The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

Introduction and Definitions Language Explained: CITING means formally recognising, within your text, the resources from which you have obtained information. BIBLIOGRAPHY is the list of sources you have used. REFERENCE is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your information. Why is Re e!en"ing Ne"essa!y# It is to acknowledge the work of other writers; to demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work; to enable other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information. For these reasons it is very important that you think of the information needed to cite material correctly when you are carrying out a literature search. Always ensure that you record references to materials you consult precisely. Failing to do so could cause you additional work when you need to incorporate a reference into your bibliography. Without such discipline the ability for researchers to trace relevant information becomes impossible. ou would suffer along with all other researchers if limited or partial information was used in research work. A standard system of citing these references ensures an easier system of tracing academic and other knowledge more efficiently. !here are a number of systems for referencing but we recommend the "arvard #ystem. !he details are outlined in these pages. our bibliography for your piece of work represents the results of your information$literature search and you may wish to discuss your search method in the text of your writing, e.g. in a %methodology& section. Why Ha!$a!d# !his system developed in the '#A and grew in popularity during the ()*+&s and (),+&s, especially in the physical and natural sciences and more recently the social sciences. -ver several decades it has become the most common system internationally and is fre.uently the standard house style for academic /ournals. !he "arvard system has advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use both for author and reader. !here is no third place to look, such as footnotes and chapter references, which are features of other systems.

0-!1# "arvard is 0-! necessarily the same as publishers& house style. When writing an article for inclusion in a professional /ournal, you must consult the editors& notes on style used in the specific publication. !here are three styles in common use as ways to highlight the key element of a reference; they are %&ld 'ex', underlining and italics. ou should use one, and only one, of these techni.ues throughout your bibliography. !hroughout the associated Web #ite, we have used %&ld 'ex' to highlight the key element of each reference. !his is because underlined text might be confused with links to other pages, and italic fonts don2t always display as well as their non3italic e.uivalents. When a document is type3written, underlining is often the only option; it is therefore commonly used in printed materials. It is the techni.ue used in these downloadable files. When a document is type3set 4e.g. a book or /ournal5, the use of italics is fre.uently preferred. In order to maintain consistency in your bibliography you should only use the initial letters of the writer&s forename4s5, even when you have more information. In some cases you may feel that this hides the gender balance of the research base; in such cases it is possible to refer to the writer&s full name in the main text.

The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

Citing in the Text The Ha!$a!d sys'e( & "i'a'i&n is the most straightforward method of acknowledging other people2s work, because initially all you need to do is mention the author and date of publication in the text of your work. #o, at each point in the text which refers to a particular document, insert the author2s surname and publication year. e.g. !he work of 6reece 4())75 was concerned to emphasise the importance of .uality in social research. !he reader can easily locate the full description of the item you have cited by referring to the alphabetical list of references 4or bibliography5 provided at the end of your report. !he system has the advantages of showing at a glance the authority used, who may well be recognised, and how recent or contemporary the information might be. N&'e 'he &ll&)ing p&in's: In the main text, initial letters are only used when two or more authors have the same surname and have published in the same year, in which case they should be identified by initials in order to avoid confusion. 'se lower case letters after the date if referring to more than one item published in the same year by the same author.

e.g. !he 89I, which has been very influential in raising the public profile of guidance, has itself adopted three very different positions on this matter: having initially argued that the careers service should be transferred from ;1As to !raining and 1nterprise 8ouncils 489I, ()<)a5 it subse.uently appeared to support the notion that it should be led by ;1A3!18 partnerships, and then announced that the !18s should not be directly involved in guidance delivery at all 489I,())=5. !here has however been increasing support for the notion of an individual3centred system. It is significant that the 89I speaking on behalf of its employers generally argued the classic liberal case for individual choice in the education training market in its report !owards a #kills >evolution 4()<)b5 If the author2s name occurs naturally in the text, the year follows in parentheses.

e.g. 8ustomer compatibility management emphasises the controllability of customer to customer interaction in the higher education environment 4>owley, ()),5. If the customer to customer interaction is good then you will get a return visit. It is the ob/ective of effective customer compatibility management to enhance the service experience. !hus >owley 4()),5 asserts that the ethos of the student environment does have an impact on student

achievement. *i!e"' +u&'a'i&ns: If you are giving direct .uotations you should identify the page numbers. If details of parts of the document are re.uired e.g. page numbers, track or title numbers of sound recordings, these appear after the date within parenthesis. !he abbreviations are: page 4p.5, pages 4pp.5, section 4s.5 or sections 4ss.5 e.g. !here is a need to create ?stopping off@ places in the learning process or what Aornbluh and Breen 4()<)5 refer to as ?professional encapsulations.@ !hese encapsulations allow individuals time to assess and practise what they have learned, understand it more clearly and decide upon its relevance. ?!hese resting times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things to be learned, mastered and brought to fruition@ 4Cones, ())* pp.(DD3=5.

,ul'iple Au'h&!s: In the case of three or fewer Authors to a source, list all the names 4from the title page5

e.g. 8utler, !., Williams, A. E Williams, C. 4()<,5. In the case of four or more Authors to a source, use the name of the first author 4from the title page5 followed by %et al&, or %and others&

e.g. Fatlock, C. et al. 4()),5. When more than one reference is given at the same point in the text, they should be listed chronologically.

e.g. #mith 4()*<5, 9rown 4(),75 and Cones 4())D5.

The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

Citing in the Bibliography !he bibliography appears at the end of your work, is organised alphabetically and is evidence of the literature and other sources you have used in your research. !he first two elements of your reference, i.e. author and date, constitute the link you made in the text. !hus the reader can move between the text and the bibliography and trace a correct reference. !he following uses a 9ook reference as an example, however other types of sources are referenced in a similar manner. ou should use the title page 4if any5 rather than the document cover as your authority. Include the following information. !he order is: 4(5 4D5 4=5 475 4*5 4,5 4H5 4<5 e.g. #pence, 9. ed. 4())=5 #econdary school management in the ())+&s: challenge and change. Aspects of 1ducation #eries, 7<. ;ondon, Independent 6ublishers. e.g. Fohr, ;.9. 4()),5 Impact analysis for program evaluation. Dnd ed. ;ondon, #age. !here are further examples in the documents accompanying the pages on ?#ource !ypes.@ Author4s5, editor4s5 or the institution responsible for writing the document. -N&'e: ed. is a suitable abbreviation for editor.5 Gate of publication 4in brackets5. !itle and subtitle 4if any5. 'nderlined, e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 #eries and individual volume number 4if any5. 1dition if not the first. 6lace of publication if known. 6ublisher. Any other relevant details that will assist the reader to locate the reference.

The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

Literature Sources

B&&. Re e!en"es
ou should use the title page 4if any5 rather than the document cover as your authority.

Include the following information, the order is: (. Author 4s5, editor4s5 or the institution responsible for writing the document. 4N&'e: ed. is a suitable abbreviation for editor.5 D. Gate of publication 4in brackets5. =. !itle and subtitle 4if any5. 'nderlined or e(%&ldened or in italics 4but be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 7. #eries and individual volume number 4if any5. *. 1dition if not the first. ,. 6lace of publication if known. H. 6ublisher. e.g. #pence, 9. ed. 4())=5 #econdary school management in the ())+2s: challenge and change. Aspects of 1ducation #eries, 7<. ;ondon, Independent 6ublishers. e.g. Fohr, ;.9. 4()),5 Impact analysis for program evaluation. Dnd ed. ;ondon, #age.

/&u!nal a!'i"les
When referencing Cournals, include the following information in this order: (. Author of the article. D. ear of the publication in brackets. =. !itle of the article. 7. !itle of the /ournal, underlined or e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 *. Iolume and part number, month or season of the year. ,. 6age numbers of article. Where author4s5 known:

e.g. 9ennett, "., Bunter, ". E >eid, #. 4()),5 !hrough a glass darkly: images of appraisal. Cournal of !eacher Gevelopment, * 4=5 -ctober, pp.=)37, or 8larke, !.C. 4())*5 Freud2s 8eJanne. >epresentations, 0o *D, Fall, pp.)73(DD.

Where the article is anonymous:

e.g. "ow dangerous is obesityK 4()HH5 9ritish Fedical Cournal, 0o ,+,), D<th April, p.(((*.

Ne)spape! A!'i"les
When referencing 0ewspapers, include the following information in this order: (. Author of the article. D. ear of the publication in brackets. =. !itle of the article. 7. !itle of the 0ewspaper, underlined or e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 *. Gate of publication. ,. 6age numbers of article. e.g. 9aty, 6. 4())<5 ;earners are born, says report. !imes "igher 1ducation #upplement, (,th Canuary, p.*.

The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

Academic Sources

C&n e!en"es
ou should include the following information. !he order is: (. D. =. 7. *. ,. 0ame of the 8onference. 0umber 4if appropriate5. Gate. ;ocation 4if appropriate5. Gate of publication. !itle of published work, if different from the name of the conference. !his should be underlined, e(%&ldened or in italics, and a consistent style should be used throughout the bibliography. H. Author$1ditor. <. 6lace. ). 6ublisher. e.g. 8onference on 1conomic 8rime, Dnd. ()HH. ;ondon #chool of 1conomics and 6olitical #cience, 4()<+5 1conomic 8rime in 1urope. ;eigh, ;."., ed. ;ondon, FacFillan.

0In1 Re e!en"es
A 8ommon mistake is to confuse the name of the contributor to a book of collected writings with that of the editor. Also used when citing a particular conference paper from the conference proceedings.

!he order is: (. D. =. 7. *. ,. Author of 8hapter$#ection. Gate of publication. !itle of 8hapter$#ection. ?In@ followed by a colon. Author$1ditor of collected work !itle of collected work, underlined, e(%&ldened or in italics. 4'se a consistent style throughout the bibliography.5 H. 6lace of publication. <. 6ublisher. ). 6agination of section referred to. Book of collected writing: e2g2 6orter, F.A. 4())=5 !he modification of method in researching postgraduate education. In: 9urgess, >.B. ed. !he research process in educational settings: ten case studies. ;ondon, Falmer 6ress.

Conference Paper from Conference Proceedings: e2g2 Fedchak, 1. E Guvall, ;. 4()),5 An engineering approach to electronic publishing. In: 6roceedings of the International Workshop on Fultimedia #oftware Gevelopment, D*3D, Farch, 9erlin. ;os Alimos, 8a, I111 8omput. #oc. 6ress. pp.<+3<. 0ote !he title of the collected work should be highlighted, as that is the information someone needs in order to gain access to chapters within it

Theses and *isse!'a'i&ns

Include the name of the awarding institution. (. 0ame D. ear of 6ublication 4in parenthesis5 =. !itle and subtitle 4if any5. !his should be underlined, e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 7. !ype of document 4i.e. 6h.G. thesis, Gegree Gissertation5. *. 6lace of publication 4if not clear from institution name, e.g. 9irmingham, 'niversity of 8entral 1ngland.5 ,. Awarding institution. e.g. Whitehead, #.F. 4()),5 6ublic and private men: masculinities at work in education management. 6h.G. thesis, ;eeds Fetropolitan 'niversity.

B!i'ish 3'anda!ds Pu%li"a'i&ns

Include the following information. !he order is: (. D. =. 7. ?9ritish #tandards Institution@ Gate of publication 4in parenthesis5. 9ritish #tandard 0umber and ear 4separated by a colon5. !itle and subtitle 4if any5. !his should be underlined or e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 *. 6lace of publication 4if known5. ,. 0ame of publisher, which is the abbreviation ?9#I@. e.g. 9ritish #tandards Institution 4())+5 9#*,+*:())+ >ecommendations for citing and referencing published material. Filton Aeynes, 9#I.

Resea!"h Rep&!'s2
0o one example can explain the type and range of reports. "owever it is important to include the subtitle and series information: (. Author&s 0ame. D. Gate of publication 4in parentheses5. =. !itle and subtitle 4if any5. !his should be underlined or e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 7. >esearch >eport 0o. *. 6lace of publication, 4if known5. ,. 6ublisher. e.g. Fullineux, 0. 4())H5 !he world tyre industry: a new perspective to D++*. >esearch >eport =7<. ;ondon, 1conomist Intelligence 'nit.

Exhi%i'i&n Ca'al&gues
Where there is no author, use the Ballery or Fuseum. e2g. Fuseum of Fodern Art. 4(),<5 !he Fachine. 0ew ork, F-FA. It is also the custom to capitalise the names of art movements. e2g2 "askell, 9. 4()<75 9lamL !he explosion of 6op, Finimalism and 6erformance ()*<3,7. 0ew ork, Whitney Fuseum of American Art.

The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

EC Union ublications

EC 4NION Pu%li"a'i&ns
The guidance on citing European Documentation will not necessarily conform to the Harvard system because of the particular methods employed to organise the range of publications The following is for your guidance only in order to aid some form of consistency An example of a comprehensive citation for an 18 regulation: C&un"il Regula'i&n -EEC5 N& 6789:;6 & 67 /uly 8;;6 a(ending Regula'i&n -EEC5 N& 8<=6:;6 p!&hi%i'ing '!ade %e')een Eu!&pean E"&n&(i" C&((uni'y and 'he Repu%li"s & 3e!%ia and ,&n'eneg!& -O/ N& L679> 662?28;;6> p2652

CO, d&"u(en's2
8-F documents are proposals for new legislation put forward by the 1uropean 8ommunity. !he final versions are only published after much discussion with interested parties 3 earlier drafts are not generally publicly available. Include the following information: !he last two digits of the year in round brackets !he serial number !he word %final& to indicate that it is in fact, the final version and not one of the earlier drafts. e.g. P!&p&sal &! a C&un"il di!e"'i$e &n uni &!( p!&"edu!es &! "he".s &n 'he '!ansp&!' & dange!&us g&&ds %y !&ad> CO, -;=5 ;@9> inal2

3e"&nda!y Legisla'i&n
Include the following information: Its institutional origin M 8ommission or 8ouncil. Its form 3 >egulation, Girective, Gecision. Its uni.ue number. Its year of enactment. Its institutional treaty under which it was made M 118$18, 18#8, 1uratom. !he date it was passed. -ptional information can include the title of the legislation and a reference to the issue of the -fficial Cournal of the 1uropean 8ommunities in which it was published.

>egulations are normally cited with the name of institutional treaty, followed by the legislation number and the year of enactment.

e2g2 8ouncil >egulations 4185 0o. 7+$)7 of D+ Gecember ())= on the 8ommunity trade mark A shorter version would be cited as follows: e2g2 C&un"il Regula'i&n <7:;<:EC Girectives and Gecisions are cited by the year of enactment, the legislation number and then the Institutional treaty. e2g2 C&un"il *i!e"'i$e ;7:=@9:EEC & 6A /une 8;;7 &n 'he !igh' & !esiden"e &! e(pl&yees and sel e(pl&yed pe!s&ns )h& ha$e "eased 'hei! &""upa'i&nal a"'i$i'y2 C&((issi&n *e"isi&n ;<:87:EC & 68 *e"e(%e! 8;;= &n a s'anda!d su((a!y &!( &! 'he n&'i i"a'i&n & a de"isi&n '& a)a!d 'he C&((uni'y e"&Bla%el2 #horter Iersions would be cited as follows: e2g2 C&un"il *i!e"'i$e ;7:=@9:EEC C&((issi&n *e"isi&n ;<:87:EC

O i"ial /&u!nal Re e!en"es

>eferences to the -fficial Cournal should include the following information:3 4(5 4D5 4=5 475 e2g2 O/ N&2 C=88> 8?2882;=> p2@ -C series issue number. date of issue. page number. ; 4;egislation5 8 48ommunications and Information5 # 4#upplement5

The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

Electronic Sources N&'e !emember that "nternet based material may only be available for a short time and hence may not be suitable for referencing "t is advisable to keep a personal copy as evidence that the information e#isted

C*BRO,s
!he citing of information from computer databases varies. If you have, for example, been using a 8G3>-F to obtain /ournal references you only need to cite the /ournal as your source of information, not the 8G3>-F. e.g. >oyal Institute of 9ritish Architects. 4())<5 Architecture and Gesign Illustrated. ;ondon, >I9A NFulti3media 8G3>-FO If the information you are using is only available as a computer database you should cite it as follows: e.g. Bray, C. F. E 8ourtenay, B. 4()<<5 outh cohort study Ncomputer fileO. 8olchester:1#>8 Gata Archive NdistributorO

Ci'ing 4RLs -4ni &!( Res&u!"e L&"a'&!:In'e!ne' Add!ess5 in a Bi%li&g!aphy2

!here are a number of approaches to citing work from the Internet. We have chosen a style which fits with the "arvard style in order to maintain consistency. !he following points should be noted: 9e consistent throughout. Fit with the "arvard style. 8ite enough information for the reader to locate the citation in the future. -ccasionally, the '>; for an electronic /ournal article may be excessively long as it will contain control codes. It is sufficient in such cases to /ust include enough of the '>; to identify the site from where the /ournal came. Fany Web documents do give an author. If the information is not explicit you may find it in the header of the "!F; encoded text 4although that may reflect who ?marked up@ the document, rather than who actually wrote it.5 ou can view the header by choosing the option to view document source 4a choice available from the view option in 0etscape.5 -therwise use the title as the main reference point as you would with any anonymous work.

If a document on the web is a series of linked pages M what is the title of the documentK Go you cite the main contents page, or a particular page you are .uoting fromK !his is a grey area. ou should cite the date the document was last updated if this is apparent, or the date when you accessed it if not.

In Internet addresses punctuation is important and the stops and commas in a bibliographic citation may confuse the reader; hence the common convention of using P and Q to delineate the start and end of an '>;.

Ele"'!&ni" /&u!nal A!'i"les

Include the following information. !he order should be:3 4(5 Author4s5$ 1ditor4s5. 4D5 ear. 4=5 !itle of Article. 475 !itle of Cournal, underlined or e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 4*5 Ntype of mediumO. 4,5 Gate of publication. 4H5 Iolume number 4issue number5, pagination or online e.uivalent. 4<5 Availability statement. 0ote general points about '>;s. 4)5 NGate of accession if necessaryO. e.g. #mith, C 4()),5 !ime to go home. Cournal of "yperactivity NInternetO (Dth -ctober, , 475, pp.(DD3=. Available from: Phttp:$$lmu.ac.ukQ NAccessed Cune ,th, ())HO e.g. Aorb, A.9. 4())*5 6ersons and things: book review of 9ringsford on >obot38onsciousness. 6sycolo.uy NInternetO , 4(*5. Available from: Phttp:$$wachau.ai.univie.ac$6sycolo.uy$)*.v,$+(,DQ NAccessed Cune (Hth,()),O

OnLine I(ages
Include the following information, in the following order:3 4(5 !itle of Image, or a description. 'nderlined or e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 4D5 ear. 4=5 N-n;ine imageO. 475 Available from P'>;Q. 0ote general points about '>;s. 4*5 Filename including extension. 4,5 NGate accessedO.

e.g. "ubble space telescope release in the #pace #huttle2s payload bay. 4())H5 Nonline imageO. Available from Phttp:$$explorer.arc.nasa.gov$pub$Q #6A81$BIF$s=(3+73+(*.gif, NAccessed , Culy ())HO

W&!ld Wide We% *&"u(en's

Include the following information, the order should be: 4(5 Author$1ditor. 4D5 ear. 4=5 !itle. 'nderlined or e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 475 NInternetO. 4*5 1dition. 4,5 6lace of publication: 4H5 6ublisher 4if ascertainable5. 4<5 Available from: P'>;Q. 0ote general points about '>;s. 4)5 NAccessed dateO. e.g. "olland, F. 4()),5 "arvard #ystem NInternetO 6oole, 9ournemouth 'niversity. Available from: Phttp:$$www.bournemouth.ac.uk$service3depts$lis$;I#R6ub$harvardsys.htmlQ NAccessed DD August, ())HO

E(ail *is"ussi&n Lis's

Include the following information and the order should be:3 Author$1ditor. ear. !itle of message. Giscussion list name and date of message, underlined, e(%&ldened or in italics 4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5 NmediumO M Internet discussion list. Available from: Pe3mail list addressQ Naccessed dateO. e.g. 9rack, 1.I. 4()),5 8omputing and short courses. ;is3linkD Fay ()), NInternet Giscussion listO. Available from: PmailbaseSmailbase.ac.ukQ NAccessed (* Apr ())HO

The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

Useful !ints and Common Con"entions 0-!1 'seful for researchers interpreting work produced by others M this is 0-! a part of the "arvard style of referencing. I%id2 4;atin5 is used as a ditto instead of repeating the previous reference. e.g. ;ashley,8. 4())*5 I(p!&$ing s'udy s.ills2 A "&(pe'en"e app!&a"h2 ;ondon, 8assell. Ibid. p.(** Ibid. p.(H+ Op2 Ci'2 4;atin5 is used after an author&s name to mean the same work as last cited for this author. e.g. 9ennett, 8. 4()),5 Resea!"hing in'& 'ea"hing (e'h&ds in "&lleges C uni$e!si'ies2 ;ondon, Aogan 6age. Fanger, C.C 4())*5. The essen'ial in'e!ne' in &!(a'i&n guide2 0ew ork, FcBraw "ill. 9ennett, 8. op. cit. p.(H*. E' al 4;atin5 commonly used as an abbreviation for ?and others@. e.g. 9ennett, " et al. 4())+5 ,anaging Edu"a'i&n. ;ondon, Falmer 6ress.

The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

Sample Bibliography 9ennett, "., Bunter, ". E >eid, #. 4()),5 !hrough a glass darkly: images of appraisal. Cournal of !eacher Gevelopment, * 4=5 -ctober, pp.=)37,. 8onference on 1conomic 8rime, Dnd. ()HH. ;ondon #chool of 1conomics E 6olitical #cience. 4()<+5 1conomic crime in 1urope ;eigh, ;.". ed. ;ondon, Facmillan. Fragile 1arth, *. 4()<D5 #outh American wetland: 6antanal. "enley on !hames, Watchword Iideo, Nvideo:I"#O "olland, F. 4()),5 "arvard system NInternetO 6oole, 9ournemouth 'niversity. Available from: Phttp:$$www.bournemouth.ac.uk$servicedepts$lis$;I#R6ub$harvardsys.htmlQ NAccessed DD August, ())H.O 0ow Ioyager 4()7D5 Girected by Irving >apper. 0ew ork,Warner NFilm:=*mmO. 6orter. F.A. 4())=5 !he modification of method in researching postgraduate education. In: 9urgess, >.B. ed. !he research process in educational settings: ten case studies. ;ondon, Falmer 6ress. #pence, 9. ed. 4())=5 #econdary school management in the ())+2s: challenge and change. Aspects of 1ducation #eries,7<. ;ondon, Independent 6ublishers. Whitehead, #.F. 4()),5 6ublic and private men: masculinities at work in education management. 6h.G. thesis, ;eeds Fetropolitan 'niversity. World in Action. 4())*5 All work and no play. ;ondon: I!I, D(st Canuary, Nvideo:I"#O 0-!1 In order to maintain consistency in your bibliography you should only use the initial letters of the writer2s forename4s5, even when you have more information. In some cases you may feel that this hides the gender balance of the research base; in such cases it is possible to refer to the writer2s full name in the main text.

I0F->FA8I-0 !-FAGA G1 Nwww.lmu.ac.uk$lss$ls$docs$Ha!$a!d$Ha!$a!d.htmO, el D, de /unio de D++D