CHAPTER 4: HEAT
4.1 : UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
• Explain thermal equilibrium Thermal equilibrium
:Keseimbangan terma
• Explain how a liquid-in glass thermometer works
A B
Equivalent to Equivalent to
Hot Cold
object object
1. The net heat will flow from A to B until the temperature of A is the ( same, zero as the
temperature of B. In this situation, the two bodies are said to have reached thermal
equilibrium.
2. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is
(zero, equal)
3. There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium. Two objects
in thermal equilibrium have the ……………… temperature.
4. The liquid used in glass thermometer should
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(a) Be easily seen
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(b) Expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature
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(c) Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube
5. List the characteristic of mercury
(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………..
Opaque liquid
(b) …………………………………………………………………………………….
Does not stick to the glass
(c) …………………………………………………………………………………….
Expands uniformly when heated
(d) …………………………………………………………………………………….
Freezing point -390C
(e) …………………………………………………………………………………….
Boiling point 3570C
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6. ( Heat, Temperature ) is a form of energy. It flows from a hot body to a cold body.
7. The SI unit for ( heat , temperature) is Joule, J.
8. ( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body
9. The SI unit for (heat , temperature) is Kelvin, K.
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10. Lower fixed point (l 0 )/ ice point : the temperature of pure melting ice/00C
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11. Upper fixed point( l 100)/steam point: the temperature of steam from water that is boiling
under standard atmospheric pressure /1000C
l - l
Temperature, θ = θ 0 x 1000C
l100 - l0
l0 : length of mercury at ice point
l100 : length of mercury at steam point
lθ : length of mercury at θ point
Exercise 4.1
Section A: Choose the best answer
1. The figure shows two metal blocks. B. It warms the water of the tea
Which the following statement is false? C. It turns into heat energy and
disappears.
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2. The length of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are 65.0 cm
and 5.0cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid Q, the length of the
mercury column is 27.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid Q?
Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
θ = 27 – 5 x 1000C
65 - 5
θ = 36.670C
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3. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 28.0 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker
of water, the length of mercury column is 24.5cm above the lower fixed point. What is the
temperature of the water?
4. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 25 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker of
water, the length of mercury column is 16cm above the lower fixed point. What is the
temperature of the water? What is the length of mercury column from the bulb at
temperatures i) 300C
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(c) If the measurement length of the liquid inside the straw at the temperature of the lower
fixed point and the upper fixed point are 5cm and 16 cm respectively, find the length of
the liquid at 82.50C.
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(e) What kind of action should he take if he wants to increase the sensitivity of his
thermometer?
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2. What do you mean by heat and temperature?
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1. The ……………….. of a body is the …………………….. that must be supplied to the body
to increase its temperature by 10C.
2. The heat capacity of an object depends on the
(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
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5. High specific heat capacity absorb a large amount of heat with only a ……………
temperature increase such as plastics.
6. Conversion of energy
Heater
Electrical energy
…………energy Heat energy
Power = P Pt = mcθ
………. …………….
increase in increase in
temperature temperature
Equal rate of
heat supplied
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Exercise 4.2
SECTION A : Choose the best answer
1. The change in the temperature of an 3. Heat energy is supplied at the same rate
object does not depend on to 250g of water and 250g of ethanol.
A. the mass of the object The temperature of the ethanol rises
B. the type of substance the object is faster. This is because the ethanol..
made of A. is denser than water
C. the shape of the object B. is less dense than water
D. the quantity of heat received C. has a larger specific heat capacity
than water
D. has a smaller specific heat capacity
than water
2. Which of the following defines the
specific heat capacity of a substance 4. In the experiment to determine the
correctly? specific heat capacity of a metal block,
A. The amount of heat energy required some oil is poured into the hole
to raise the temperature of 1kg of the containing thermometer. Why is this
substance done?
B. The amount of heat energy required A. To ensure a better conduction of heat
to raise 1kg of the substance by 10C. B. To reduce the consumption of
C. The amount of heat energy required electrical energy
to change 1kg of the substance from C. To ensure the thermometer is in an
the solid state to the liquid state. upright position.
D. To reduce the friction between the
thermometer and the wall of the
block.
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1. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a 4kg iron bar from 320C to
520C? (Specific heat capacity of iron = 452 Jkg-1 0C-1).
2. Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 0.8 kg of copper from 350C
to 600C. (Specific heat capacity of copper = 400 J kg-1 C-1).
3. Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2.5 kg of water from 32 0C
to 820C. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 C-1).
4. 750g block of a aluminium at 1200C is cooled until 450C. Find the amount of heat is
released. . (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg-1 C-1).
5. 0.2 kg of water at 700C is mixed with 0.6 kg of water at 300C. Assuming that no heat is lost,
find the final temperature of the mixture. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 C-1)
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1. In figure below, block A of mass 5kg at temperature 1000C is in contact with another block B
of mass 2.25kg at temperature 200C.
5kg
2.25kg
A
B
1000C 200C
(c) Suggest one method to reduce the energy loss to the surroundings.
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Gas
Boiling
Latent heat …………. Condensation
Latent heat …………
Solidification
Solid Latent heat ………… Liquid
2. The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of
phase is known as latent heat. Q= ml
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Temperature
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Time
(b) Boiling
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Temperature
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Time
(c) Solidification
Temperature ………………………………………
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Time ……………………………………….
(d) Condensation
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Temperature
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Time
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ice water
gas
water
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(f) Steaming Food
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(g) Killing of Germs and Bacteria
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EXERCISE 4.3
Section A:
1. The graph in figure below shows how section of the graph would the wax be a
the temperature of some wax changes as mixture of solid and liquid?
it cools from liquid to solid. Which
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3. 300 g of water at 400C is mixed with x g of water at 800C. The final temperature of the
mixture is 700C. Find the value of x
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4. Calculate the amount of heat released when 2 kg of ice at 00C is changed into water at 00C.
5. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 3 kg of ice at 00C to water at 300C.
6. Find the amount of heat needed to convert 0.5 kg of ice at —150C into steam at 1000C
7. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 100 g of ice at 00C into steam at 1000C.
8. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2300 kJ kg-1. How much heat will be
absorbed when 3.2 kg of water is boiled off at its boiling point.
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Temperature,T
• K (Kelvin)
Pressure,P
• Pa(Pascal)
Pα1
V
That is PV = constant Small volume
molecules hit wall
Or P V = P V more often, greater
1 1 2 2
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0 V 0 1/V
3. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 m deep is 250cm 3. If the atmospheric
pressure is 10m of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface of the
sea.
P2= 10m
PI=50m + 10m
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V1=250cm3
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VαT
that is V = constant
T
Higher temperature,
Relationship between faster molecules,
volume and temperature larger volume to keep
the pressure constant
Lower temperature
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Unknown point
PαT
That is P = constant
Higher temperature
T
molecules move
faster, greater
pressure
Relationship between pressure
and temperature
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2. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 in deep is 200 cm3. If the atmospheric
pressure is 10 in of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface of
the sea.
3. The volume of an air bubble is 5 mm3 when it is at a depth of h in below the water surface.
Given that its volume is 15 mm3 when it is at a depth of 2 in, find the value of h.
(Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water)
4. An air bubble has a volume of V cm3 when it is released at a depth of 45m from the water
surface. Find its volume (V) when it reaches the water surface. (Atmospheric pressure = 10
m of water)
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5. A gas of volume 20m3 at 370C is heated until its temperature becomes 870C at constant
pressure. What is the increase in volume?
6. The air pressure in a container at 330C is 1.4 X 1O5 N m2. The container is heated until the
temperature is 550C. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the container is fixed?
7. The volume of a gas is 1 cm3 at 150C. The gas is heated at fixed pressure until the volume
becomes triple the initial volume. Calculate the final temperature of the gas.
8. An enclosed container contains a fixed mass of gas at 250C and at the atmospheric pressure.
The container is heated and temperature of the gas increases to 980C. Find the new pressure
of the gas if the volume of the container is constant.(Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 X 105N
rn2)
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9. The pressure of a gas decreases from 1.2 x 105 Pa to 9 x 105 Pa at 400C. If the volume of the
gas is constant, find the initial temperature of the gas.
PART A: CHAPTER 4
1. A 5kg iron sphere of temperature 500C is E. The copper sphere will have a
put in contact with a 1kg copper sphere temperature of 500C.
of temperature 273K and they are put F. Both the sphere have the same
inside an insulated box. Which of the temperature.
following statements is correct when G. The temperature of the iron
they reach thermal equilibrium? sphere will be lower than 500C
D. A iron sphere will have a
temperature of 273K 2. In the process to transfer heat from one
object to another object, which of the
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PART B;
1. A research student wishes to carry out an investigation on the temperature change of the
substance in the temperature range -500C to 500C. The instrument used to measure the
temperature is a liquid in glass thermometer.
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Thermometer A B C D
Liquid Mercury Mercury Alcohol Alcohol
Freezing point of liquid (0C) -39 -39 -112 -112
Boiling point of liquid (0C) 360 360 360 360
Diameter of capillary tube Large Small Large Small
Cross section
Table 1
(a) (i) State the principle used in a liquid- in –glass thermometer.(1m)
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(ii) Briefly explain the principle stated in (a)(i) (3m)
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(b) Table 1 shows the characteristic of 4 types of thermometer: A,B C and D. On the basis
of the information given in Table 1, explain the characteristics of, and suggest a suitable
thermometer for the experiment.(5 m)
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(c) The length of the mercury column in uncalibrated thermometer is 6.0cm and 18.5 cm at
00C and 1000C. respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid, the length of
the mercury column is 14.0cm
(i) Calculate the temperature of the liquid
(ii) State two thermometric properties which can be used to calibrate a thermometer. (6m)
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2. A metal block P of mass 500 g is heated is boiling water at a temperature of 1000C. Block P
is then transferred into the water at a temperature of 300C in a polystyrene cup. The mass of
water in the polystyrene cup is 250 g. After 2 minutes, the water temperature rises to 420C.
Figure 2
Assuming that the heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup and heat loss to the
surroundings are negligible.{Specific heat capacity of water 4 200 j kg-1 C-1)
Calculate
(a) the quantity of heat gained by water the polystyrene cup
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(a) State the energy change each time the tube is inverted.
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(b) What is the average distance taken by the lead shot each time the tube is inverted?
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(c) Calculate the time taken by the lead shot to fall from the top to the bottom of the tube.
(d) After inverting the tube 100 times, the temperature of the lead shot is found to have
increased by 30C.
i. Calculate the work done on the lead shot.
PART C: EXPERIMENT
1. Before travelling on a long journey, Luqman measured the air pressure the tyre of his car as
shown in Figure (a) He found that the air pressure of the tyre was 200 kPa. After the journey,
Luqman measured again the air pressure of the tyre as shown in Figure (b) He found that the
air pressure had increase to 245 kPa. Luqman also found that the tyre was hotter after the
journey although the size of the tyre did not change.
Using the information provided by Luqman and his observations on air pressure in the
tyre of his car:
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Figure (a) Figure (b)
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