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TRIAL PRODUCTION IN PILOT SCALE OF NATURAL
RUBBER GRAFT COPOLYMER LATEX
AS AN ADHESIVE
(Production, Quality, and Economical Aspect)

Marga Utama
Center for R&D Isotopes and Radiation Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency.
J l. Cinere Pasar J uamt P.O.Box. 2 J KSKL, J akarta 12070.


Abstract
TRIAL PRODUCTION IN PILOT SCALE OF NATURAL RUBBER COPOLYMER
LATEX AS AN ADHESIVE (Production, Quality, and Economical Aspect). Three kind of
natural rubber copolymer namely : graft copolymer of natural rubber styrene (NRL-g-S)latex, graft
copolymer of natural rubber methyl metacrylate (NR-g-MMA) latex, and graft copolymer natural
rubber normal butyl acrylate (NR-g-nBA) latex as an adhesive for wood panel, canvas shoes, and
can sealing prepared by gamma radiation co-polymerization technique has been carried out. The
optimum condition of processing such as the variation of irradiation dose (5, 10, 15, 30, and 45
kGy) and concentration of monomers (33, 43, and 50% w/w) were evaluated. The properties of
copolymer and its adhesive such as total solid content, viscosity, pH, modulus, tensile strength,
elongation at break and molecule structure of copolymer were measured. The results show that
NRL-g-S with 50% of styrene was satisfied for panel wood adhesive, NRL-g-MMA with 43% of
MMA was satisfied for canvas shoes, and NR-g-nBA with 3 phr (part hundred ratio of rubber) was
satisfied for can sealing. The bonding strength was not only satisfied with the standard requirement
but also free from carcinogenic chemicals such as formaldehyde gas emission for panel wood and
nitrosamine for canvas shoes and can sealing, which can cause cancer. It indicates that for
production of NR-g-nBA as an can sealing compound adhesive by electron beam machine is more
cheaper than by gamma rays irradiation or can sealing compound sulfur vulcanization adhesive.


Abstrak
UJI PRODUKSI KOPOLIMER LATEKS KARET ALAM DALAM SKALA PILOT
SEBAGAI PEREKAT (Produksi, Kualitas, dan Aspek Ekonomi). Tiga jenis kopolimer lateks
karet alam yaitu : kopolimer lateks karet alam stirena (NR-g-S), kopolimer lateks karet alam metil
metakrilat (NR-g-MMA) dan kopolimer lateks karet alam normal butil akrilat (NR_g-nBA)
sebagai bahan baku perekat panel kayu (kayu lapis, papan partikel, dan panan sambung), sepatu
kanvas, dan perekat kaleng yang diproses dengan teknik kopolimerisasi radiasi gama telah
dilakukan . Optimasi kondisi proses yang meliputi : variasi dosis iradiasi (5, 10, 15, 30, dan 45
kGy) dan kadar monomer (33, 43, dan 50%) telah dievaluasi. Sifat koplimer dan perekat yang
dihasilkan yaitu : kadar padatan, viskositas, pH, modulus, tegangan putus, perpanjangan putus
,struktur molekul dan daya rekat telah diukur.Hasilnya menunjukkan NR-g-S berkadar 50% stirena
dapat digunakan untuk perekat panel kayu, NR-g-MMA berkadar 43% MMA dapat digunakan
untuk perekat sepatu kanvas, dan NR-g-nBA dengan kadar 3 psk (per seratus berat karet) dapat
digunakan untuk perekat pada pembuatan kaleng. Daya ikat perekat tersebut tidak saja memenuhi
standar pemakaian masing-masing produk, tetapi bebas dari bahan kimia karsinogen misalnya
bebas emisi gas formadehida pada panel kayu dan nitrosamin pada sepatu kanvas dan kaleng yang
keduanya dapat menyebabkan kanker. Ada indikasi bahwa untuk memproduksi kompon perekat
pengalengan dari NR-g-nBA dengan menggunakan radiasi berkas elektron lebih murah daripada
menggunakan radiasi gamma atau kompon perekat pengalengan yang divulkanisasi belerang.

1. Introduction
During the past 40 years ago, graft co-polymerization of natural rubber latex prepared by gamma
radiation mainly for basic study related to their morphology, structure, etc has been reported, but very few have
reached industrial importance (Merrett, 1957; Cooper, 1959; Cockpain, 1959; Widmayer, 1985; Cambell, 1985;
Sundardi, 1984).
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Synthetic adhesive such as : urea formaldehyde (UF), phenol formaldehyde (PF), and melamine
formaldehyde (MF) are being use as an adhesive for wood panel. One of the drawbacks of that synthetic
adhesive is emission of formaldehyde gas, especially in room with limited ventilation. Some countries have
imposed a restriction on the limit of formaldehyde gas emission for certain uses (Rozak Memed, 1987;
Annonim, 2001).
Natural rubber compound prepared by sulfur vulcanization used for adhesive of canvas shoes and can
sealing has been carried out by industries. The three types of adverse reaction associated with natural rubber
compound prepared by sulfur vulcanization are irritant contact dermatitis, Type IV chemical hyper sensitivity
and Type I latex protein hyper sensitivity. Although the incidence of the occurrence of the allergic reaction is
estimated is be less than 1% among the general population, the prevalence is higher among high risk group such
as health care and spina bafida children (Morales, 1989; Edward, 1996; Darymple, 1992).
Two aspects graft co-polymerization of natural rubber latex as an adhesive are successively considered:
first a more basic approach to the behaviour of pure, non accelerators vulcanizing agent, and the process is more
environment friendly (Marga Utama, 2002)
The aims of this trial production is to prove that NRL copolymers produced in pilot scale can be used as
an adhesive for panel wood, canvas shoes, and can sealing in factory scale with the quality satisfy the standard
requirement.

2. Experimental
Material. Natural rubber latex with dry rubber content 50% obtained from J alupang Rubber Plantation
PTPN VIII Subang, Bandung. Styrene, MMA, and nBA monomers obtained from PT.Gajah Tunggal Group
Serang, and PT. Pardic J aya. J akarta.
Apparatus. Gamma Latex Irradiator with capacity 1,5 of adhesive, hot and cold compression made
Toyoseiky Seisaku-Sho Ltd, J apan. Visconic Viscometer made in Tokyo Keiki Co. Ltd. Infrared
Spectrophotometer IR 435 Shimadzu.


Figure 1. Flow diagram on the production of adhesive by means of gamma
Ray radiation co-polymerization of NRL technique..

Method. Figure 1 shows the two step will be done for producing adhesive, first producing NRL
copolymer, and second producing adhesive.
Producing NRL copolymer. Nine type formulation on Table 1, were prepared as an adhesive with 3
kinds of monomers (Styrene, MMA, and nBA). The procedure are as follow: Natural rubber latex with total solid
content 50% from drum (A) introduces to mixture vessel (D) by pump (E), then mixes with the 20% solution of
KOH and emulsion of monomer from vessel (B) and (C). After completely, the mixtures pump into the reaction
vessel (F) competed with cooling system (H), then irradiated by gamma ray (G). After irradiation the NRL
copolymer is introduce into the mixing tank (I).

Table 1. Nine formulation for producing graft copolymer of natural rubber latex by means of radiation co-
polymerization.
NR-g-S NR-g-MMA NR-g-nBA
Formulation
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
50% NRL,phr. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
50% Styrene emulsion, phr 50 75 100 - - - - - -
50% MMA emulsion, phr. - - - 50 75 100 - - -
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50% nBA emulsion, phr. - - - - - - 1 3 5
Production of adhesive. The NRL copolymer from mixing tank (I) is mixed by the solution of tacky
agent from tank (J ), until the emulsion is homogeneous, then poured into the drum (L) through the filter (K).
Analysis of the NRL copolymer and it adhesive. The NRL copolymer and its adhesive were analysis :
total solid content, viscosity, pH, conversion, plymer loading, tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus,
nitrosamin content, protein content, respond on allergic by using the procedure in references (ASTM, 2002; SNI,
1987; SNI, 1992; Sutigno, 1989; ASTM, 1995; Hewirnarni, 2004)

3. Result And Discussion
Production. There are two step will be done for producing NR graft copolymer by means radiation co-
polymerization :
1. Production of graft copolymer of NRL . Radiation grafting of monomer into natural rubber can be
carried out in a dry state or in an aqueous dispersion or emulsion. Radiation grafting in an aqueous dispersion or
emulsion such in the latex form, has several advantages than in dry state, with the reason as follows:
1. Homogeneous distribution of monomer in rubber and homogeneous irradiation dose can be obtained easily.
2. Grafting reaction rate can be expected to be higher than that in dry state due to the influence of the free
radical generated in water phase which diffuse to polymer particles.
Based on these advantages, this trial production is concentrated on radiation graft-co-polymerization
monomers into NRL form, where the NR particles are as the seed particles, and the monomer emulsion as the
monomer droplets.
There are two possible state which the kinetics of radiation graft co-polymerization of monomer into
NRL. The first state where monomer is limited dissolved in natural rubber particles such as nBA the dissolved in
rubber particles maximum only 3 phr. In this state, the monomer is largely located in the monomer droplets, and
the polymerization occurs in the water phase. Based on this kinetics the concentration in this trial production of
NR-g-nBA only 1; 3; and 5 phr (Table 1). The second state where monomers is unlimited dissolved in the
natural rubber particles such as styrene and MMA . In this state , monomer is largely located in natural rubber
particle, and only a small amount which is in the monomer droplets or dissolved in water. Based on this kinetics
the concentration of styrene and MMA in this trial production of NR-g-S and NR-g-MMA latex 50, 75, and 100
phr (Table 1)
The importance factors for producing graft co-polymerization of NRL by gamma irradiation technique are
irradiation dose and concentration of monomers. Table 2 shows the effect of irradiation dose and concentration
of monomers on the degree o f conversion and polymer loading. The degree of conversion increases with the
increase in irradiation dose and the irradiation dose of around 30 kGy, the degree of conversion obtained 97% for
NR-g-S, and 97% for NR-g-nBA. But for the NR-g-MMA the degree of conversion obtained 98% by the
irradiation dose only 10 kGy. It means that the optimum irradiation dose for producing NR-g-S latex is around
30 kGy, NR-g-MMA latex is around 10 kGy, and NR-g-nBA is around 30 kGy. By using these irradiation dose
the degree of conversion is around 97-98%.
The irradiation dose needed to graft styrene into NRL was much higher compared to the irradiation dose
needed for grafting MMA into NRL, because this is due to the G value of MMA is higher than styrene, where
the G value of MMA is 7,5 and G value of styrene is 0,1
[23]
. The degree of conversion also depends on the
monomer concentration in the latex particles, which is due to the difference in reaction efficient.

Table 2. The degree of conversion (C) and the polymer loading (PL) of grafted copolymer of natural
rubber latex
NR-g-S latex NR-g-MMA latex NR-g-nBA latex Irradiation
Dose, kGy
C and PL
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
5 C
PL
14.0
4.6
13.0
6.0
13.8
6.7
80.2
26.4
82.3
35.3
83.2
41.5
13.6
0.1
18.5
0.6
19.7
1.0
10 C
PL
34.0
11.2
35.1
15.1
34.6
17.5
98.5
32.4
98.0
42.2
99.0
49.5
40.5
0.5
41.0
1.2
43.0
2.5
15 C
PL
52.0
17.2
53.1
22.9
52.7
27.5
99.0
32.7
99.0
42.6
99.0
49.5
67.7
0.7
68.0
2.0
69.0
3.5
30 C
PL
97.0
32.0
98.5
42.6
98.4
49.7
99.0
32.7
99.0
42.6
99.0
49.5
99.0
1.0
98.7
2.9
98.0
4.9
45 C
PL
98.0
32.3
98.5
42.7
98.0
49.1
99.0
32.7
99.0
42.6
99.0
49.5
99.0
1.0
99.0
2.9
98.0
4.9

2. Production of adhesive. Adhesives should have both adhesive and cohesive properties in order to be
able to joint two materials which are of identical or different nature. Polymers with these intrinsic characteristic
are rare, and one must resort to blends. However, cohesion in a two-component system is achieve only by
chemical bonds between two macromolecules. The graft copolymer of NR not only by chemical bonds between
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two macromolecules, but also chemical bond between molecules (monomers), so the advantage of graft
copolymers is that two structurally different type of polymer chains, such as: rigid polystyrene and rubbery
natural rubber are associated in the same molecule. A typical examples is given by system based on polystyrene
as the cohesive component, and natural rubber as elastomeric adhesive component.

Table 3. Effect of adding tacky agent on the the viscosity of NR-g-copolymers (cP).
NR-g-S latex
A
NR-g-MMA latex
B
NR-g-nBA latex
C
Takcky
agent,% I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
CMC
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.10

16
35
68
90
185

17
41
86
90
210

19
45
89
93
220

48
58
89
91
230

50
64
88
95
220

65
70
90
105
230

40
50
67
109
280

50
59
75
120
300

47
61
87
130
290
Na-acrylate
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.10

17
40
72
95
190

19
55
97
108
200

23
46
99
120
240

55
60
90
130
230

55
69
97
140
250

65
77
99
120
220

43
54
71
110
240

53
64
75
130
280

50
62
88
140
300
A=dose of irradiation 30 kGy, B=dose of irradiaton 10 kGy, C=dose of irradiation 30 kGy, CMC =carboxy methyl cellulose

For industrial purpose it would be helpful to extend the high viscosity of the NR-g-copolymers. J ust as
formulation usually added suitable tacky agent to impact the better viscosity to a given NR grafted copolymers
adhesive. Table 3 shows the adding effect of tacky agent on the viscosity of NR grafted copolymers adhesive. It
indicates that by adding the tacky agent, the viscosity of NR grafted copolymer adhesive increases. Based on the
result research application of the viscosity value of adhesive in industries, it can be recommended that the
viscosity for producing play-wood is around 80-90 cP, for producing particle board is around 30-40 cP, for
producing joint-wood is around 100-150 cP, for producing canvas shoes ia around 60-90, and for producing can
sealing is around 15-20 cP.
The main additive used for the NR grafted copolymers latex adhesive are resin, solvents, filler, and
stabilizer (Table 4). Usually several different additives are incorporated into the NR grafted copolymers latex.
They are chosen to be compatible with one of the phases rather than with both at once. Except for the filler and
stabilizers, the solubility parameter of the additive gives a first indication of whether the letter is compatible with
the PS, PMMA , Poly-nBA, or NR.

Table 4. Main chemical type as the NR grafted copolymers additives.
Compounding
ingredients
Chemical type Remarks
Resins (latex) Cloroprene latex, acrylic latex, etc. Associating with NR-grated-Copolymers.
Solvents 1% solution of KOH, ammonia.
Filler Calciumcarbonate, talc, silica, etc.
Stabilizer Antioxidant: phenol derivatives, etc
Antiozonants : thiourea, etc.
Anti-UV : benzophenons etc.
Associating with NR-grated-Copolymers

Quality. The importance parameters for identify the quality of adhesive are : molecule structure, latex
and film properties.
Molecule structure. One of the parameter for identify the structure of adhesive is infra red (IR)
spectrum. Figure 2 shows the IR spectrum of NR, NR- g PS, NR-g-MMA, and NR-g-nBA. It indicates that the
specific finger print spectrum of NR is on the wave number 2960, 1450, 1160, and 843 cm
-1
. The specific finger
print spectrum of NR-g-PS is on the wave number; 2960, 1660, 1450, 1375, 843, 840, and 700 cm
-1
. The
specific finger print spectrum of NR-g-MMA is on the wave number: 2960, 1730, 1450, 1160, and 843 cm
-1
with high intensity of wave number at 1730, but for the NR-g-nBA the wave number at 1730 is lower.

By using
these specific IR spectrum, it can be identified the kinds of NR-g-copolymers adhesive, because the each
adhesive have a specific finger print .
Latex and film properties. The importance properties adhesive which has been tested is shown on Table
5. It is indicates that by increasing the polymer loading, the viscosity of latex , modulus, and hardness of film
increase, while the maximum tensile strength is obtained at the adhesive type II , type V, and type VIII. The
maximum adhesive strength for play wood, particle board was obtained on Type II, while the maximum
adhesive strength for wood-joint was obtained on type III. The maximum adhesive strength for canvas shoes was
obtained on Type V, and the maximum adhesive strength for can sealing was on Type VIII. Based from these
data it can be recommended that NR-g-S Type II can be able for play-wood or particle board adhesive, NR-g-S
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Type III can be able for join wood adhesive, NR-g-MMA Type V can be able for canvas shoes adhesive, and
NR-g-nBA Type VIII can be able for can sealing adhesive.


Figure 2.The IR spectrum of NR, NR-g-Copolymers adhesive.

Table 5. The properties of latex of NR-g-copolymer latex and its film with different treatment.
NR-g-S latex NR-g-MMA latex NR-g-nBA latex
Treatment and properties
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Treatment
concentration of.
- Styrene, %.
- MMA, %.
- nBA, %.
Irradiation dose, kGy.


33
-
-
30


43
-
-
30


50
-
-
30


-
33
-
10


-
43
-
10


-
5
-
10


-
-
0.5
30


-
-
1.5
30


-
-
2,5
30
Latex properties.
Ph
Total solid, %.
Viscosity, cP.

10.8
48,8
16

10.7
48.7
17

10.5
49.1
19

10.5
48.5
25

10.5
49.1
40

10.6
48.7
35

10.4
56.6
28

10.5
56.7
34

10.6
57.1
60
Film properties .
Modulus 300%, MPa.
Tensile strength, MPa.
Elongation at break, %.
Hardness, Shore A.

3.0
12.1
800
60

4.1
13.0
750
67

5.2
13.0
700
75

3.0
11.6
850
45

4.5
12.7
800
55

5.0
13.5
750
70

1.1
20.0
900
29

1.2
25.0
900
29

1.1
23.0
900
28
Bonding strength for,
Play wood*, kg/cm
2
.
Particle board*, kg/cm
2
.
Wood J oin, kg/cm
2
.
Canvas shoes**, N/6mm.
Can sealing, kg/cm
2
.

7.8
9.7
4.3
10
5

8.9
9.8
4.2
10
6

9.7
9.9
7.8
9.8
5

6.8
6.7
3.5
15.1
4

7.0
6.9
3.2
18.5
6

7.3
7.0
3.8
16.9
4

6
4
2
7
8

5
3
2
8
9

5
4
2
9
9
* SNI;01-2704-1992 minimum7kg/cm
2
, ** SNI; 12-072-1987 minimumvalue 10/6mm.

Specification. The technical specification of NR-g- copolymer for panel-wood adhesive, canvas shoes,
and can sealing compared with conventional adhesive is shown on Table 6. It can be seen that the bonding
strength of panel-wood, canvas shoes and can sealing with NR grafted copolymer as its adhesive not only satisfy
the standard requirement, but also free from carcinogenic chemicals (formaldehyde gas emission, and
nitrosamin) and protein allergen. The advantages of NR-g-copolymer prepared by radiation technique are more
environment friendly, and can be storage for long time (6 month).
Economical aspect. Several attempts have been done to evaluate cost production of NR-g-nBA, which is
very important factor before transferring this technology to industry. A few pilot plants have been constructed to
prove the economic feasibility of the NR-g-nBA process by gamma rays and at BATAN J akarta Indonesia in
1983, Rubber Board Kottayam India in 1992, MINT Bangi Malaysia in 1996, Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand in 1997, and at TRCRE-J AERI Takasaki, J apan in 2000 (Table 7). It had been reported that
2960
1730
1450
843
1660
1375
1450
2960 700
1660
843
1450
2960
1730
1660
843
2960
1450
1660
843
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irradiation cost, which was excluded the nBA and antioxidant cost varied large from one country to another,
although the method used was almost the same.


Table 6. Technical specification of NR graft copolymer latex adhesive.
Panel wood Canvas shoes Can sealing Properties
NR-g-S NR-g-MMA NR
compound
NR-g-nBA NR
compound
Latex
1. Color
2. Solid content, %.
3. Density, kg/l.
4. Viscosity, cP.
5. Storage time, month.
6. Storage temperature,
o
C.
7. Solvent
8. Solubility in water.
9. Classification

White
50
0.96
70-90
6 month
20-30
1% KOH
unlimited
non toxic

White
50
0.96
70-90
6 month
20-30
1% KOH
unlimited
non toxic

White
50
0.98
70-90
1-2month
20-30
1% KOH
unlimited
non toxic


grey
50
0.96
70-90
6 month
20-30
1% KOH
unlimited
non toxic


grey
50
0.98
70-90
1-2 month
20-30
1% KOH
unlimited
non toxic
Film
1. Density, kg/m3.
2. Modulus 300%, MPa.
3. Tensile strength, MPa.
4. Elongation at break, %.
5. Hardness, shore A.
6. Solubility in benzene
7. Toxicity
8. Nitrosamin content, ppb.
9. Allergy response
10. Formaldehyde gas, ppb.

0.95
2-3
100-120
700-800
65-70
non soluble
no toxic
<2
negative.
free

0.97
2-3
100-120
700-800
65-70
non soluble
no toxic
<2
negative
-

0.97
2-3
100-120
700-800
65-70
soluble
no toxic
>1000
positive
-

0.97
2-3
100-120
700-800
65-70
non soluble
no toxic
<2
negative
-

0.97
2-3
100-120
700-800
65-70
soluble
no toxic
>1000
positive
-

Table 7. List of INRL pilot plants using gamma rays and electron beam (Makuuchi, 2003).
Institute BATAN
J akarta,
Indonesia
Rubber board
Kottayam, India
MINT Bangi,
Malaysia
Chulalongkorn
University, Bang
kok, Thailand.
TRCRE-J AERI
Takasaki, J apan.
Installation year 1883 1992 1996 1997 2001
Size Commercial Commercial Commercial Laboratory scale Commercial
Process Batch Batch Continuous Batch Continuous
Designed by J apan India Germany Hungary J apan
Reactor type Vessel Vessel Tube Vessel Vessel
Source arrangement Inside reactor Inside reactor Outside reactor Outside reactor Outside reactor
Number of reactor 1 1 1 4 1
Source storage
type
Wet Wet Dry Dry Dry
Cobalt-60/EB
*Maximum
capacity
*Initial loading

1 MCi

225 kCi

0,1 MCi

10 kCi

2 MCi

150 kCi

10 kCi

10 kCi

300 keV,
10 mA
INRL capacity 1,7 ton/batch 1ton/batch 0,2-1,0 ton/h 120 liter/batch 90 liter/h

Cost analysis of NR-g-nBA. Production cost of NR-g-nBA by using normal butyl acrylate 3 phr as
sensitize has been done based on the Latex Irradiator (
60
Co 200 kCi) pilot plant in J akarta Indonesia, and IMB
250 keV/10 mA in a Southeast Asian country are shown on Table 8. The importance factor for cost analysis of
NR-g-nBA are : Fixed capital investment, variable cost, and fixed cost.
Fixed capital investment. The fixed capital investment for producing NR-g-nBA by Latex Irradiator (
60
Co 200 kCi) is higher than by using MBE 250 keV/10 mA, because the price investment equipments of Latex
Irradiator (1,620,000 US $) is higher than MBE such as : the price of water treatment, source handling, mixing
tank, reaction vessel hoist, control panel, source storage, radiation monitor is 550,000 US $, the budged for
building with heavy concrete is 450,000 US $, and the price of cobalt-60 source is 350,000 US $, with
contingency about 20% is 270,000.US $. While the price of EMB 250 keV/10 mA only 400,000 US $.
Variable cost. Variable cost for producing INRL by Latex Irradiator (
60
Co 200 kCi) is lower than by
using MBE 250 keV/10 mA, because by using Latex Irradiator does not need defoamer and the consumption of
n-BA only 3 phr, while using MBE is 5 phr.
Fixed cost. The fixed cost for producing NR-g-nBA by Latex Irradiator (
60
Co 200 kCi) is highter than
by using MBE 250 keV/10 mA, because Latex Irradiator is not only high price, but also needs a budged for
replenishment of
60
Co 12,5% per year.
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Production cost of NR-g-nBA latex adhesive. From this calculation there is indication that the
production cost of NR-g-nBA latex adhesive prepared by EMB (1,422 US $) is lower than by
60
Co (1.697 US $),
or by sulfur vulcanization (1,443 US $) prepared in India (Makuuchi, 2003). By using this data, the pay back
period (PBP) for producing NR-g-nBA latex adhesive Type VIII prepared by EMB 250 keV/10 mA with the
sale price like of conventional pre-vulcanized NRL in global market around US $1.5-2.0/dry kg is shown on
Table 9. It indicates that if the sale price of NR-g-nBA latex adhesive is1.7 US $, the IRR (internal rate of return)
is 25,0% , the PBP is 2,1 years and the net present value (NPV) is 4,250 US $ and the profitability index (PI)
is 1,06.
By modifying the price monomer Styrene for NR-g-S adhesive latex, and price of MMA and dose of irradiation
for producing NR-g-MMA adhesive latex, it can be calculates the price of NR-g-S and NR-g-MMA adhesive
latex.

Table 8. Fixed investment and production cost for 1,000 ton / y of NR-g-nBA (dry rubber base) Type
II* produced by Electron Beam Machine 250 keV/10 mA and
60
Co Latex irradiator 200 kCi
Cost item Unit consumed per kg product
MBE
60
Co
US $ /unit EMB 300
keV/10 mA,
US $
Gamma
Irradiator 200
kCi, US $
A. Fixed capital investment 400,000 1,620,000

I. Variable cost (a+b)
a. Row material
- NRL
- Liquid ammonia
- KOH
- Emulsifier
- n-BA**
- Antioxidant
- Defoamer
- Process water
b. Utilities
- Electricity, kWh.
- Water


1.62 kg
0.002 kg.
0.002 kg.
0.005 kg.
0.05 kg.
0.002 kg.
0.002 kg
0.165 kg

30 kWh
10 kg


1.62 kg
0.002 kg.
0.002 kg.
0.005 kg.
0.03 kg.
0.002 kg.
0
0.165 kg

180.000
kWh


0.62
0.65
1.8
1.5
1.5
15
15
0.05

0.08
0.00008
1,187,850
1,165,450
1,004,400
1,300
9,000
7,500
75,000
30,000
30,000
8,250
22,400
14,400
8,000
1,157,850
1,135,450
1,004,400
1,300
9,000
7,500
75,000
30,000
0
8,250
22,400
14,400
8,000
II. Fixed cost (a+b.. +g)
c. Labor
- 3 operators
- supervisor
- 1/3 overall supervisor
- Direct labor
- Labor overhead
d. Maintenance
e. Plant overhead
f. Depreciation of equipment (10 years
for EBM,15 years for gamma)
g. Depreciation of building.
h.
60
Co replenishment (12,5%)
i. Bank interest (20% A)
190,000
40,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
30,000
10,000
12,000
18,000
40,000


0
0


80,000
495,200
40,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
30,000
10,000
12,000
18,000
36,700


22,500
42,000


324,000
B. Production cost (I+II) 1,377,850 1,653,050
Company overhead (j+k+l)
j. Administration
k. R & D
l. Insurance
44,000
10,000
30,000
4,000
44,000
10,000
30,000
4,000
Plan Total production cost. 1,421,850 1,697,050

Table 9. The internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PBP) production of NR-g-nBA with
variation sale price.
Sales price,
US $.
Profit before tax
(A), US $.
Profit after taxes
30% (B), US $.
Total fixed and working
capital (C), US $.
Internal Rate of Return
(B/C), %.
Payback
period, year.
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
75,000
175,000
275,000
375,000
475,000
575,000
675,000
52,5000
122,500
192,500
262,500
332,500
402,500
472,500
755,140
763,473
771,807
780,140
788,473
796,807
805,140
7,0
16,0
25,0
33,6
42,2
50,5
58,7
7,6
3,3
2,1
1,6
1,3
1,1
0,9

4. Conclussion
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From this study it can be concluded that three kind of natural rubber copolymer namely : graft
copolymer of natural rubber styrene (NRL-g-S) latex, graft copolymer of natural rubber methyl metacrylate (NR-
g-MMA) latex, and graft copolymer natural rubber normal butyl acrylate (NR-g-nBA) latex as an adhesive for
wood panel, canvas shoes, and can sealing prepared by gamma radiation co-polymerization technique has been
carried out.
The quality of NRL-g-S with 50% of styrene was satisfied for panel wood adhesive, NRL-g-MMA
with 43% of MMA was satisfied for canvas shoes, and NR-g-nBA with 3 phr (part hundred ratio of rubber) was
satisfied for can sealing. The bonding strength was not only satisfied with the standard requirement but also free
from carcinogenic chemicals such as formaldehyde gas emission for panel wood and nitrosamine for canvas
shoes and can sealing, which can cause cancer.
It indicates that for production of NR-g-nBA adhesive by electron beam machine is more cheaper than
by gamma rays irradiation or can sealing compound sulfur vulcanization adhesive, with the IRR (internal rate of
return) is 25,0% , the PBP is 2,1 years and the net present value (NPV) is 4,250 US $ and the profitability
index (PI) is 1,06.

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Peningkatan Daya Saing Nasional Melalui Pemanfaatan Sumber
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