ISSN 0967-0912, Steel in Translation, 2008, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 293301. Allerton Press, Inc., 2008.

. Original Russian Text A.A. Butkarev, 2008, published in Stal, 2008, No. 4, pp. 29.

A Methodology for Integrated Study and Optimization of the Heating Systems in Conveyer Roasting Machines
A. A. Butkarev
OAO VNIIMT DOI: 10.3103/S0967091208040086

In pellet production, it is possible to signicantly improve the performance of the equipment and to eliminate ineffective approaches by means of a new methodology for the integrated investigation and optimization of the heating parameters in the conveyer roasting of iron-ore pellets. This methodology includes analysis of the heating equipment and an optimization criterion based on a systems approach; integrated methods of investigating individual system components and the technology as a whole; improved mathematical models; the formulation and solution of optimization problems; and engineering principles for an automatic control system based on up-to-date information technology. The performance of roasting machines is improved by modifying the heating systems, which make the main contribution to the economics of production. In particular, the productivity is improved, and the fuel and power consumption is reduced, with specied pellet quality. The overall (global) optimization criterion is maximization of the economic benet E = Epr + Efu + Epo max,
Economic effect E = Epr + Efu + Epo max

where Epr, Efu, and Epo are the economic effects of increasing the productivity, reducing fuel consumption, and reducing power consumption, respectively. Calculation of the economic effect by the standard method, using the actual initial data, shows that, if all the characteristics are improved by the same proportion, the greatest contribution to the optimization criterion in nancial terms (up to 70%) is due to increase in roasting-machine productivity. If we resolve the optimization criterion into its components (Fig. 1), technological analysis indicates that the economic benet is determined by the following factors: 1) the basic design components; 2) the heating parameters of the pellet bed; 3) the structure of the heating-system components. The structure and performance of the roasting machines are also determined by the initial characteristics of the ore, the requirements on product quality, and the efciency of the automatic control system. In view of the complexity of the system, stage-bystage optimization is employed. In the rst stage, the basic design components of the system (the design choices determining the structure of the system) are investigated and optimized, including the organization

Productivity of unit max

Fuel consumption min

Power consumption min Characteristics of the incoming ore and product quality

1. Basic design elements

2. Heating parameters of pellet bed

3. Structure of heating-system components

Fig. 1. Analysis of the basic optimization criterion.

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Table 1. Inuence of the basic design elements on roasting-machine performance Inuence on* Design elements Organization of drying zone: reversible drying (heat-carrier injection/suction) drying with heat-carrier suction drying with suction, layer-by-layer pellet charging, and intermediate drying of individual layers System recirculating heat from cooling zone to heating zones: fan system with dilution of heat carrier system with ow line (fanless system) system with two or more ow lines (fanless system) Hearth-heating system: with two-ow turbulent burners (with forced oxidant supply) with injection burners (with oxidant ejection) Organization of cooling process: reversible cooling cooling in special coolant cooling by cold (atmospheric) air combined cooling (hot and atmospheric air) productivity fuel consumption + + power consumption + + E = Epr + Efu + Epo

No data No data No data + +

+ ? + +

+ No data + +

+ ? + +

* The notation employed is as follows: (+) the design element improves the performance; () the design element must be rened, on the basis of existing and new methods.

of the gas uxes in the pellet-drying and cooling zones, the design of the heating system in the hearth, and the recirculation of heat from the departing gases to the heating zone. In the second stage, the design and operational parameters of pellet-bed heating are optimized over the technological zones [1]. The third stage includes optimization of individual elements of the heating system on the basis of additional and systematized design principles, so as to increase the roastingmachine productivity, reduce the fuel and power consumption, and reduce environmental impact. This stage also permits well-founded analysis of scope for improvement and the development of optimal systems. Optimization of roasting-machine operation by control-system design on the basis of mathematical models and algorithms for parameter identication and optimization of the technological process proves effective, as shown by research [2, pp. 9196, 97101, 102107] and conrmed in practice [3, 4]. It is possible to reduce fuel consumption (by 9.57%) and power consumption (by 7.9%) and to increase system productivity (by 4.35%) [4]. We will now consider the proposed methodology in more detail. In the rst stage, we consider the results of analysis and optimization of the basic structural components of the roasting machines heating system (Table 1).

Possible drying systems are analyzed on the basis of practical experience and literature data: a reversible system with coolant injection in the rst section and suction in subsequent sections [5]; a system with coolant suction [5]; and a system with suction, layer-bylayer charging of the pellets, and intermediate drying of the individual layers [6]. Analysis of the use of such drying systems shows that the reversible system is best. It reduces the harmful inuence of the wet zones forming in the upper sections at a distance of 120140 mm from the entry of the heat-carrier gas in the bed and subsequent shrinkage of the bed (loss of granules). For a system with heat-carrier suction, the wetting zone is formed in the lower sections, and shrinkage is intensied by the gravitational force of the pellet bed and the rarefaction in the gasair chambers; this impairs gas ltration and reduces the productivity of the roasting machine [5]. Analogous behavior may be expected in drying with suction, layer-by-layer pellet charging, and intermediate drying of individual layers [6]. Therefore, despite some benets of systems with heat-carrier suction (less heat and power consumption in drying), this approach cannot be recommended on account of the signicant reduction in roasting-machine productivity. Moreover, the performance of the reversible system may be improved by rational choice of the design and operational parameters of the section with injection and suction.
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In investigating various systems for recirculating heat from the cooling zone to the heating zones, including those with and without fans, it is found that fanless systems are best in terms of fuel and power economy. In investigating single- and multiple-ux direct-ow systems, the fuel economy is found to depend on a dimensionless characteristic, i.e., the ratio of the heat consumption required to heat the pellet bed (Qh) and the heat stored by the pellets sent for cooling (Qco); the results for different number of uxes may be compared with an ideal ow system, for which the number of uxes n . This dependence is extremal. The use of a fanless system with two (or more) uxes may only be expedient in the production of pellets from batch with moderate heat expenditure in heating (unuxed pellets of magnetite concentrates or pellets with additions of solid fuel). However, the choice of circulation system must be made separately in each specic case, taking account of all the determining factors, including the temperature conditions of heat treatment and the greater heat losses to the environment through the external surface of the ow line, which increases with increase in the number of uxes. The basic principles in selective shaping of the uxes within the cooling zone and their selective delivery to the heating zone so as to minimize fuel consumption have been established, and the batch from most pelletization plants within the Commonwealth of Independent States has been classied [7]. Investigation of the hearth heating system shows that the use of burners with oxidant ejection (injection burners), instead of burners with forced oxidant supply (such as two-line burners), permits increase in the proportion of high-temperature (8001000C) heat carrier sent directly from the cooling zone to the heating zone and, consequently, increase in the oxidative potential of the heat carrier and the degree of pellet oxidation. The natural-gas consumption is reduced here by 23 m3/t or more; pellet quality is improved [8]; roasting-machine productivity is increased (with the existing pellet quality); and power consumption is reduced. Thus, the use of injection burners improves all the characteristics here considered and is recommended for any circumstances. Consider the efciency of injection burners (designed by OAO VNIIMT) for the production of oxidized blast-furnace pellets at Lebedinsk enrichment facility, where the heat carrier in the heating and roasting zones is formed by burning natural gas in a primary air ux: combustion at 250300C, with an air/gas ratio of (1012) : 1. (Air at 850950C from cooling section 1 is used for dilution.) The primary air employed in the injection burners, is taken from the atmosphere (20C), from cooling section 2, or from gas leaving the gasair chambers of the roasting and regeneration zones (250 300C); the primary air/gas ratio is (1.52.0) : 1. The savings of natural gas here may reach 3.53 m3/t of pelSTEEL IN TRANSLATION Vol. 38 No. 4 2008

lets (with a primary-air temperature of 275C and a 1.5 : 1 ratio of primary air and natural gas). Sending the heat carrier back to the cooling zone with identical mean temperature in unloading impairs the performance and leads to undesirable phenomena [9]: the productivity of the cooling zone and the temperature potential of the air from this zone are reduced. As a result, the direction of the ow is reversed and atmospheric air is sucked in, with consequent increase in fuel consumption, air consumption in cooling, and power consumption. Therefore, the reversible cooling system cannot be recommended. Cooling of the pellets beyond the machine in special equipment (as at Kachkanar enrichment facility) has similar undesirable consequences. In investigating the efciency of pellet cooling by hot air in the rst stage, it is found that, other conditions being equal, the supply of hot gas in the initial stages of the cooling zone, for subsequent utilization of the waste-gas heat in the heating zones, leads to considerable decrease in productivity of the cooling zone and considerable increase in power consumption in heatcarrier ltration [1012]. At present, the reduced fuel consumption in this method is far outweighed by the increased power consumption, on account of the need for higher output. Cooling with hot air also increases the environmental impact in the working areas of the roasting machines, on account of the emission of up to 30% of the dusty gas at 300C through the seals of the gasair chambers [10]. Therefore, the system with hotair cooling in the rst section is not optimal and is not recommended. The results of generating designs for modernization of the OK-306 roasting machines at Lebedinsk enrichment facility, producing blast-furnace pellets [10] and pellets for reduction [12], show that eliminating hot air from the cooling process and redistributing the working zones increases the roasting-machine productivity by 5.511% and reduces power consumption by 3.1 2.06 kW h/t; in nancial terms, this considerably outweighs the increased fuel consumption (0.27 0.83 m3/t). Thus, known approaches and components employed in developing roasting-machine heating systems may be classied in terms of efciency as follows (Table 1). 1. Approaches that may be used in any case: reversible drying (injection/suction); a direct single-ow system; injection burners; a nonreversible cooling system based on cold (atmospheric) air. Note that the expediency of these approaches is practically independent of the requirements on pellet quality and the ore characteristics. No special justication for these methods is required; they have been thoroughly investigated and veried in practice. They are optimal and expedient for all practical applications, with any heating system. 2. Approaches whose use in each instance must be justied by the methods here proposed: for instance,

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direct two- and multiple-ow systems [7]. In current market conditions, taking account of the results in [10 13], pellet cooling in the rst stage by hot air must be regarded as ineffective, since it reduces the productivity of the cooling zone and the machine as a whole, as well as other disadvantages. 3. Approaches that are not recommended: drying of the pellet bed with heat-carrier suction; layer-by-layer pellet charging, with intermediate drying and heat-carrier suction; a fan-driven ow system, with dilution of the heat carrier; two-line burners; and reversing of the heat carrier in cooling or cooling in special equipment. In the second stage, the heating parameters of the pellet bed are optimized over the technological zones, including optimization of the pressure (rarefaction) in the gasair chambers; optimization of the heat-carrier (coolant) temperature on entering the bed; optimization of the temperature of the air for combustion and dilution and the corresponding ow rates; optimization of the distribution of the useful area of the machine over the working zones; and optimization of the height of the raw-pellet bed, the bottom and side layers, the pellet diameter in the bed and the bottom layer, and the porosity of the bed and the bottom layer. The formulation of the problem in the second stage, the procedures employed, and the results of investigation and optimization were outlined in detail in [1]. In the third stage, the implementation of the elements in the heating system is optimized on the basis of auxiliary, generalized, and systematized design principles. Principles for reducing power consumption (more than 40) may be found in [13]. The most important include maximizing the operational efciency of the draft units; reducing the quantity of heat carrier moved by the draft units; reducing the unorganized heat-carrier inleakage (injection); reducing the aerodynamic drag of the raw-pellet bed, the bottom layer, the gratings, and the channels; and reducing the drag of the gas-purication system by using electrolters or by eliminating the lters from the internal gas uxes on account of the use of draft units that are resistant to abrasive wear (with protection of the rotor). Of particular interest is principle 10: maximizing the quantity of heat-carrier gas sent directly (without additional draft units) from one lowpressure zone to another (for example, the hearth) [13]. Principle 11 is also important. The pressure difference created by the draft must be sent to the point where it is required; i.e., it is necessary to eliminate heat-carrier supply to, or suction from, the low- and high-pressure zones of the same draft unit. Heat-carrier supply by one draft unit simultaneously to sections of the heating system at different pressure is not optimal, on account of the need for chokes. Therefore, the following measures are required in terms of power conservation: gas ows from the hearth and aspirational discharges should not be connected to high-pressure draft units sucking gases from the gasair chambers;

a single draft unit should not be used for simultaneous supply of gas uxes to (or suction of gas uxes from) the hearth and a gasair chamber (principle 11.2); in organizing and regulating the required ow from some sections of the system to others, the regulating aerodynamic drag must be a minimum; the pressure difference must also be minimal and sufcient to ensure the required ow; in transferring heat carrier from hearth to the gasair chamber (or from the gasair chamber to the hearth), if no other method of regulating the supply (evacuation) of the gas uxes is possible, the regulating choke for the suction (discharge) must be installed on the side with the pressure of lowest absolute value. The principles for reducing fuel consumption are as follows: to mix the hot heat-carrier, where necessary, only with hot heat carrier; not to dilute high-temperature heat carrier with lowtemperature heat carrier; to cool the pellets more profoundly; to minimize (and, where possible, eliminate) heat treatment of the pellet bed by reversing the gas ows, since this reduces the temperature potential of the ows used in the technology and they will be wasted; to minimize the heat losses with the departing gases (purged gases, gas discharge); to reduce the temperature of the waste gases; to operate at the maximum possible (in technological terms) temperatures in the technological zones with fuel combustion; to reduce losses to the atmosphere by heat insulation of the gas lines and by reducing their length and heattransfer surface. Note that the losses will be less in transportation of the gas ux in a single pipe than in two or more pipes; to increase the heat-transfer surface to the bed from the roasting cars by enlarging the bed or reducing the pellet diameter; to install barriers in the hearth so as to prevent uxes between different zones or sections; to optimize the heating conditions in the roasting machines: in particular, stabilization of the load over the raw pellets; optimization of the fuel distribution over the burners; activation and stabilization of hightemperature ows from the cooling zone to the heating zone; elimination of the asymmetry of opposing burners on the right and left sides of the hearth; and automatic regulation of the end of pellet heat treatment in the roasting, recuperation, and cooling zones. The principles for increasing the productivity are as follows: to increase the gas permeability of the bed and the quantity of heat carrier drawn through the bed;
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to optimize the bed height and the ratio of areas of the technological zones; to increase the area of the machine; to reduce the power consumption by reducing the aerodynamic drag for all the elements in the system, i.e., to make optimal use of the draft-unit power; to increase the total power of the draft units. The principles for reducing the environmental impact are as follows: to reduce fuel and power consumption in unit production; to minimize the supply of exhaust gases to the blast chambers and, where necessary, to ensure aspiration of the emissions; to organize aspiration and wetting for dust control in loading ore on the conveyer; to remove oxides of sulfur and nitrogen and other toxic components from the gas emissions; to burn the fuel with minimum production of nitrogen oxides NOxfor example, by means of ballasting, by selecting the degree of swirling of the gasair mixture in the burner, or by two-stage combustion with appropriate choice of the consumption (excess) coefcients of air for combustion and dilution; to minimize the supply of dusty sulfur-bearing gases from the roasting and recuperation zones under pressure to the drying section, and to eliminate their supply to the cooling section; to reduce the gas emissions to the atmosphere, which increases the concentration of toxic components and improves purication; to ensure selective evacuation of gas with a high content of sulfur and nitrogen oxides and purication of such gas prior to discharge; to ensure that uxes with high and low toxic contents are not mixed prior to gas purication and to avoid the intake of atmospheric air, where possible, so as to prevent overheating of the draft unit; to improve the quality of the raw pellets supplied to the roasting machine, by eliminating nes (<5 mm) and large pellets (>18 mm) and increasing the strength of the raw pellets; to ensure high quality of the bottom and side layers, which should not contain nes (dust). As an illustration, consider some familiar heating systems (Fig. 2). In 1962, Dravo proposed a system in which cooling by hot air is used in the initial sections of the cooling zone (Fig. 2a) [14]. The main deciencies of this system are as follows: cooling by hot air; supply of heat carrier to zones of high pressure 2 and low pressure (the hearths) 3, 4 by a single draft unit 1. Benets of this system include the presence of regulating chokes 5, which permit more effective (in terms of power consumption) regulation of the pressure and rarefaction ratio in the gasair chambers 6, 7.
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(a)
1 3 4 5 6 2

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Fig. 2. Known heating systems for roasting machines.

In 1970, the system in Fig. 2b was proposed [6]. Its deciencies include multilayer (say, two-layer) packing of pellets on the conveyer belt, with intermediate drying of the individual layers by heat-carrier suction; and the use of fan-driven heat-carrier supply from the hearth of the cooling section to the hearths of the heating sections.

298 (a)
D1
GP

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D2

GP

D4 Ch2 D1

D5

(b)
D1
GP

D3

Ch1

D2

@ GP

D4

D5 @

(c)
@ D1
GP

Ch1

@ D2

GP

Ch2

D4

D5

(d)
D1
GP

Ch1

D2

GP

Ch2

D4

D5

(e)
D1
GP

D2

GP

D6 Ch1 D4

D5

(f)
D1
GP

In 1985, LKAB proposed multiow selective gas extraction from the cooling zone to the heating zones (Fig. 2c) [15]. Deciencies of this system include drying with heat-carrier suction and hence reduced productivity of the roasting machine. A benet is low fuel consumption. In 1998, the system in Figs. 2d and 2e was proposed [16]. Its deciencies include the supply of very hot air from the cooling zone to the heating zone, where maximum temperature is not required, and of air at lower temperature from the cooling zone to the fuel-combustion zone; and the evacuation of gases from the hearth (the dome section of drier 1) and from the gasair chamber of dryer 2 by a single draft unit. The system in Fig. 2e (proposed in 1995) combines known approaches [17]: two-layer charging of the raw pellets [6]; cooling by hot air [14]; and selective extraction of heat carrier from the cooling zone, as in [15]. Its basic deciencies include drying with suction; reversing of the heat carrier in the cooling zone; cooling by hot air; forced gas purication in the internal gas ux; and air suction from the gasair chamber of the cooling zone (a zone of high rarefaction) and from the temperature-equalization bunker (a zone of low rarefaction) by a single draft unit. Benets include selective extraction of the heat carrier, with the supply of the hottest gases from the cooling zone to the highest-temperature heating zones, analogously to [15]. On the basis of the proposed methodology, we may synthesize some optimal heating systems (Fig. 3). In accordance with the principles outlined, all the systems include injection burners; a direct-ow system; reversible drying (injection/suction); and cooling by cold (atmospheric) air. The systems do not include ineffective approaches such as reversing in cooling; drying of the bed with heat-coolant suction; layer-by-layer pellet charging with intermediate drying by suction; and cooling with hot air. According to the principles, the systems are equipped with gas-purication units (only in the discharge ows), in the form of electrolters with low aerodynamic drag. The means of regulating productivity of the draft units (guide systems or frequency-controlled drives) and regulating the gas temperatures ahead of the draft units (valves for the supply of atmospheric air, which should be completely closed in the rated conditions) are not shown in Fig. 3. HEATING SYSTEM 1 (Fig. 3a) The heat carrier (hot air) is sent to drying section 1 from the hearth in cooling section 2 (without the toxic gases leaving the gasair chambers of the roasting and recuperation zones). This is expedient in heating pellets from bath that contains environmentally hazardous and technologically harmful materials, such as sulfur compounds, in order to prevent their adsorption by a bed of wet pellets. The main defect of the system is the need
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D2

GP

D4 Ch1 D3

D5

Fig. 3. Optimal heating systems of roasting machines: D1 D6, draft units; GP, gas-purication unit.

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for direct transfer all the air from the hearth in the cooling zone to the hearths of the heating zone (a violation of principle 10 in terms of power). This system resembles the Lurgi system (Oskol electrometallurgical works). However, it permits additional power savings (1.2 kW-h/t), on account of the elimination of the inefcient channel from the collector of drying section 1 to its hearth, with a control choke HEATING SYSTEM 2 (Fig. 3b) The heat carrier is supplied to drying section 1 from the gasair chambers of the roasting and recuperation zones. The main defects of this system are the need to eliminate choke Ch1 (violating principle 11.2 in terms of power) and the need to transfer all the air from the cooling hearth to the hearths of the heating zone. The deciencies of the system are positive feedback between the gasair chambers of the roasting and recuperation zones and drying section 1; the supply of wet gas to drying section 1, which impairs the process; and considerable environmental impact, since the gases from the roasting and recuperation zones are supplied under pressure to drying section 1. HEATING SYSTEM 3 (Fig. 3c) In contrast to system 2, air from the hearth in the cooling zone is supplied directly to the heating zone, by means of a two-ow transfer line (high-temperature ux to the roasting zone and low-temperature ux to the drying and warming zones). The main areas for improvement are the elimination of chokes Ch1 and Ch2 (violation of principle 11.2 regarding the power). HEATING SYSTEM 4 (Fig. 3d) This differs from system 3 in that the hear carrier from the cooling-zone hearth is sent directly to the heating zone in a single line, i.e., in a single ow. The optimal number of uxes depends on the specic conditions, in accordance with the method developed [7]. HEATING SYSTEM 5 (Fig. 3e) In contrast to system 3, principle 11.2 is satised here on account of the elimination of choke Ch1, which is inefcient in terms of power consumption. Choke Ch2 is used for regulation, but additional draft unit D6 is required. The pressure in the lines of draft units D6 and D4 must be chosen so as to ensure the minimum necessary pressure difference (0.50.7 kPa) for organization of suction in the D4 channel. The capabilities of the draft unit and the heat-carrier temperature in the D6 and D4 channels must also be taken into account, in order to eliminate dilution of the ux with atmospheric air.
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HEATING SYSTEM 6 (Fig. 3f) This differs from system 1 in that two direct-ow lines are employed. Within the framework of the optimal structures, optimal heating-system parameters may be determined in accordance with the proposed methods [1]. Note that the heating parameters and the nal characteristics will depend signicantly on the ore parameters, the requirements on product quality, and also the necessary productivity and any constraints on plant construction or reconstruction. To take account of these factors, the machines must be investigated to establish their reserves of capability; data must also be gathered on physical models (including data for the adaptation of mathematical models); in industrial tests on roasting machines (including data for the adaptation of mathematical models); and in computerized numerical experiments using appropriate software. The proposed methodology has also been used in preparing proposals for the modernization of roasting machines at various enterprises (Sokolovsko-Sarbaisk mining and enrichment facility, Oskol electrometallurgical works, and the Lebedinsk, Kachkanarsk, Northern, and Central enrichment facilities). On the basis of the foregoing analysis, the scope for improving the performance of roasting machines in Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan has been evaluated (Table 2). It follows from these data that, in addition to the facilities already noted, there is considerable scope for improvement of almost all the existing roasting machines, by optimizing the design and operational parametersfor example, by installing injection burners instead of the existing two-line burners, introducing or modifying ow lines, and switching to pellet cooling by atmospheric air rather than hot air in the initial stage of cooling. Practically all the machines require optimization of the relative areas of the technological zones and the pressure (rarefaction) ratio in the gasair chambers, correction of the heat-treatment conditions, improvement of the heating-system components, and implementation of other design principles for optimal systems, including the installation of electrolters in discharge uxes and elimination of gas purication in internal gas uxes (thanks to the use of wear-resistant draft units) [13]. CONCLUSIONS Thus, in upgrading existing systems or constructing new equipment, the best results will be obtained by means of the proposed methodology for integrated study and optimization of the roasting systems of conveyer machines for roasting iron-ore pellets, so as to increase the productivity and reduce the fuel and power consumption.

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Table 2. Scope for improving the efciency of roasting machines* Optimization of pressure (rarefactions) in gas-air chambers Optimization of heat-treatment conditions + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Injection burners

Cooling by atmospheric air, rather than hot air Satisfaction of power-conservation principle 11.2

Optimization of relative areas of working zones

Presence of direct-ow lines

Facility, location

Unit, manufacturer

Mikhailovsk enriching facility (Zheleznogorsk, Kursk oblast) Lebedinsk enrichment facility (Gubkin, Belgorod oblast) Kostomuksha enrichment facility (Kostumuksha, Karelia) Kachkanar enrichment facility (Kachkanar, Sverdlovsk oblast) Oskol electrometallurgical works (Staryi Oskol, Belgorod oblast) Central enrichment facility (Ukraine, Krivoi Rog) Northern enrichment facility (Ukraine, Krivoi Rog)

OK-520, Uralmash OK-306, Uralmash OK-520/536, Uralmash OK-228, Uralmash OK-480, Lurgi OK-324, Uralmash OK-306, Uralmash OK-278, Lurgi OK-552, Lurgi SokolovskSarbaisk mining and OK-108, production facility (Kazakhstan, Uralmash Rudnyi)

+ + + + + +

+ +

+ + + + + + at no. 6

? + ? + + + ? + +

+ + + + + + + + + +

* The notation is as follows: (+) there is scope for improvement in the corresponding respect; () there no such scope for improvement; (?) more information is required.

REFERENCES
1. Butkarev, A.A. and Butkarev, A.P., Optimizing the Parameters of Pellet Heating on Conveyer Machines, Stal, 2000, no. 4, pp. 1015. 2. Akademiya inzhenernykh nauk na Urale: nauchno-prakticheskaya i organizatsionnaya deyatelnost na rubezhe vekov: sb. nauch. tr. T. 5: Priborostroenie i informatsionnye sistemy kontrolya, diagnostiki i upravleniya (Ural Academy of Engineering Sciences: Scientic, Practical, and Organizational Activity at the Turn of the Century: Scientic Papers, Vol. 5: Instrument Design and Information Systems for Monitoring, Diagnostics, and Control), Yekaterinburg: UrO AIN RF, 2007. 3. Butkarev, A.P., Nekrasova, E.V., Butkarev, A.A., et al., Basic Design Principles for Effective Automatic Control Systems in Pelletizing Iron Ore, Metallurgicheskaya teplotekhnika: sb. nauch. tr. IMetAU (Metallurgical Thermal Engineering: Proceedings of the Ukrainian National Metallurgical Academy), Dnepropetrovsk: IMetAU, 2002, vol. 5, pp. 1824. 4. Butkarev, A.A., Butkarev, A.P., Lisienko, V.G., et al., Operational Experience with an Automatic Control System for Pellet Heat Treatment on the OK-306 ConveyerType Roasting Machine at Lebedinsk Enrichment Facility, Metallurgicheskaya teplotekhnika: sb. nauch. tr. 5.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10.

IMetAU (Metallurgical Thermal Engineering: Proceedings of the Ukrainian National Metallurgical Academy), Dnepropetrovsk: IMetAU, 2005, vol. 1, pp. 6470. Maizel, G.M., Butkarev, A.P., Baranov, M.S., et al., Pellet Drying on Conveyer-Type Roasting Machines with Different Methods of Heat-Carrier Supply to the Bed, Sb nauch. tr. VNIIMT (Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientic-Research Institute of Metallurgical Thermal Engineering), 1970, no. 23, pp. 258263. German Patent 2 041 533, 1980. Butkarev, A.A. and Butkarev, A.P., Optimizing the FlowSystem Parameters of Conveyer-Type Roasting Machines, Stal, 2005, no. 3, pp. 109112. Klein, V.I., Abzalov, V.M., Tveritin, V.A., and Yaroshenko, Yu.G., Inuence of the Gas Composition in Roasting on the Pellet Quality, Metallurgicheskaya teplotekhnika: temat. otr. sb. No. 9 (Metallurgical Thermal Engineering: Thematic Collection 9), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1981, pp. 1014. Butkarev, A.A. and Butkarev, A.P., Coolant Reversal in Pellet Cooling on Conveyer-Type Roasting Machines, Stal, 2005, no. 4, pp. 7173. Butkarev, A.P., Butkarev, A.A., Borodin, A.A., et al., Operational Experience with Modernized OK-306 Roasting Machines at Lebedinsk Enrichment Facility
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Satisfaction of principle 10 (direct uxes) + + + + + + + + + +

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STEEL IN TRANSLATION

Vol. 38

No. 4

2008