Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems, Tokyo, Japan, September 18-21, 2012

The Determination on DC Capacitor Parameter in Active Power Filter

Wu Fuzhuan, Peng Sheng, Wang Binbin
keep the capacitor voltage steady. The distortion of capacitor voltage is caused by active loss and ac components of instantaneous active power of inverter through the studies on the energy flow on DC side of APF based on different compensation aims by utilizing instantaneous reactive power theory. Taken a three-phase uncontrolled load as an example, the idiographic way computing capacitor parameter is introduced. II. ANALYSIS OF THE WORKING PRINCIPLE AND ENERGY FLOW OF APF A. Working Principle . The shunt APF is mainly made up by instructions operation circuit and circuit generated compensation current. Its principle chart is shown on Fig.1. The working condition of the main circuit is formulated by the on-off combinations of 6 groups switching devices. The switching function is showed in the table 1.

AbstractOn the basis of the instantaneous reactive power theory the energy flow relationships of ac and dc sides in APF inverters for different compensation purposes are analyzed. The voltage fluctuation is caused by the inverter power losses and instantaneous active power ac component. Based on the principle and mathematical model of Active Power Filter (APF), this paper proposes an improved method which aims to solve the determination for dc capacitor parameter. Taking a three phase non-controllable load as an example, the calculation method for capacitor parameter selection is given. The voltage fluctuation of dc capacitor is less than 0.55 percent. Then it turns out to be true by the outcome of the emulation.

HE voltage and current distortion of the grid are getting worse while life quality are improved with the development and applications of the modern power electronic technology. The working conditions of power system is greatly affected by the worsening harmonics. The studies on harmonics management are taking more and more attention. The development of active power filters (APF) was promoted by the three-phase instantaneous reactive power theory [1] proposed by H. Akagi in 1983. The hysteresis control of APF current under non-ideal conditions was analyzed [2]; The mathematic modeling and current control method of new injection type hybrid active power filter were studied [3]; The optimal voltage hysteresis current control of shunt active power filter and a novel phase-correlating hysteresis current control method for APF were analyzed [4,5,6]; Selection and design of the inductance connected with APF based on different current tracking modes were investigated [7]; Research on joint inductance characteristic and optimization on active power filter were did [8,9]. But studies on DC capacitor parameter determination for APF are less. The capacitor voltage on DC side must be steady to ensure the current compensation of the APF. The capacitor parameter is very important, besides control strategies, to
Wu Fuzhuan is with School of Electric and Information Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, China (phone: 13938587251; e-mail: wfzh@zzti.edu.cn). Peng Sheng is with School of Electric and Information Engineering, zhongyuan University of Technology , China (phone: 13303863500; e-mail: pengsheng317@163.com ). Wang Binbin is with School of Electric and Information Engineering, zhongyuan University of Technology , China (phone: 13663714934; e-mail: wangbinbin2005@163.com ).

I. INTRODUCTION

Fig.1. The APF principle chart TAB.1 SWITCHING FUNCTION TABLE

k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

a 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

b 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

c 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

ka 0 -1/3 -1/3 -2/3 2/3 1/3 1/3 0

kb 0 -1/3 2/3 1/3 -1/3 -2/3 1/3 0

kc 0 2/3 -1/3 1/3 -1/3 1/3 -2/3 0

Set three-phase supply voltages are: ea+eb+ec=0, and ica+icb+icc=0, thus, the working condition of APF main circuit can be described by the following differential equations:

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 dica L dt = ea ua dicb (1) = eb ub L dt dicc L dt = ec uc In (1),uaubuc are voltages between each bridge arm midpoint of main circuit and power supply midpoint, and computed as ua=kaUcub=kbUc, uc=kcUc. a,b,c are the three legs, kakb and kc are switching coefficients. On-off of the switching devices in APF are decided by the polarity of ic at sampling moment. Take A phase for example, ka<0, when ica>0; on the contrary, ka>0, when ica <0. So the error between reference current and actual current can be reduced, and compensation current will follow reference current. The currents of A-phase and C-phase should be reduced and B-phase increased when k=5. Upper bridge arms of A phase and C phase are on, and lower bridge arm of B phase is on. The switching coefficient of each bridge arm can be consulted from table 1: ka = 1 3 , kb = 2 3 , kc = 1 3 . if
the equivalent resistance R on AC side of inverter is neglected, equations in (1) can be expressed as follows:

fully transferred to DC side, if the loss of each part was neglected. That is to say the energy exchange between AC and DC sides is mainly decided by instantaneous active power P, and the exchange causes the DC voltage distortion. pS pApL are instantaneous active power and qSqA qL are instantaneous reactive power respectively afforded by power supply and APF and load. AC components of instantaneous active power and instantaneous reactive power that the load requires are afforded by filter when only harmonics are compensated. i.e.:

p A = pL q A = qL
The power relationships are:

(5)

pS = p L + p A = p L qS = q L + q A = q L

(6)

1 dica L dt = ea 3 U dc 2 dicb = eb + U dc L 3 dt dicc 1 L dt = ec 3 U dc

(2)

To control currents, ica icc should be reduced and icb augmented. The differential of APF currents should satisfy with the expressions:

dica di di 0, cb 0, cc 0 . If dt dt dt
(3)

Here power only supply DC components of instantaneous active power and instantaneous reactive power that the load requires, that is to say fundamental wave component of corresponding current. APF affords AC components of instantaneous active power and instantaneous reactive power that the load requires. Only AC components of instantaneous active power whose average is zero were exchanged between AC and DC sides of APF. The power flow is presented on Fig.2 (a). The instantaneous reactive power that the load requires is afforded by APF and the instantaneous active power by power supply when only reactive power are equalized. AC and DC sides have no energy exchange. The power flow is presented on Fig.2 (b). The power flow is presented on Fig.2(c) when both harmonics and reactive power are equalized. AC components of instantaneous active power that the load requires is afford by APF and DC components by power supply. Like Fig.2 (a), only AC components of instantaneous active power are exchanged between AC and DC sides of APF.
pS

these conditions were met in one switching cycle, the expression (3) yields:

qS

U dc 3U m

qL

pL qL pL

B. Energy Flow Analysis For AC side, the equations (4) are tenable due to instantaneous reactive power theory:

pA qA

pa + pb + pc = p qa + qb + qc = 0

(a) harmonics compensation

(4)

pS

pL

In (4), papbpc and qaqbqc are instantaneous active power and instantaneous reactive power of three-phase respectively; p is the sum of three-phase instantaneous active power. The sum of three-phase instantaneous reactive power in (4) is zero. It indicates that there are no reactive power exchange between AC and DC sides, it is done only in three-phase. Instantaneous active power on AC side will be

qS = 0

qL

qA

pA = 0

(b) reactive power compensation

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pS

pL

qS = 0

qL

pL

p = 3U I n p cos[(1 n)t n ]
n=2

(10)

p A qA

The distortion caused by 5-th harmonic is obvious when the load is three-phase full-bridge controlled inverter. p can be computed as the expression (11) if other higher harmonics were neglected:

(c) harmonics compensation and reactive power compensation Fig.2. The energy flow chart of APF

p 3UI 5L cos[6 t +6 ]

(11)

III. CAPACITOR PARAMETER COMPUTATION The capacitor voltage on DC side must be steady for ensuring good current compensation of APF. Capacitor on DC side have to have some capability demands to reduce the distortion of its voltage. Bigger capacitance is propitious to the stability of capacitor voltage when capacitor voltage is determinate. Increasing capacitance will result in larger volume and more cost. The voltage distortion of capacitor is mainly caused by energy exchange. Proposed in 1.2, if loss of inverter were neglected, Capacitance on DC side can be zero when only reactive powers are compensated. AC components of instantaneous active power of load whose average is zero are exchanged between AC and DC sides of APF in the other two circs. And it will cause the distortion of capacitor voltage on DC side. Set the supply voltage are:

The allowed distortion confine of capacitor voltage on DC side is U dc , and the capacitance can be computed by utilizing the following equation as:

12

1 1 pdt = C[U dc + U dc ]2 CU dc 2 2 2

(12)

AC and DC sides will have energy flow if loss of inverter were not neglected. The flow will decide the voltage distortion of capacitor on DC side. A IGBT module of inverter are made up by a IGBT and a shunt diode. The losses of IGBT include on-state loss and switching loss, the losses of diode include on-state loss and turn-off loss. The sum losses of a IGBT module can be expressed by expressions (13) as: (13) PA =PC + PD = PSS + PSW + PD And P C =P SS + P SW P SS is steady-state loss of IGBT,

PSW is switching losses of IGBT and diode, PD is

steady-state loss of diode. And the capacitance can be computed by utilizing the expressions (14) as:
T

ua = 2U sin t ub = 2U sin( t 2 / 3) uc = 2U sin( t + 2 / 3)

And the three- phase load currents are:
i = aL 2 I nL sin(n t + n ) n =1 2 ibL = 2 I nL sin[n( t ) + n )] 3 n =1 2 icL = 2 I n L sin[n( t + ) + n )] 3 n =1

(7)

12

1 1 ( PA + p )dt = C[U dc + U dc ]2 CU dc 2 (14) 2 2

In (12) and (14), T is the cycle of power supply, the capacitance computed by (14) should be adjusted while utilizing different DC voltage control methods. IV. ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (8) The simulation result of Matlab/simulation is presented on Fig.3. The model selected is three-phase uncontrolled load, and phase voltage is 220V. The instruction currents are computed by ip_iq method. The instruction currents are followed by the output currents based on comparison method of triangular wave. The stability of capacitor voltage on DC side is controlled by PI adjuster, and kp=8, ki=0.01. The time unit is 10ms/grid. The distortion of the voltage is less than 3V.

Instantaneous active power and instantaneous reactive power of load can be described by the following expressions (9) due to instantaneous reactive power theory:

I nL cos[(1 n)t n ] pL n =1 (9) q = 3U L I nL sin[(1 n)t n ] n =1

In (9), U is the virtual value of supply voltage. AC component p of instantaneous active power that cause the voltage distortion of capacitor on DC side can be computed by the expression (10) as:

Fig.3. The Matlab/Simulink simulation diagram of DC capacitor voltage

A prototype based on theory and calculation results was constructed to validate the correctness of capacitance

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calculation. The parameters of the prototype are: the power frequency: 50Hz; the virtual value of phase voltage: 220V; the load power: 5.4kW; the voltage on DC side: 900V; the capacitance: 2200uF; the switching frequency: 12.8kHz. The uncompensated current of three-phase power supply is presented on Fig.4and the compensated current on Fig.5. The abscissa unit is 10ms/grid, the ordinate unit is 20A/grid.

computing the capacitance is given by taking three-phase uncontrolled load as an example. At last, the way computing the capacitance is validated by the simulation and experiment. The distortion of voltage is less than 5V and the compensated current THD is less than 5%.

REFERENCES
Wang Zhao-an, Yang Jun, Liu Jin-jun. Harmonics Suppression and Reactive Power Compensation[M]. BeiJing: China Machine Press, 1998. [2] XU Jun, XU De-hong. Analysis of Current Hysteresis Control in Nonideal Condition of Parallel Active Power Filter[J], Power Electronics, 200741160~63. [3] Tang Ci, Luo An, Zhao Te etc. Study on Mathematic Modeling and Current Control Method of New Injection Type Hybrid Active Power Filter[J], Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 200823 372~78. [4] SU Shi ping, LI Sheng yi. The optimal voltage hysteresis current control of shunt active power filter[J], Electric Power Automation Equipmen,t200222414~17. [5] Zeng Guohong, Hao Rongtai. A NOVEL PHASE-CORRELATING HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL METHOD FOR ACTIVE POWER FILTER[J], Automation of Electric Power Systems, 200327 531~40. [6] LI Jian-hua, XU Hai-li, TANG Zhi-qiong. Study on the method of hysteresis current control in APF[J],Power System Protection and Control,2008,36(23):27-31 [7] WU Fu-zhuan, WAN Jian-ru, SHEN Hong. Selection and Design of the Inductance Connected with APF based on Different Current Tracking Modes[J], Power Electronics, 200943810~14. [8] XU Ying-chun, XU De-hong. Optimized Design of AC Side Filter Inductance in Shunt Active Power Filter[J], Power Supply Technologies and Applications, 200474193~196214. [9] WANG Ling, HUANG Feng-hua. Research on Joint Inductance Characteristic and Optimization on Active Power Filter[J], Electric Drive, 200838952~55. [10] Zhang Mingyuan, Shen Jianqing.Calculation Method of a Fast Power Loss for IGBT Modules[J], Marine Electric & Electronic Engineering, 2009,29(1):33-36. [1]

Fig.4. Source current waveform before compensation

Fig.5. Source current waveform after compensation

The supply current THD is reduced from 25% to 4.8% from experimental waveform and measurement results. The measured voltage waveform of capacitance on DC side is presented on Fig.6, The abscissa unit is 4ms/grid, the ordinate unit is 20V/grid(10:1 hall).

Fig.6. DC capacitor voltage waveform

The distortion is periodic from Fig.6, the change is about 5V, taken 900V capacitance voltage as standard, the ripple is only 0.55%. The performance of DC voltage is better, the DC voltage distortion meets the design requirements. V. CONCLUSION The selection of capacitor parameter is also important besides the advanced algorithms and control strategies for APF to achieve accepted compensation effect. This paper analyzes the connection between DC capacitor voltage and power supply voltage based on the principle and mathematical model of APF, and gets the principle to compute DC capacitor voltage. The energy flow of APF between AC and DC sides is analyzed respectively when only harmonics are compensated, only reactive power is compensated and both are compensated based on instantaneous reactive power theory, the voltage distortion is mainly caused by the active power loss of inverter and the AC components of instantaneous active power. The method

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