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Structural Health Monitoring
DOI: 10.1177/1475921706057979
2006; 5; 17 Structural Health Monitoring
Fan Wu and Fu-Kuo Chang
II: Analysis and Algorithm
Debond Detection using Embedded Piezoelectric Elements for Reinforced Concrete Structures - Part
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17
Debond Detection using Embedded
Piezoelectric Elements for Reinforced Concrete
Structures Part II: Analysis and Algorithm
Fan Wu
1,
* and Fu-Kuo Chang
2
1
Risk Management and Solutions, Inc.
7015 Gateway Blvd, Newark, CA 94560, USA
2
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University
Durand 385, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
An investigation to detect debond in steel-reinforced concrete (RC) using built-in piezoelectric
elements has been conducted. Results of the experimental work are presented in Part I of the study.
In Part II, numerical solutions using a finite element method are applied to simulate the test results.
Parametric studies are performed to evaluate the behavior of the sensor response to the various types
of RC structures with debonding damage. Based on the extensive parametric studies, a debond
detection algorithm for RC structures is established.
Keywords embedded piezoelectric actuators and sensors reinforced concrete debonding
damage detection stress waves finite element analysis
1 Introduction
Debonding of steel reinforcing bars from the
concrete matrices in reinforced concrete (RC)
structures could weaken or destroy the struc-
tural integrity, reduce the tensile resistance of
the structures, and further lead to catastrophic
failure of the structures, when subjected to
dynamic forces such as earthquake ground
motions.
A method using embedded piezoelectric ele-
ments as actuators and sensors to detect the
debonding damage in RC structures has been
studied by the authors [1]. In this method, piezo-
electric material elements, as actuators and
sensors to generate and receive signals, are
embedded into RC structures. A specific kind of
diagnostic signal, five-peak burst waves, is applied
on the actuators and received by the sensors. By
monitoring the changes of sensor measurements,
debonding damage of the structures can be
detected (Figure 1).
Three types of tests were conducted tensile
tests for reinforcement bars, debonding tests
for RC beams, and bending tests for RC
beams. Results show that debonding damage in
RC structures is detectable using embedded
piezoelectric actuators/sensors. The amplitude of
the sensor output increases as the extent of
debond increases. The travel time of the signals
is found to be sensitive to the elongation of
the rebar.
The mechanics of the testing wave propaga-
tion in piezoelectric transducers and in the RC
+ [Ver: 7.51g/W] [3.2.200611:31am] [1728] [Page No. 17] REVISE PROOFS i:/Sage/Shm/Shm_5_1/SHM-57979.3d (SHM) Paper: SHM-57979 Keyword
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: fan.wu@rms.com
Copyright 2006 SAGE Publications,
Vol 5(1): 001712
[1475-9217 (200603) 5:1;1712 10.1177/1475921706057979]
Copyright 2006 SAGE Publications,
Vol 5(1): 001712
[1475-9217 (200603) 5:1;1712 10.1177/1475921706057979]
structure is very complicated. The testing system
involves comprehensive activities the conver-
sion of electrical energy to mechanical energy in
the input actuators, the conversion of mechan-
ical energy to electrical energy in the output
sensors, and the propagation of both electro-
magnetic (EM) waves and stress waves in the
concrete structure. In the case here, stress waves
along the steel reinforcing bar and inside the
concrete structure are the most important, since
they carry the information about the rebars
bonding condition. For the piezoelectric actua-
tors and sensors, energy conversion (or piezo-
electricity) is more important. Notice that both
piezoelectricity on piezoelectric transducers and
stress waves in the RC structure involve three-
dimensional (3D) transfer functions. This leads
to a complicated analysis. A solution by direct
deduction is extremely difficult. A numerical
modeling tool the finite element method with
PZFlex is used to assist the modeling and
analysis.
2 Modeling and Simulation
To explain the phenomena observed in the
test results, modeling of the test system was
performed. The basic wave algorithms related
to the system were explored. In the system,
the components related to energy conversion
are the piezoelectric actuators and sensors.
The epoxy layer, the steel rebar, and the con-
crete components are related to stress wave
propagation.
For stress wave propagation, the equation of
straindisplacement relation for a certain point is
in the form of [18,20]
e
1
2
ru ru
0
1
where e is a 3 3 strain tensor, u is a displace-
ment vector, and u
0
is the transpose of u, for
elastic solid material.
If F is considered as the external load acting
on the structure, then the equation of motion
becomes
r r ,
o
2
u
ot
2
F 2
where r is a 3 3 stress tensor, , is the material
density, and t is the time. Note that this is a 3D
transient wave equation. If F is zero, then
Equation (2) becomes a free wave propagation
equation.
One-dimensional (1D) longitudinal wave and
shear wave equations can easily be deducted from
the above equation. The wave propagation speed
for longitudinal wave is
E
y
,,
p
, where E
y
is the
Youngs modulus of the material, and the speed
for shear wave is

G,,
p
, where G is the shear
modulus of the material.
Transient wave propagation will be damped
or attenuated inside the structure it travels in, so
energy will be lost along the path of wave
propagation. Hence, the damping factor has to
be considered also. The elastic constitutive equa-
tion, with the damping factor, becomes:
r C : e j :
oc
ot
3
where C is a tensor for elastic stiffness constants,
and j is a tensor which will be determined by the
materials damping value and the wave speed.
j depends upon the time derivatives of the
strains, and it always has the same general form
as the stiffness tensor C [2].
The constitutive relation to couple the elec-
trical field with the acoustic field of piezoelectric
material can be expressed as the equations
D
o
E d : o,
e d
0
E s
E
: o
4
Rebar
Concrete beam
Debond
Actuators
Sensors
Figure 1 Debond detection using embedded PZT for
RC structure.
18 Structural HealthMonitoring 5(1)
where D is an electrical displacement component,
caused by both stress and electric field; E is the
electric field; c is a strain component produced by
electric field and stress field; d is the piezoelectric
strain constant tensor; d
0
is the transpose of
piezoelectric strain constant tensor; s is the elastic
strain constant tensor; and is the permittivity
tensor. Superscripts r and E have been added to
and s to show that these constants describe
dielectric and elastic properties measured under
conditions of constant stress or constant electric
field. Because of coupling between electric and
acoustic fields in a piezoelectric solid, measure-
ment of the electrical properties depends upon
the mechanical constraints imposed on the
medium, and vice versa [2].
PZFlex is a finite-element software program
developed by Weidlinger Associates, Inc. [3].
The finite-element code uses explicit time-
domain simulation for transient analysis of
piezoelectric transducers and general wave pro-
pagation. Although PZFlex was initially devel-
oped for piezoelectric transducers in medical
applications, it has been used in other applica-
tions where piezoelectric material plays similar
roles. Since PZFlex deals with both electromag-
netic waves and transient waves for piezoelectric
solids and other structures, it is thus appropri-
ate for the testing system here. However,
because such an analysis for RC structures has
not been done prior to this study, careful
modeling is required for all components of the
system to ensure reasonable results. Component
modeling includes the modeling of a steel rebar,
piezoelectric ceramic material, the silver epoxy
layer, and concrete. Details of the modeling
process are introduced in the next section.
For numerical simulations, a steel reinforcing
bar was modeled as an elastic, linear, isotropic,
and homogeneous material. The steel density used
was 7900 kg/m
3
and the Youngs modulus was
206 GPa. Based on the properties of steel, the
longitudinal (pressure) wave speed was 5100 m/s.
Ribs of the reinforcing bar were not modeled, and
the bar was simulated as a smooth bar to simplify
the modeling. The effect of the ribs on stress wave
propagation was not significant because the rele-
vant wave length for 90 kHz was about 60 mm [4],
much longer than the rib width (23 mm).
This means that the stress wave could propagate
through the ridges easily with almost no wave
dispersion, i.e., little energy loss. It was calculated
that the amplitude drop of the stress wave due to
the bar ridges is about 14% [4,18]. Though very
small compared to other energy losses, it has been
included in the results of the smooth bar analysis
in numerical simulations.
The piezoelectric ceramic material for the
PZT transducers was assumed to have linear,
elastic, anisotropic, and homogeneous properties
[2,17,27]. Since both stress waves and conversions
of electric energy and mechanical energy should
be considered, constants in Equations (3) and (4)
need to be determined for the numerical
simulations. As mentioned in the authors first
article Part I: Experiment [1], the piezoelectric
ceramic used is good for both actuators and
sensors. Parameters such as dielectric constants,
and piezoelectric strain and stiffness constants
in Equations (3) and (4) were determined from
the data provided by the manufacturer or
from similar products of other manufacturers.
Damping was also modeled for the PZT 850
material according to the published data [5,26].
Additionally, the silver epoxy which was used to
bond the piezoelectric transducers to the steel bar
surface was assumed to be a linear, elastic,
isotropic, and homogeneous material.
Concrete material has often been modeled as a
linear, elastic, and isotropic material [6,7,24].
Since concrete is a composite material that con-
sists of sand, cement, and various sizes of aggre-
gates, the scatter of ultrasonic waves normally
precludes the use of frequencies higher than
150 kHz [8,15], and in practice, frequencies below
100 kHz are generally employed [7,23]. The test
system used ultrasonic waves with a frequency of
90 kHz. Even so, during the wave propagation, a
large amount of energy from the source was
dissipated. To simplify the analysis, a homoge-
neous model for the concrete material was used,
and damping was applied to compensate for the
inhomogeneity [5]. Damping values were based on
the test results from ultrasonic wave attenuation
in concrete [8,9]. Rayleigh damping, which com-
bines the effects of mass and stiffness damping,
was applied [10,17]. Other parameters such as
concrete density, modulus of elasticity, and
Wu & Chang Debond Detection Using Piezoelectric Elements Part II 19
Poissons ratio were defined as 2400 kg/m
3
,
28 GPa, and 0.2, respectively [22,25]. All the
material properties used in the simulations are
listed in Table 1.
A whole RC beam structure was modeled to
get a complete time history of the transient waves.
Since concrete is a material with high-energy
dissipation, it was found in the simulations that
for the beam configuration, a beam with a depth
of d and a column with a diameter of d had the
same sensor signals. After considering both the
study requirements and the model performance,
the RC beam structure was configured as an axis-
symmetric model. In the modeling, several zones
with different mesh densities were used for compu-
tational efficiency. High density zones were
applied for the PZT area, while lower density
zones were used for concrete and steel only area.
The time step used was a default value generated
by PZFLex, which was smaller than one-tenth of
the period of the highest frequency to be solved
(90 kHz). Detailed mesh methods are introduced
in the section on model verification.
3 Model Verification
While carrying out numerical simulations
for RC structure, a series of extraneous low
amplitude, high frequency noises occurred, simi-
lar to ringing effects. This is the so-called zero
energy or hourglass modes [8,11,16]. Though
the PZFlex software was supposed to handle
this problem, it still appeared while modeling
the RC beam with the embedded piezoelectric
actuators and sensors. In the analysis, a certain
amount of viscoelastic damping was added to
the steel bar to suppress the ringing. However,
the signals from the sensor output were delayed
by 7e6 s, for the case of 90 kHz. This time
delay was extracted from the results of the
simulations.
Verification was performed on the reinforc-
ing bar and RC beams with debond by compar-
ing the numerical simulation results with the
experimental test results. Numerical models
were constructed and calibrated based on the
experimental data.
Table 1 Material data used for numerical simulations.
Piezoelectric coefficient d
z1
(m/V) 175 10
12
Piezoelectric coefficient d
z3
(m/V) 400 10
12
Piezoelectric relative dielectric constant
T
xx
,
0
1700
Piezoelectric relative dielectric constant
T
zz
,
0
1470
Youngs modulus for piezoelectric material E
pxx
(N/m
2
) 6.3 10
10
Youngs modulus for piezoelectric material E
pzz
(N/m
2
) 5.4 10
10
Poissons ratio for piezoelectric material v
xz
, v
yz
0.31
Stiffness constant for piezoelectric material C
11
(N/m
2
) 12.6 10
10
33
(N/m
2
) 11.7 10
10
44
(N/m
2
) 2.3 10
10
12
(N/m
2
) 7.95 10
10
13
(N/m
2
) 8.41 10
10
Youngs modulus for steel E
s
(N/m
2
) 20.6 10
10
Material density for steel , (kg/m
3
) 7900
Poissons ratio for steel v
s
0.3
Damping attenuation at 90 kHz for steel o
s
(dB/m) 10
Youngs modulus for concrete E
c
(N/m
2
) 2.8 10
10
Material density for concrete , (kg/m
3
) 2400
Poissons ratio for concrete v
s
0.2
Damping attenuation at 90 kHz for concrete o
c
(dB/m) 100
Youngs modulus for silver epoxy E
x
(N/m
2
) 0.875 10
10
Material density for silver epoxy , (kg/m
3
) 2800
Poissons ratio for silver epoxy v
s
0.3
3.1 Analysis of Steel Reinforcing Bar
Numerical analysis for a #6 (diameter
0.75 in. (19 mm)) reinforcing bar was performed.
The mesh is shown in Figure 2, and the part
around a PZT transducer is also shown in the
figure. As mentioned before, the analysis uses
axis-symmetric modeling. In the analysis, PZT is
simulated as a strip wrapping around the outside
of the bar. Thus, the PZT-covered area in the
modeling is larger than the area in the tests.
Two element layers for PZT transducer and one
element layer of silver adhesive epoxy (through
the thickness) were selected. Compared to the
rest of the area, a relatively high density mesh
(electric window) was applied around PZT. The
size of the electric window was three times the
PZT length, covering its front and back parts.
In this window, numerical calculations used the
implicit method to satisfy the global boundary
conditions of the region. Time step was higher in
this region. The mesh outside the electric
window was looser and the explicit method
was applied. The fewer the elements required,
the slower the time step used. For the whole
tested bar structure, a total of 6600 elements
were used.
A comparison of results from the tests and
the analysis are plotted in Figure 3. In the
analysis, input signals were 200 V, 90 kHz, and
five-peak burst waves, the same as signals in the
tests. The amplitude of the sensor output from
the analysis was 0.1 V, larger than the test results
of 0.06 V. Output signals from the analysis
were stronger because the area covered by the
actuators was about 25% larger than the area
Void PZT Silver epoxy Steel bar
Electric window
Figure 2 Mesh of a steel rebar with PZT partial view.
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Test
Analysis
Time (10
4
s)
S
e
n
s
o
r

o
u
t
p
u
t

(
V
)
Figure 3 Comparison of analysis and test results for
steel rebar tests.
in the tests. The smooth bar simulation contrib-
uted partially to the increase of the sensor
output, or about 14%. The above two major
effects result in a 40% enlargement of the signal
amplitude. After scaling down the amplitude
based on these factors, the output from the analy-
sis matches well with the test results (Figure 3).
The time step for the bar tests was 1e7 s, and
the time step for the analysis was 8e9 s, for
most of the elements.
The velocity of wave propagation can be
calculated from the output plot, based on the
waves traveling distance between the actuators
and the sensors and the time used for the
distance. Calculation shows that the velocity is
about 5000 m/s. This is quite close to the long-
itudinal wave velocity in a steel bar (5100 m/s).
Further from the plot, the first burst wave received
by the output sensors virtually maintains the
same shape as the input signals, i.e., a five-peak
burst wave. This indicates that little dispersion
occurred during the wave propagation. The
reason for no dispersion is that the test wave-
length (60 mm for 90 kHz) was much longer than
the cross-sectional diameter of the bar (19 mm).
Longitudinal waves dominated the wave propaga-
tion, and the surface waves could be ignored.
Thus, the bar can be treated as a rod without
considering the cross-sectional area.
3.2 Analysis of RC Beam with
Debonding Damage
A mesh for a RC beam with debonding
damage and embedded piezoelectric elements was
generated. Debond was simulated as a layer of
void between the concrete and the steel bar.
The debond size (length) was changed from 1 in.
(25.4 mm) to 8 in. (203.2 mm), respectively, to
simulate different debonding damage situations.
Only part of the mesh near the PZT transducers
is shown in Figure 4.
After comparing different mesh densities and
result precisions, 16 layers were applied for the
concrete part. Propagating stress waves decayed
very rapidly in concrete due to the inhomogeneity
of the concrete material. Therefore, a large
damping value of 100 dB/m has been used on the
longitudinal direction of the bar [8]. Although
shear waves were very small, they could still be
observed in the simulation. A shear damping of
2 dB/m was used to get cleaner output signals.
The type of damping used for both stress waves
and shear waves was Rayleigh damping.
Concrete
Steel bar
Void
PZT
Silver epoxy
Figure 4 Mesh of a reinforced concrete beam with PZT partial view.
Figure 5 shows the waveform comparison of
the sensor output between the tests and the
numerical analysis for different debond sizes.
Results from the analysis have been adjusted in
the same way as in the steel-reinforced bar case,
i.e., scaling down of the amplitude and exclusion
of time delay. It shows that plots from the tests
have more noises. The sharp noises at the
beginning were likely caused by the resonance of
noises among built-in PC electrical parts and test
circuits. These noises were small in magnitude.
Since the test signals were small, the electrical
noise became noticeable. Four sets of data for
debond sizes ranging from 1 in. (25.4 mm) to 8 in.
(203.2 mm) are shown in the plots, and the
simulations match well with the test results. The
figure also shows that the amplitude of the sensor
output increases with the increment of the
debond size. Again, a time step of 1e7 s was
applied for the RC beam tests, and a time step of
8e9 s was used for most of the elements in the
analysis.
Figure 6 is a set of output waveforms for
debond cases. From low to high, it shows the
results of debond sizes ranging from 1 in.
(25.4 mm) to 8 in. (203.2 mm). Wave dispersion
can be observed in no debond or small debond
cases. Dispersion is attributed to the concrete
surrounding the bar, which serves as an elastic
foundation of the bar. As waves start to propa-
gate from the actuators, a large portion of energy
goes into the concrete. Because of property
differences between the bar and the concrete,
wave propagating velocity in the concrete is
slower than in the steel. The superposition of two
different speed waves causes the dispersion of
waves on the steel bar surface. As the debond
size increases, less energy goes into the concrete
and more energy propagates along the bar.
Therefore, the interference of waves from the
concrete to the bar surface becomes less signifi-
cant, resulting in increased signal amplitude and
less wave dispersion [18,27]. The speed of the 8 in.
(203.2 mm) debond case is about 4100 m/s, which
0.7 1 1.3 1.6 0.7 1 1.3 1.6
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
S
e
n
s
o
r

o
u
t
p
u
t

(
V
)
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
DS= 2 DS= 1
DS=4 DS=8
Test
Analysis
Time (10
4
s)
Debond size (DS)
Figure 5 Comparison of waveforms for debond cases.
is between the speed of a steel bar (5100 m/s) and
that of concrete (3400 m/s) [25]. The figure also
shows that for different debond cases, the time of
arrival of the output signals is almost constant.
The amplitude comparison of the signal
output between the tests and the analysis is
plotted in Figure 7. Amplitude in the analysis is
slightly larger than in the tests because of larger
actuators simulated, as discussed before. Data
from the analysis and the tests show the same
increment trends as the debond size increases.
Further, it is clear from the analysis that the
amplitude increases exponentially with the
debond size. Based on the model of signal
attenuation [9], the amplitude of signals attenu-
ates exponentially along with the travel distance.
In the case here, as the debond size increases,
energy damping due to concrete bounded on the
bar decreases, which causes the signals to increase
exponentially.
From the verification cases discussed above,
numerical results using the finite element method
with PZFlex match well with the test results. This
proves the effectiveness of the numerical models
established for RC structures and test compo-
nents. Further, from the numerical analysis, it can
be concluded that the changes of sensor signals
are caused by energy loss of the propagating
waves. The increased signal amplitude for
the increment of debonding damage relates to the
decreased energy loss of the signals in the
structure. The amplitude of the signals increases
exponentially with the debond size.
4 Parametric Studies
Parametric studies would be a huge amount
of work if they were solely based on the results
of experimental tests. Numerical simulations
provide a convenient tool for the parametric
Figure 6 Sensor output for debond cases using numerical solutions.
0.00E+00
5.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.50E-02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Debond size (in.)
S
e
n
s
o
r

o
u
t
p
u
t

(
V
)
Test
- Analysis
Figure 7 Amplitude comparison for debond cases.
studies. Since the numerical results matched well
with the test results, the models for testing
components have been used for studies of differ-
ent combinations of RC structural geometries
and configurations.
In parametric studies, a matrix that covers a
broad range of parameters of the structures and
the system has been made. It includes a reinforc-
ing bar with different sizes and material proper-
ties, a RC beam with various types of damages
such as cracks and debond, a RC beam with
multiple cracks or debond regions, and a RC
beam with different bar sizes or different concrete
materials. The results for crack studies are
illustrated and discussed in the following sections.
Other study results are mentioned in the conclud-
ing section.
4.1 Cracks in RC Beam
Several types of crack geometries have been
simulated to determine the crack effects on the
sensor output. Cases include a single crack,
multiple cracks, and a single crack plus debond
damage, in a RC beam.
In the single crack study, a crack was created
in the middle of a RC beam (Figure 9). The
beam thickness was 4 in. (101.6 mm) and the
rebar used was a #6 bar. The crack width refers
to the crack opening and is represented by w.
The crack length refers to the depth of a crack
from the surface to the middle of the RC beam.
In the simulation, first the width w was fixed
and the length was increased until the crack tip
touched the bar, and then the crack length was
fixed while w was changed. The results are shown
in Figure 8. The crack length increase does not
significantly affect the sensor output, and the
data sets from the sensors for different crack
widths are nearly overlapping as w increased
from 1 to 6 mm.
An explanation for the observation follows.
Since the crack is very small and the wavelength
of the testing signals is much longer than
the crack width, the propagating waves will pass
over the crack without seeing it, under most
circumstances. When the crack length is relatively
long (1.5 in. (38 mm)), the crack forms a wall in
the concrete, which prevents the waves from
propagating from one side to the another, includ-
ing the portion that would originally be super-
imposed to the waves on the bar. This leads to a
slight decrease of the sensor output. However, the
wave portion from the concrete to the bar is very
small, so the changes can hardly be noticed. On
the other hand, when a crack goes deep to the
surface of the rebar (crack length is about 1.7 in.
(43.2 mm)), debond is formed. More wave energy
travels on the rebar due to the release of the
bonding, despite the energy blockage by the
wall. These two parts offset each other and
result in no changes of the sensor output (refer to
the points with the crack length of 1.7 in.
(43.2 mm) in the chart). Therefore, for the single
crack case, while a crack in concrete structure
does produce a minor change of output signals,
the change is too small to be considered.
Studies of a case of crackdebond combina-
tion further support the ideas discussed.
Simulation of a single crack combined with
debonding damage was performed using the same
size of the RC beam. The crack has a width of
3 mm and goes through the concrete cross section.
The debond size was changed from 1 in. (25.4 mm),
2 in. (50.8 mm), 4 in. (101.6 mm) to 8 in. (203.2 mm),
respectively. Figure 9 shows the results from the
simulation, that a single crack does not affect the
output as long as there is debond. Because
the debond width is much wider than a crack,
the debond dominates the sensor output and
debonding damage becomes a major problem.
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Crack length (in.)
S
e
n
s
o
r

o
u
t
p
u
t

(
V
)
w = 1 mm, 3 mm
w = 6 mm
Crack width w
Crack length
Rebar Concrete
Figure 8 Crack with different widths and different
lengths.
Cases of multiple cracks have also been
studied. When the cracks are small (the sum of
the crack width is less than 1 in. (25.4 mm)), two
or even more cracks do not affect the wave
energy distribution in the RC structure, since
majority of the energy is still dissipated into the
concrete. When the sum of the crack width is
1 in. (25.4 mm) or more, the sensor is able to
detect the damage in the same way as in the
debond case, and this type of crack case can be
treated as the debond case.
5 Debond Diagnostic Algorithm
A debond diagnostic algorithm can be devel-
oped based on the previous studies:
1. Amplitude of the sensor signals increases
exponentially with debond size. The relation-
ship can be described by the debond detecting
formula.
y ce
ox
5
where x is the debond size, y is the signal
amplitude, c is related to the base line, and o
is related to the rebar depth d in concrete.
When d 1.5 in. (38 mm), o0.33.
2. Wave forms of the sensor signals are not
affected by the rebar position when the con-
crete coverage depth is greater than 2 in.
(50.8 mm).
3. The sensor signals are not affected by cracks
(normal to the rebar) in concrete when cracks
are small (sum of the crack widths is less than
1 in. (25.4 mm)).
4. The debond detection formula is valid for
concrete with different sizes of aggregates and
rebars.
The debond diagnostic algorithm was applied
to the test data. As introduced in Part I:
Experiment [1], the bending tests were done on
RC beams. If the above formula (Equation (5)) is
used on the tested beams, then the extent of
debonding damage can be found by solving the
problem inversely. Figure 10 shows the predicted
debond sizes inside the beams using Equation (5).
The dots in the debonding curve chart are the
values recorded under different loads on the
beam. They are mapped to the corresponding
debond size in Figure 10. For example, for
beam 2, the dot with a load of 2 kip corresponds
to about 1 in. (25.4 mm) of debond size; the dot
with the load of 3 kip corresponds to about
2.8 in. (71.1 mm) debond size, etc. To prove this
debond detection method [4], an analytical esti-
mation was made based on the bond stress and
split relation theory [1214,19,27] combined with
the bended beams conditions.
6 Conclusions and Further Work
A debond detection method that uses
embedded piezoelectric ceramics as actuating and
sensing elements was described. The method used
debond si ze
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0 2 4 6 8 10
Debond size (in.)
S
e
n
s
o
r

o
u
t
p
u
t

(
V
)
No crack
w=3 mm
Width w
Crack
Debond size
Figure 9 Crackdebond combined study.
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Debonding size x (in.)
S
e
n
s
o
r

o
u
t
p
u
t
/
b
a
s
e

l
i
n
e

y
*
Beam 1
Beam 2
y* = e
0.33x
Figure 10 Debond detection for bended beams.
high frequency transient stress waves to detect
the location and the extent of steel-reinforced
bars debonding from the concrete matrix in a RC
structure. Experimental test results showed that
the method could detect debonding damage. The
amplitude of the sensor output increased as the
extent of debond increased. The time of signal
arrival was found to be quite sensitive to the
rebars elongation.
Modeling and analysis was performed to
delineate the phenomena observed in the test
results. Since the analysis involved both 3D stress
wave propagation and piezoelectricity, numerical
simulations were applied to solve the modeling
and analysis for the bar, the RC structures, and
the embedded piezoelectric components. With the
proper selection of element sizes, element mesh
configurations, and artificial damping, waveforms
obtained from the numerical solutions closely
matched the waveforms observed in the experi-
mental tests. It was found that the changes in the
system output were caused by the energy distribu-
tion in the detected RC structure. Debonding
damage in the structure caused the decrease of
energy dissipation, which led to an increase of the
system output.
Further extended parametric studies were
carried out to simulate various RC structure
configurations and damage situations. The studies
show that a high Youngs modulus of the PZT,
materials, and a thin epoxy layer will increase the
sensor signals. Bars of different sizes can be
treated as an ideal bar without considering their
cross section. Only longitudinal stress waves have
to be considered. Small sized cracks (normal to
the bar) inside the concrete structure do not
affect the sensor output. When multiple cracks
exist and the sum of the crack sizes is greater
than 1 in. (25.4 mm), the output behaves almost
the same as the equivalent debond size. When a
crack and debond damage exist in an RC
structure, the debond damage dominates the
signal changes. When the length of debond
damage increases, the output of the sensors
increases exponentially. The exponential curve
will change modestly when the concrete coverage
on the bar changes. When the coverage depth is
greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm), the exponential
damage curve remains unchanged. Multiple
debond regions behave the same as a debond
region with the equivalent debond size. The
debond thickness does not affect the sensor
output. Aggregate sizes of concrete materials do
not affect the sensor output.
A debond diagnostic algorithm based on
parametric studies is described by the debond
detecting formula (Equation (5)) the amplitude
of the sensor signals increased exponentially with
debond size. To obtain good detection results, the
sensor output of the system needs to be increased
and the system noises need to be controlled and
minimized. Tests show that the minimum sensor
to noise ratio, which can clearly distinguish
signals from noise, is 150%. A ratio lower than it
could cause an accuracy problem for debond
detection. Improvement on sensor output can be
made with different actuator configurations. For
instance, mount actuators at the end of a rebar
so that they cover the whole cross section of the
bar and reduce energy losses during the energy
conversions by using a better property matched
bonding epoxy or a thinner adhesive layer and
making a better bond between the piezoelectric
material and the rebar.
Further study could also focus on practical
issues, such as rebar corrosion effects, the aging
of the epoxy, sensors, and actuators. The current
debond detection method cannot determine if the
signal changes are caused by regular debond or
debond caused by corrosion. A good way to
practice debond detection might be to combine
the method studied in this article with other
corrosion detection methods. Though PZT mate-
rial has very stable properties for long periods
and in harsh environments, aging of such compo-
nents still has to be studied before the method
can be applied in real practice. The ultimate use
of the detection method is to form a network of
sensors and actuators embedded in a structure
with the ability to detect structure debonding
damage smartly.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the
National Science Foundation under grant CMS-9812574
and the technical support from Mr D. Vaughan and
Mr G. Wojcik of Weidlinger Associates, Inc. with PZFlez.
The authors also thank Professor C. Steele of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Professors
H. Krawinkler and G. Deierlein of the Department of Civil
Engineering at Stanford University for their valuable inputs
to the study.
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