May 2010

evolution
sharing knowledge, building best practice

Celebrating 50 Years

Editorial

Contents

The UN climate change talks in April ended with agreement to intensify the meeting schedule and achieve a strong outcome in Mexico at the end of 2010. The UNFCCC process recognises that the only way to overcome complex issues is through dialogue and collaboration. Collaboration has formed the basis of CIRIAs work for 50 years. To mark our anniversary we have included in this issue a quick tour of some of the highlights of CIRIAs past, present and future. Climate change also provides a common thread for three of the articles in this issue of Evolution. Brian McDonald of Natural England examines the role of green infrastructure in creating sustainable communities that can help society adapt to the effects of climate change and improve peoples health and quality of life through regular contact with nature. Green infrastructure includes green roofs, which are increasingly popular. To introduce the topic, Louise Clarke describes the different types of green roofs and their benefits. This will be followed in September by the second World Green Roof Congress being organised in London by CIRIA and Livingroofs.org Our third article looks at the loss of essential services during extreme

weather events such as the flooding of summer 2007 and the snowfall between December 2009 and January 2010. Ben Kidd explains how the experience of these events together with acceptance of predicted climate change have raised the profile of the need for greater stakeholder collaboration and prioritised investment to bring about improved infrastructure resilience. Change sometimes needs a helping hand. CEEQUAL is an assessment and awards scheme for civil engineering projects that go beyond minimum requirements for environmental and social performance. Philip Charles explains how it works. The final articles in this issue invite you to get involved. We revisit one of CIRIAs structural engineering guides: Design for movement in buildings. Stuart Alexander makes the case for updating and invites contributions and case studies. In Viewpoint, Mike Cross (HSE) argues for better understanding of major incidents. Do we need a new approach to risk management? Contact us to contribute to the debate.

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Members update

Green infrastructure

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Benefits of green roofs

Climate change effects on ageing infrastructure

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CIRIA turns 50

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CEEQUAL Scheme

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Bill Healy Chief Executive

Getting design for movement right

Photograph acknowledgements
The M1, which also recently celebrated its 50th anniversary

Front cover M1 J6A-10 widening gantry installation, Matthew Walter, Balfour Beatty SKANSKA Page 45 Page 67 Page 9 Page 15 Page 19 Chris Gibson and Natural England Dusty Gedge, Livingroofs.org Stephen Hird, Reuters Reuters Box 3, Stuart Alexander London Fire Brigade

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Keeping up-to-date

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Latest CIRIA courses

CIRIA 2010 Evolution is published by CIRIA Classic House, 174180 Old Street, London, EC1V 9BP, UK Tel +44 (0)20 7549 3300

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New and forthcoming titles

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Getting on top of top events

Evolution is printed with vegetable inks on paper comprising 75 per cent post-consumer waste and 25 per cent ECF recycled paper.

Fax +44 (0)20 7253 0523 ISSN No. 01402817

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CIRIA News
The International Levee Handbook
International collaboration involving Germany, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, UK and the USA has already resulted in an extensive exchange of knowledge on this topic and this will be consolidated into a handbook. Work on the project started with an investigating study. This involved several international workshops as well as site visits to illustrate both the devastation and the remedial works undertaken following hurricane Katrina (USA) and Xynthia (France). Contact: kristina.gamst@ciria.org

SuDS National Standards

CIRIAs involvement in sustainable drainage spans over a decade, and has been selected to lead the consortium providing technical advice to DEFRA and CLG on the development of these standards. Contact: paul.shaffer@ciria.org

Under the sea Geo-Seas

CIRIA is involved with an EU FP7 project that combines 26 marine geological and geophysical data centres across 17 European maritime countries. The survey covered topics such as requirements on geological/geophysical seabed data products, the needs for standardisation and harmonisation and also the requirements for viewing and access services. Contact: kristina.gamst@ciria.org

Designing against crime and disorder

The design of urban areas can affect the rate of crime and by improving the urban environment it can act as a deterrent and create greater ownership of places that helps reduce crime. CIRIA is developing guidance exploring how planners and designers of the built environment can respond to the issues arising from threats to social well-being and infrastructure. Contact: louise.clarke@ciria.org

Sound foundations geotechnical issues in construction

At this second annual workshop, delegates discussed a series of topics ranging from pile head snapping to electronic data formats. The papers, prepared by a range of industry professionals, have now been published. Contact: chris.chiverrell@ciria.org

Lean construction
Increased interest is being shown in lean principles, accentuated partly by the current economic climate and the appreciation of the need to do more with less. This project will generate industry consensus and momentum for the application of lean in construction. Contact: owen.jenkins@ciria.org

Transport infrastructure drainage: condition appraisal and remedial treatment (RP941)

CIRIA are well placed to highlight the link between poorly maintained drainage systems and the incidence of earthwork and pavement failures. This research project will develop good practice guidance on the wholelife management of drainage assets. Contact: ben.kidd@ciria.org

Online training contaminated land

CIRIAs extensive range of work on contaminated land now includes a recently launched online course. The course is aimed at graduates and more experienced professionals working in contaminated land for the first time. Contact: joanne.kwan@ciria.org

Slips and trips update

The popularity of CIRIAs guide, including its adoption by the transport sector, together with rapid progress being made in materials and applications led CIRIA to produce this supplement. Key messages are identified and issues for clients, manufacturers and other stakeholders are highlighted. Contact: alan.gilbertson@ciria.org

Alternative views on radiological risk estimation

CIRIAs nuclear networks exemplify our role in bringing together different stakeholders. This position paper aims to provide a balanced view taking into account the perspectives of campaigning organisations, government organisations, and those of site licensed companies, regulators and other industry professionals. Contact: rajnika.patel@ciria.org

This selection of recent projects illustrates the breadth and relevance of CIRIAs work. It underlines the continuing importance of CIRIAs research process involving collaborativelyfunded projects, with specialist industry teams commissioned to produce the guidance: Update of construction over abandoned mine workings Mitigation and remediation of volatile organic compounds Sustainable procurement in construction Design for movement in structures update (scoping) Design against crime and disorder Lean construction Update of environmental good practice site guide Conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in civil engineering projects Large trees in the urban landscape design and management guide Infrastructure drainage: condition appraisal and remedial treatment International levee handbook scoping study

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Natural developments that inspire our lives

Brian McDonald from Natural England discusses their new green infrastructure project
The beauty and wonder of the natural environment inspires and enriches our lives. It plays an important role in creating sustainable communities, can help us adapt to the effects of climate change and improve peoples health and quality of life through regular contact with nature. Natural England, the governments advisor on natural environment, aims to deliver these benefits close to where people live and work through a new project that encapsulates the concept of green infrastructure. A natural development project, already supported by Arup, Barking Riverside, Land Securities and Countryside Properties, will highlight best practice and raise the standard of design and delivery for green infrastructure across the country. The project aims to ensure that green infrastructure is woven into urban development. This will either be by incorporating it into new developments or by adapting existing buildings or areas, to deliver locally distinctive places that work with nature. Green infrastructure provides the environmental foundation that supports the function, health, wealth and identity of our communities. Set within, between and beyond our urban areas, it provides a structured network of multi-functional open spaces and natural assets that include trees, parks, gardens, allotments, cemeteries, living roofs, woodlands, green corridors, rivers and waterways. Natural England believes that these green places need to be integrated into the planning, design and management of our towns and cities for the many benefits they present to society. For example, green infrastructure can help reduce carbon, generate renewable energy, raise air quality, enhance biodiversity and water management, increase local food production and promote healthy communities. These ecosystem services are essential ingredients for successful places, and research states: a wooded park can filter out 85 per cent of air pollutants and a street lined with trees by up to 70 per cent people who live within 500 m of a quality greenspace are 24 per cent more active. Increasing exercise levels of just one per cent of the UKs population would save lives and deliver nearly 1.5bn in health care savings in heat waves urban greening can cool the city by as much as 4C, while green roofs slow down the runoff of stormwater into our already overburdened drainage system. The natural development project condenses the benefits of green infrastructure into four key areas: 1 Natural signature: distinctive landscapes with more wildlife and ecological connections shaped by peoples needs. 2 Natural resilience: the greening of towns and cities that contribute to climate change adaptation through flood management and urban cooling. 3 Natural health service: accessible natural green spaces close to where people live and work, providing opportunities for healthy living. 4 Natural connections: children play in wildlife rich spaces and adults are involved in environmental activities, reinforcing a sense of place and ownership. Poul Christensen, Chair of Natural England said: A natural development presents a great opportunity for the development and environment sectors to work closely together in greening urban development. Green spaces transform urban life by cooling our cities, filtering out pollutants, improving peoples health, supporting wildlife and creating attractive places to live and work in. Incorporating green infrastructure into the very core

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of spatial planning and urban design would deliver countless benefits for our cities and their inhabitants. Peter Head, Director at Arup and champion for innovation and enterprise in the Thames Gateway said: I am very supportive of developing understanding of how important green infrastructure is for economic vitality, good health and happiness. We can bring these benefits to existing communities as part of improved low carbon place making and enable people to live in harmony with and enjoy the natural world. This should be central to all low carbon housing retrofit.
Clapton Park Estate Flowers

Brian McDonald from Natural England said: Our aim, through projects such as natural development, is to work with partners to help deliver locally distinctive places that work with nature to deliver a wide range of benefits: for health and well-being, climate change adaptation and reconnecting people with nature. Natural England views green infrastructure as critical to regeneration projects and is involved in the delivery of 95 green infrastructure projects across the country, from Plymouth and Bristol in the south-west, to the urban fringe of Darlington and Newcastle in the north-east. They are also working with their partners within the growth areas, growth points and proposed ecotowns to prepare and adopt green infrastructure strategies and demonstrate good practice on the ground. The organisation has also recently published guidance to outline its position in relation to green infrastructure, planning and delivery (Natural England, 2009). Aimed at local authorities and developers, it articulates the importance of early planning for green infrastructure and integrating green infrastructure strategies within spatial planning.

Sustainable drainage
Using sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) to manage surface water can dramatically improve the urban environment through the use of landscaped SuDS components and interaction with nature and water. SuDS should include landscape integrated into the local community providing a valued and attractive contribution to green infrastructure as well as managing flood risk and water quality. CIRAs new guidance Planning for SuDS making it happen will be published in 2010. This guide will focus on the delivery of SuDS within the planning and development process ensuring successful sustainable drainage is effectively specified by planners and delivered by developers. Recognising the vital contribution that spatial planning and urban design make to the delivery of SuDs, CIRIA is in the early stages of developing a proposal to produce an urban design toolkit for SuDs. This toolkit will identify and explain the principles of SuDs, and demonstrate their suitability for a variety of new build and retrofit applications. The proposal will highlight their multi-functionality including how they add to local place making and place shaping as well as green infrastructure. For further information on these initiatives please contact Paul Shaffer, CIRIA, at: paul.shaffer@ciria.org

Conservation and enhancing biodiversity within civil engineering projects

The delivery of infrastructure provides valuable opportunities to deliver green infrastructure including habitats for wildlife and areas of open space for amenity and recreation. This gives attractive natural corridors through what otherwise would be unattractive often intensively developed areas. CIRIA is currently developing guidance to combine information available on the multiple opportunities presented by infrastructure assets and their surrounding landscape. The guidance will go beyond regulatory compliance exploring imaginative opportunities for organisations to contribute to local biodiversity and green infrastructure through the delivery and management of infrastructure assets. For further information on this proposal please contact Philip Charles, CIRIA, at: philip.charles@ciria.org

To find out more and sign up to the natural development project please visit: www.naturalengland.org.uk Natural Englands Green infrastructure guidance (NE176) can be downloaded from: www.naturalengland.org.uk

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Gardens in the sky

Louise Clarke explores the benefits of this increasingly popular form of construction and the forthcoming London World Green Roof Congress
Londons parks have long been recognised as having a range of ecological, recreational and other benefits. In terms of scale, the benefits of a green roof may not be clear until you consider that Londons green roofs cover an area equivalent to Hyde Park. Green roofs use vegetation and soil to provide a sustainable roofing solution. They have multiple benefits and are steadily becoming a mainstream technology, and are increasingly being recognised as an important resource that can help adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change. Green roofs are a useful way to add vegetation to otherwise wasted space. Conventional roofs add little benefit to the surrounding environment and are often a missed opportunity. Space in urban areas is limited especially green open space so there is the opportunity to use roof space to gain multiple benefits. Roofs can have substantial benefits if they are used as a resource to create green spaces providing environmental and amenity benefits. The term green roofs refers to several different types of roofs that have vegetation on them including living roofs, brown roofs, terraces and balconies. Green roofs can be included in new buildings and retrofitted on existing roofs. Retrofitting green roofs can be particularly beneficial when space is limited. The main types of green roofs are extensive, simple intensive and intensive: extensive roofs have thin soils that consist of drought and wind tolerant plants including sedums, other succulents and wildflowers. They have minimal maintenance and are not normally designed to be accessible simple intensive often consists of lawns or ground covering plants that need regular maintenance intensive roofs are gardens and parks or even semi natural woodland at roof level and are usually accessible to people. Here vegetation includes scrubs, trees, beds and lawns and requires regular maintenance. heat island effect (UHI). UHI is created by surfaces such as pavement and conventional roofs that absorb solar energy, which then radiates as heat. This raises the temperature of urban areas by several degrees compared to the surrounding rural areas. High temperatures in urban areas causes more air conditioning units to be used resulting in increased energy. Green roofs can help reduce the effects of UHI as less heat is radiated in the atmosphere, and the thermal performance of buildings increases by reducing the need for air conditioning and providing insulation in winter. This helps reduce the daily range of temperatures in buildings.

Water
Green roofs can provide significant benefits through surface water management. They help reduce the peak rate of runoff and are important components of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS). Also, they are major source

Benefits of green roofs

Green roofs have multiple benefits for the environment, our health and well-being. They also add to the green infrastructure of urban areas, which is increasingly being seen as an important part of adapting and mitigating the effects of climate change. They are a practical way of reducing building running costs, reducing the negative development impacts of climate change and increasing the quality of the urban environment. These factors are achieved through increased thermal performance, improved water quantity and quality, enhancing biodiversity and improving amenity.

Thermal performance
The inclusion of green roofs in urban areas can help reduce the urban
Green roof at Roman Fort, Plochingen, Stuttgart

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delivery can be progressed and achieve mainstream inclusion in buildings. This Congress will be the third such event. The first WGRC was held in Basel, Switzerland followed by London in 2008. The previous event in London attracted over 300 delegates from around 15 countries. The Congress in 2008 was a resounding success both in the numbers of people attending, and the satisfaction of sponsors, speakers and delegates. The event was a great opportunity for learning about research and gave plenty of time for networking and promotional activities. Dusty Gedge, president of the EFB and director of Livingroofs.org commented on the WGRC: I am really excited that Livingroofs.org and CIRIA are again bringing the latest in green roofs to London in 2010. The WGRC 2010 should ensure that not only green roofs continue to develop and to be used in the UK but will ensure that London is recognised as pushing the boundaries of green roofs in the world. The Congress will provide a platform for communication in the latest research, case studies and policy initiatives. It will focus on what can be done to fully exploit the multiple benefits of green roofs in adapting to climate change and strive to create innovation, encouraging the use and adoption of green roofs. There are many benefits of green roofs for the built environment including helping achieve climate change adaptation and mitigation. They also offer wider social benefits and their inclusion is becoming more mainstream. The WGRC provides an opportunity to raise their profile and increase their use.
There are several ways to get involved with the Congress. Opportunities range from speaking, arranging a green roof tour, to sponsoring the conference and related events. For further information please visit: www.worldgreenroofcongress.com

Green roof at Canary Wharf, London

World Green Roof Congress

The World Green Roof Congress (WGRC) will be held on 1516 September 2010 in London. It is an opportunity for experts from across the world to showcase green roofs and walls. The idea of the Congress is to bring together the latest research from around the world and leading international figures in the green roof world, to continue to stimulate innovation and uptake of this important element within the sustainability agenda.

control mechanism in the SuDS management train. Green roofs can help reduce the pollution from rainfall runoff. Pollutants on roof surfaces can include dust or contaminants dissolved in rainwater. Green roofs can retain and bind these pollutants improving the water quality of runoff to the receiving watercourse.

Biodiversity
Green roofs have considerable biodiversity benefits by providing living space for plants and animals. They can help provide new habitat areas supporting a variety of plants and more habitat for rare species especially those associated with brownfield land and open space. Green roofs are particularly significant in urban areas as they give valuable habitats in areas that are often lacking in biodiversity. They can also play an important role of providing links and connections between existing habitats helping to provide corridors for wildlife through urban areas.

Amenity
Amenity provides both tangible and intangible benefits to a development or property. The amenity of an area can increases its attractiveness and value while adding to the comfort and convenience of the community. Green roofs give amenity to places by increasing open space, adding to the green infrastructure and providing visual benefits to developments and the community.

Green roofs are common throughout Germany, Switzerland and Austria. In the UK they have slowly evolved into the mainstream in the last 10 years. In London there are examples of all types of green roofs including the highest in Europe, if not the world, at Barclays Headquarters in Canary Wharf. Others include a park/garden at the top of Canon Street station and the famous Kensington Gardens. In London there is now estimated to be in the region of 500 000 m of green roofs. Although this is quite a large area and demonstrates that green roofs have joined the mainstream, this is relatively small when compared to other leading green roofs cities in the world such as Stuttgart and Basel. The WGRC is an opportunity to discuss how their

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Infrastructure resilience for an uncertain future

Ben Kidd highlights the difficulties facing ageing infrastructure in becoming more resilient and adaptable to future climate scenarios Introduction
The loss of essential services, such as power, water, transport and telecommunications during the flood events of summer 2007 highlighted that disruption to service of this critical infrastructure can have direct effects on both society and the economy. Other high consequence events such as the disruption caused by large snowfall between December 2009 and January 2010, where significant strain was put on road grit resources, add weight to the need for further research into methods and technologies. This will help to improve the resilience of our nations critical legacy infrastructure. The experience of such large scale extreme weather events, together with acceptance of predicted climate change effects, have raised the profile of the need for greater stakeholder collaboration and prioritised investment to bring about improved resilience. increased number of stakeholders and geographical/legislative boundaries requiring increased knowledge sharing and coordination. The difficulty in co-ordinating the prioritisation of investment, with each infrastructure sector having different funding sources and regulatory regimes, increases the scale of the challenge. programme (CIRP). During 2009 the government departments responsible for each of the nine sectors of national infrastructure (communications, emergency services, energy, finance, food, government, health, transport and water) assessed the current vulnerability of their sector from flooding. A summary of the findings, produced as Sector resilience plans (Cabinet Office, 2010a), was published in March 2010, two years after being recommended in The Pitt Review: learning lessons from the 2007 floods (Cabinet Office, 2008). The Cabinet Office have also published Interim guidance for the economic regulated sectors (Cabinet Office 2010b), identifying considerations for industry on how they may be able to support resilience building.

Strategic level resilience

Increasing awareness of interdependencies between infrastructure assets and the need for a co-ordinated effort to build levels of resilience led to the formation of the Natural Hazards Team (NHT) within the Cabinet Office in 2009, which sits as part of the existing Civil Contingencies Secretariat. Given the co-ordination challenges described before, the NHT is well placed to affect change right across the UK, since the Civil Contingencies Act (CCA) provides a common framework for all stakeholders and devolved powers. For example, measures to mitigate one of the most prominent hazards to UK infrastructure flooding are often constrained by a raft of different legislation and guidance across geographical boundaries. The CCA is also clear on roles and responsibilities, something that is altogether more complex on the issue of flood risk management, although this is due to be clarified via the Flood and Water Management Bill. The NHT has recently published their Strategic framework and policy statement (Cabinet Office, 2009), which gives details of the process, timetable and expectations for their critical infrastructure resilience

The challenge
The UK has a large stock of legacy infrastructure. Much of this dates back to Victorian times when engineering designs were good, but have since fallen into disrepair through lack of maintenance or now require enhancement to cope with increased incidents of extreme weather. Devolution and privatisation of the utilities sector has introduced new challenges with a significantly

There are also several other crossgovernment initiatives that relate to the resilience agenda, none more so than the Climate Change Adaptation programme. This programme is bringing about a transition in adaptation, and so resilience, to climate change through the requirement for formal reporting under the Climate Change Act 2008. This will require a significant cultural change for most infrastructure asset owner organisations.

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Resilience to flooding
A cultural change is already underway, which should improve the resilience of new-built infrastructure to flooding. This is by the setting up of Infrastructure UK and the Infrastructure Planning Commission, the latter suitably chaired by Sir Michael Pitt, author of the review of the summer 2007 floods (Cabinet Office, 2008). Linking with existing planning guidance we can be confident that the new generation of infrastructure projects will incorporate appropriate levels of flood resilience.

Emergency service personnel attend the flooded Castlemeads power station, Gloucester

However, the implementation of flood resistance and resilience measures is most challenging, when applied retrospectively to existing stocks of legacy infrastructure in the UK. The existing regulatory context is highly complex and is further complicated by different sectors having differing planning and investment periods. A recent CIRIA publication, Flood resilience and resistance for critical infrastructure (McBain et al, 2010), presents an evidence base of the work that has been undertaken to date to improve the flood resilience of the UKs critical infrastructure asset stock. The publication is supported by case studies on current flood risk management approaches and investment prioritisation for critical infrastructure, from both within the UK and internationally.

Co-ordination of collective individual effort and prioritisation of the overall spend on resilience measures in the UK could be supported by the adoption of a National Infrastructure Bank, as proposed by the Institution of Civil Engineers in May 2009 (New Civil Engineer, 2009). This is likely to be a topic of discussion in the lead up to the forthcoming general election. The idea of a National Infrastructure Bank would be to leverage public funds with private capital. This approach will be essential if the UK is to progress with the implementation of increased resilience for our critical infrastructure in the current economic climate. In December 2009 Hilary Benn MP and Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

called on the engineering sector to lead the design and build of a climate change resilient Britain (Defra, 2009). With climate change comes an increased level of uncertainty. This then adds a further dimension to sustainable construction, requiring a project to not only satisfy economic, social and environmental requirements, but also to be adaptable to take account of different future conditions that may exist over the considerable lifetime of such infrastructure. The first step required will be the development of a common approach for all involved. Through the inception of cross-government initiatives on climate change adaptation and critical infrastructure resilience we may see the development of a climate change resilient Britain.

References
CABINET OFFICE (2008) The Pitt Review: learning lessons from the 2007 floods. Go to: www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk CABINET OFFICE (2009) Strategic framework and policy statement. Go to: www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk CABINET OFFICE (2010a) Sector resilience plans. Go to: www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk CABINET OFFICE (2010b) Interim guidance for the economic regulated sectors. Go to: www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk DEFRA (2009) Hilary Benn calls on engineering sector to lead the design and build of a climate change resilient Britain. Ref 281/09. Go to: www.defra.gov.uk MCBAIN, W, WILKES, D and RETTER, M (2010) Flood resilience and resistance for critical infrastructure. C688, CIRIA, London (ISBN: 978-086017-688-6). Go to: www.ciria.org/service/c688 NCE (2009) ICE calls for national infrastructure bank. Go to: www.nce.co.uk

Building in resilience for an uncertain future

The most effective way to build in resilience is for improvement measures to be included as an integral part of individual organisations business continuity management processes, whole-life asset management plans and climate change adaptation strategies.

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50 years of engaging with industry

1960s
Civil Engineering Research Council (CERC) formed to raise money from industry and plan research. In 1967 the name is changed to CIRIA reflecting a broader construction remit

1970s
CIRIAs committee structure reorganised to focus on membership and research management. The successful model of collaboration with specialists was born. CIRIA News introduced

1980s
New formats and media for CIRIA publications, including a video on Quality assurance in construction and the first site guide Setting-out procedures. The guide was designed to fit in a donkey jacket pocket

When the construction community supports an independent research association for 50 years, its a sure sign of a good thing. Heres a quick tour of some of the highlights of CIRIAs past, present and future in our own words, and in the words of some of our stakeholders.
CERC was set up in 1960 with a Council including the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors, the Association of Consulting Engineers and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Advisory committees the forerunners of the current advisory panels were put in place to provide access to specialist industrial knowledge. By 1963, 15 projects were underway and CERC produced its first publication Interim Research Report 1 Research into the design of arch dams. The price was 10/-. In 1968, CIRIA produced its first Technical Note Factors influencing the erosion of concrete by cavitation (TN1) for members only. Towards the end of the 1960s the Underwater Engineering Group (UEG) was formed. Reports produced by the UEG are still being sold by Amazon.

CIRIA became recognised as a bridge between research and practice, leading to collaboration with other researchers and industry associations. In 1974 the Department of the Environment placed a contract with CIRIA to lead a major co-operative programme on R&D into piling problems. The guidance produced became an industry standard for the next 25 years. I sat on CIRIAs Geotechnical Advisory Board in the early 1970s when we suggested that CIRIA should focus on producing practical guidance. I was not the only voice expressing this view but how right it has proved! The guides CIRIA produces are excellent.
John Burland, Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Investigator, Imperial College, London

At the start of the 1980s CIRIA organised a national forum on quality assurance in construction, leading to a suite of publications and a video on this important new topic. Trenching practice was published to help improve safe design and working. The guide is still in print. Work began on Scope for control of urban runoff the start of CIRIAs influential work on sustainable urban drainage. Also in the 1980s, CIRIA ran projects on the use of vegetation in civil engineering, protection of river and canal banks and the design of reinforced grass waterways marking the start of a programme of activities relating to biodiversity in buildings and infrastructure. CIRIA also began an international collaborative project on quarried rock slope protection. BAM Nuttall is very proud to be a long standing CIRIA member. We are currently involved in CIRIAs work on sustainable procurement, lean construction and environmental good practice. Our staff place enormous value on CIRIA guides and the networking opportunities presented by CIRIA events.
Derek Ross, Director Business Process and Sustainability, BAM Nuttall Ltd

Arup and CIRIA have collaborated closely on numerous projects. CIRIA doesnt just engage key stakeholders, but gets them to participate actively in research. Our recent work together on the flood resilience of the UKs critical infrastructure is a great example of the value added by CIRIAs truly collaborative approach.
Will McBain, Associate, Arup

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1990s
CIRIA Core Programme launched in 1991, closely followed by two networks: the CIEF and the CPN. CIRIAs first corporate website launched

2000s
CIRIA training launched to help industry implement guidance. After 37 years in Westminster, CIRIA moved to offices in Old Street

The future
Chief Executive Bill Healy sets out his vision for CIRIAs future. The focus continues on independence, collaboration, membership and engagement with industry

CIRIAs Building on derelict land was published, leading to a suite of guidance on contaminated land. The Site safety handbook was published in 1992, adding to the successful site guide series. Other best selling publications launched in the 1990s were the first Beach management manual and further publications on SuDS. If you were to ask anyone involved in the remediation of contaminated land in the UK about valuable publications, they would almost certainly name CIRIAs publications. I value my relationship with CIRIA. It is a privilege to participate in the preparation of CIRIA guides.
Valerie Fogleman, Consultant, Stevens & Bolton LLP and Professor of Law, Cardiff University

The contaminated land programme took a step forward in 2002 with the establishment of the Local Authority Contaminated Land (LACL) network. In 2005 Environmental good practice on site was launched. The handbook is CIRIAs best selling publication. A third edition will be launched in 2010. HSE has worked closely with CIRIA on many projects. We benefit from contributing to informative, authoritative guides that are widely used by industry. For example, the UXO guide is one that HSE could never have produced in on its own.
Donald Lamont, HM Principal Specialist Inspector, Health and Safety Executive

CIRIA was established as an industry research and information organisation developing and championing performance improvement across all areas of the construction industry and built environment. It has remained true to its origins, and in 2010 we are still delivering a broad programme of research projects, networks, publications, training and events. The need for collaborative research continues to grow. Economic pressures demand ever more efficient solutions, and policy and regulatory pressures drive towards more sustainable, low carbon, solutions. The increasing pace of change in technology, materials and processes creates an increasing array of new opportunities. CIRIA will remain an independent and impartial organisation that is guided by its members and senior figures from a wide range of industry stakeholders. We will continue to maintain and develop our activities to reflect the increasingly demanding requirements placed on the built environment. We will also continue to develop and apply new approaches and technology to help support both collaboration and promotion of business and delivery improvement. The future holds significant challenges. I have no doubt that CIRIAs members and supporters will work together to meet those challenges.

CIRIA made its first moves into training with the launch of a CDM training pack for designers -- the first of several such publications. Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering has been a CIRIA member for many years. We actively encourage our young professionals to use the CIRIA website for practical solutions to site problems and for CPD.
John Hodgkins, Head of Technical and Engineering Development, Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering

Also in this decade CIRIA won a consortium bid to set up the Scottish Construction Centre and published a second edition of The Rock manual an example of international collaboration. Other publications included Unexploded ordnance (UXO). Crossrail has collaborated successfully with CIRIA on the recent UXO project. Our discussions led to expansion of the report brief to cover the risk to construction of UXOs.
Rob Paris, Head of Planning, Environment and Transport, Crossrail Ltd

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11

Environmental projects get the thumbs up

Philip Charles discusses the CEEQUAL Scheme assessing the environmental and social performance of civil engineering and public realm projects
Civil engineering and public realm projects are vital to supporting the industrial, economic and societal fabric of the UK. However, how can you ensure such projects perform well from environmental and social viewpoints? Since its inception 10 years ago, CEEQUAL has become the accepted UK industry assessment scheme for major civil engineering clients, designers and contractors, being applied to over 13bn worth of projects. CEEQUAL is the assessment and awards scheme for improving sustainability in civil engineering and the public realm. overarching project management environmental issues: use of water, energy and carbon, landuse, ecology, landscape, noise and dust, cultural heritage, waste minimisation and management social issues: effects on neighbours and community relations. Becoming a CEEQUAL assessor involves attending a training course. The course equips assessors with the skill to assess projects against the questions set out in the CEEQUAL manual. Assessment scores are based on supporting evidence (eg site environmental management plan) rather than assertion. Submitted project assessments are then independently verified before a formal award being presented to the project team. Several award types can be applied for, depending on which members of the project team agree to be involved: whole project award client, designer and principal contractor(s) design award principal designer(s) construction award principal contractor(s) design and build award for design and build and other partnership contracts client and design award. For the type of award selected, there are four possible levels of achievement based on the degree to which minimum requirements have been exceeded: exceeded by 25% pass exceeded by 40% good exceeded by 60% very good exceeded by 75% excellent (with the actual score being given on the award certificate). CEEQUAL realises that although concern for environmental and social performance on civil engineering projects remains high, there is increasing focus on sustainability and sustainable development.

In response, CEEQUAL has been working to set the scheme within this context and to assist potential applicants to connect CEEQUAL to their own sustainability-driven policies. Currently, CEEQUAL is not a full sustainability assessment tool as it does not assess a project clients financial decisions, the social acceptability of the project, or the wisdom of planning authorities in allowing projects to proceed. However, it acts as a significant influence for project teams and their decisions, enabling improvements to the sustainability of civil engineering and public realm projects. CEEQUAL can be applied to a wide variety of projects (eg roads, railways, airports, coast and river works, water supply and wastewater treatment, and power stations). It has been applied to projects of varying scales, ranging from less than 75 000 to 3bn and beyond as illustrated in the following case study. Taking this into account, participants in a CEEQUAL assessment report a range of benefits from using CEEQUAL as a driver for

CEEQUAL aims to deliver improved project specification, design and construction by acknowledging commitment to go beyond minimum legal and environmental requirements. Project teams undertake a verified, self-assessment process for their projects, which involves considering 12 areas:

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improvement and having their project assessed including: building reputation and good PR including delivery of the organisations environmental, sustainability and/or corporate social responsibility policies. improvements to projects and best practice, ranging from whole-life costing, waste minimisation, resource efficiency (materials, water, energy), to reducing complaints and environmental incidents demonstrating commitment to the environmental agenda to clients, within the team and the organisations involved, and to the industry as a whole improved team spirit by developing a positive we must score well here attitude and rewarding teams that have gone the extra mile. Since its launch, the cumulative value of projects that have or are being assessed using CEEQUAL exceeds 13bn.
CEEQUALs development was led by the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), with support from the UK Government and industry, including the Association for Consultancy and Engineering (ACE) and the Civil Engineering Contractors Association (CECA). CEEQUAL is co-managed by CIRIA and Crane Environmental.

Case study: Moneymore flood protection scheme

Moneymore is a small village located on the outskirts of Magherafelt in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Within the village there are two housing developments that are bordered by the Coltrim and Ballymully Rivers. Through recent years the Ballymully River has overtopped its banks on several occasions during periods of prolonged and heavy rainfall. This, combined with upstream runoff from Slieve Gallion, poses the potential risk of serious flooding to some 100 dwellings. Project achievements included: substantial energy savings through both material choice and construction methods adopted all 1500 tonnes of rock armour used for toe protection was recycled material all felled trees were logged and stacked along the river-banks on completion to create habitats for invertebrates all plant and equipment used biodegradable oils in case of accidental spillages

98 per cent of inert and nonhazardous waste material was sent for recovery in a waste to energy plant all labour, sub-contractors and material suppliers were sourced within an 18 mile radius to minimise the carbon footprint of the site extensive silt control mechanisms were installed within the river to prevent migration of silt downstream while installing the toe protection and fishery measures.

Type of award
Construction-only award

Level of achievement
Excellent 83%

Project team
Client
DARD Rivers Agency

Designers
DARD Rivers Agency/DAWSON-WAM Ltd

Contractor
DAWSON-WAM Ltd

Further information
To find out more about CEEQUAL, please email Philip Charles at: philip.charles@ceequal.com or visit: www.ceequal.com
Moneymore flood protection scheme

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Movement in buildings time for an update?

Stuart Alexander an Independent Consultant discusses the issues that cause havoc with designer/ client relationships and claims against insurance Introduction
Getting design for movement right should be of concern to all senior design managers to reduce the risk of problems arising later on. Most of the emphasis in structural codes of practice and teaching material is on design for axial load, bending movement and shear force. However, the most common problems in practice are different: excessive deflection, unsightly cracking, leaks in basements and differential settlement. Also, while the understanding of topics such as crack widths and tension stiffening in concrete has improved, defects and failures arising from movement still regularly occur. It is tempting to categorise all these shortfalls as serviceability failures, but failure to appreciate the power of temperature fluctuations appears to have triggered the collapse of the terminal roof at Charles de Gaulle airport in 2004, which killed six people (see Box 2). This was one of the most newsworthy construction incidents of the decade, and serves to underline the importance of movement as an integral aspect of structural engineering. CIRIAs Design for movement in buildings (TN107) was published in 1981, and has proved remarkably durable. But the world and the industry has moved on, and this article discusses the topic of movement and identifies changes and developments over the past 30 years.

Movement in perspective
There are many examples of large buildings where there is no apparent provision for movement and yet they do not appear to exhibit any problems. There are three main reasons for this: 1 The buildings often use massive construction with high thermal inertia so that the internal temperature is fairly constant and large thermal movements do not occur. 2 They are constructed of, or at least jointed with relatively soft materials so that movements are spread imperceptibly over many points. 3 Traditional materials (brick, stone, concrete, mortar and steel) all expand in similar predictable ways, whereas wood has been detailed to allow differential movement. An example of a traditional building that has suffered severe differential settlement is the Tower of Pisa (see Box 1), which has survived remarkably well. However as buildings have departed from traditional patterns they have become lighter and more vulnerable to temperature variations, structurally more flexible often with independent skeletal frame and cladding, and comprise a range of different material that exhibit different temperature and loading behaviours. The design of many modern buildings has to take account of movements as well as forces and stresses. Examples of relative movement include an exposed parapet wall moving relative to an insulated roof, or non-loadbearing brickwork being squeezed by creep-shortening of loadbearing concrete columns.

Often, accommodating movement can affect basic design concepts. Multi-storey car parks are particularly susceptible to this problem (see Box 3). There are six principal sources of movement: 1 Temperature and radiation effects. 2 Elastic and creep deformation. 3 Shrinkage and moisture movement. 4 Early-age thermal contractions in concrete. 5 Foundation movement. 6 Dynamic movement. Occasionally, these can lead to absolute deflections of a structure, but more often they lead to relative movement between different parts of a building, structural elements and other building elements. Unpredicted combinations of these movements can lead to serious damage. The overall philosophy of design for movement may be expressed in the following stages: assess the potential for unrestrained movements, combining different types and time-scales of movement as appropriate evaluate the restraints to freedom of movement, in each case estimating the final balance between restraining forces and net movement decide whether the restraining forces (in conjunction with other co-acting forces) and net movements are acceptable come to an acceptable solution by reducing the movements, modifying the elements or form to accept greater movement joints, or introduce movement joints.

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View of Terminal 2E after the roof collapsed at Charles de Gaulle airport, Paris

30 years experience
While TN107 was published 30 years ago, it is still a highly relevant document. However, although the contents in this article may not surprise any structural engineers, frequently problems still occur. CIRIA recently undertook a review of the document identifying the main areas requiring updating. The following sections introduce some of the identified changes in practice since TN107 was published. The most dramatic change over this period is the way designers now spend a high proportion of their time across most design activities using computer software. The automatic generation of results that appear to produce a high degree of accuracy is however spurious, and the topic of movements remains one where checking by hand calculations and making estimates is still needed. The transition from British codes of practice to Eurocodes is more recent. Eurocodes contain considerably more data than the British codes (for example, thermal actions are now covered), but they are presented in a more computer-orientated way and omit much of the general guidance that appeared in British codes. So there is likely to be a greater need than before for the type of knowledge and background guidance to supplement direct experience. In building construction, all elements but particularly cladding and partitions have got lighter and generally more flexible. Also, sustainability targets are encouraging further economy in material content, the use of byproducts with lower embodied energy, and major reductions in energy consumption.

Building design has become more complex and the number of different professions and experts involved has multiplied. It is important to communicate decisions on designing for movement between disciplines so that, for example, the cladding designer knows what deflection the fixings will need to accommodate. Also, these issues will need to include appropriate factors of safety to take account of variability in material properties and environmental factors.

Summary
Following its review, CIRIA is proposing to update TN107 guide. Readers interested in contributing to the study, in particular by providing case studies are invited to email Alan Gilbertson, CIRIA, at: alan.gilbertson@ciria.org

Box 2: Charles de Gaulle airport terminal

The reason for the collapse of a new passenger walkway structure in 2004 was difficult to understand but thermal movements were implicated by forensic investigators. (source New Civil Engineer, Article 1, April 2005)

Box 1: Tower of Pisa

High and differential settlements of the soft clays have affected this masonry structure. So far it has survived intact despite some of the older interventions not being helpful.

Box 3: Multi-storey car parks

Some modern reinforced concrete car parks have experienced unsightly cracking due to shrinkage of the concrete and thermal effects.

Typical movement cracks in a car park column

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Networks, events and conferences

The production of CIRIA guidance is complemented by the delivery of several learning and business networks, which cover a diverse range of topics for those working in the construction and built environment sectors. The networks provide an engaging platform for sharing experiences, disseminating good practice, providing opportunities to network as well as developing contacts and valuable business. Our two main networks are the Construction Industry Environmental Forum (CIEF) and the Construction Productivity Network (CPN). These provide a unique opportunity for professionals to remain at the forefront of new and current good practice, as well as understanding the latest policy, business and technology developments. The CIEF covers topics in the environment and sustainability areas and has held several breakfast briefings, site visits and seminars. For 2010, CIEF is developing its profile and covering issues relating to green infrastructure, sustainable procurement and the sustainable delivery of the 2012 Olympics. CPN tackles issues related to construction process, technology and infrastructure, and has similarly run a variety of events. For 2010, CPN is focusing on improving design and delivery efficiency, skills and competence, and the role of the intelligent client. It also provides an opportunity to keep abreast of advances in the management of infrastructure. Alongside these established networks, we also develop and assist theme or sector networks to respond to specific needs as new opportunities arise. These include: the SAFESPUR forum, which complements the SAFEGROUNDS and SD:SPUR learning networks, assists with the development and dissemination of good practice on contaminated land management and the management of assets and decommissioning wastes from defense and nuclear sites CIRIA has developed two networks supporting local authorities in their functions: the Local Authority Contaminated Land Network (LACL), which has been running since 2002 helps officers fulfill their responsibilities relating to land contamination and the regeneration of brownfield sites. The Local Authority Network on Drainage and Flood Risk Management (LANDF RM) supports local authorities with the challenges of responding to flood risk and surface water management CIRIAs Brownfield Risk Management Forum (BRMF) aims to promote cross-sector communication and learning for those involved in brownfield projects, encourage sustainable and good practice in procurement, and improve the management of risk and liability complementing CIRIAs work in the coastal and marine sector, CIRIA assists the European Marine Sand and Gravel Group (EMSAGG), which provides a forum for data exchange between researchers, regulators, policymakers and contractors. In common with the other CIRIA networks, EMSAGG supports the dissemination of good practice and policy change. Linked to CIRIAs research and industry activities these networks bring together innovators, practitioners and the main decision and policy-makers helping industry to respond to changing agendas. If you would like to participate, join or support any of these networks please visit: www.ciria.org

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Training
Events and conferences
CIRIA events, conferences and networks provide a highly effective means to communicate and generate new ideas and approaches as well as business to business opportunities. The events programme delivers over 120 events each year attracting some 3000 delegates. The programme includes conferences, workshops and good practice seminars. Full details of our forthcoming programme are available on the CIRIA website. In May, the SD:SPUR learning network will hold a case study driven event: Materials management in nuclear decommissioning challenges and opportunities. This event will provide a platform to showcase up-to-date industry case studies on sharing good practice, exploring challenges and opportunities in material management, and lessons learnt from within the nuclear decommissioning industry, the nonnuclear sector, regulators, local authorities, NGOs and other community based organisations. The second World Green Roof Congress (WGRC) Green roofs for a changing climate in (see page 7) brings together leading green roof experts from across the world, providing a platform for communicating the latest case studies, research and policy initiatives. The focus will be on their application and delivery covering aspects such as climate change adaptation, stormwater management, biodiversity, and the potential for a higher quality of urban living, within a challenging regulatory and competitive financial framework. To find out more on how to get involved or to book visit: www.ciria.org Supported by 50 years experience in providing authoritative guidance to the construction and built environment sectors, CIRIA delivers a range of informative, accessible and engaging training courses covering topics from construction management and sustainable drainage to environmental good practice.

In-house training
CIRIA training courses can be delivered in-house, and can be based on existing programmes or adapted to develop more bespoke training. For full details visit: www.ciria.org

Benefits of in-house training

CIRIA comes to you save on time and cost flexible course times better interaction and effective learning helping personal development greater relevance to your organisation.

Forthcoming in 2010
Training is delivered by industry experts and course content is based on recognised good practice, which is regularly reviewed by CIRIA and its team of trainers. This ensures that the information given is relevant and up-to-date as well as offering delegates plenty of scope for interaction and active learning.

Environment good practice on site

26 May, London 24 June, Manchester September, London

Resource use and waste management

15 June, London

SuDS foundation
9 July, London September, Belfast September, Bristol

Designing SuDS
2223 July, London September, Belfast September, Bristol

Working with wildlife

15 July 2010, London

To find out more about CIRIA training and to book please visit: www.ciria.org

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Publications
With more than 600 titles in the current publications catalogue, CIRIAs research has given rise to a huge variety of publications in 2009 with several planned for the first half of 2010. Many of CIRIAs older publications are still regarded as the best available in the industry. Recently published outputs in early 2010 include three important industry guides: Tunnels: condition appraisal and remedial treatment (C671) This guide provides information on the management, condition appraisal, maintenance and repair of the structural elements of existing infrastructure tunnels, focusing primarily on older infrastructure and certain tunnel types. Price: 120 (60) ISBN 978-0-86017-671-8 Flood resilience and resistance for critical infrastructure (C688) This publication provides an overview of the regulatory framework and outlines the main issues now faced by the industry in this area. It states that flood resilience measures should be adopted as an integral part of individual organisations business continuity management processes, whole-life asset management plans and climate change adaptation strategies. Price: 70 (35) ISBN 978-0-86017-688-6 WaND Guidance on water cycle management for new developments (C690) This publication provides guidance on how to achieve improved sustainable water cycle management in new developments. This document provides practitioners with an improved understanding of the tools and techniques necessary for achieving, delivering and adopting sustainable water cycle management in new developments. Price: 60 (30) ISBN 978-0-86017-690-9 Also due to be published in 2010 Culvert design and operation guide (C689) This guide replaces CIRIAs Culvert design manual (R168) published in 1997. It adopts a whole-life approach to the design and operation of culverts, with a focus on asset management, reflecting the significant changes that have occurred in the field over the last 10 to 15 years. This is a comprehensive guide covering a wide range of subject matter relevant to the design and operation of culverts. Users can read the guide in its entirety or dip in and out of sections that are the most relevant to their needs. Inevitably there is some repetition but this is to reduce the risk of users missing vital information by selective reading. Price: 120 (60) ISBN 978-0-86017-689-3 The Concrete Manual (C674) Concrete is a highly versatile construction material. It is costeffective and a relatively small contributor to greenhouse gas emissions with the potential to increasingly make use of recycled materials and low carbon technologies in the future. This good practice guide for use in maritime engineering builds on current information combined with new material authored by contributors from HR Wallingford, Halcrow and CETMEF. This guide aims to distil conclusions from existing UK, French and international research and practical experience on the use of concrete in the marine environment. Price: TBC ISBN 978-0-86017-674-9

Forthcoming in 2010
Update of the beach management manual (C685) Planning for SuDs making it happen (C687) Working with wildlife update (RP915) Environmental good practice site guide (version 3) (RP928)

To order any of these publications please visit: www.ciria.org

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Viewpoint
Getting on top of top events
Leading industry figures share their views
The UK construction industry enjoys the unfortunate reputation of being one of the most dangerous to work in not least because it has the largest number of fatal injuries of the main industry groups. In 20082009 there were 53 fatal injuries giving a rate of 2.5 per 100 000 workers. This is the third highest rate of fatal injuries, behind agriculture and extractive industries. Most incidents affect only one worker but occasionally two or more may be killed or injured by a single event. And even more infrequently a member of the public may be involved. What is so remarkable in the aftermath of many of these incidents is how often the words luckily or miraculously spring to peoples lips a reflection that the outcome in terms of on- and off-site fatalities, injuries and damage could have been so much worse. Incidents such as those listed here all have the potential to kill or injure several people in a single episode: collapses of buildings and structures major fires underground services strikes collapses of temporary works collapse or overturn of large plant such as cranes and piling rigs. Often it seems that luck rather than good accident prevention management minimised the number of casualties. Defining this type of incident is not necessarily straightforward. Terms such as major hazard or major accident potential run the risk of associating the construction industry with more recognised hazardous industries such as nuclear, chemicals and offshore. They can also be described as high hazard, low probability incidents, which gives some indication of their unpredictability. One label that might be used is top event or: what is the worst that could happen should something go wrong? Whatever term is used, when one of these (thankfully) rare events does occur the consequences can be far reaching. Apart from the high human cost, the financial costs can be enormous. The site might be taken over by the police and HSE for days or weeks as evidence is collected. Time and cost will also arise from the work to make the site safe again and clear away materials and equipment. And these are often dwarfed by the impact on project completion and, in the long-term, damage to reputation leading to potential loss of future business. There can also be wider implications. The public and media are much more exercised by single, catastrophic events, than by a steady toll of routine incidents, which can lead to an outcry for something to be done including demand for more legislation. Conventional risk management approaches might not be entirely appropriate to the effective prevention of top events. Examination of lagging indicators such as historical data and trends provides few clues as to when the next event will occur by their very nature they are highly unpredictable and the past provides little guarantee that the next incident isnt just

Mike Cross, Head of Construction Engineering Specialists, Health and Safety Executive

around the corner. However, there is a role for near miss reporting and ensuring companies adopt a positive culture of learning from near misses and incidents rather than seeking to blame those involved. One important measure senior managers can use to gain greater assurance that the potential for top events to occur is under control is through the development of meaningful leading key performance indicators. These can be identified by determining the critical elements of the risk control measures needed to prevent top events then devising indicators that can provide assurance that the control measures are working in practice. Examples might include gaining assurance on the competence of staff or the rigour of design processes. To ensure HSE and the construction industry has a clearer understanding of the nature of top events HSE is working with CIRIA and Loughborough University on a research project designed to gain greater insight into their nature and causes. This will help HSE identify whether further work is needed on the development of appropriate risk management strategies and on action needed to deal with specific hazards. It is hoped the research will stimulate the construction industry to consider whether they are taking the right action to minimise the potential of top events occurring. The guide will be published in summer 2010.

There is a great deal of scope for industry professionals to get involved. For more information, please email Alan Gilbertson, CIRIA, at: alan.gilbertson@ciria.org

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membership matters...

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