ALGAE,FUNGI,PROTOZOAand

MULTICELLPARASITES
MarliaSinggihWibowo
Questions
Whatiseucaryoticmicroorganisms?
Whatisthedifferencebetweenprocaryotic
cellsandeucaryoticcells?
Unicellular?Multicellular?
WhatisFUNGI?
Whatissaphrophyte?
WhatisBiotransformation?
Primarymetabolitesandsecondary
metabolitesoffungi?
Whatisfermentation?
Sporesvsmycelium?
SexualandAsexualreproduction?
WhatisMycotoxin?
WhatisBudding?
Outline
Introduction:eucaryoticmikroorganisms
FUNGI:Classification,growth,andreproduction,role
offungiinnatureandpharmacyfields
ALGAE:Classification,growth,andreproduction,
roleoffungiinnatureandpharmacyfields
PROTOZOA:Classification,growth,andreproduction,
roleinnatureandpharmacyfields
MULTICELLULARPARASITES:Classification,growth,
andreproduction,roleinnatureandpharmacyfields
References
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rd
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Danlainlain
Deacon J .W, Modern Mycology, 3rd ed., Blackwell Science, Edinburgh, 1997
Introduction
Typeofmicroorganism:eucaryotescells
Whatthedifferencebetweeneucaryoticand
procaryoticcells?
Domainofeukaryaincluding:animals,plants,
slimemoulds,protozoa,parasites
Classificationisbasedon:morphology,DNA
sequenceanalysis,ribosomalRNAsequence
analysis,etc.
EucaryoticMicroorganisms
Unicellular(berseltunggal)danMulticellular
(berselbanyak)
FUNGI
ALGAE
PROTOZOA
PARASITES(MULTICELLULAR)
Cyanobacteria
Gram
positives
Proteobacteria
Fungi
Plants
Extreme
Halophiles
Methanosarcina
Universal phylogenetic tree as determined from
comparative sequencing of 16S or 18S rRNA
(Wheelis et al. 1992).
Three Domains of Life
Bacteria Archaea
Eucarya
(Eukaryote)
Prokaryotes
Microsporidia
Animals
Green non-sulfur
bacteria
Flavobacteria
Thermotoga
Methanobacterium
Methanococcus
Pyrodictium
Thermoproteus
Slime
molds
Entamoebae
Ciliates
Flagellates
Trichomonads
Diplomonads
Thermococcus
Aquifex
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Thermoplasma
Methanopyrus
Euryarchaeota Crenarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Characteristicofeukaryoticmicroorganisms
Definitecellwalls(exceptforaquaticfungi
andcellularslimemoulds)
Nucleiwithmembranes
GeneticInformationinsidethenucleusand
containsmorethanonechromosome
Respirationinmitochondria
Chloroplastforphotosynthesis
Movementbyciliaatauflagella(stopkul2)
FUNGI
FUNGI
Terms:Fungus(singular)
Fungi(plural)Jamur(Ind.)
Mould(Kapang)
Yeast(Ragi=khamir)
Mushroom(Jamurbesar)
FUNGI
FUNGI
Saccharomyces cereviseae Candida albicans
FUNGI
Fusarium sp.
Aspergillus sp.
Penicillium sp.
TaxonomyofFungi
(Alexopoulos,1996)
Recentnames Previousnames
Oomycota Oomycetes
ChytridiomycotaChytridiomycetesLowerfungi
Zygomycota Zygomycetes
Ascomycota Ascomycetes
Deuteromycota Deuteromycetes,
Deuteromycotina, Higherfungi
FungiImperfecti
Basidiomycota Basidiomycetes,
Basidiomycotina
RoleofFungi
PositiveRole :
IndustrialMicroorganisms:drugrawmaterial,
growthpromoter,enzymesforfoodindustry,
etc.
Saprophyte:decomposer
Analyticaltools:mikroorganismsfortest
Biotransformation(jasa):hormon
Research:bioinformatic
NegativeRole:
Parasitesonplants,animals,human,(causeof
diseases)
Deteriorationofmanyproducts(food,drinks,
households,cosmetics,etc.)
HowtouseFungi?
Biomasa
PrimaryMetabolites
SecondaryMetabolites
Enzymes
Bioinformatics
Biotransformation
SomefungiinIndustry
Field Product Source Usage
Pharmacy Penicillin P.chrysogenum antibacteria
Griseofulvin P.griseofulvumantifungi
Cyclosporin Trich.polysporum immunosuppresant
Agriculture Zealarenone Gibberellazeae growthpromoter
Gibberellins G.fujikuroi plantshormon
Industry Amylase Asp.oryzae,niger degradationof
amilum
Lipase Mucor,Aspergillus degradationoflipid
Morphology
Filamentousfungi=moulds
Hyphaemycelium
Producingspores(sexualandasexual)
Growthontips(apical)ofhyphae
Yeast=Ragi(Ind.)
Formbudding
Selfdevidingreproduction
CharacteristicofFungi
Nutrition:Heterotroph
Nophotosynthesis(saprophyteorparasite)
Cellwall:containschitin(kitin)danchitosan(kitosan)
Nucleus:mostlyhaploid,somearediploid
Histone:Histone2B(similartoanimal)
Lysin:SyntesizedbyAAAbiosynthesispathway
Mitochondria:discshape
Storagecompounds:glicogen,lipid,trihalose
Sterol:ergosterol
Ribosome:18srRNA
Differencesbetweenmouldandyeast
Characteristic Mould Yeast
1. Cell size 5 30 m 4 m(e.g Candida)
2. Growth form Form hyphae Budding system
/mycelium
3. Cell wall component chitin, glucan chitin and glucan in
various conc.
4. Spores with Pigment mostly colourless
5. Protein content 10% 6%
6. Glucosamine content 28% 33%
7. Nucleus mostly haploid can be haploid/diploid
MouldsFilamentousFungi(Kapang)
Hyphaewithprotoplasmiccylinderformsurrounded
bycellwalls
Diameterofhyphae:2 18m
Hyphaeconsistsofseveralcompartmentsseparated
bysepta(septum),butsomehavenosepta
Insideonecompartment:consistsofoneortwo
nucleus,danaktivitasprotoplasmaterpusatpada
daerahujunghifa(disebutdaerahapex=apical
region)
MouldsFilamentousFungi(Kapang)
Apicalendwith50nmthickness,cellwalls
withrangeupto125nmthickness.
Apicalendcontainsnumerousoforganell,and
attipareahavealotofAVC=apicalvesicle
cluster,whichhaveanimportantrolein
mouldgrowth
Iftheoldhyphaelysed(lysis),poresofsepta
willbefilledbysuchproteinscalledWoronin
bodiesandtheseptawillberigidlyclosed
StructureofMoulds
Hyphae structure Hyphae under electron
microscope
Yeast(Ragi)
Unicellular
SomeyeasthaveDimorfproperties(the
morphologychangedduetoenvironment
condition,suchastemperature,etc.)
Eachcellhasonenucluesandseveralorganell
BigVacuola
Reproductionwithbuddingsystem:bipolar
ormultipolar
StructureofYeast
Budding of Yeast
Fungiaseucaryoticcells
NUCLEUS :containsthegenomeofcells
DNAwithinthenucleusiswoundaround
histonetoformnucleosomesandthen
chromosomes
Nucleusisenclosedbyapairofmembranes,
separatedbyaspace.Theinnermembraneis
asimplesac,whiletheouterisinmanyplaces
continuouswiththeER.
Eukaryoticcell
Thenuclearmembranealsocontainspores,formed
fromholeswheretheinnerandoutermembraneare
joined
Theporesfunction:transportproteinsandnucleic
acidsintoandoutofthenucleus(called:nuclear
transport)
Nucleolus:insidethenucleus,isthesiteof
ribosomalRNAsynthesis
Ribosomalproteinssynthesizedincytoplasmand
transportedintonucleolusandcombinedwith
ribosomalRNAtoformthesmallandlargesubunits
ofeukaryoticribosome
Nucleusofyeastcellunderelectronmicroscope
Mitochondria
Mitochondrion(singular)isenergygenerating
organellesofeukaryoticcells.
Forrespirationandoxidativephosphorylation
Canberodshapeorshperical
Animalcontainover1000mitochondria,yeasthave
fewer
Mitochondriaaresurroundedbytwomembranes.
Theoutermembranecomposedofanequalmixture
ofproteinandlipid,relativelypermeable.Theinner
membraneismoreproteinandlesspermeable
Lackofsterols,soaremuchlessrigid
Possesaseriesoffoldedinternalmembranescalled
CRISTAE,sitesofenzymesinvolvedinrespirationand
ATPproduction
Mitochondria
Someanaerobiceukaryoticmicroorganisms
lackmitochondria,instead:Hydrogenosome.
Examples:Trichomonas (parasites)
Function:OxidationofpyruvatetoH
2
,CO
2
andacetate
Hydrogenosome
EndoplasmicReticulumandGolgi
ERisanetworkofmembranescontinuous
withnuclearmembrane
RoughERattachedribosomes,SmoothERfor
lipidsynthesisandcarbohydratemetabolism
Golgicomplexconsistsofastackof
membranesdistinctfromER.ProductofER
arechemicallymodifiedandsortedtobe
secreted(forexample:glycosylation)
GolgicomplexofToxoplasmagondii
LysosomeandPeroxisomes
Lysosomescontainvariousdigestiveenzymes
todigestmacromolecules,suchasproteins,
fatsandpolysaccharides
Peroxisomesproducehydrogenperoxide
(H
2
O
2
)fromthereductionofO
2
byvarious
hydrogendonors.
Reproductionsystem
Asexual
yeastformssporesinsporangiospores
whilemouldsformssporesinconidia.
Function:fordispersalpurposes(penyebaran)
Sexual
SexualReproductionoccurswhenhaploidgamet
fusedtoformzygote
Zygoteenterintomeiosis(pembelahan)processtoform
sexualhaploidspores.Function:forsurvivalindormant
form
Conidia (spores)
Conidiophore
AsexualSpores
Nonmotile:Zygomycota
Movewithoneflagella:Chytridiomycota
Movewithtwoflagella:Oomycota
Ascomycota,Deuteromycotaand
Basidiomycotaneverformsporangium,and
havenoflagella.Theyreproducebybudding
system,fragmentation,etc
Sexualspores
Lowerfungiusuallyhaveclearsexualorgan
whileinhigherfungitheirsexualorganare
notdefinite,onlyfusionofsomatic(non
reproductive)hyphae
SexualSporesplayaroleondormantform
forsurvival(oospores,zygospores,
ascospores)
Yeastcells
Oomycota
(Watermolds)
Phytophtora(a)
Saprolegnia(b),(c)
Pythium(d)
Habitat:Aquatic
Sexualspores:
oospore
Phytophtorainfestans
Isapathogenicfungifor
potatoes
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Chytridiomycota
Allomyces(a)
Rhizophlyctis(b)
Olpidium(c)
Mostlysaprophyte
Zygomycota
(Breadmolds)
Mucor(a)
Entomophthora(b)
Pilobolus(c)
Erynia(b)
Piptochepalis(d)
Rhizopus
Habitat:soil,decaying
plantmaterial
Sexualspores:zygospore
(a)
(b) (c)
(d)
Ascomycota
(Sacfungi)
Neurospora(a)
Eurotium(d)
Ascobolus(c)
Saccharomyces
Pneumocystis
Habitat:soil,decaying
plantmaterial
Sexualspores:
ascospores
(a)
(b)
(c) (d)
Deuteromycota
(Fungiimperfecti)
Alternaria,Aspergillus
Cladosporium
Geotrichum,Humicola
Penicillium,Phomopsis
Pesotum,Fusarium
Trichoderma,Candida
Habitat:soil,surfaceof
animalbodies
Basidiomycota
(mushroom)
Agaricus(a)
Lycoperdon(b)
Ganoderma(c)
Puccinia(d)
Amanita
Pathogenic Fungi
Fungicausesdiseasespadaskinsurfaceor
topical(Superficialmycoses)
Fungicausesdiseasesonsubkutanlayer
(Subcutaneousmycoses)
Fungicausesdiseasesinsidethehuman
bodyorsistemicsystem
(Deeporsistemicmycoses)
Mycotoxin (Mikotoksin)
Mycotoxin isfungalsecondarymetabolites
whichissecretedforsurvivalpurposesagainst
othermicroorganismsorotherorganisms
Mainentranceforpathogenicfungiattacking
humanisthoughoralcavityorinhalationor
throughmucoseadhesionorlesioncontact.
Oportunist Fungi
Fungithatcausedseriousdiseasesdueto
otherdiseases
Candidaalbicans isonesampleofoportunist
fungi,incertaincondition
Cryptococcusneoformans
Aspergillus flavus,parasiticus
Detection of toxigenic fungi
Identification by microscope
Microbiological analysis
Immunochemistry
Molecular methods
Some methods for
pathogenic fungi detection
Microsporon, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton,
Sporotrichum, can be cultured on Sabouraud
medium agar
Candida albicans on object glass , add 10%
KOH, observed under microscope : mycelium
produced
To differentiate Candida with other non-
pathogenic yeasts : use selective media (corn-
meal agar)