Harmonic Analysis

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Types of Power Quality Problems

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 2

Waveform Distortion
Primary Types of Waveform Distortion
DC Offset

Harmonics
Interharmonics

Notching
Noise

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 3

Harmonics
One special category of power quality problems
Harmonics are voltages and/or currents present in an electrical system at some multiple of the fundamental frequency. (IEEE Std 399, Brown Book)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 4

Nonlinear Loads
Sinusoidal voltage applied to a simple nonlinear resistor
Increasing the voltage by a few percent may cause current to double

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 5

Fourier Representation
Any periodic waveform can be expressed as a sum of sinusoids
The sum of the sinusoids is referred to as Fourier Series (6-pulse)
I ac 2 3 I d (cos t
h

1 cos3 t 5 )

1 1 1 cos7 t cos11 t cos13 t 7 11 13

I h cos(h t
h 1

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 6

Harmonic Sources
Utilities (Power Grid)
Known as Background Harmonic

Pollution from other irresponsible customers

SVC, HVDC, FACTS,

Usually a voltage source

Synchronous Generators
Due to Pitch (can be eliminated by fractionalpitch winding) and Saturation
Usually a voltage source
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 7

Harmonic Sources (contd)

Transformers
Due to magnetizing branch saturation Only at lightly loaded condition Usually a current source

Power Electronic Devices

Charger, Converter, Inverter, UPS, VFD, SVC, HVDC, FACTS,

Due to switching actions

Either a voltage source or a current source

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 8

Harmonic Sources (contd)

Other Non-Linear Loads
Arc furnaces, discharge lighting,

Due to unstable and non-linear process

Either a voltage source or a current source

In general, any load that is applied to a power system that requires other than a sinusoidal current

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 9

Harmonic I and V

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 10

Classification of Harmonics
Harmonics may be classified as:
Characteristic Harmonics
Generally produced by power converters

Non-Characteristic Harmonics
Typically produced by arc furnaces and discharge lighting (from non-periodical waveforms)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 11

Phase Angle Relationship

Fundamental Frequency

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 12

Phase Angle Relationship

Third Order

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 13

Phase Angle Relationship

Fifth Order

Seventh Order

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 14

Order vs. Sequence

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 15

Characteristic Harmonics

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 16

Characteristic Harmonics (contd)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 17

Harmonic Spectrum

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 18

Harmonic-Related Problems
Motors and Generators
Increased heating due to iron and copper losses Reduced efficiency and torque

Higher audible noise

Cogging or crawling Mechanical oscillations
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 19

Harmonic-Related Problems (contd)

Transformers
Parasitic heating
Increased copper, stray flux and iron losses

Capacitors (var compensators)

Possibility of system resonance Increased heating and voltage stress Shortened capacitor life
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 20

Harmonic-Related Problems (contd)

Power Cables
Involved in system resonance Voltage stress and corona leading to dielectric failure Heating and derating

Neutrals of four-wire systems (480/277V; 120/208V)

Overheating

Fuses
Blowing
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 21

Harmonic-Related Problems (contd)

Switchgears
Increased heating and losses Reduced steady-state current carrying capability Shortened insulation components life Relays Possibility of misoperation Metering Affected readings
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 22

Harmonic-Related Problems (contd)

Communication Systems
Interference by higher frequency electromagnetic field

Electronic Equipment (computers, PLC)

Misoperation

System
Resonance (serial and parallel) Poor power factor
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 23

Parallel Resonance
Total impedance at resonance frequency increases High circulating current will flow in the capacitance-inductance loop

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 24

Parallel Resonance

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 25

Capacitor Banks

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 26

Capacitor Banks

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 27

Capacitor Banks

Say, Seventh Harmonic Current = 5% of 1100A = 55 A

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 28

Capacitor Banks

Resistance = 1% including cable and transformer CAF = X/R = 7*0.0069/0.0012 =40.25 Resonant Current = 55*40.25 = 2214 A
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 29

Parallel Resonance (contd)

Cause: Source inductance resonates with capacitor bank at a frequency excited by the facilities harmonic sources

Impacts: 1. Excessive capacitor fuse operation 2. Capacitor failures 3. Incorrect relay tripping 4. Telephone interference 5. Overheating of equipment
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 30

Harmonic Distortion Measurements

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Also known as Harmonic Distortion Factor (HDF), is the most popular index to measure the level of harmonic distortion to voltage and current Ratio of the RMS of all harmonics to the fundamental component For an ideal system THD = 0%

Potential heating value of the harmonics relative to the fundamental

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 31

Harmonic Distortion Measurements (contd)

Good indicator of additional losses due to current flowing through a conductor Not a good indicator of voltage stress in a capacitor (related to peak value of voltage waveform, not its heating value)
Fi 2 THD
2

F1

Where Fi is the amplitude of the ith harmonic, and F1 is that for the fundamental component.
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 32

Harmonic Distortion Example

Find THD for this waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 33

Harmonic Example
Find THD for this Harmonic Spectrum

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 34

Adjustable Speed Drive Current Distortion

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 35

Adjustable Speed Drive Voltage Distortion

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 36

Harmonic Distortion Measurements (contd)

Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD)
- Ratio of a given harmonic to fundamental - To track magnitude of individual harmonic
IHD Fi F1

Root Mean Square (RMS) - Total

- Root Mean Square of fundamental plus all harmonics - Equal to fundamental RMS if Harmonics are zero
RMS
1
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 37

Fi 2

Harmonic Distortion Measurements (contd)

Arithmetic Summation (ASUM)
Arithmetic summation of magnitudes of all components (fundamental and all harmonics) Directly adds magnitudes of all components to estimate crest value of voltage and current Evaluation of the maximum withstanding ratings of a device
ASUM
1

Fi

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 38

Harmonic Distortion Measurements (contd)

Telephone Influence Factor (TIF)
Weighted THD Weights based on interference to an audio signal in the same frequency range

Current TIF shows impact on adjacent communication systems

2

Wi Fi TIF
1 2

Fi
1
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 39

Harmonic Distortion Measurements (contd)

I*T Product (I*T)
A product current components (fundamental

and harmonics) and weighting factors

H

I T
h 1

( I h Th )2

where Ih = current component Th= weighting factor h = harmonic order (h=1 for fundamental) H = maximum harmonic order to account
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 40

Triplen Harmonics
Odd multiples of the third harmonic (h = 3, 9, 15, 21, ) Important issue for grounded-wye systems with neutral current
Overloading and TIF problems Misoperation of devices due to presence of harmonics on the neutral

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 41

Triplen Harmonics

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 42

Winding Connections
Delta winding provides ampere turn balance
Triplen Harmonics cannot flow When currents are balanced Triplens behave as Zero Sequence currents Used in Utility Distribution Substations Delta winding connected to Transmission

Balanced Triplens can flow

Present in equal proportions on both sides Many loads are served in this fashion

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 43

Implications
Neutral connections are susceptible to overheating when serving single-phase loads on the Y side that have high 3rd Harmonic Measuring current on delta side will not show the triplens and therefore do not give a true idea of the heating the transformer is subjected to The flow of triplens can be interrupted by appropriate isolation transformer connection
Removing the neutral connection in one or both Y windings blocks the flow of Triplen harmonic current Three legged core transformers behave as if they have a phantom delta tertiary winding
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 44

Modeling in Harmonic Analysis

Motors and Machines
Represented by their equivalent negative sequence reactance

Lines and Cables

Series impedance for low frequencies

Long line correction including transposition and distributed capacitance

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 45

Modeling in Harmonic Analysis (contd)

Transformers
Leakage impedance
Magnetizing impedance

Loads
Static loads reduce peak resonant impedance Motor loads shift resonant frequency due to motor inductance
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 46

Reducing System Harmonics

Add Passive Filters
Shunt or Single Tuned Filters Broadband Filters or Band Pass Filters Provide low impedance path for harmonic current Least expensive

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 47

Reducing System Harmonics (contd)

Increase Pulse Numbers
Increasing pulse number of convert circuits
Limited by practical control problems

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 48

Reducing System Harmonics (contd)

Apply Transformer Phase Shifting
Using Phase Shifting Transformers Achieve higher pulse operation of the total converter installation

In ETAP
Phase shift is specified in the tab page of the transformer editor

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 49

Reducing System Harmonics (contd)

Either standard phase shift or special phase shift can be used

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 50

Reducing System Harmonics (contd)

Add Active Filters
Instantly adapts to changing source and load conditions Costly
MVA Limitation

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 51

Voltage Distortion Limits

Recommended Practices for Utilities (IEEE 519): Bus Voltage Individual Total Voltage
At PCC 69 kV and below 69.001 kV through 161kV 161.001 and above Distortion (%) 3.0 1.5 1.0 Distortion THD (%) 5.0 2.5 1.5

In ETAP:
Specify Harmonic Distortion Limits in Harmonic Page of Bus Editor:

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 52

Current Distortion Limits

Recommended Practices for General Distribution Systems (IEEE 519):

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Harmonics

Slide 53