@$
P1 ?psia@ !2
1:: :+D:7E
122+2 :+72F7
1DD+D :+2EC1
1CC+E :+27EF
1FF+B :+2:FD
211+1 :+1F>7
277+7 :+1CC>
2>>+C :+1>1:
2EE+F :+17EB
7:: :+12CF
1.)5
1,
'/
1,
'1
1,
,
1,
1
1,
/
1,
3
1,
.
,
/,,
.,,
4,,
3,,
1,,,
1/,,
1.,,
* #5t
3
&"b
!
)
T

#
9
F
)
1600 psia
780 psia
180 psia
29.82 psia
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Btu/lbm-R
Stea!
1
/

1,, 1., 13, //, /4, 3,,
,-1
,-10
,-/
,-/0
,-3
,-30
,-.
,-.0
P#1) #psa)
:
#
/
)

3-58 A rigid vessel that contains a saturated liquid.vapor mi"ture is heated until it reaches the critical
state. The mass of the liquid water and the volume occupied b& the liquid at the initial state are to be
determined.
Analsis This is a constant volume process $v , V 4m 8 constant% to the critical state, and thus the initial
specific volume will be equal to the final specific volume, which is equal to the critical specific volume of
water,
4kg m *.**12*=
1
) 2

cr
v v v $last row of Table A.3%
The total mass is
kg .=* 5=
4kg m *.**12*=
m *.1
1
1

v
V
m
At 2<*E#, vf 8 *.**2*52 m
1
4kg and vg 8 *.15)3+
m
1
4kg $Table A.3%. Then the qualit& of water at
the initial state is
*.**<235
*.**2*52 *.15)3+
*.**2*52 *.**12*= 2
2

fg
f
'
v
v v
Then the mass of the liquid phase and its volume at the initial state are determined from
3
m 03105
kg 96310

4kg% m 52 kg%$*.**2* $5=.2*
5=.=*% *.**<235%$ $2 % 2 $
1
2
f f f
t f
m
m ' m
v V
3-59 The properties of compressed liquid water at a specified state are to be determined using the
compressed liquid tables, and also b& using the saturated liquid appro"imation, and the results are to be
compared.
Analsis #ompressed liquid can be appro"imated as saturated liquid at the given temperature. Then from
Table A.3,
T 8 2**E#
error% $).=2K kC4kg 325.2A
error% $2.*)K kC4kg = * . 325
error% $*.A)K 4kg m *.**2*31
# 2** :
# 2** :
1
# 2** :

f
f
f
h h
& &
v v
Drom compressed liquid table $Table A.A%,
kC4kg 31*.15
kC4kg 323.+<
4kg m *.**2*1=
# 2**
,?a 2<
1
h
&
T
P
v
The percent errors involved in the saturated liquid appro"imation are listed above in parentheses.
1.1*
T
v
#?
v
cr
/
)
7
2<*#
3-60 EE+ ?roblem 1.<5 is reconsidered. Fsing @@>, the indicated properties of compressed liquid are to
be determined, and the& are to be compared to those obtained using the saturated liquid appro"imation.
Fluid$-)"#ea(H,APW")
T - 1:: ?.@
P - 1>::: ?1Pa@
- VKLMN/(Fluid$,T-T,P-P$
u - ,OT/O/PGQ(Fluid$,T-T,P-P$
h - /OTRALPQ(Fluid$,T-T,P-P$
Happ - VKLMN/(Fluid$,T-T,!-:$
uHapp - ,OT/O/PGQ(Fluid$,T-T,!-:$
hHappH1 - /OTRALPQ(Fluid$,T-T,!-:$
hHappH2 - /OTRALPQ(Fluid$,T-T,!-:$IHappJ(P*pressure(Fluid$,T-T,!-:$$
"KLMT,KO
Fluid$-)"#ea(H,APW")
h-D7:+D ?1341g@
hHappH1-D1B+2 ?1341g@
hHappH2-D7D+E ?1341g@
P-1>::: ?1Pa@
T-1:: ?.@
u-D1D+B ?1341g@
uHapp-D1B+1 ?1341g@
-:+::1:7C ?(6741g@
Happ-:+::1:D7 ?(6741g@
3-61 >uperheated steam in a piston.c&linder device is cooled at constant pressure until half of the mass
condenses. The final temperature and the volume change are to be determined, and the process should be
shown on a T!v diagram.
Analsis $b% At the final state the c&linder contains saturated liquid.vapor
mi"ture, and thus the final temperature must be the saturation temperature
at the final pressure,
C 12+-33
,?a sat:2
T T
$Table A.<%
$c% The qualit& at the final state is specified to be ') 8 *.<.
The specific volumes at the initial and the final states are
4kg m *.)<A55
# 1**
,?a 2.*
1
2
2
2
T
P
$Table A.=%

4kg m .*5AA< *
% **22)A . * 2531= . * $ < . * **22)A . *
< . *
,?a 2.*
1
) )
)
)
+
+
fg f
'
'
P
v v v
Thus,

3
! / ,-1/3 4kg m *.)<A55% < kg%$*.*5AA $*.+ % $ L
1
2 )
v v V m
1.12
/
)
7
1**#
2 ,?a
T
v
)
2
3-62 The water in a rigid tank is cooled until the vapor starts condensing. The initial pressure in the tank
is to be determined.
Analsis This is a constant volume process $v 8 V 4m 8 constant%, and the initial specific volume is equal
to the final specific volume that is
4kg m 3+ 15) . *
1
# 2<* : ) 2

g
v v v $Table A.3%
since the vapor starts condensing at 2<*
#. Then from Table A.=,
MPa 0360

2 1
2
2
4kg m *.15)3+
# * )<
P
T
v
3-63 /eat is supplied to a piston.c&linder device that contains water at a specified state. The volume of the
tank, the final temperature and pressure, and the internal energ& change of water are to be determined.
Properties The saturated liquid properties of water at )**# are; vf 8 *.**22<A m
1
4kg and &f 8 +<*.3=
kC4kg $Table A.3%.
Analsis $a% The c&linder initiall& contains saturated liquid water. The volume of the c&linder at the initial
state is
1 1
2 2
m **2=25 . * 4kg% m **22<A . * kg%$ 3 . 2 $ v V m
The volume at the final state is
3
! ,-,,4.24 % **2=25 . * $ 3 V
$b% The final state properties are
kg 4 m **3=)= . *
kg 2.3
m *.**=3A=
1
1
)

m
V
v
kC4kg < . ))*2
2
kg 4 m **3=)= . *
)
)
)
)
1
)
&
P
T
'
$Pa /1,342
C 321-3
v
$Table A.3 or A.< or @@>%
$c% The total internal energ& change is determined from
$% 13+/ kC4kg +<*.3=% . kg%$))*2.< 3 . 2 $ % $
2 )
& & m (
1.1)
/
)
7
T
2
8 )<*#
P
2
8 M
T
v
)
2
)<
2<
#
'ater
2.3 kg, )**E#
sat. liq.
@thane
%
3-64 /eat is lost from a piston.c&linder device that contains steam at a specified state. The initial
temperature, the enthalp& change, and the final pressure and qualit& are to be determined.
Analsis $a% The saturation temperature of steam at 1.< ,?a is
Tsat:1.< ,?a 8 )3).=# $Table A.<%
Then, the initial temperature becomes
T2 8 )3).=I< 8 /.2-4C
Also, kC4kg 2 . )+)2
# = . )3A
,?a < . 1
2
2
2
h
T
P
$Table A.=%
$b% The properties of steam when the piston first hits the stops are
4kg m **2)1< . *
kC4kg A . 2*35
*
,?a < . 1
1
)
)
)
2 )

v
h
'
P P
$Table A.<%
Then, the enthalp& change of steam becomes
$%&$g '1221 )+)2.2 A . 2*35
2 )
h h h
$c% At the final state
,-,,,4
$Pa 1000

1
1
1
1
) 1
# )**
4kg m **2)1< . *
'
P
T
v v
$Table A.3 or @@>%
The c&linder contains saturated liquid.vapor mi"ture with a small mass of vapor at the final state.
3-65E The error involved in using the enthalp& of water b& the incompressible liquid appro"imation is to
be determined.
A@% . A $Table tu4lbm <2 . 1A=
D 3**
psia 2<**

h
T
P
3@% . A $Table tu4lbm *3 . 1A<
D 3**
psia 2<**
D 3** :

f
h h
T
P
The error involved is
,-3+6
2**
<2 . 1A=
*3 . 1A< <2 . 1A=
@rror ?ercent
which is quite acceptable in most engineering calculations.
1.11
>team
1.< ,?a %
3-66 The errors involved in using the specific volume and enthalp& of water b& the incompressible liquid
appro"imation are to be determined.
A% . A $Table
kC4kg =) . 3)=
4kg m **2*1+< . *

# 2**
,?a 2*
1

h T
P v
3% . A $Table
kC4kg 2A . 325
4kg m **2*31 . *

# 2**
,?a 2*
# 2** :
1
# 2** :

f
f
h h T
P v v
The errors involved are
1-206
,-.36

2**
=) . 3)=
2A . 325 =) . 3)=
$enthalp&% @rror ?ercent
2**
**2*1+< . *
**2*1+< . * **2*31 . *
volume% $specific @rror ?ercent
which are quite acceptable in most engineering calculations.
3-67 The specific volume and internal energ& of B.213a at a specified state are to be determined.
Analsis The state of B.213a is compressed liquid. ased upon the incompressible liquid appro"imation,
22% . A $Table
kC4kg += . A+
4kg m ***+2=2 . *

# )*
k?a A**
# )* :
1
# )* :

f
f
& & T
P v v
1.13
3-68 A piston.c&linder device that is filled with B.213a is heated. The volume change is to be determined.
21% . A $Table 4kg m 11=*+ . *
# )*
k?a =*
1
2
2
2

v
T
P
and the initial volume is
1 1
2 2
m *.*11=*+ 4kg% m + kg%$*.11=* 2** . * $ v V m
At the final state, we have
21% . A $Table 4kg m *.<*32*
# 2**
k?a =*
1
)
)
)

v
T
P
1 1
) )
m *.*<*32* 4kg% m * kg%$*.<*32 2** . * $ v V m
The volume change is then
3
! ,-,143 *11=*+ * *<*32* *
2 )
/ / V V V
3-69 EE+ The ?essure.@nthalp& diagram of B.213a showing some constant.temperature and constant.
entrop& lines are obtained using ?ropert& ?lot feature of @@>.
'1,, , 1,, /,, 3,, .,, 0,,
1,
1
1,
/
1,
3
1,
.
1,
0
h #$%&$g)
P

#
$
P
a
) 70C
40C
10C
-10C
-30C

0
.
2

0
.
3

0
.
5

0
.
8

1

1
.
2

k
!
/
k
"
-
#

R13.a
1.1<
B.213a
=* k?a
.)*#
2** g
P
v
)
2
I;ea" <as
3-70C ?ropane $molar mass 8 33.2 kg4kmol% poses a greater fire danger than methane $molar mass 8 2=
kg4kmol% since propane is heavier than air $molar mass 8 )5 kg4kmol%, and it will settle near the floor.
,ethane, on the other hand, is lighter than air and thus it will rise and leak out.
3-71C A gas can be treated as an ideal gas when it is at a high temperature or low pressure relative to its
critical temperature and pressure.
3-72C & is the universal gas constant that is the same for all gases whereas is the specific gas constant
that is different for different gases. These two are related to each other b& 8 & 4 1, where 1 is the
molar mass of the gas.
3-73C ,ass m is simpl& the amount of matter; molar mass 1 is the mass of one mole in grams or the
mass of one kmol in kilograms. These two are related to each other b& m 8 21, where 2 is the number of
moles.
3-74E The specific volume of o"&gen at a specified state is to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, o"&gen behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of o"&gen is 8 *.11<1 psiaft
1
4lbmB $Table A.2@%.
Analsis According to the ideal gas equation of state,
&"b! 5t 2-/./
3
+

psia )<
B% 3=* B%$+* 4lbm ft psia $*.11<1
1
P
T
v
3-75 The pressure in a container that is filled with air is to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is 8 *.)+A kC4kgN $Table A.2%.
Analsis The definition of the specific volume gives
4kg m 2** . *
kg 2
m *.2**
1
1

m
V
v
Fsing the ideal gas equation of state, the pressure is
$Pa 341
+

4kg m *.2**
N% )A1 N%$)A 4kg m k?a $*.)+A
1
1
v
T
P
1.1=
3-76E The volume of a tank that is filled with argon at a specified state is to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, argon behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of argon is 8 *.)=+= psiaft
1
4lbmB $Table A.2@%
Analsis According to the ideal gas equation of state,
3
5t ,-20/1
+

psia )**
B% 3=* B%$2** 4lbm ft psia = lbm%$*.)=+ $2
1
P
mT
V
3-77 A balloon is filled with helium gas. The mole number and the mass of helium in the balloon are to
be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, helium behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The universal gas constant is u 8 +.123 k?a.m
1
4kmol.N. The molar mass of helium is 3.*
kg4kmol $Table A.2%.
Analsis The volume of the sphere is
1 1 1
m 221.2 m% $1
1
3
1
3
r V
Assuming ideal gas behavior, the mole numbers of /e is determined from
km)/ 9328

N% N%$)51 4kmol m k?a $+.123
% m k?a%$221.2 $)**
1
1
T
P
2
&
V
Then the mass of /e can be determined from
kg 37315 kg4kmol% kmol%$3.* $5.)+ 21 m
1.1A
/e
D 8 = m
)*#
)** k?a
3-78 EE+ ?roblem 1.AA is to be reconsidered. The effect of the balloon diameter on the mass of helium
contained in the balloon is to be determined for the pressures of $a% 2** k?a and $b% )** k?a as the
diameter varies from < m to 2< m. The mass of helium is to be plotted against the diameter for both cases.
%Gien &a#a%
{&-C ?(@}
{P-2:: ?1Pa@}
T-2: ?.@
P-2:: ?1Pa@
PHu-F+71D ?1341(ol*5@
%"olu#ion%
PJV-OJPHuJ(TI2E7$
V-DJpiJ(&42$6747
(-OJNKLAPNA""(Reliu($
& ?(@ ( ?1g@
> 21+>1
C+111 7B+2E
E+222 CD+F2
F+777 BB+>E
B+DDD 1D>
1:+>C 2:2+D
11+CE 2E7+2
12+EF 7>B
17+FB DC1
1> >F:+E
0 2 + 11 13 10
,
1,,
/,,
3,,
.,,
0,,
4,,
D #!)
!

#
$
g
)
P$100 kPa
P$200 kPa

1.1+
3-79 An automobile tire is inflated with air. The pressure rise of air in the tire when the tire is heated and
the amount of air that must be bled off to reduce the temperature to the original value are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. 2 The volume of the tire remains
constant.
Properties The gas constant of air is 8 *.)+A k?a.m
1
4kg.N $Table A.2%.
Analsis !nitiall&, the absolute pressure in the tire is
k?a 12* 2** )2*
atm 2
+ + P P P
g
Treating air as an ideal gas and assuming the volume of the tire to
remain constant, the final pressure in the tire can be determined from
k?a 11= k?a% $12*
N )5+
N 1)1
2
2
)
)
)
) )
2
2 2
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P V V
Thus the pressure rise is
P P P
) 2
11= 12* 26 kPa
The amount of air that needs to be bled off to restore pressure to its original value is
$g ,-,,2,

*.*+1= *.*5*=
kg *.*+1=
N% N%$1)1 4kg m k?a $*.)+A
% m k?a%$*.*)< $12*
kg *.*5*=
N% N%$)5+ 4kg m k?a $*.)+A
% m k?a%$*.*)< $12*
) 2
1
1
)
2
)
1
1
2
2
2
m m m
T
P
m
T
P
m
V
V
1.15
Tire
)<#
3-80 Two rigid tanks connected b& a valve to each other contain air at specified conditions. The volume of
the second tank and the final equilibrium pressure when the valve is opened are to be determined.
Properties The gas constant of air is 8 *.)+A k?a.m
1
4kg.N $Table A.2%.
Analsis 0etOs call the first and the second tanks A and . Treating air as an ideal gas, the volume of the
second tank and the mass of air in the first tank are determined to be
kg <.+3=
N% N%$)5+ 4kg m k?a $*.)+A
% m k?a%$2.* $<**

k?a )**
N% N%$1*+ 4kg m k?a kg%$*.)+A $<
1
1
2
2
1
2
2 2
,
_
,
_
A
A
3
3
T
P
m
P
T m
V
V
3
m 2321
Thus,
kg 2*.+3= <.* <.+3=
m 1.)2 ).)2 2.*
1
+ +
+ +
3 A
3 A
m m m
V V V
Then the final equilibrium pressure becomes
kPa 28431
m 1.)2
N% N%$)51 4kg m k?a kg%$*.)+A $2*.+3=
1
1
)
)

V
mT
P
3-81E The validit& of a statement that tires lose roughl& 2 psi of pressure for ever& 2*D drop in outside
temperature is to be investigated.
Assumptions 1The air in the tire is an ideal gas. 2 The volume of air in the tire is constant. 3 The tire is in
thermal equilibrium with the outside air. 4 The atmospheric conditions are A*D and 2 atm 8 23.A psia.
Analsis The pressure in a tire should be checked at least once a month when a vehicle has sat for at least
one hour to ensure that the tires are cool. The recommended gage pressure in cool tires is t&picall& above
1* psi. Taking the initial gage pressure to be 1) psi, the gage pressure after the outside temperature drops
b& 2*D is determined from the ideal gas relation to be

)
)
2
2
T
4 P
T
4 P

$gage% psig 12.2 psia + . 3< % psia A . 23 1) $
B % 3=* A* $
B % 3=* =* $
2
2
)
)
+
+
+
P
T
T
P

Then the drop in pressure corresponding to a drop of 2*D in temperature becomes
ps ,-+ 2 . 12 * . 1)
) 2
P P P
which is sufficientl& close to 2 psi. Therefore, the statement is 4a/&#.
%is&ussion Note that we used absol&te temperatures and pressures in ideal gas calculations. Fsing gage
pressures would result in pressure drop of *.= psi, which is considerabl& lower than 2 psi. Therefore, it is
important to use absolute temperatures and pressures in the ideal gas relation.
1.3*
Air
V 8 2 m
1
T 8 )<#
P 8 <** k?a
Air
m 8 < kg
T 8 1<#
P 8 )** k?a
A
3-82 A piston.c&linder device containing o"&gen is cooled. The change of the volume is to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, o"&gen behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of o"&gen is 8 *.)<5+ kC4kgN $Table A.2%.
Analsis According to the ideal gas equation of state, the initial volume of the o"&gen is

1
1
2
2
2
m *3+3< . *
k?a )*
N% )A1 N%$2** 4kg m k?a kg%$*.)<5+ $*.*2*
+

P
mT
V
>imilarl&, the final volume is

1
1
)
)
)
m *1<3= . *
k?a )*
N% )A1 N%$* 4kg m k?a kg%$*.)<5+ $*.*2*
+

P
mT
V
The change of volume is then
3
! ,-,13 *3+3< . * *1<3= . *
2 )
V V V
3-83 A rigid vessel containing helium is heated. The temperature chang is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant of helium is 8 ).*A=5 kC4kgN $Table A.2%.
Analsis According to the ideal gas equation of state, the initial temperature is
N 11A
N% 4kg m k?a kg%$).*A=5 $*.2
% m k?a%$*.) $1<*
1
1
2
2

m
P
T
V
>ince the specific volume remains constant, the ideal gas equation gives
N =A3
k?a 1<*
k?a A**
% N 11A $
2
)
2 )
)
)
)
2
2
2

P
P
T T
P
T
P
T
v v
The temperature change is then
( 332 11A =A3
2 )
T T T
1.32
7"&gen
2* g
)* k?a
2**#
2** g
/elium
*.2 kg
*.) m
1
1<* k?a
3-84 A piston.c&linder device containing argon undergoes an isothermal process. The final pressure is to
be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, argon behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of argon is 8 *.)*+2 kC4kgN $Table A.2%.
Analsis >ince the temperature remains constant, the ideal gas equation gives
) ) 2 2
) ) 2 2
V V
V V
P P
T
P
T
P
m
which when solved for final pressure becomes
$Pa /,, % k?a 3** $ < . * < . *
)
2
2
2
2
)
2
2 )
P P P P
V
V
V
V
1.3)
Argon
*.) kg
*.*< m
1
3** k?a
Co!pressb"ty Factor
3-85C !t represent the deviation from ideal gas behavior. The further awa& it is from 2, the more the gas
deviates from ideal gas behavior.
3-86C All gases have the same compressibilit& factor 5 at the same reduced temperature and pressure.
3-87C Beduced pressure is the pressure normalized with respect to the critical pressure; and reduced
temperature is the temperature normalized with respect to the critical temperature.
3-88 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibilit&
chart, and the steam tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A.
2,
8 *.3=2< k?aPm
1
4kgPN, Tcr 8 =3A.2 N, Pcr 8 )).*= ,?a
Analsis $a% Drom the ideal gas equation of state,
error= >12-46 &$g ! ,-,31,4
3

k?a% $2*,***
N% N%$=A1 4kg m k?a $*.3=2<
1
P
T
v
$b% Drom the compressibilit& chart $Dig. A.2<%,
+3 . *
2.*3
N =3A.2
N =A1
*.3<1
,?a )).*=
,?a 2*

5
T
T
T
P
P
P
cr
cr
Thus,
error= >1-/6 &$g ! ,-,/4,+
3
4kg% m 12*= $*.+3%$*.*
1
ideal
v v 5
$c% Drom the superheated steam table $Table A.=%,
} /kg m 0302644
3
v
# 3**
,?a 2*
T
P
1.31
/
)
7
2* ,?a
3**#
3-89 EE+ ?roblem 1.++ is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved using the general compressibilit&
factor feature of @@> $or other% software. The specific volume of water for the three cases at 2* ,?a over
the temperature range of 1)<E# to =**E# in )<E# intervals is to be compared, and the Kerror involved in
the ideal gas appro"imation is to be plotted against temperature.
P-1: ?NPa@J.oner#(NPa,1Pa$
{TH.elsius- D:: ?.@}
T-TH.elsiusI2E7 %?5@%
THcri#ical-TH.P,T("#ea(Hiap=s$
PHcri#ical-PH.P,T("#ea(Hiap=s$
{-Vol4(}
PH#a'le-PA PHco(p-PAPHidealgas-P
TH#a'le-TA THco(p-TATHidealgas-T
H#a'le-olu(e("#ea(Hiap=s,P-PH#a'le,T-TH#a'le$ %//" da#a for s#ea( as a real
gas%
{PH#a'le-pressure("#ea(Hiap=s, T-TH#a'le,-$}
{THsa#-#e(pera#ure("#ea(Hiap=s,P-PH#a'le,-$}
NN-NKLAPNA""(=a#er$
PHu-F+71D ?1341(ol*5@ %Mniersal gas cons#an#%
P-PHu4NN %?1341g*5@, Par#icular gas cons#an#%
PHidealgasJHidealgas-PJTHidealgas %,deal gas e2ua#ion%
S - .KNPP/""(THco(p4THcri#ical,PHco(p4PHcri#ical$
PHco(pJHco(p-SJPJTHco(p %generaliSed .o(pressi'ili#y fac#or%
/rrorHidealgas-A's(H#a'le*Hidealgas$4H#a'leJ.oner#(, T$
/rrorHco(p-A's(H#a'le*Hco(p$4H#a'leJ.oner#(, T$
/rrorco(p ?T@ /rrorideal gas ?T@ T.elcius ?.@
C+:FF 7F+BC 72>
2+D22 2F+2 7>:
:+ED2> 21+F7 7E>
:+12B 1E+>7 D::
:+C:1> 1D+D2 D2>
:+F>>B 12+:E D>:
:+BF72 1:+27 DE>
1+:7D F+E>> >::
1+:7E E+>> >2>
1+:1 C+>> >>:
:+BC>2 >+E12 >E>
:+B:B7 > C::
1.33
3,, 30, .,, .0, 0,, 00, 4,,
,
0
1,
10
/,
/0
3,
30
.,
T
Ce"sus
#C)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

E
r
r
o
r

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6
)
%&'al (as %&'al (as
C)mp*'ssibilit+ ,a-t)* C)mp*'ssibilit+ ,a-t)*
.t'am at 10 /Pa
S
p
e
c
c

?
o
"
u
!
e

3-90 The specific volume of B.213a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibilit&
chart, and the B.213a tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant.213a are,
from Table A.2,
8 *.*+235 k?aPm
1
4kgPN, Tcr 8 1A3.) N, Pcr 8 3.*<5 ,?a
% $
k?a 5**
N% N%$131 4kg m k?a $*.*+235
1
error 13-36 &$g ! ,-,31,0
3

P
T
v
+53 . *
.52A *
N 1A3.)
N 131
*.)))
,?a 3.*<5
,?a *.5

5
T
T
T
P
P
P
cr
cr
Thus,
error= >1-36 &$g ! ,-,/224
3
4kg% m *12*< $*.+53%$*.
1
ideal
v v 5
$c% Drom the superheated refrigerant table $Table A.21%,
} &$g ! ,-,/2.13
3
v
# * A
,?a .5 *
T
P
3-91 The specific volume of nitrogen gas is to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the
compressibilit& chart. The errors involved in these two approaches are also to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of nitrogen are, from Table
A.2,
8 *.)5=+ k?aPm
1
4kgPN, Tcr 8 2)=.) N, Pcr 8 1.15 ,?a
% error K 3 . += $
k?a 2*,***
N% N%$2<* 4kg m k?a $*.)5=+
1
/kg m 03004452
3

P
T
v
<3 . *
2.25
N 2)=.)
N 2<*
).5<
,?a 1.15
,?a 2*

5
T
T
T
P
P
P
cr
cr
Thus,
error% $*.AK 4kg% m *33<) $*.<3%$*.*
1
ideal
/kg m 03002404
3
v v 5
1.3<
N
)
2* ,?a
2<* N
B.213a
*.5 ,?a
A*#
3-92 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibilit&
chart, and the steam tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined.
2,
8 *.3=2< k?aPm
1
4kgPN, Tcr 8 =3A.2 N, Pcr 8 )).*= ,?a
error= >3-26 &$g ! ,-,+033
3

k?a 1<**
N% N%$A)1 4kg m k?a $*.3=2<
1
P
T
v
5=2 . *
.2) 2
N =3A.2
N A)1
*.2<5
,?a )).*=
,?a 1.<

5
T
T
T
P
P
P
cr
cr
Thus,
error= >,-.6 &$g ! ,-,+141
3
4kg% m *5<11 $*.5=2%$*.
1
ideal
v v 5
$c% Drom the superheated steam table $Table A.=%,
} &$g ! ,-,+1+4
3
v
# 3<*
,?a .< 1
T
P
1.3=
/
)
7
1.< ,?a
3<*#
3-93E @thane in a rigid vessel is heated. The final pressure is to be determined using the compressibilit&
chart.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of ethane are, from Table
A.2@,
8 *.1<A3 psiaPft
1
4lbmPB, Tcr 8 <35.+ B, Pcr 8 A*+ psia
Analsis Drom the compressibilit& chart at the initial state $Dig. A.2<%,
5AA . * Q
*A*= . *
psia A*+
psia <*
2.*25
B <35.+
B <=*
2
cr
2
2
cr
2
2

P
P
P
T
T
T
The specific volume does not change during the process. Then,
4lbm ft 522 . 1
psia <*
B% B%$<=* 4lbm ft psia 1<A3 $*.5AA%$*.
1
1
2
2 2
) 2

P
T 5
v v
At the final state,
* . 2
*5 . 23
psia% B%4$A*+ B%$<35.+ 4lbm ft psia $*.1<A3
4lbm ft 1.522
2.5)+
B <35.+
B 2*=*
)
1
1
cr cr
actual ),
)
cr
)
)

5
0P T
T
T
T
v
v
Thus,
psa +4-+

4lbm ft 1.522
B% B%$2*=* 4lbm ft psia A3 $2.*%$*.1<
1
1
)
) )
)
v
T 5
P
1.3A
@thane
<* psia
2**D
%
3-94 @th&lene is heated at constant pressure. The specific volume change of eth&lene is to be determined
using the compressibilit& chart.
A.2,
8 *.)5=3 k?aPm
1
4kgPN, Tcr 8 )+).3 N, Pcr 8 <.2) ,?a
Analsis Drom the compressibilit& chart at the initial and final states $Dig. A.2<%,
<= . * Q
5AA . *
,?a <.2)
,?a <
2.*1+
N )+).3
N )51
2
cr
2
2
cr
2
2

P
P
P
T
T
T
5=2 . * Q
5AA . *
2.=A<
NB )+).3
N 3A1
2
2 )
cr
)
)
P P
T
T
T
The specific volume change is
[ ]
&$g ! ,-,12/
3

N% )51 %$ <= . * $ N% 3A1 %$ 5=2 . * $
k?a <***
N 4kg m k?a *.)5=3
% $
1
2 2 ) )
T 5 T 5
P
v
1.3+
@th&lene
< ,?a
)*#
%
3-95 'ater vapor is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas
equation, the compressibilit& charts, and the steam tables.
2,
8 *.3=2< k?aPm
1
4kgPN, Tcr 8 =3A.2 N, ?cr 8 )).*= ,?a
Analsis $a% Drom the ideal gas equation,
( 1/.4 + % ) %$ N )A1 1<* $
2
)
2 )
v
v
T T
$b% The pressure of the steam is
k?a <)5 , 2=
# sat:1<* ) 2

P P P
Drom the compressibilit& chart at the initial state $Dig. A.2<%,
A< . * , <51 . * Q
A35 . *
,?a )).*=
,?a 2=.<)5
5=1 . *
NB =3A.2
N =)1
2 2
cr
2
2
cr
2
2

P
P
P
T
T
T
v
At the final state,
++ . *
<* . 2 % A< . * $ ) )
A35 . *
)
2 )
2 )

5
P P

v v
Thus,
( 3/4
k?a )),*=*
N% .2 $2.<*%$=3A
*.++
k?a 2=,<)5
cr
cr )
)
)
)
) )
)
P
T
5
P
5
P
T
v v
$c% Drom the superheated steam table,
4kg m **++*= . *
2
# 1<*
1
2
2
2

v
'
T
$Table A.3%
( 20,
# 3AA
4kg m *2A=2 . * )
k?a <)5 , 2=
) 1
2 )
)
T
P
v v
$from Table A.= or @@>%
1.35
'ater
1<*#
sat. vapor
%
3-96E 'ater vapor is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal
gas equation, the compressibilit& charts, and the steam tables.
Properties The critical pressure and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A.2@,
8 *.<5<= psiaPft
1
4lbmPB, Tcr 8 22=3.+ B, Pcr 8 1)** psia
Analsis $a% Drom the ideal gas equation,
R 12/, + % ) %$ B 3=* 3** $
2
)
2 )
v
v
T T
$b% The properties of steam are $Table A.3@%
4lbm ft A)A+ . 1 )
4lbm ft +=15 . 2
psia )= . )3A
1
2 )
1
D g:3** 2
D sat:3** ) 2

v v
v v
P P P
At the final state, from the compressibilit& chart $Dig. A.2<%,
5+< . *
25 . 2A
psia% B%4$1)** B%$22=3.+ 4lbm ft psia $*.<5<=
4lbm ft 1.A)A+
*AA1 . *
psia 1)**
psia )3A.)=
)
1
1
cr cr
actual ),
)
cr
)
)

5
0P T
P
P
P
v
v
Thus,
R 1021

B% 4lbm ft psia <5<= $*.5+<%$*.
4lbm% ft A+ psia%$1.A) $)3A.)=
1
1
)
) )
)
5
P
T
v
R 104,
D 22**
4lbm ft A)A+ . 1
psia )= . )3A
) 1
)
)
T
P
v
$from Table A.=@ or @@>%
1.<*
'ater
3**D
sat. vapor
%
3-97 ,ethane is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas
equation and the compressibilit& charts.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of methane are, from Table
A.2,
8 *.<2+) k?aPm
1
4kgPN, Tcr 8 252.2 N, Pcr 8 3.=3 ,?a
Analsis Drom the ideal gas equation,
( .0, % < . 2 %$ N 1** $
2
)
2 )
v
v
T T
+* . * , ++ . * Q
A)3 . 2
,?a 3.=3
,?a +
<A* . 2
N 252.2
N 1**
2 2
cr
2
2
cr
2
2

P
P
P
T
T
T
v
At the final state,
5A< . *
) . 2 % +* . * $ < . 2 < . 2
A)3 . 2
)
2 )
2 )

5
P P

v v
Thus,
( .,4
k?a 3=3*
N% 2 $2.)%$252.
*.5A<
k?a +***
cr
cr )
)
)
)
) )
)
P
T
5
P
5
P
T
v v
7f these two results, the accurac& of the second result is limited b& the accurac& with which the charts
ma& be read. Accepting the error associated with reading charts, the second temperature is the more
accurate.
3-98 The percent error involved in treating #7) at a specified state as an ideal gas is to be determined.
Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of #7) are, from Table A.2,
,?a A.15 and N 1*3.)
cr cr
P T
Analsis Drom the compressibilit& chart $Dig. A.2<%,
+* . *
*.51
N 1*3.)
N )+1
*.3*=
,?a A.15
,?a 1
cr
cr

5
T
T
T
P
P
P
Then the error involved in treating #7) as an ideal gas is

25306 or *.)<
*.+*
2
2
2
2 @rror
ideal

5 v
v v
1.<2
#7
)
1 ,?a
2*#
,ethane
+ ,?a
1** #
%
3-99 #7) gas flows through a pipe. The volume flow rate and the densit& at the inlet and the volume flow
rate at the e"it of the pipe are to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of #7) are $Table A.2%
8 *.2++5 k?aPm
1
4kgPN, Tcr 8 1*3.) N, Pcr 8 A.15 ,?a
error= >/-16 &$g ! ,-,4/+2
3

k?a% $1***
N% N%$<** 4kg m k?a +5 kg4s%$*.2+ $)
1
2
2
2
P
T m
V
error= >/-16 ! $g& 31-24
3

N% N%$<** 4kg m k?a $*.2++5
k?a% $1***
1
2
2
2
T
P
error= >3-46 &$g ! ,-,0442

3

k?a% $1***
N% N%$3<* 4kg m k?a +5 kg4s%$*.2+ $)
1
)
)
)
P
T m
V
$b% Drom the compressibilit& chart $@@> function for compressibilit& factor is used%
5A52 . *
2.=3
N 1*3.)
N <**
*.3*A
,?a A.15
,?a 1
2
2
2 ,
2

5
T
T
T
P
P
P
cr
cr

5=<= . *
2.3+
N 1*3.)
N 3<*
*.3*A
,?a A.15
,?a 1
)
)
) ,
)

5
T
T
T
P
P
P
cr
cr
Thus, &$g ! ,-,4140

3

k?a% $1***
N% N%$<** 4kg m k?a +5 kg4s%$*.2+ $*.5A52%$)
1
2
2 2
2
P
T m 5
V
3
! $g& 3/-..

N% N%$<** 4kg m k?a .2++5 $*.5A52%$*
k?a% $1***
1
2 2
2
2
T 5
P
&$g ! ,-,0.2/
3

k?a% $1***
N% N%$3<* 4kg m k?a +5 kg4s%$*.2+ $*.5=<=%$)
1
)
) )
)
P
T m 5
V
1.<)
1 ,?a
<** N
) kg4s
#7
)
3<* N
Other E@uatons o5 State
3-100C The constant a represents the increase in pressure as a result of intermolecular forces; the
constant b represents the volume occupied b& the molecules. The& are determined from the requirement
that the critical isotherm has an inflection point at the critical point.
3-101E #arbon dio"ide is heated in a constant pressure apparatus. The final volume of the carbon dio"ide
is to be determined using the ideal gas equation and the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of state.
Properties The gas constant and molar mass of #7) are $Table A.2@%
8 *.)31+ psiaPft
1
4lbmPB, 1 8 33.*2 lbm4lbmol

3
5t ,-3,2/

psia 2***
B% B%$2)=* 4lbm ft psia + lbm%$*.)31 $2
1
)
)
P
mT
V
$b% Fsing the coefficients of Table 1.3 for carbon dio"ide and the given
data in >! units, the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of state for state )
is

% 4 **<15 . * e"p$
**<15 . *
2
% A** $
2* <22 . 2 2* 3A* . + += . 21
+= . 21 A** 123 . + **A)2* . * 2
A**
2* 3*3 . 2
1* . )AA A** 123 . + *3552 . *
% A** %$ 123 . + $
=+5<
% 4 e"p$ 2
2
)
) ) 1
=
=
<
1 ) )
A
)
)
) )
)
1 = 1
)
) )
)
*
* ) *
)
)
)
v
v v v
v v v
v
v v v v v v

,
_
+

+

+
,
_

+

,
_
+ + +
,
_

T
c a a T b
T
C
A T 3
T
P
&
&
&
The solution of this equation b& an equation solver such as @@> gives
4kmol m +3AA . *
1
)
v
Then,
3
5t ,-3,32
,
_

1
1
1
1 1
) )
1
1
)
)
m 2
ft 1<.12<
% m $*.**+A32
m *.**+A32 4kg% m *25)A . * kg%$ )*3= . ) 4 2 $
4kg m *25)= . *
kg4kmol *2 . 33
4kmol m +3AA . *
v V
v
v
m
1
1.<1
#7)
2*** psia
)**D
%
3-102 ,ethane is heated in a rigid container. The final pressure of the methane is to be determined using
the ideal gas equation and the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of state.
$Pa //+-2
N )51
N =A1
k?a% 2** $
2
)
2 )
T
T
P P
The specific molar volume of the methane is
4kmol m 1= . )3
k?a 2**
N% N%$)51 4kmol m k?a $+.123
1
1
2
2
) 2

P
T
&
v v
$b% The specific molar volume of the methane is
4kmol m 1= . )3
k?a 2**
N% N%$)51 4kmol m k?a $+.123
1
1
2
2
) 2

P
T
&
v v
Fsing the coefficients of Table 1.3 for methane and the given data, the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of
state for state ) gives

$Pa //+-3

,
_
+

+

+
,
_

+

,
_
+ + +
,
_
% )3.1= 4 **=* . * e"p$

)3.1=
**=* . *
2
% =A1 $ )3.1=
2* <A+ . )
)3.1=
2* )33 . 2 ** . <
)3.1=
** . < =A1 123 . + **11+* . *
)3.1=
2
=A1
2* )+= . )
52 . 2+A =A1 123 . + *3)=* . *
)3.1=
% =A1 %$ 123 . + $
% 4 e"p$ 2
2
)
) ) 1
<
=
3
1 ) )
=
)
) )
)
1 = 1
)
) )
)
*
* ) *
)
)
)
v
v v v v v v

T
c a a T b
T
C
A T 3
T
P
&
&
&
1.<3
,ethane
2** k?a
)*#
%
3-103E #arbon mono"ide is heated in a rigid container. The final pressure of the #7 is to be determined
using the ideal gas equation and the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of state.
Properties The gas constant and molar mass of #7 are $Table A.2%
8 *.)5=+ k?aPm
1
4kgPN, 1 8 )+.*22 kg4kmol
psa 3.-+0
B <1*
B 2)=*
psia% A . 23 $
2
)
2 )
T
T
P P
The specific molar volume of the #7 in >! units is
4kmol m )* . )3
k?a 2*2
N% N%$)53 4kmol m k?a $+.123
1
1
2
2
) 2

P
T
&
v v
$b% The specific molar volume of the #7 in >! units is
4kmol m )* . )3
k?a 2*2
N% N%$)53 4kmol m k?a $+.123
1
1
2
2
) 2

P
T
&
v v
Fsing the coefficients of Table 1.3 for #7 and the given data, the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of state
for state ) gives

k?a )3*.+
% )3.)* 4 **=* . * e"p$
)3.)*
**=* . *
2
% A** $ )3.)*
2* *<3 . 2
)3.)*
2* 1<* . 2 A2 . 1
)3.)*
A2 . 1 A** 123 . + **)=1) . *
)3.)*
2
A**
2* =A1 . +
+A . 21< A** 123 . + *<3<3 . *
)3.)*
% A** %$ 123 . + $
% 4 e"p$ 2
2
)
) ) 1
<
=
3
1 ) )
<
)
) )
)
1 = 1
)
) )
)
*
* ) *
)
)
)

,
_
+

+

+
,
_

+

,
_
+ + +
,
_
v
v v v v v v

T
c a a T b
T
C
A T 3
T
P
&
&
&
The pressure in @nglish unit is
psa 3.-+/
,
_
k?a =.+53+
psia 2
k?a% + . )3* $
)
P
1.<<
#7
23.A psia
A*D
%
3-104 #arbon dio"ide is compressed in a piston.c&linder device in a pol&tropic process. The final
temperature is to be determined using the ideal gas and van der 'aals equations.
Properties The gas constant, molar mass, critical pressure, and critical temperature of carbon dio"ide are
$Table A.2%
8 *.2++5 k?aPm
1
4kgPN, 1 8 33.*2 kg4kmol, Tcr 8 1*3.) N, Pcr 8 A.15 ,?a
Analsis $a% The specific volume at the initial state is
4kg m *.*+51<
k?a 2***
N% N%$3A1 4kg m k?a $*.2++5
1
1
2
2
2

P
T
v
According to process specification,
4kg m *1<AA . *
k?a 1***
k?a 2***
4kg% m *+51< . * $
1
) . 2 4 2
1
4 2
)
2
2 )

,
_
,
_
n
P
P
v v
The final temperature is then
( 043

N 4kg m k?a *.2++5
4kg% m AA k?a%$*.*1< $1***
1
1
) )
)
P
T
v
$b% The van der 'aals constants for carbon dio"ide are determined from
4kg m *.***5A)*
k?a A15* +
N% N%$1*3.) 4kg m k?a $*.2++5
+
k?a4kg m *.2++<
k?a% $=3%$A15*
N% $1*3.) N% 4kg m k?a 5 $)A%$*.2++
=3
)A
1
1
cr
cr
) =
) ) 1
cr
)
cr
)

P
T
b
P
T
a
Appl&ing the van der 'aals equation to the initial state,
% 3A1 %$ 2++5 . * $ % ***5A)* . * $
2++< . *
2***
% $
)
)

,
_
+

,
_
+
v
v
v
v
T b
a
P
>olving this equation b& trial.error or b& @@> gives
4kg m *.*++)2
1
2
v
According to process specification,
4kg m *1<12 . *
k?a 1***
k?a 2***
4kg% m *++)2 . * $
1
) . 2 4 2
1
4 2
)
2
2 )

,
_
,
_
n
P
P
v v
Appl&ing the van der 'aals equation to the final state,
T /
/
T b
a
P
% 2++5 . * $ % ***5A)* . * *1<12 * $
*1<12 *
2++< . *
1***
% $
)
)

,
_
+

,
_
+ v
v
>olving for the final temperature gives
( 023
)
T
1.<=
#7)
2 ,?a
)**#
3-105E The temperature of B.213a in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas
relation, the van der 'aals equation, and the refrigerant tables.
Properties The gas constant, critical pressure, and critical temperature of B.213a are $Table A.2@%
8 *.2*<) psiaPft
1
4lbmPB, Tcr 8 =A1.= B, Pcr 8 <++. A psia
R 013-0

B 4lbm ft psia *.2*<)
4lbm% ft *)) psia%$*.<3 $2**
1
1
P
T
v
$b% The van der 'aals constants for the refrigerant are determined from
4lbm ft *.*2<*
psia <++.A +
B% B%$=A1.= 4lbm ft psia $*.2*<)
+
psia4lbm ft 1.<52
psia% $=3%$<++.A
B% $=A1.= B% 4lbm ft psia ) $)A%$*.2*<
=3
)A
1
1
) =
) ) 1 ) )

cr
cr
cr
cr
P
T
b
P
T
a
Then, ( ) ( ) R 04,-2
,
_
+
,
_
+ *.*2<* *.<3*))
$*.<3*))%
1.<52
2**
*.2*<)
2 2
) )
b
a
P
T v
v
$c% Drom the superheated refrigerant table $Table A.21@%,
B% $<+*
4lbm ft *.<3*))
psia 2**
1
F 1/,
T
P
v
1.<A
3-106 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be
determined using the ideal gas relation and the eattie.ridgeman equation. The error involved in each
case is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant and molar mass of nitrogen are $Table A.2%
8 *.)5=+ k?aPm
1
4kgPN and 1 8 )+.*21 kg4kmol
% error .1K = $
4kg m *.*32++3
N% N%$2<* 4kg m k?a $*.)5=+
1
1
kPa 1063

v
T
P
$b% The constants in the eattie.ridgeman equation are
4kmol N m 2* 3.)
*.*<*A=
2.2A11
*.**=52
2 *.*<*3= 2
211.251
2.2A11
*.*)=2A
2 21=.)12< 2
1 1 3

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

c
b
3 3
a
A A
o
o
v
v
since 4kmol m 2.2A11 4kg% m .*32++3 kg4kmol%$* $)+.*21
1 1
v v 1 .
>ubstituting,
( ) ( )
( )
error% e $negligibl
2.2A11
211.251
*.*<*A= 2.2A11
2<* 2.2A11
2* 3.)
2
$2.2A11%
2<* +.123
2
) 1
3
) ) 1 )
$Pa 1,,,-.
+
,
_
+
,
_

v
v
v v
A
3
T
c T
P
&
1.<+
N
)
*.*32++3 m
1
4kg
2<* N
3-107 EE+ ?roblem 1.2*= is reconsidered. Fsing @@> $or other% software, the pressure results of the ideal
gas and eattie.ridgeman equations with nitrogen data supplied b& @@> are to be compared. The
temperature is to be plotted versus specific volume for a pressure of 2*** k?a with respect to the saturated
liquid and saturated vapor lines of nitrogen over the range of 22* N J T J 2<* N.
Func#ion 0ea##0ridg(T,,N,PHu$
H'ar-JN %.onersion fro( (6741g #o (6741(ol%
%The cons#an#s for #he 0ea##ie*0ridge(an e2ua#ion of s#a#e are found in #e!#%
Ao-17C+271>A aa-:+:2C1EA 0o-:+:>:DCA ''-*:+::CB1A cc-D+2:J1/D
0-0oJ(1*''4H'ar$
A-AoJ(1*aa4H'ar$
%The 0ea##ie*0ridge(an e2ua#ion of s#a#e is%
0ea##0ridg:-PHuJT4(H'arJJ2$J(1*cc4(H'arJTJJ7$$J(H'arI0$*A4H'arJJ2
/nd
T-1>: ?5@
-:+:D1FFD ?(6741g@
PHe!per-1::: ?1Pa@
TH#a'le-TA TH00-TATHidealgas-T
PH#a'le-PP/""MP/(Oi#rogen,T-TH#a'le,-$ %//" da#a for ni#rogen as a real gas%
{TH#a'le-#e(pera#ure(Oi#rogen, P-PH#a'le,-$}
N-NKLAPNA""(Oi#rogen$
PHu-F+71D ?1341(ol*5@ %Mniersal gas cons#an#%
P-PHu4N %Par#icular gas cons#an#%
PHidealgas-PJTHidealgas4 %,deal gas e2ua#ion%
PH00-0ea##0ridg(TH00,,N,PHu$ %0ea##ie*0ridge(an e2ua#ion of s#a#e Func#ion%
P00 ?1Pa@ P#a'le ?1Pa@ Pidealgas ?1Pa@ ?(741g@ T00 ?5@ Tideal gas ?5@ T#a'le ?5@
1::: 1::: 1::: :+:1 B1+27 77+CB 1:7+F
1::: 1::: 1::: :+:2 B>+>2 CE+7B 1:7+F
1::: 1::: 1::: :+:2> 1:> FD+27 1:C+1
1::: 1::: 1::: :+:7 11C+F 1:1+1 11E+2
1::: 1::: 1::: :+:7> 17:+1 11E+B 17:+1
1::: 1::: 1::: :+:D 1DD+D 17D+F 1DD+7
1::: 1::: 1::: :+:> 1ED+C 1CF+> 1ED+>
1.<5
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
* #!
3
&$g)
T

#
(
)
1000 kPa
Ntrogen, T *s * 5or P81,,, $Pa
EES Tab"e ?a"ue EES Tab"e ?a"ue
Beatte'Br;ge!an Beatte'Br;ge!an
I;ea" <as I;ea" <as

Speca" TopcA ?apor Pressure an; Phase E@u"bru!
3-108 A glass of water is left in a room. The vapor pressures at the free surface of the water and in the
room far from the glass are to be determined.
Assumptions The water in the glass is at a uniform temperature.
Properties The saturation pressure of water is ).115 k?a at )*#, and 2.A*= k?a at 2<# $Table A.3%.
Analsis The vapor pressure at the water surface is the saturation pressure of
water at the water temperature,
kPa 13706
# sat:2< : sat surface water ,
water
P P P
T v
Noting that the air in the room is not saturated, the vapor pressure in the
room far from the glass is
kPa 13404

k?a% 115 . ) %$ = . * $
# sat:)* : sat air ,
air
P P P
T v

3-109 The vapor pressure in the air at the beach when the air temperature is 1*# is claimed to be <.)
k?a. The validit& of this claim is to be evaluated.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at 1*# is 3.)3A k?a
$Table A.3%.
Analsis The ma"imum vapor pressure in the air is the saturation pressure
of water at the given temperature, which is
kPa 43247
# sat:1* : sat ma" ,
air
P P P
T v
which is less than the claimed value of <.) k?a. Therefore, the claim is 7a/!".
1.=*
/
)
7
2<#

1*#
'AT@B
3-110 The temperature and relative humidit& of air over a swimming pool are given. The water
temperature of the swimming pool when phase equilibrium conditions are established is to be determined.
Assumptions The temperature and relative humidit& of air over the pool remain constant.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at )*# is ).115 k?a $Table A.3%.
Analsis The vapor pressure of air over the swimming pool is
k?a *.51<A k?a% 115 . ) %$ 3 . * $
# sat:)* : sat air ,
air

P P P
T v

?hase equilibrium will be established when the vapor pressure at the
water surface equals the vapor pressure of air far from the surface.
Therefore,
k?a *.51<A
air , surface water ,

v v
P P
and
C 630
k?a 51<A . * : sat : sat water
v
T T T
P
%is&ussion Note that the water temperature drops to =.*# in an environment at )*# when phase
equilibrium is established.
3-111 Two rooms are identical e"cept that the& are maintained at different temperatures and relative
humidities. The room that contains more moisture is to be determined.
Properties The saturation pressure of water is ).115 k?a at )*#, and 3.)3A k?a at 1*# $Table A.3%.
Analsis The vapor pressures in the two rooms are
oom 2;
kPa 13699

k?a% )3A . 3 %$ 3 . * $
# sat:1* 2 : sat 2 2
2
P P P
T v

oom );
kPa 13637

k?a% 115 . ) %$ A . * $
# sat:)* ) : sat ) )
)
P P P
T v

Therefore, room 2 at 1*# and 3*K relative humidit& contains more moisture.
1.=2
P
atm,
)*#
?770
3-112E A thermos bottle half.filled with water is left open to air in a room at a specified temperature and
pressure. The temperature of water when phase equilibrium is established is to be determined.
Assumptions The temperature and relative humidit& of air over the bottle remain constant.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at A*D is *.1=11 psia $Table A.3@%.
Analsis The vapor pressure of air in the room is

psia *.2)A) psia% 1=11 . * %$ 1< . * $
D sat:A* : sat air ,
air

P P P
T v

?hase equilibrium will be established when the vapor pressure at the
water surface equals the vapor pressure of air far from the surface.
Therefore,
psia *.2)A)
air , surface water ,

v v
P P
and
F .1-1
psia 2)A) . * : sat : sat water
v
T T T
P
%is&ussion Note that the water temperature drops to 32D in an environment at A*D when phase
equilibrium is established.
3-113 A person bu&s a supposedl& cold drink in a hot and humid summer da&, &et no condensation occurs
on the drink. The claim that the temperature of the drink is below 2*# is to be evaluated.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at 1<# is <.=)5 k?a $Table A.3%.
Analsis The vapor pressure of air is
k?a 53* . 1 k?a% =)5 . < %$ A . * $
# sat:1< : sat air ,
air

P P P
T v

The saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure $called the
dew.point temperature% is
C /3-2
k?a sat:1.53* : sat sat
v
T T T
P
That is, the vapor in the air will condense at temperatures below )+.A#. Noting that no condensation is
observed on the can, the claim that the drink is at 2*# is 7a/!".
1.=)
1<#
A*K
Thermos
bottle
A*D
1<K
Re*eB Prob"e!s
3-114 The c&linder conditions before the heat addition process is specified. The pressure after the heat
addition process is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The contents of c&linder are appro"imated b&
the air properties. 2 Air is an ideal gas.
Analsis The final pressure ma& be determined from the ideal
gas relation
$Pa 3+14
,
_
+
+
k?a% 2+** $
N )A1 3<*
N )A1 21**
2
2
)
)
P
T
T
P
3-115 A rigid tank contains an ideal gas at a specified state. The final temperature is to be determined for
two different processes.
Analsis $a% The first case is a constant volume process. 'hen half of the gas is withdrawn from the
tank, the final temperature ma& be determined from the ideal gas relation as
( ) ( .,,
,
_
N% =** $
k?a 1**
k?a 2**
)
2
2
)
)
2
)
T
P
P
m
m
T
$b% The second case is a constant volume and constant mass process.
The ideal gas relation for this case &ields
$Pa /,,
,
_
k?a% 1** $
N =**
N 3**
2
2
)
)
P
T
T
P
1.=1
#ombustion
chamber
2.+ ,?a
3<*#
!deal gas
1** k?a
=** N
3-116 #arbon dio"ide flows through a pipe at a given state. The volume and mass flow rates and the
densit& of #7) at the given state and the volume flow rate at the e"it of the pipe are to be determined.
Analsis $a% The volume and mass flow
rates ma& be determined from ideal gas
relation as
&s ! ,-00.3
3

k?a 1***
N% ** 4kmol.N%$< k?a.m 123 kmol4s%$+. 3 . * $
1
2
2
P
T 2
&
V
$g&s 12-4,
N% 4kg.N%$<** k?a.m $*.2++5
% 4 m 1 k?a%$*.<<3 $1***
1
1
2
2 2
2
s
T
P
m
V
The densit& is
3
$g&! 31-24
4s% m <<31 . * $
kg4s% $2A.=*
1
2
2
2
V
$b% The volume flow rate at the e"it is

&s ! ,-.+33
3

k?a 1***
N% <* 4kmol.N%$3 k?a.m 123 kmol4s%$+. 3 . * $
1
)
)
P
T 2
&
V
3-117 The c&linder conditions before the heat addition process is specified. The temperature after the heat
addition process is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The contents of c&linder is appro"imated b& the air properties. 2 Air is an ideal gas.
Analsis The ratio of the initial to the final mass is
)1
))
2 ))
))
2 AD
AD
)
2

+
m
m
The final temperature ma& be determined from ideal gas relation
( 1312
,
_
,
_
N% 5<* $
cm A<
cm 2<*
)1
))
1
1
2
2
)
)
2
)
T
m
m
T
V
V
1.=3
1 ,?a
<** N
*.3 kmol4s
#7
)
3<* N
#ombustion
chamber
5<* N
A< cm
1
3-118 A rigid container that is filled with B.21a is heated. The initial pressure and the final temperature
are to be determined.
Analsis The initial specific volume is *.23<* m
1
4kg. Fsing this
with the initial temperature reveals that the initial state is a
mi"ture. The initial pressure is then the saturation pressure,
22% . A $Table
4kg m 23<* . *
# 3*
# 3* . : sat 2 1
2
2
$Pa 01-/0
P P
T
v
This is a constant volume cooling process $v 8 V 4m 8
constant%. The final state is superheated vapor and the final
temperature is then
21% . A $Table
4kg m 23<* . *
k?a )**
) 1
2 )
)
C +,
T
P
v v
3-119E A piston.c&linder device that is filled with water is cooled. The final pressure and volume of the
water are to be determined.
4lbm ft =35 . )
lbm 2
ft =35 . )
1
1
2
2

m
V
v
to be superheated vapor and thus the pressure is determined to be
=@% . A $Table
4lbm ft =35 . )
D 3**
) 2 1
2
2
psa 13,

P P
T
v
The saturation temperature at 2+* psia is 1A1.2ED. >ince the final
temperature is less than this temperature, the final state is compressed
liquid. Fsing the incompressible liquid appro"imation,
3@% . A $Table 4lbm ft *2=21 . *
1
D 2** : )

f
v v
3
5t ,-,1413 4lbm% ft *2=21 . * %$ lbm 2 $
1
) )
v V m
1.=<
B.213a
.3*E#
2 kg
*.23<* m
1
P
v
2
)
P
v
)
2
/
)
7
3**ED
2 lbm
).=35 ft
1
3-120 The volume of chamber 2 of the two.piston c&linder shown in the figure is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant of helium is 8 ).*A=5 kC4kgN $Table A.2%.
Analsis >ince the water vapor in chamber ) is condensing,
the pressure in this chamber is the saturation pressure,
k?a 2<<<
# )** : sat )

P P
$Table A.3%
>umming the forces acting on the piston in the vertical direction gives
k?a + . )3+
2*
3
k?a% 2<<< $
)
)
2
)
)
2
)
) 2

,
_
,
_

D
D
P
A
A
P P
According to the ideal gas equation of state,

3
! 3-+0
+

k?a )3+.+
N% )A1 N%$)** 4kg m k?a kg%$).*A=5 $2
1
2
2
P
mT
V
1.==
P
)
A
)
P
2
A
2
3-121E The volume of chamber 2 of the two.piston c&linder shown in the figure is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant of air is 8 *.1A*3 psiaft
1
4lbmB $Table A.2@%.
Analsis >ince B.213a in chamber ) is condensing, the pressure in this chamber is the saturation
pressure,
psia * . 2+=
D 2)* : sat )

P P
$Table A.22@%
2 2 ) 2 1 ) )
2 1 )
% $ A P A A P A P
* * *
+
+
which when solved for P2 gives
,
_
+
2
)
1
2
)
) 2
2
A
A
P
A
A
P P
since the areas of the piston faces are given b&
3 4
)
D A

the above equation becomes
psia 11 . 55
1
)
2 psia% 1* $
1
)
psia% * . 2+= $
2
) )
)
2
)
1
)
2
)
) 2
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
D
D
P
D
D
P P

3
5t 1-,3
+

psia 55.11
B% 3=* B%$2)* 4lbm ft psia 3 lbm%$*.1A* $*.<
1
2
2
P
mT
V
1.=A
*
2
*
)
*
1
3-122E The difference in the volume of chamber 2 for two cases of pressure in chamber 1 is to be
determined.
Properties The gas constant of air is 8 *.1A*3 psiaft
1
4lbmB $Table A.2%.
Analsis >ince B.213a in chamber ) is condensing, the pressure in this chamber is the saturation
pressure,
psia * . 2+=
D 2)* : sat )

P P
$Table A.22@%
2 2 ) 2 1 ) )
2 1 )
% $ A P A A P A P
* * *
+
+
which when solved for P2 gives
,
_
+
2
)
1
2
)
) 2
2
A
A
P
A
A
P P
since the areas of the piston faces are given b&
3 4
)
D A

the above equation becomes
psia ) . 21+
1
)
2 k?a% 2** $
1
)
psia% * . 2+= $
2
) )
)
2
)
1
)
2
)
) 2
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
D
D
P
D
D
P P

1
1
2
2
ft *.AAA
psia 21+.)
B% 3=* B%$2)* 4lbm ft psia 3 lbm%$*.1A* $*.<
+

P
mT
V
Dor a chamber 1 pressure of 1* psia, the volume of chamber 2 was determined to be 2.*+ ft
1
. Then the
change in the volume of chamber 2 is
3
5t ,-3,3 AAA . * *+ . 2
2 )
V V V
1.=+
*
2
*
)
*
1
3-123 @thane is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas
equation and the compressibilit& charts.
A.2,
8 *.)A=< k?aPm
1
4kgPN, Tcr 8 1*<.< N, Pcr 8 3.3+ ,?a
Analsis Drom the ideal gas equation,
( 0+4-3 % = . 2 %$ N 1A1 $
2
)
2 )
v
v
T T
1< . * , =2 . * Q
)1) . )
,?a 3.3+
,?a 2*
))2 . 2
N 1*<.<
N 1A1
2 2
cr
2
2
cr
2
2

P
P
P
T
T
T
v
At the final state,
+1 . *
<= . * % 1< . * $ = . 2 = . 2
)1) . )
)
2 )
2 )

5
P P

v v
Thus,
( .4,
k?a 33+*
N% .< $*.<=%$1*<
*.+1
k?a 2*,***
cr
cr )
)
)
)
) )
)
P
T
5
P
5
P
T
v v
7f these two results, the accurac& of the second result is limited b& the accurac& with which the charts
ma& be read. Accepting the error associated with reading charts, the second temperature is the more
accurate.
1.=5
@thane
2* ,?a
2**#
%
3-124
$a% 7n the ?.v diagram, the constant temperature process through the state P, 1** k?a, v , *.<)< m
1
4kg
as pressure changes from P2 8 )** k?a to P) 8 3** k?a is to be sketched. The value of the temperature on
the process curve on the ?.v diagram is to be placed.

1,
'.
1,
'3
1,
'/
1,
'1
1,
,
1,
1
1,
/
1,
,
1,
1
1,
/
1,
3
1,
.
1,
0
1,
4
1,
4
* #!
3
&$g)
P

#
$
P
a
)
133.5C
Stea!
IAP7S
300
0.525
200
400
1
2

$b% Kn #he T*v diagra( #he cons#an# specific ol*u(e process #hrough #he s#a#e T =
12:U., v = :+E1C7 (
7
41g fro( P1- 1:: 1Pa #o P2 = 7:: 1Pa is #o 'e s1e#ched++ For
#his da#a se#, #he #e(pera#ure alues a# s#a#es 1 and 2 on i#s a!is is #o 'e placed+
The alue of #he specific olu(e on i#s a!is is also #o 'e placed+

1,
'3
1,
'/
1,
'1
1,
,
1,
1
1,
/
,
1,,
/,,
3,,
.,,
0,,
4,,
2,,
* #!
3
&$g)
T

#
9
C
)
198.7 kPa
300 kPa
100 kPa
Stea!
IAP7S
1
2
0.7163

1.A*
3-125 The pressure in an automobile tire increases during a trip while its volume remains constant. The
percent increase in the absolute temperature of the air in the tire is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The volume of the tire remains constant. 2 Air is an ideal gas.
Properties The local atmospheric pressure is 5* k?a.
Analsis The absolute pressures in the tire before and after the trip are
P P P
P P P
1
2
200 90 290
220 90 310
+ +
+ +
gage,1 atm
gage,2 atm
kPa
kPa
Noting that air is an ideal gas and the volume is constant, the ratio of
absolute temperatures after and before the trip are
2.*=5 8
k?a )5*
k?a 12*
8
2
)
2
)
)
) )
2
2 2
P
P
T
T
T
P
T
P

V V
Therefore, the absolute temperature of air in the tire will increase b& 6396 during this trip.
3-126 The rigid tank contains saturated liquid.vapor mi"ture of water. The mi"ture is heated until it
e"ists in a single phase. Dor a given tank volume, it is to be determined if the final phase is a liquid or a
vapor.
Analsis This is a constant volume process $v , V 0m 8 constant%, and thus the final specific volume will
be equal to the initial specific volume,
2 )
v v
The critical specific volume of water is *.**12*= m
1
4kg. Thus if the
final specific volume is smaller than this value, the water will e"ist as
a liquid, otherwise as a vapor.
cr
1
1
4kg m *.**)
kg )
m *.**3
3 v
V
v V <
m
. Thus, /&8.&#.
. 4kg m *.)
kg )
m *.3
3**
cr
1
1
v
V
v V >
m
. Thus, 4a')%.
1.A2
/
)
7
V 8 3 0
m 8 ) kg
T 8 <*#
T!B@
)** k?a
*.*1< m
1
3-127 Two rigid tanks that contain h&drogen at two different states are connected to each other. Now a
valve is opened, and the two gases are allowed to mi" while achieving thermal equilibrium with the
surroundings. The final pressure in the tanks is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant for h&drogen is 3.2)3 k?aPm
1
4kgPN $Table A.2%.
Analsis 0etOs call the first and the second tanks A and . Treating /) as an ideal gas, the total volume
and the total mass of /) are
kg *.1*+ *.*=* *.)3+
kg *.*=*
N% N%$1*1 4kg m k?a $3.2)3
% m k?a%$*.< $2<*
kg *.)3+
N% N%$)51 4kg m k?a $3.2)3
% m k?a%$*.< $=**
m 2.* *.< *.<
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
+ +
,
_
,
_
+ +
3 A
3
3
A
A
3 A
m m m
T
P
m
T
P
m
V
V
V V V
Then the final pressure can be determined from
kPa 36538
m 2.*
N% N%$)++ 4kg m k?a kg%$3.2)3 $*.1*+
1
1
)

V
mT
P
1.A)
/
)
V 8 *.< m
1
T8)*#
P8=** k?a
/
)
V 8 *.< m
1
T81*#
P82<* k?a
A
3-128 EE+ ?roblem 1.2)A is reconsidered. The effect of the surroundings temperature on the final
equilibrium pressure in the tanks is to be investigated. The final pressure in the tanks is to be plotted
versus the surroundings temperature, and the results are to be discussed.
%Gien &a#a%
VHA-:+> ?(67@
THA-2: ?.@
PHA-C:: ?1Pa@
VH0-:+> ?(67@
TH0-7: ?.@
PH0-1>: ?1Pa@
{TH2-1> ?.@}
%"olu#ion%
P-PHu4NKLAPNA""(R2$
PHu-F+71D ?1341(ol*5@
VH#o#al-VHAIVH0
(H#o#al-(HAI(H0
PHAJVHA-(HAJPJ(THAI2E7$
PH0JVH0-(H0JPJ(TH0I2E7$
PH2JVH#o#al-(H#o#alJPJ(TH2I2E7$
P2 ?1Pa@ T2 ?.@
77D+D *1:
7D:+E *>
7DE+1 :
7>7+> >
7>B+F 1:
7CC+2 1>
7E2+> 2:
7EF+B 2>
7F>+2 7:
1.A1
'1, '0 , 0 1, 10 /, /0 3,
33,
3.,
30,
34,
32,
33,
3+,
T
/
#C)
P
/

#
$
P
a
)

3-129 A large tank contains nitrogen at a specified temperature and pressure. Now some nitrogen is
allowed to escape, and the temperature and pressure of nitrogen drop to new values. The amount of
nitrogen that has escaped is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant for nitrogen is *.)5=+ k?aPm
1
4kgPN $Table A.2%.
Analsis Treating N) as an ideal gas, the initial and the final masses in the tank are determined to be
kg * . 5)
N% N%$)51 4kg m k?a $*.)5=+
% m k?a%$)* $3**
kg 21=.=
N% N%$)5= 4kg m k?a $*.)5=+
% m k?a%$)* $=**
1
1
)
)
)
1
1
2
2
2

T
P
m
T
P
m
V
V
Thus the amount of N) that escaped is
$g ..-4 * . 5) 21=.=
) 2
m m m
3-130 The temperature of steam in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas
relation, the generalized chart, and the steam tables.
2,
,?a )).*= N, =3A.2 , N 4kg m k?a *.3=2<
cr cr
1
P T
$Pa 10,0/+

4kg m *.*)
N% N%$=A1 4kg m k?a $*.3=2<
1
1
v
T
P
$b% Drom the compressibilit& chart $Dig. A.2<a%,
<A . *
2.3+
N% N%$=3A.2 4kg m k?a $*.3=2<
k?a% * 4kg%$)),*= m $*.*)
4
*3* . 2
N =3A.2
N =A1
1
1
cr cr
actual
cr
P
P T
T
T
T
v
v
Thus, $Pa 1/,02. *=* , )) <A . *
cr
P P P

$Pa 1/,024

P
T
4kg m *.*)
# 3**
1
v
$from @@>%
1.A3
N
)
=** k?a
)1#
)* m
1
/
)
7
*.*) m
1
4kg
3**#
3-131 7ne section of a tank is filled with saturated liquid B.213a while the other side is evacuated. The
partition is removed, and the temperature and pressure in the tank are measured. The volume of the tank
is to be determined.
Analsis The mass of the refrigerant contained in the tank is
kg 22.+)
4kg m *.***+3<+
m *.*2
1
1
2
2

v
V
m
since
4kg m *.***+3<+
1
,?a *.+ : 2

f
v v
At the final state $Table A.21%,
} 4kg m *.*<3)2
# )*
k?a ** 3 1
)
)
)

v
T
P
Thus,
3
! ,-4.1 4kg% m 2 kg%$*.*<3) $22.+)
1
) ) tank
v V V m
1.A<
B.213a
P8*.+ ,?a
V 8*.*2 m
1
@vacuated
3-132 EE+ ?roblem 1.212 is reconsidered. The effect of the initial pressure of refrigerant.213 on the
volume of the tank is to be investigated as the initial pressure varies from *.< ,?a to 2.< ,?a. The
volume of the tank is to be plotted versus the initial pressure, and the results are to be discussed.
%Gien &a#a%
!H1-:+:
VolH1-:+:1?(67@
PH1-F:: ?1Pa@
TH2-2: ?.@
PH2-D:: ?1Pa@
%"olu#ion%
H1-olu(e(P17Da,P-PH1,!-!H1$
VolH1-(JH1
H2-olu(e(P17Da,P-PH2,T-TH2$
VolH2-(JH2
P1 ?1Pa@ Vol2 ?(
7
@ ( ?1g@
>:: :+CE2E 12+D1
C:: :+CC12 12+2
E:: :+C>:E 12
F:: :+CD1 11+F2
B:: :+C71F 11+C>
1::: :+C271 11+DB
11:: :+C1DF 11+7D
12:: :+C:CF 11+1B
17:: :+>BB 11+:>
1D:: :+>B1D 1:+B1
1>:: :+>FD 1:+EE

0,, 2,, +,, 11,, 13,, 10,,
,-03
,-4
,-4/
,-4.
,-44
,-43
P
1
#$Pa)
?
o
"
/

#
!
3
)

1.A=
3-133 A propane tank contains < 0 of liquid propane at the ambient temperature. Now a leak develops at
the top of the tank and propane starts to leak out. The temperature of propane when the pressure drops to
2 atm and the amount of heat transferred to the tank b& the time the entire propane in the tank is
vaporized are to be determined.
Properties The properties of propane at 2 atm are Tsat 8 .3).2#, 581 kg / m
3
, and hfg 8 3)A.+ kC4kg
$Table A.1%.
Analsis The temperature of propane when the pressure drops to 2 atm is simpl& the saturation pressure at
that temperature,
T T
sat @ atm 1
42.1 C
The initial mass of liquid propane is
kg ).5*< % m %$*.**< kg4m $<+2
1 1
V m
The amount of heat absorbed is simpl& the total heat
of vaporization,
Q mh
fg absorbed
(2.905 kg)(427.8 kJ / kg) 1243 k1
3-134 An isobutane tank contains < 0 of liquid isobutane at the ambient temperature. Now a leak develops
at the top of the tank and isobutane starts to leak out. The temperature of isobutane when the pressure
drops to 2 atm and the amount of heat transferred to the tank b& the time the entire isobutane in the tank
is vaporized are to be determined.
Properties The properties of isobutane at 2 atm are Tsat 8 .22.A#, 593 8 . kg / m
3
, and hfg 8 1=A.2
kC4kg $Table A.1%.
Analsis The temperature of isobutane when the pressure drops to 2 atm is simpl& the saturation pressure
at that temperature,
T T
sat @ atm 1
11.7 C
The initial mass of liquid isobutane is
kg ).5=5 % m %$*.**< kg4m $<51.+
1 1
V m
The amount of heat absorbed is simpl& the total heat
of vaporization,
Q mh
fg absorbed
(2.969 kg)(367.1 kJ / kg) 1090 k1
1.AA
!sobutane
< 0
)*#
0eak
?ropane
< 0
)*#
0eak
3-135 A #an1 con#ains heliu( a# a specified s#a#e+ Rea# is #ransferred #o heliu( un#il i#
reaches a specified #e(pera#ure+ The final gage pressure of #he heliu( is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 /elium is an ideal gas.
Properties The local atmospheric pressure is given to be 2** k?a.
Analsis Noting that the specific volume of helium in the
tank remains constant, from ideal gas relation, we have
k?a 2=5.*
N % )A1 2** $
N % )A1 1** $
k?a% 2** 2* $
2
)
2 )

+
+
+
T
T
P P
Then the gage pressure becomes
$Pa 4+-, 2** * . 2=5
atm ) gage,)
P P P
3-136 The first eight virial coefficients of a enedict.'ebb.Bubin gas are to be obtained.
Analsis The enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of state is given b&
% 4 e"p$ 2
2
)
) ) 1 = 1 ) )
*
* *
v
v v v v v v

,
_
+ + +
+
,
_
+
T
c a a T b
T
C
A T 3
T
P
&
&
&
@"panding the last term in a series gives
....
R 1
2
R )
2
2 % 4 e"p$
=
1
3
)
)
)
+ +
v v v
v

>ubstituting this into the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of state and rearranging the first terms gives

) 5
)
) A = ) < 1 )
)
* * *
% 2 $
R )
2 % 2 $ % 2 $ 4
T
c
T
c a
T
c a T b T C A T3 T
P
& & &
v v v v v v
v
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
The virial equation of state is
...
% $ % $ % $ % $ % $ % $ % $ % $
5 + A = < 3 1 )
v v v v v v v v
v
T h T g T f T e T d T c T b T a T
P
&
+ + + + + + + +
#omparing the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of state to the virial equation of state, the virial coefficients
are
)
)
)
)
)
* * *
% 2 $
R )
2
% $
* % $
4 % 2 $ % $
% $
4 % 2 $ % $
* % $
% $
4 % $
T
c
T h
T g
T c T f
a T e
T c T d
T c
a T b T b
T C A T3 T a
&
&

1.A+
/elium
2**S#
2* k?a
gage
%
3-137 The specific volume of o"&gen at a given state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the
eattie.ridgeman equation, and the compressibilit& factor.
Properties The properties of o"&gen are $Table A.2%
8 *.)<5+ k?aPm
1
4kgPN, 1 8 12.555 kg4kmol, Tcr 8 2<3.+ N, Pcr 8 <.*+ ,?a
&$g ! ,-,1+,3
3

k?a 3***
N% N%$)51 4kg m k?a $*.)<5+
1
P
T
v
$b% The constants in the eattie.ridgeman equation are e"pressed as
4kmol N m 2* 3.+*
*.**3)*+
2 *.*3=)3 2
*.*)<=)
2 2<2.*+<A 2
1 1 3

,
_

,
_
,
_

,
_

c
b
3 3
a
A A
o
o
v v
v v
>ubstituting these coefficients into the eattie.ridgeman equation
( )
) 1 )
2
v
v
v v
A
3
T
c T
P
&
+
,
_

and solving using an equation solver such as @@> gives
4kmol m <512 . *
1
v
and
&$g ! ,-,1303
3

kg4kmol 12.555
4kmol m *.<512
1
1
v
v
$c% Drom the compressibilit& chart $Dig. A.2<%,
5A< . * Q
A+A . *
,?a <.*+
,?a 3
+51 . 2
N 2<3.+
N )51
cr
cr

P
P
P
T
T
T
Thus,
&$g ! ,-,1300
3
% 4kg m *.*25*1 %$ 5A< . * $
1
ideal
v v 5
1.A5
7"&gen
3 ,?a, )*#
3-138E The specific volume of nitrogen at a given state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation,
the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation, and the compressibilit& factor.
Properties The properties of nitrogen are $Table A.2@%
8 *.1+1* psiaPft
1
4lbmPB, 1 8 )+.*21 lbm4lbmol, Tcr 8 ))A.2 B, Pcr 8 35) psia
&"b! 5t ,-3..2
3

psia 3**
B% B%$1=* 4lbm ft psia $*.1+1*
1
P
T
v
$b% Fsing the coefficients of Table 1.3 for nitrogen and the given data
in >! units, the enedict.'ebb.Bubin equation of state is

% 4 **<1 . * e"p$
**<1 . *
2
% )** $
2* 1A5 . A 2* )A) . 2 <3 . )
<3 . ) )** 123 . + **)1)+ . * 2
)**
2* 2=3 . +
A1 . 2*= )** 123 . + *3*A3 . *
% )** %$ 123 . + $
)A<+
% 4 e"p$ 2
2
)
) ) 1
3
=
3
1 ) )
<
)
)
) ) 1 = 1 )
*
* *
v
v v v
v v v
v
v v v v v v

,
_
+

+

+
,
_

+

,
_
+ + +
,
_

T
c a a T b
T
C
A T 3
T
P
&
&
&
The solution of this equation b& an equation solver such as @@> gives
4kmol m <=== . *
1
)
v
Then,
&"b! 5t ,-3/.,
3
,
_

4kg m 2
4lbm ft 2=.*)
kg4kmol *21 . )+
4kmol m <=== . *
1
1 1
)
)
1
v
v
$c% Drom the compressibilit& chart $Dig. A.2<%,
53 . * Q
+21 . *
psia 35)
psia 3**
<+< . 2
B ))A.2
B 1=*
cr
cr

P
P
P
T
T
T
Thus,
&"b! 5t ,-3/.,
3
% 4lbm ft *.133A %$ 53 . * $
1
ideal
v v 5
1.+*
Nitrogen
3** psia, .2**D
3-139 Complete the following table for H2 O;
P, kPa
T, C v, m
3
/ kg u, k1/kg Pa!" #"!$%&'(&)*
)** 1* 03001004 2)<.A2 #ompressed liquid
)A*.1 21* . . !nsufficient
information
200 3** 2.<351 296732 >uperheated steam
1** 133352 *.<** 219634 >aturated mi"ture,
"8*.+)<
<** 47331 036858 1*+3 >uperheated steam
3-140 Complete the following table for !"#$a;
P, kPa
T, C v, m
3
/ kg u, k1/kg Pa!" #"!$%&'(&)*
1)* .2) 030007497 35372 #ompressed liquid
2*** 15.1A . . !nsufficient
information
140 3* *.2AA53 263379 >uperheated vapor
2+* -12373 *.*A** 153366 >aturated mi"ture,
"8*.=12<
)** 22313 031152 )35 >uperheated vapor
1.+2
3-141
$a% 7n the ?.v diagram the constant temperature process through the state P , )+* k?a, v , *.*= m
1
4kg
as pressure changes from P2 8 3** k?a to P) 8 )** k?a is to be sketched. The value of the temperature on
the process curve on the ?.v diagram is to be placed.

1,
'.
1,
'3
1,
'/
1,
'1
1,
,
1,
1
1,
1
1,
/
1,
3
1,
.
1,
0
* #!
3
&$g)
P

#
$
P
a
)
-1.25C
R13.a
280
400
1
200
2
0.06

$b% 7n the T.v diagram the constant specific volume process through the state T , )*E#, v , *.*) m
1
4kg
from P2 8 2)** k?a to P) 8 1** k?a is to be sketched. Dor this data set the temperature values at states 2
and ) on its a"is is to be placed. The value of the specific volume on its a"is is also to be placed.

1,
'.
1,
'3
1,
'/
1,
'1
1,
,
'1,,
'0,
,
0,
1,,
10,
/,,
/0,
* #!
3
&$g)
T

#
9
C
)
1200 kPa
572 kPa
300 kPa
R13.a
0.02
1
2
75
0.6
20

1.+)
Fun;a!enta"s o5 Engneerng >FE= E:a! Prob"e!s
3-142 A rigid tank contains = kg of an ideal gas at 1 atm and 3*#. Now a valve is opened, and half of
mass of the gas is allowed to escape. !f the final pressure in the tank is ).) atm, the final temperature in
the tank is
$a% 2+=# $b% <5# $c% .31# $d% )*# $e% )1*#
Answer $a% 2+=#
+)/.(&)* >olved b& @@> >oftware. >olutions can be verified b& cop&ing.and.pasting the following lines on
a blank @@> screen. $>imilar problems and their solutions can be obtained easil& b& modif&ing numerical
values%.
%When P-cons#an# and V- cons#an#, P14P2-(1JT14(2JT2%
(1-C %1g%
P1-7 %a#(%
P2-2+2 %a#(%
T1-D:I2E7 %5%
(2-:+>J(1 %1g%
P14P2-(1JT14((2JT2$
T2H.-T2*2E7 %.%
%"o(e Wrong "olu#ions =i#h .o((on Nis#a1es:%
P14P2-(1J(T1*2E7$4((2JW1HT2$ %Msing . ins#ead of 5%
P14P2-(1JT14((1J(W2HT2I2E7$$ %&isregarding #he decrease in (ass%
P14P2-(1JT14((1JW7HT2$ %&isregarding #he decrease in (ass, and no# coner#ing
#o deg+ .%
WDHT2-(T1*2E7$42 %Ta1ing T2 #o 'e half of T1 since half of #he (ass is discharged%
1.+1
3-143 The pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 25* k?a $gage% before a trip and )2< k?a
$gage% after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 5< k?a. !f the temperature of air in the
tire before the trip is )<#, the air temperature after the trip is
$a% <2.2# $b% =3.)# $c% )A.)# $d% )+.1# $e% )<.*#
Answer $a% <2.2#
values%.
%When P, V, and ( are cons#an#, P14P2-T14T2%
Pa#(-B>
P1-1B:IPa#( %1Pa%
P2-21>IPa#( %1Pa%
T1-2>I2E7 %5%
P14P2-T14T2
T2H.-T2*2E7 %.%
P14P2-(T1*2E7$4W1HT2 %Msing . ins#ead of 5%
(P1*Pa#($4(P2*Pa#($-T14(W2HT2I2E7$ %Msing gage pressure ins#ead of a'solu#e
pressure%
(P1*Pa#($4(P2*Pa#($-(T1*2E7$4W7HT2 %Na1ing 'o#h of #he (is#a1es a'oe%
WDHT2-T1*2E7 %Assu(ing #he #e(pera#ure #o re(ain cons#an#%
3-144 A 1**.m
1
rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid.vapor mi"ture of water at )** k?a. !f )<K of
the mass is liquid and the A<K of the mass is vapor, the total mass in the tank is
$a% 3<2 kg $b% <<= kg $c% 1** kg $d% 112 kg $e% 25< kg
Answer $a% 3<2 kg
values%.
VH#an1-7:: %(7%
P1-2:: %1Pa%
!-:+E>
Hf-VKLMN/("#ea(H,APW", !-:,P-P1$
Hg-VKLMN/("#ea(H,APW", !-1,P-P1$
-HfI!J(Hg*Hf$
(-VH#an14 %1g%
P-:+DC1> %1341g+5%
T-T/NP/PATMP/("#ea(H,APW",!-:,P-P1$
P1JVH#an1-W1H(JPJ(TI2E7$ %Trea#ing s#ea( as ideal gas%
P1JVH#an1-W2H(JPJT %Trea#ing s#ea( as ideal gas and using deg+.%
W7H(-VH#an1 %Ta1ing #he densi#y #o 'e 1 1g4(67%
1.+3
3-145 'ater is boiled at 2 atm pressure in a coffee maker equipped with an immersion.t&pe electric
heating element. The coffee maker initiall& contains 2 kg of water. 7nce boiling started, it is observed that
half of the water in the coffee maker evaporated in 2+ minutes. !f the heat loss from the coffee maker is
negligible, the power rating of the heating element is
$a% *.5* k' $b% 2.<) k' $c% ).*5 k' $d% 2.*< k' $e% 2.)3 k'
Answer $d% 2.*< k'
values%.
(H1-1 %1g%
P-1:1+72> %1Pa%
#i(e-1FJC: %s%
(Heap-:+>J(H1
Po=erJ#i(e-(HeapJhHfg %13%
hHf-/OTRALPQ("#ea(H,APW", !-:,P-P$
hHg-/OTRALPQ("#ea(H,APW", !-1,P-P$
hHfg-hHg*hHf
W1HPo=erJ#i(e-(HeapJhHg %Msing hHg%
W2HPo=erJ#i(e4C:-(HeapJhHg %Msing (inu#es ins#ead of seconds for #i(e%
W7HPo=er-2JPo=er %Assu(ing all #he =a#er eapora#es%
3-146 A 2.m
1
rigid tank contains 2* kg of water $in an& phase or phases% at 2=*#. The pressure in the
tank is
$a% A1+ k?a $b% =2+ k?a $c% 1A* k?a $d% )*** k?a $e% 2=2+ k?a
Answer $b% =2+ k?a
values%.
VH#an1-1 %(67%
(-1: %1g%
-VH#an14(
T-1C: %.%
P-PP/""MP/("#ea(H,APW",-,T-T$
P-:+DC1> %1341g+5%
W1HPJVH#an1-(JPJ(TI2E7$ %Trea#ing s#ea( as ideal gas%
W2HPJVH#an1-(JPJT %Trea#ing s#ea( as ideal gas and using deg+.%
1.+<
3-147 'ater is boiling at 2 atm pressure in a stainless steel pan on an electric range. !t is observed
that ) kg of liquid water evaporates in 1* minutes. The rate of heat transfer to the water is
$a% ).<2 k' $b% ).1) k' $c% ).5A k' $d% *.3A k' $e% 1.2) k'
Answer $a% ).<2 k'
values%.
(Heap-2 %1g%
P-1:1+72> %1Pa%
#i(e-7:JC: %s%
8J#i(e-(HeapJhHfg %13%
hHfg-hHg*hHf
W1H8J#i(e-(HeapJhHg %Msing hHg%
W2H8J#i(e4C:-(HeapJhHg %Msing (inu#es ins#ead of seconds for #i(e%
W7H8J#i(e-(HeapJhHf %Msing hHf%
3-148 'ater is boiled in a pan on a stove at sea level. 6uring 2* min of boiling, its is observed that )** g
of water has evaporated. Then the rate of heat transfer to the water is
$a% *.+3 kC4min $b% 3<.2 kC4min $c% 32.+ kC4min $d% <1.< kC4min $e% ))<.A kC4min
Answer $b% 3<.2 kC4min
values%.
(Heap-:+2 %1g%
P-1:1+72> %1Pa%
#i(e-1: %(in%
8J#i(e-(HeapJhHfg %13%
hHfg-hHg*hHf
W1H8J#i(e-(HeapJhHg %Msing hHg%
W2H8J#i(eJC:-(HeapJhHg %Msing seconds ins#ead of (inu#es for #i(e%
W7H8J#i(e-(HeapJhHf %Msing hHf%
1.+=
3-149 A rigid 1.m
1
rigid vessel contains steam at 2* ,?a and <**#. The mass of the steam is
$a% 1.* kg $b% 25 kg $c% +3 kg $d% 52 kg $e% 21* kg
Answer $d% 52 kg
values%.
V-7 %(67%
(-V41 %(6741g%
P1-1:::: %1Pa%
T1->:: %.%
1-VKLMN/("#ea(H,APW",T-T1,P-P1$

P-:+DC1> %1341g+5%
P1JV-W1H(JPJ(T1I2E7$ %Trea#ing s#ea( as ideal gas%
P1JV-W2H(JPJT1 %Trea#ing s#ea( as ideal gas and using deg+.%
3-150 #onsider a sealed can that is filled with refrigerant.213a. The contents of the can are at the
room temperature of )<#. Now a leak developes, and the pressure in the can drops to the local
atmospheric pressure of 5* k?a. The temperature of the refrigerant in the can is e"pected to drop to
$rounded to the nearest integer%
$a% *# $b% .)5# $c% .2=# $d% <# $e% )<#
Answer $b% .)5#
values%.
T1-2> %.%
P2-B: %1Pa%
T2-T/NP/PATMP/(P17Da,!-:,P-P2$
011T2$T1 %Assu(ing #e(pera#ure re(ains cons#an#%
3'101 C 3'103 Desgn, Essay an; E:per!ent Prob"e!s
1.+A

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Chapter 3

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

% 3 . 2+<A %$ 32+< . * $ << . 531

kC4kg% kg%$5.3) $2

Then the error involved in treating #7) as an ideal gas is

error= >3-46 &$g ! ,-,0442

Thus, &$g ! ,-,4140

% )3.1= 4 **=* . * e"p$

$b% The volume flow rate at the e"it is

$c% Drom the superheated steam table,

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