contents
English sentence............................................................................................................ 7 Subject .............................................................................................................................. 7 I. Danh t m c .....................................................................................................7 II. Qun t .......................................................................................................................8
1. Qun t bt nh A v AN ........................................................................................................ 8 2. Qun t xc nh THE ................................................................................................................ 9 3. Mt s trng hp c bit ................................................................................................... 14
II. Cch s dng another v other ............................................................................14 III. Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few .................................................................15 IV. S hu cch............................................................................................................16 Verb.................................................................................................................................. 17 I. Present........................................................................................................................17
1. Simple Present .......................................................................................................................... 17 2. Present Progressive................................................................................................................... 17 3. Present Perfect ......................................................................................................................... 18 4. Present Perfect Progressive ..................................................................................................... 20
S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t................................................................. 24 I. Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t ..............................................25 II. Cc danh t lun i hi cc ng t & i t theo sau ngi th 3 s t.....25 III. Cch s dng none v no.....................................................................................26 IV. Cu trc either ... or..., neither ... nor... ................................................................27 V. Verb-ing dng lm ch ng ..................................................................................27 VI. Cch s dng a number of, the number of........................................................29 VII. Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu .....................................................................30 VIII. Thnh ng there is / there are .............................................................................30 i t ............................................................................................................................... 32 I. i t nhn xng ch ng.......................................................................................32 II. i t nhn xng tn ng.......................................................................................33
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III. Tnh t s hu ...........................................................................................................33 IV. i t s hu ...........................................................................................................33 V. i t phn thn.....................................................................................................34 Tn ng .......................................................................................................................... 34 I. ng t nguyn th lm tn ng...........................................................................35 II. Verb-ing lm tn ng ..............................................................................................35 III. ng t theo sau n c th l nguyn th hoc verb-ing ...............................36 IV. Bn ng t c bit ............................................................................................36
1. Stop............................................................................................................................................ 36 2. Remember ................................................................................................................................ 36 3. Forget ........................................................................................................................................ 37 4. Regret ........................................................................................................................................ 37
V. Cc ng t ng sau gii t ...............................................................................37 VI. Vn cc i t ng trc to verb hoc verb-ing dng lm tn ng......39 Cch s dng hai ng t bn khuym khuyt................................................. 40 I. Need ..........................................................................................................................40
1. Need c dng nh mt ng t thng ......................................................................... 40 2. Need c s dng nh mt ng t khuym khuyt....................................................... 41
Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp c bit............................. 42 Cch s dng to get trong trng hp c bit ..................................... 44 1. To get + PII ................................................................................................................44 2. Get + verb-ing = start + verb-ing............................................................................44 3. Get smb / sth + verb-ing .........................................................................................44 4. Get + to + verb.........................................................................................................44 5. Get + to + verb (ch hnh ng) = come + to + verb .........................................44 Cu hi ........................................................................................................................... 45 I. Cu hi Yes / No ......................................................................................................45 II. Cu hi thng bo ..................................................................................................45
1. Who v what lm ch ng ..................................................................................................... 45 2. Whom v what lm tn ng................................................................................................... 46 3. Cu hi nhm vo cc b ng when, where, how v why .............................................. 46
III. Cu hi gin tip ....................................................................................................46 IV. Cu hi c ui......................................................................................................47 Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh ............................................................ 48 I. Li ni ph ho khng nh.....................................................................................48
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II. Li ni ph ho ph nh ........................................................................................49 Cu ph nh................................................................................................................. 50 Mnh lnh thc ............................................................................................................ 53 ng t khuym khuyt............................................................................................. 54 I. Cu iu kin ............................................................................................................54
1. iu kin c th thc hin c hin ti .......................................................................... 54 2. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti.................................................................... 54 3. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh .................................................................. 55
II. Cch s dng cc ng t will, would, could, should sau if.............................55 III. Mt s cch dng thm ca if ngoi mnh iu kin.................................56
1. If ... then = Nu ... th. ............................................................................................................... 56 2. If dng trong dng cu khng phi iu kin ..................................................................... 56 3. If ... should = If ... happen to = If ... should happen to: ........................................................ 56 4. If + was/were + to + verb ........................................................................................................ 56 5. If + it + to be + not + for ........................................................................................................... 57 6. Not ............................................................................................................................................. 57 7. It would + subject + would ...................................................................................................... 57 8. If ... 'd have ...'d have .............................................................................................................. 57 9. If + propesition + noun/verb.................................................................................................... 57 10. If ... any/ anything/ ever/ not................................................................................................ 58
IV. Cch s dng thnh ng as if ... as though ........................................................58 V. Cch s dng ng t to hope, to wish ..............................................................59
1. iu kin c tht tng lai .................................................................................................. 59 2. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti.................................................................... 60 3. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh .................................................................. 60 4. Lu ........................................................................................................................................... 60
VIII. Cch s dng thnh ng would like ..................................................................64 VIIII. Cch s dng cc t khuym khuyt din t cc trng thi hti....65
1. Could/May/Might + [verb in simple form]............................................................................. 65 2. Should + [verb in simple form] ................................................................................................ 65 3. Must + [verb in simple form] .................................................................................................... 66 4. Have to...................................................................................................................................... 66
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2. Could have + PII ........................................................................................................................ 67 3. Might have been + verb-ing................................................................................................... 67 4. Should have + PII....................................................................................................................... 67 5. Must have + PII .......................................................................................................................... 67 6. Must have been + verb-ing..................................................................................................... 67
XI. Cc vn s dng should trong mt s trng hp c th ..........................68 Tnh t .............................................................................................................................. 69 Ph t.............................................................................................................................. 69 ng t ni .................................................................................................................. 70 Cc dng so snh ca tnh t v ph t ........................................................... 71 I. So snh bng ............................................................................................................71 II. So snh hn km......................................................................................................73 III. So snh hp l..........................................................................................................75 IV. So snh c bit ....................................................................................................75 V. So snh a bi.........................................................................................................76 VI. So snh kp.............................................................................................................76 VII. Cu trc no sooner than: va mi th ..........................................77 VIII. So snh gia hai ngi, hai vt...........................................................................78 IX. So snh bc nht ...................................................................................................78 Danh t dng lm tnh t ......................................................................................... 79 Mt s trng hp c th dng much, many .................................................. 80 Mt s trng hp dng vi much v many................................................... 81 Phn bit thm v cch dng a lot/lots of/plenty/a great deal so vi many/much .. 82 Mt s cch dng c th ca more v most .................................................. 83 Cch dng long, a long time v for a long time ......................................... 84 T ni............................................................................................................................... 85 I. Because/ Because of ...............................................................................................85 II. T ni ch mc ch v kt qu..............................................................................85 III. T ni ch nguyn nhn v kt qu ......................................................................86 IV. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin khc ..............................................................87 Cu b ng.................................................................................................................. 89 ng t gy nguyn nhn ..................................................................................... 91 Cu phc hp v i t quan h thay th........................................................... 93 I. That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph.............................................................93 II. That v Which lm tn ng ca cu ph trc .............................................93
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III. Who lm ch ng ca cu ph ............................................................................94 IV. Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph ........................................................................94 V. Mnh ph bt buc v khng bt buc.......................................................94
1. Mnh ph bt buc .......................................................................................................... 94 2. Mnh khng bt buc ...................................................................................................... 95
VI. Tm quan trng ca vic s dng du phy i mi M ph........................95 VII. Cch s dng all / both / some / several / most / few of whom / which ......96 VIII. Whose ....................................................................................................................96 IX. Cch loi b mnh ph ..................................................................................96 Cch s dng phn t trong mt s trng hp ......................................... 97 I. Dng vi mt s cu trc ng t .........................................................................97 II. Phn t mt c s dng rt ngn nhng cu di.....................................99 Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh............................................................. 99 Nhng cch s dng khc ca that................................................................. 100 I. That dng vi t cch l mt lin t (rng).........................................................100 II. Mnh c that....................................................................................................101 Cu gi nh ............................................................................................................... 101 I. Dng vi would rather that....................................................................................101 II. Dng vi cc ng t sau ....................................................................................102 III. Dng vi tnh t .....................................................................................................102 IV. Cu gi nh dng vi mt s cc trng hp khc......................................103 V. Cu gi nh dng vi It to be + time ................................................................105 Li ni bao hm ......................................................................................................... 105 I. Not only ... but also .................................................................................................105 II. As well as.................................................................................................................106 III. Both ... and.............................................................................................................106 To know, to know how .......................................................................................... 107 Mnh nhng b................................................................................................. 107 I. Despite/ Inspite of ...................................................................................................107 II. Although/ Even though/ though..........................................................................107 III. However+adjective+subject+link verb ...............................................................108 IV. Although/ Albeit + adjective/ adverb/adverbial modifier..............................108 Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln....................................................................... 108 Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi cc ng t trn ................................... 110 Mt s cc ng t c bit khc ................................................................... 111
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Ting anh vit.............................................................................................................. 112 Cch s dng to say, to tell................................................................................. 113 i t nhn xng one v you............................................................................... 114 T i trc gii thiu .......................................................................................... 115 Cch s dng cc phn t u mnh ph ............................................. 116 Phn t dng lm tnh t........................................................................................ 119 I. Phn t mt (verbing) ............................................................................................119 II. Phn t 2 (verb-ed)................................................................................................119 Cu tha ...................................................................................................................... 120 Cu trc cu song song ...................................................................................... 120 Thng tin trc tip v gin tip ............................................................................ 121 I. Cu trc tip v cu gin tip .............................................................................121 II. ng t vi hai tn ng trc tip v gin tip...................................................122 S o ngc ph t.............................................................................................. 123 Cch loi b nhng cu tr li khng ng trong bi ng php....... 126 I. Kim tra cc li ng php c bn .......................................................................126 II. Loi b nhng cu tr li mang tnh rm r.....................................................126 III. Phi chc chn rng tt c cc t trong cu c chn u phi ... ........126 IV. Phi loi b nhng cu tr li bao hm ting lng.........................................127 Nhng t d gy nhm ln.................................................................................... 127 Mt s nhng t d gy nhm ln khc.......................................................... 129 Gii t............................................................................................................................ 131 1. During......................................................................................................................131 2. From.........................................................................................................................131 3. Out of ......................................................................................................................131 4. By .............................................................................................................................131 5. In ..............................................................................................................................132 6. On............................................................................................................................132 7. At .............................................................................................................................133 8. Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi gii t ..............................................................134 Ng ng t............................................................................................................... 135
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This Grammar Review was prepared based on i) the Cliffs Preparation Guide book and ii) my hand-written notebook from an English course. Thus, this material is provided to you as is, without any warranty of accuracy, correctness and reliability. Hanoi, 23 June 2002 Nguyen Thanh Hoan
[7-12-2001] English sentence Mt cu trong ting Anh bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
Subject - verb as predicate - complement - modifier (Object) Direct Indirect
Subject Ch ng c th l mt ng t nguyn th, Verb-ing, i t, xong nhiu nht vn l danh t. Bao gi cng ng u cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t. V l danh t nn lin quan n: danh t m c v khng m c.
I. Danh t m c
(1) (2)
Danh t m c: dng c vi s m. Do , n c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N c th dng c vi a v the. Danh t khng m c: khng dng c vi s m, do khng c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. Khng th dng c vi a, cn the ch trong mt s trng hp c bit. Mt s cc danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit, v d:
person - people foot - feet woman - women child - children mouse - mice tooth - teeth man - men
(3)
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(5)
Mt s cc danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, card, water i khi c dng nh cc danh t s nhiu ch cc dng, cc loi khc nhau ca danh t .
Ex: This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat. (indicates a particular type of food) He studies meats. (for example, beef, pork, lamb, etc.)
(7)
Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian th n l danh t khng m c, nhng khi dng vi ngha thi i hay s ln th n li l danh t m c.
Ancient times, modern times
(8)
Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi cc danh t m c v khng m c. WITH COUNT NOUNS WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS
a(n), the, some, any this, that, these, those none, one, two, three,... many a lot of the, some, any this, that none much (usually in negatives or question) a lot of a large amount of (a) little less ... than more ... than
(9)
NOTE: Vic xc nh danh t m c v khng m c l ht sc quan trng, l bc m u cho cc bi nghe v ng php ca TOEFL.
II. Qun t
1. Qun t bt nh A v AN AN dng trc mt danh t bt u bng: * 4 nguyn m: a, e, i, o; * 2 bn nguyn m: u, y; * Nhng danh t bt u bng h cm (an hour); * Nhng t m u bng mt ch ci vit tt c coi nh mt nguyn m (ex: an SOS). A - Lu : ng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni phi dng a (a university).
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- Dng a trc mt danh t bt u bng mt ph m. (1) c dng trc mt danh t khng c xc nh v mt v tr, tnh cht, c im hoc c nhc n ln u tin trong cu: a book, a apple, ... Dng cho cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh: a lot of, a great of, a couple, a dozen... Dng trc nhng s m nht nh, thng l hng ngn, trm:
A one hundred, a one thousand...
(2)
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(4)
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Dng vi cc n v phn s.
1/3 = a/ one third, 1/5 = a/ one fifth...
(7)
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2. Qun t xc nh THE (1) Dng trc mt danh t c xc nh c th v mt tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c nhc n trong cu.
The earth is round.
(2)
(3)
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(4)
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Lu : i vi man khi mang ngha loi ngi khng c dng the ng trc.
Since man lived on the Earth...
(9)
(gii ch tim nh / gii quan chc cao cp) (10) The + tnh t tng trng cho mt nhm ngi. Chng khng bao gi c php s nhiu nhng c xem l cc danh t s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.
The old = the old people, the unemployed (nhng ngi tht nghip) The disabled are often very hard in their moving.
(11)
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(15)
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Khng c dng the trc cc danh t: home, bed, church, hospital, class, school, college, university, market... khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t chuyn ng, ch i n hoc ra khi v mc ch chnh.
Students go to school everyday; the patient was released from hospital.
(20)
Bng s dng THE v khng s dng THE trong mt s trng hp in hnh TT 1 C THE Khng c THE
Dng trc tn cc i dng, sng ngi, Trc mt tn h. bin, vnh v cc h ( s nhiu). HonKim Lake the Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Rersian Gulf, the Great Lakes
Grammar review 11
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Trc tn cc dy ni. the Rocky Mountains, the Andes Trc tn vt th duy nht trong v tr hoc trn th gii. The Great Wall, the Pyramids of Egypt The + schools, colleges, university + danh t ring. the University of Florida, the college of Arts and Sciences
Trc tn mt ngn ni Mount Vesuvius, Mount McKinley Trc tn cc hnh tinh v cc chm sao. Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion Trc tn cc trng ny nu trc l mt tn ring Santa Fe Community College
Khng c THE
Tn cc danh t i cng vi s m World War One, chapter three
9 10 11 12
13 14
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Christmas, Thanhksgiving
15
Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n cc nhc c ni chung hay chi cc nhc c . the violin is difficult to play who is that on the piano
Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc c trong cc hnh thc m nhc c th. to perform jazz on trumpet an piano
16
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Ngha ting Vit i lm ang lm vic/ nhiu vic lm lm vic chm ch n s lm ang ng chc mn nhim i bin (nh nhng thu th) ra bin (thng ngh) gn bin trn bin (trong mt chuyn hi hnh) i ph trung tm
other + non - count nouns (more of the set) other water =some more water the other + non - count noun (all the rest) the other water = the remaining water
(1)
Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh. Nu ch ng v danh t c xc nh n trn th di ch cn dng another hoc other nh mt i t l . Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th other chuyn thnh others, khng bao gi c dng others + danh t s nhiu, ch c dng mt trong hai. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng i t thay th ones hoc one sau other hoc another.
(2)
(3)
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(4)
Lu : this, that c th dng vi one nhng these v those khng c dng vi ones. Other ... than: khc ... ngoi
You will have time to visit other places than those in itinerary. Other women than Sally would have said nothing.
(5)
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(8) (9)
Each other: ln nhau (dng cho hai ngi, hai vt). One another: ln nhau (t 3 tr ln).
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Trong mt s trng hp khi danh t trn c nhc n th pha di ch dng little hoc few nh mt i t l .
Are you ready in money. Yes. a little.
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(6)
IV. S hu cch
A/the + noun's + noun (1) Ch c dng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho danh t ch vt.
The student's book; the cat's leg.
(2)
(3)
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(5)
i vi nhng tn ring hay danh t c sn s ui, c th ch cn dng du phy v nhn vo ui khi c hoc dng s hu cch nhng phi thay i cch c. Tn ring khng dng the trc.
The boss' car = the boss's car; Agnes' house = Agnes's house.
(6)
(7)
C th dng cho cc ma trong nm (tr ma xun v ma thu), nu dng s hu cch cho hai ma ny th ngi vit nhn cch ho chng. Ngy nay ngi ta dng cc ma trong nm nh mt tnh t cho cc danh t ng sau, t dng s hu cch.
The summer's hot day; the winter's cold day; the spring's return (s tr li ca cha xun); the Autumn's leaving (nng thu ra i).
(8)
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(9)
(10)
c bit l i vi cc tim n.
The Antonis's; Mc Donald's.
(11)
Verb ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi k chnh: qu kh - hin ti - tng lai. Mi thi chnh li chia lm nhiu thi nh din t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.
I. Present
1. Simple Present (1) Khi chia ng t ngi s 3 s t phi c s tn cng v m phi c c ln.
He walks; She watches TV.
(2)
N dng din t hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra hin ti, khng xc nh c th v mt thi gian. Hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh quy lut.
Every day I love you.
(3)
Thng dng vi mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh: today, present day, nowaday... c bit n dng vi ph t ch tn s: always, somtime, often, every + thi gian.
(4)
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(1)
Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca hin ti. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng mt s cc ph t nh: now, right now, at this moment, v.v...
John is eating dinner now.
(2)
Dng thay th cho th tng lai gn, c bit l cho nhng hnh ng c xp xp hay tnh ton t trc.
We are leaving for the theater at seven o'clock.
(3)
c bit lu nhng ng t bng sau khng c php dng th tip din cho d l bt c thi no khi chng l nhng ng t tnh din t trng thi, cm gic ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tnh cht ca s vt s vic nhng khi chng sang hng ng t hnh ng th li c php dng th tip din. know believe hear see smell wish understand hate love like want sound have need appear seem taste own
She has a lot of books / She is having dinner now. I think they will come / I am thinking of my test tomorrow.
3. Present Perfect Have + PII (1) Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra t trong qu kh ko di n hin ti v chm dt hin ti. Thi im hnh ng hon ton khng c xc nh trong cu.
John has traveled around the world.
(2)
(3)
(4)
Dng already trong cu khng nh, lu rng already c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu.
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(5)
(6)
(7)
Trong mt s trng hp ph nh, yet c th ng ngay sau have nhng phi thay i v mt ng php: not mt i v phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.
has Subject + + yet + [verb in infinitive] have
John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learned the material yet We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven't decided what to do with the money yet.
Lu : this use of yet should not be confused with the coordinating conjunction yet, which meens but. [Ex: I don't have the money, yet I really need the computer.] (8) Dng vi now that (gi y khi m) ng u cu.
Now that you have passed the TOEFL exam successfully you can scholarship at a US university. apply for a
(9)
Dng vi mt s cc ph t nh: til, now, so far, until now (cho n tn by gi) cc thnh ng ny c th ng tn cui cu.
So far the problem has not been resolved.
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(10)
(11)
4. Present Perfect Progressive have/has + been + verb-ing (1) Dng ging ht nh Present Perfect nhng hnh ng khng chm dt hin ti m vn tip tc tip din. Thng xuyn dng vi since / for + thi gian. Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive
Hnh ng chm dt hin ti, do Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c c kt qu r rt. kh nng lan ti tng lai do khng c kt qu r rt. I have been waited for you for half an I have been waiting for you for half an hour. (and now I stop waiting because hour. (and now I am still waiting, hoping that you will come.) you didn't come.)
II. Past
[verb + ed]
Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c dng ng t dng simple past v past perfect nh nhau. Ngi Anh thng dng past simple v past perfect lm tnh t hoc trong dng b ng.
to light -> lighted, lit: He lighted the candles on his birthday. From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.
(2)
N din t mt hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qu kh, khng lin quan n hin ti. Thi im trong cu c xc nh r rt bng mt s ph t ch thi gian: yesterday, last + time v.v...
John went to Spain last year.
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[Exercises: 5; 14-12-2001] 2. Past Progressive (1) N dng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca qu kh. Thi im ny c biu t c th bng ngy, gi.
Henry was eating a snack at midnight last night. When Mary came home, her husband was cooking dinner.
(2)
Dng kt hp vi mt simple past thng qua 2 ph t ch thi gian l when v while ch mt hnh ng ang tip din trong qu kh th mt hnh ng khc chen vo. N tng ng vi cu trc ting Vit: khi ang ... th.
(3)
Mnh c when, while c th p ng bt k v tr no trong cu nhng sau when phi l simple past, sau while phi l past progressive. N din t hai hnh ng lin tip xy ra trong qu kh ni vi nhau bng while v when.
(4)
(5)
Mnh quan h khng c while c th simple past nhng t khi v d b nhm ln.
3. Past perfect have/has + PII (1) (2) Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng trong qu kh. Trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng. Dng kt hp vi mt simple past thng qua hai ph t ch thi gian after v before.
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(3)
Mnh after v before c th ng u v cui cu. Sau after phi l past perfect, sau before phi l simple past. Before hoc after c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v trong cu bao gi cn c 2 hnh ng 1 trc, 1 sau.
The police came when the robbers had gone away.
(4)
4. Past perfect progressive had been + verb-ing (1) Dng ging ht past perfect duy c iu hot ng din ra lin tc cho n tn simple past. N thng kt hp vi simple past thng qua ph t before. Trong cu thng xuyn c since/before.
She had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.
(2)
Th ny ngy nay t dng, ngi ta thay th n bng past perfect v ch dng khi no cn din t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.
III. Future
1. Simple future
will/shall + verb in simple form Can/May
(1)
Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l ng php M chp nhn vic dng will cho tt c cc ngi, cn shall ch dng cho ngi I, we trong mt s trng hp nh sau: a ra ngh mt cch lch s: Shall I take your coat? ( ti ct o cho.)
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Dng mi mc ngi khc mt cch lch s: Shall we go out for lunch? (Bn mnh i n tra i.) Dng ng gi trong khi mc c, mua bn:
Shall we say: $50. Shall we say I will pay for the main course and you will pay for the dessert.
Dng cui mt vn bn mang tnh php quy buc cc bn phi thi hnh cc iu khon.
All students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dormitory rule.
(2) (3)
Trong ting Anh bnh dn ngi ta thay shall bng must. Dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai nhng khng xc nh c th. Thng dng vi mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh tomorrow, next + thi gian, in the future (trong tng lai), in future = for now on (t nay tr i).
Tomorrow we will have a science test.
2. Near future To be going to do sth (1) Din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai gn thng dng vi cc ph t di dng in a moment (lt na), at 2 o'clock this afternoon (vo lc 2 gi chiu nay).
We are going to have a reception in a moment.
(2)
(3)
3. Future progressive will/shall + be + verb-ing (1) Din t mt vic s xy ra trong tng lai mt thi im nht nh.
At 8 am tomorrow morning we will be attending a lecture.
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(2)
Dng kt hp vi mt present progressive din t 2 hnh ng ang song song xy ra: mt hin ti, mt tng lai.
Now we are learning English here, but by the time tomorrow we will be attending a meeting at the club.
(3)
c dng cp n cc s kin trong tng lai c quyt nh hoc c xc nh nhng khng mang ngha tip din.
Professor Becker will be giving another lecture on Roman glass-making at the same time next week.
(4)
Hoc nhng s kin c mong i l s xy ra theo mt tin trnh thng l (nhng khng din t nh ca c nhn ngi ni).
You will be hearing from my parents.
(5)
(6)
4. Future perfect will/shall + have + PII (1) Ch mt hnh ng s phi c hon tt vo mt thi im nhtnh trong tng lai. N thng c dng vi cc ph t ch thi gian di dng by the end of, by the time + sentence.
We will have a completed the TOEFL test-taking skill by the end of this year. By the time Haley's comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive today will have passed away.
S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t Trong mt cu ting Anh, thng thng ch ng ng lin ngang vi ng t v quyt nh vic chia ng t, nhng khng phi lun lun nh vy.
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(1)
Xen vo gia l mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u kt hp vi cc danh t theo sau) cc ng gii t ny khng h c quyt nh g n vic chia ng t, ng t phi chia theo ngi ch ng chnh. Subject + [prepositional phrase] + verb
The study of languages is very interesting. Several theories on this subject have been proposed.
(2)
Cc thnh ng bng sau cng vi cc danh t i theo sau n to nn hin tng ng ch ng. N s ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t, tch ra khi hai thnh phn bng hai du phy v khng c quyt nh g n vic chia ng t. together with (cng vi) accompanied by (i km bi) along with (theo cng vi) as well as (cng nh)
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
(3)
(4)
Tuy nhin nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng "or" th ng t phi da theo danh t ng sau "or". Nu danh t l s t th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.
The actress or her manager is going to answer the interview. The actress or her parents are going to answer the interview.
(1)
l cc danh t trong bng di, hay cn gi l cc i t phim ch. any + no + some + singular noun singular noun singular noun anybody nobody somebody anyone no one someone anything nothing something every + singular noun each + singular noun everybody everyone either* everything neither*
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* Either and neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor.
Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should be in this line. Something was under the house. If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work. Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk. (note the singular pronoun) No problem is harder to solve than this one. Nobody works harder than John does.
(2)
Either (mt trong hai) ch dng cho hai ngi, hai vt. Nu 3 ngi 3 vt tr ln phi dng any.
If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work. Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk. (note the singular pronoun)
(3)
Neither (khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu t 3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln phi dng not any.
Neither of his chutes opens as he plummets to the ground. Not any of these pens is able to be used.
(1)
Nu sau none of the l mt danh t khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t. none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb
None of the counterfeit money has been found.
(2)
Nhng nu sau none of the l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu. none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb
None of the students have finished the exam yet.
(3)
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(4)
Nu sau no l mt danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi ngi th 3 s nhiu. no + plural noun + plural verb
No examples are relevant to this case.
Di y l cch s dng cu trc either ... or... (hoc ... hoc); neither ... nor...(khng... m cng khng) (1) iu cn lu nht khi s dng cu trc ny l ng t phi chia theo danh t i sau "or" hoc "nor". Nu danh t l s t th danh t chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.
neither nor + noun + + plural noun + plural verb either or
Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today. Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.
(1)
(2)
Ngi ta s dng verb-ing khi mun din t mt hnh ng c th xy ra nht thi. Nhng khi mun din t bn cht s vt, s vic phi dng danh t.
Dieting is very popular today. Diet is for those who suffer from a certain disease. Struggle for survival.
Correct:
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Incorrect:
(3)
ng t nguyn th cng c th dng lm ch ng v ng t sau n s chia ngi th 3 s t. Ngi ta hay dng ch ng gi "it" m u cu.
To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.
(4)
Cc danh t tp th: l cc danh bng di dng ch mt nhm ngi hoc mt t chc nhng trn thc t chng l nhng danh t s t. Do vy cc i t v ng t theo sau chng cng ngi th 3 s t. Congress family group committee class organization team army club crowd government jury majority* minority public
The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal. The family was elated by the news. The crowd was wild with excitement. Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation. The organization has lost many members this year. Our team is going to win the game.
(5)
Tuy nhin nu ng t sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiu th cu m ch cc thnh vin trong nhm ang hot ng ring r.
Congress votes for the bill. (Congress as whole) Congress are discussing about the bill. (some agree but some don't)
Lu : TOEFL khng bt li ny. (6) Danh t the majority c dng tu theo thnh phn i sau n chia ng t. *Majority can be singular or plural. If it is alone it is usually singular; if it is followed by a plural noun, it is usually plural.
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(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Cc cm t bng sau ch mt nhm ng vt hoc gia sc cho d sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu th ng t vn phi da theo ch ng chnh: ngi th 3 s t. flock of birds, sheep school of fish herd of cattle pride of lions pack of dogs
The flock of birds is circling overhead. The herd of cattle is breaking away. A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
(11)
Tt c cc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u c xem l mt danh t s t. Do cc ng t v i t theo sau chng phi ngi th 3 s t.
He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another 50. Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt. Fifty minutes isn't enough time to finish this test. Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder. Two miles is too much to run in one day.
(1)
A number of = mt s ln nhng. Nu i vi s nhiu th ng t s nhiu. Nhng the number of = mt s, c coi l mt tng th s t. Do cho d sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t vn phi chia ngi th 3 s t. a number of + plural noun + plural verb...
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(1)
Bng di y l nhng danh t bao gi cng hnh thi s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th. Do vy cc i t v ng t i cng vi chng cng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu. Nu mun bin chng ngi s t, dng a pair of. scissors trousers shorts eyeglasses pants pliers jeans tweezers tongs
(2)
The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer. The pliers were on the table. The pair of pliers was on the table. These scissors are dull. This pair of scissors is dull.
Ch s tn ti ca ngi hay vt ti mt ni no . Ch ng l danh t i sau. Nu l danh t s t th ng t to be chia ngi th 3 s it v ngc li. Mi bin i v thi v th u nm to be, cn there gi nguyn. Lu cc cu trc there is certain/sure/likely/bound+ to be = chc chn l, s c.
There is a sure to be trouble when she get his letter. Do you think there to be likely to be snow?
(4)
Trong dng ting Anh chun, mt s cc ng t khc ngoi to be cng c s dng vi there. * ng t trng thi: * ng t ch s n: live, exist, stand, lie enter, go, come, follow.
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(5)
(6) (7)
There + be + name of people = th c ... y thi. There + be + always + noun = th lc no m ch c. Hai cu trc trn nhm gi cho ta s ch n mt gii php kh d cho mt vn .
- Whom could we ask? (mnh hi ai by gi nh) - Well, there is James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue. ( th lc no ch c Jame, Miranda, Ann hay Sue y thi) - Where can he sleep? Well, there is always the attic (gc xp).
(8)
(9)
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i t i t trong ting Anh chia lm 5 loi vi cc chc nng s dng khc nhau.
I. i t nhn xng ch ng
we you they
(3)
(4)
ng sau cc ngi s nhiu we, you... c quyn dng danh t s nhiu trc tip ng sau.
We students are going to have a party. (Chng ti, nhng sinh vin chun b i d tic.) When do you guys come in? (Bn my vo khi no y.)
(5)
You/we/they + all/both
We all go to school now. They both bought the insurance. You all come shopping.
(6)
Nhng nu all hoc both i vi nhng i t ny dng cu c i t kp (ng t thi kp: future, perfect progressive) th all hoc both s phi ng sau tr ng t.
We will all go to school next week. They have both bought the insurance.
(7)
(8)
Dng she/he thay th cho nhng vt nui nu chng c xem l c tnh cch thng minh hoc tnh cm (ch, mo, nga...) hoc nhng dng dng lu tr thnh thn thuc.
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Go and find the cat. It's where she stays in. How's your new car terrific. She's running beautifully.
(9)
us you them
(2)
(3)
III. Tnh t s hu
us your their
IV. i t s hu
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(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
V. i t phn thn
Dng din t ch ng lm mt vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ng t hoc gii t for cui cu.
I washed myself. You can see the difference for yourselves.
(2)
Dng nhn mnh ch ng t lm ly mt vic g. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ch ng. Trong mt s trng hp n c th ng cui cu, khi ni hi ngng li mt cht. By oneself = mt mnh (alone).
(3)
[Exercises: 10,11,12; 21-12-2001] Tn ng (ng t dng lm tn ng) Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng u i hi tn ng sau n l mt danh t. Mt s cc ng t li i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm hai loi.
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I. ng t nguyn th lm tn ng
(1)
Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th khc. Chng tun theo nhng mu cu sau:
Expect to do sth. Desire to do sth.
II. Verb-ing lm tn ng
(1)
Bng di l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n l mt verb-ing. Chng tun theo nhng cu trc sau: admit doing sth (th nhn lm g). admit delay miss report suggest appreciate deny postpone resent avoid enjoy practice resist can't help finish quit resume consider mind recall risk
(2)
doing sth Lu rng trong bng ny c mu ng t can' t help (khng th but do sth khng lm g).
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With such good oranges, we can't help buying / [but buy] 2 kilos at a time. (Vi cam ngon nh vy, chng ti khng th khng mua ngay 2 cn.)
(3)
Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh cho cc ng t nguyn th dng lm tn ng trn y phi t not trc nguyn th hoc verb-ing.
John decided not to buy the car. John admitted not stealing the jewels. We regretted not going to the party last night.
(1)
Bng di l nhng ng t theo sau n c th l nguyn th hoc verb-ing m ngha khng thay i: start to do sth = start doing sth.
begin hate can't stand like start continue love dread prefer
He started to study after dinner. OR He started studying after dinner. Joan hates to ride her bicycle to school. OR Joan hates riding her bicycle to school.
l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chng s i khc hon ton khi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th hoc verb-ing. 1. Stop (1) Stop to do sth: dng li lm g.
He stops to get gasoline.
(2)
(2)
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(2)
Forget doing sth: qun lm g. Ch c dng trong mu cu ph nh. Hin nay ch cn thu hp vo mu cu : subject + will + never + forget + verb-ing: s khng bao gi qun c l .
She will never forget meeting the Queen.
4. Regret (1) Regret to do sth: ly lm tic l phi (thng bo tin xu, thng dng vi cc ng t to inform, to tell, to say).
We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was cancelled because of the inclement weather.
(2)
V. Cc ng t ng sau gii t
(1)
Tt c cc ng t ng sau gii t u phi dng verb-ing. verb / noun / adjective + preposition + verb-ing
Bng di y l cc ng t i km vi gii t:
approve of give up rely on worry about be better off insist on succeed in count on keep on think about depend on put off think of
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Mt s ng t thng i km vi gii t to, khng c nhm ln gii t ny vi to ca ng t nguyn th. object to look forward to confess to
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels. We are not looking forward to going back to school.
(2)
Khng phi bt k tnh t no cng u i hi sau n l mt gii t + verbing. Nhng tnh t bng di y li i hi sau n phi l mt ng t nguyn th.
anxious eager pleased usual boring easy prepared common dangerous good ready difficult hard strange able*
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It is difficult to pass this test It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country. Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.
(3)
Lu : *Able means the same as capable in many instances, but the grammar is very different. While able is followed by the infinitive, capable is followed by of + [verb + ing].
These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems. These students arc not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.
(1)
(2)
possessive form of noun subject + verb + + [verb + ing ]... possessive adjective
Here are some examples:
We understand your not being able to stay longer. He regrets her leaving. We are looking forward to their coming next year. We don't approve of John's buying this house. We resent the teacher's not announcing the test sooner. We object to their calling at this hour.
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(2)
Khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt:
to be + PII subject as an inanimate thing + need + ... verb ing
(3)
Want v Require cng c dng theo mu cu ny khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt v chng mang ngha cn.
want + verb ing require
Your hair wants cutting. All cars need servicing regularly.
(4)
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2. Need c s dng nh mt ng t khuym khuyt (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Lun dng hin ti. Ngi th 3 s t khng c s tn cng. Ch dng th nghi vn hoc ph nh. Khng dng vi tr ng t to do. Sau need phi l mt ng t b to.
We needn't reserve the seats. There will be plenty of room. Need I fill out the form?
(6)
(7)
(8)
II. Dare
1. Khi dng vi ngha l "dm" (1) Ch dng th nghi vn v ph nh. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc vi chnh bn thn n. ng t sau n v l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b.
Did they dare (to) do such a thing? = Dare they do such a thing? He didn't dare (to) say anything = He dared not say anything.
(2)
I dare say Dare khng c dng th khng nh ngoi tr thnh ng: vi I daresay hai ngha nh sau:
: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train. : I daresay you are right.
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(3)
How dare / dared + subject + verb in simple form = sao ... dm (t s gin
gi).
How dared you open my letter?
Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp c bit (1) To be of + noun = to have = c (dng ch tnh cht hoc tnh cm).
Mary is of a gentle nature. (Mary c mt bn cht t t)
(2)
(3)
To be + to + verb: l dng cu to c bit c s dng trong nhng trng hp nh sau: truyn t cc mnh lnh hoc ch dn t ngi th 1 qua ngi th 2 qua ngi th 3.
No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.
Dng vi mnh if khi mnh chnh din t mt cu tin iu kin: mt iu phi xy ra trc nu mun mt iu khc xy ra = nu mun ... th phi.
If we are to get there by lunch time, we have better hurried. He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass the exam.
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(4)
(6)
(7)
(8)
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(2)
Tuyt nhin khng c ln trng hp ny vi ng t b ng. (3) To be cng c th c dng thay th trong trng hp ny:
He was lost in the maze of this old town yesterday.
4. Get + to + verb
(1)
Tm c cch.
We could get to enter the stadium without ticket. (Chng ti tm c cch vo sn vn ng m cc cn v.)
(2)
C c may.
When do we get to have a promotion? (Khi no ti c c may tng lng y?)
(3)
c php.
At last we got to meet the general director to make an interview.
5. Get + to + verb (ch hnh ng) = come + to + verb (ch nhn thc):
dn dn i n ch
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We will get to speak English more easily at the time goes by. He comes to understand that learning English is not much difficult.
Cu hi Trong ting Anh c nhiu loi cu hi, bao gm cc chc nng v mc ch khc nhau.
I. Cu hi Yes / No
[Exercises: / ; 28-12-2001]
II. Cu hi thng bo
(1)
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(2)
2. Whom v what lm tn ng
whom auxiliary + + subject + verb + (modifier) what do , does , did
(1)
Chng vn ng u cu nhng lm tn ng cho cu hi. Nn nh rng trong ting Anh quy chun, bt buc phi dng whom, mc d trong vn ni c th dng who thay cho whom. (li c bn)
Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? (Ahmad knows someone from Venezuela.) What did George buy at the store? (George bought something at the store.)
when where auxiliary how + do, does, did + subject + (verb) + (complement) + (modifier)... why
Here are some examples:
When did John move to Jacksonville? Where does Mohainmad live? Why did George leave so early? How did Maria get to school today? Where has Henry gone? When will Bertha go back to Mexico?
subject + verb(phrase) + question word + subject + verb auxilary + subject + verb + question word + subject + verb
(1) Loi cu ny c nhng c tnh nh sau: Cu c 2 thnh phn ni vi nhau bng mt i t nghi vn.
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(2) (3)
ng t mnh 2 phi t xui theo ch ng, khng c cu to dng cu hi. i t nghi vn khng ch l mt t m cn bao gm 2 hoc 3 t: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, & what kind. i t nghi vn c th l mt ng danh t.
(4)
IV. Cu hi c ui
Chia lm 2 thnh phn, tch nhau bng du phy. Nu ng t thnh phn chnh chia th khng nh th ng t phn ui chia th ph nh v ngc li. ng t thng dng vi tr ng t to do. Cc ng t thi kp dng vi chnh tr ng t ca n. ng t to be c php dng trc tip. Cc thnh ng there is, there are v it is c dng li phn ui. Trong ting Anh ca ngi M, to have l ng t thng, do vy n phi dng vi tr ng t to do.
(4) (5)
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On TOEFL, which tests standard American English, you must use a form of do it have is the main verb in the sentence.
She has an exam tomorrow, doesn't she?
Note: Khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng ngi hi ch nhm khng nh kin ca mnh bit ch khng nhm hi. Do , khi chm cu hiu trong TOEFL phi da vo th ng t ca mnh chnh ch khng da vo th ng t ca phn ui.
John can get Mary to play this, can't he? Correct answer: John believes that Mary will play this for us.
Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh
I. Li ni ph ho khng nh
L li ni phu ho li khng nh ca ngi khc tng ng vi cu trc ting Vit: cng th. Cu trc c dng s l so v too. ng t to be c php dng trc tip. ng t thng dng vi tr ng t to do. Cc ng t thi kp dng vi chnh tr ng t ca n.
Di y l cc cng thc v v d:
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affirmative statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too so + auxiliary only + subject (compound verb)
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too. They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too. Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.
Additional examples:
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too. John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we. I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too. I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they. He has seen her plays, and the girls have too. He has seen her plays, and so have the girls. We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too. We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy. She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too. She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we. Velazquez was a famous painter, and Rubens was too. Velazquez was a famous painter, and so was Rubens.
II. Li ni ph ho ph nh
(1) (2)
ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc tng ng vi cu trc ting Vit: cng khng. Thnh ng c s dng l either v neither. Nn nh rng negative verb + either v neither + positive verb. S dng ging li ni ph ho khng nh vi 3 loi: to be, ng t thng v cc ng t kp.
(3)
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subject + negative auxiliary or be + either negative statement + and + neithe + positive auxiliary or be + subject
(4) Lu : cc li ni me too (ti cng th) v me neither (ti cng khng) ch c dng trong vn ni, khng c dng trong vn vit.
I didn't see Mary this morning. John didn't see Mary this morning. I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't either. I didn't see Man' this morning, and neither did John. She won't be going to the conference. Her colleagues won't be going to the conference She won't be going to the conference, and her colleagues won't either. She won't be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues. John hasn't seen the new movie yet. I haven't seen the new movie yet. John hasn't seen the new movie yet, and I haven't either. John hasn't seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.
Cu ph nh cu to cu ph nh t not sau: (1) (2) ng t to be - tr ng t to do ca ng t thng - cc tr ng t thi kp. t any ng trc danh t nhn mnh cho ph nh. Nn nh rng trong ting Anh ca ngi M: not ... any + noun = not ... a single + noun.
He did not sell a single magazine yesterday = He did not sell any magazine yesterday.
(3) (4)
Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh vo ph nh ngi ta ng t th khng nh v t no trc danh t. Lc no = not ... at all. Mt s cc cu hi dng ph nh s mang 2 ngha: Nhn mnh cho s khng nh ca ngi ni:
Shouldn't you put on your hat, too? (Th anh i lun m vo i nh) Didn't you say that you would come to the party tonight? (Th anh ch ni danh s i d tic l g?)
Dng tn dng:
Wasn't the weather beautiful yesterday. (Thi tit hm qua p tuyt vi.) Wouldn't it be nice if we didn't have to work on Friday. (Tht l tuyt vi nu mnh khng phi lm vic ngy th su.)
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(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
even less noun Negative... , + still less + verb in simple form = Khng ... m li cng much less khng.
Those students don't like reading novels, much less textbooks. (Nhng sinh vin ny khng thch c tiu thuyt m li cng khng thch c sch gio khoa.) It's really unbelievable how he could have survived such a free fall, much less live to tell about it on television. (Tht s khng th no tin c l n li c th sng st c sau mt c ri t do nh th, li cng khng th sng m ni trn ti vi c.)
(9)
hardly almost nothing rarely or barely mean seldom mean almost never almost not at all scarcely hardly ever
Here are some examples:
John rarely comes to class on time. (John usually does not come to class on time.) Jerry hardly studied last night. Jerry studied very little last night).
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She scarcely remembers the accident. (She almost doesn't remember the accident.) We seldom see photos of these animals. (We almost never see photos of these animals.) Jane barely arrived on time. (Jane almost didn't arrive on time.) I hardly ever go to sleep before midnight. (I usually don't go to sleep before midnight.)
(10)
Lu rng cc ph t ny khng mang ngha ph nh hon ton m mang ngha gn nh ph nh. c bit l nhng t barely v scarcely khi i vi nhng t enough v only hoc nhng thnh ng ch s chnh xc.
She barely makes it to class on time. (C ta n lp va vn ng gi.) Do you have enough money for the tuition fee? Only barely/Scarcely enough (My c tin ng hc ph khng? Ch va .)
(11)
(12)
Trong dnh informal standard English, mt cu trc ph nh nhng khng mang ngha ph nh i khi c s dng sau nhng ch s nghi ng hoc khng chc chn, c bit l ph nh kp.
I shouldn't be surprised if they didn't get married soon = If they got married soon. I wonder whether I ought to go and see a doctor. I'm feeling a bit tired.
(13)
No matter + who / what / which / where / when / how + subject + verb in present = d c ... i chng na th.
No matter who telephone, say I'm out. No matter where you are, you will find a Coca Cola.
(14)
(15)
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(16)
(17) (18)
Not at all = khng c chi ( p li li cm n). Subject + link verb in negative + at all + adjective.
He isn't at all satisfied with his final paper. (N hon ton khng hi lng vi bi vit cui cng ca n.)
(2)
(3)
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ng t khuym khuyt l nhng ng t bng di y, mang nhng c im sau: (1) (2) (3) (4) Khng c tiu t to ng trc ng t no i sau n phi b to. Khng cn dng vi tr ng t m dng vi chnh bn thn n trong cc dng cu nghi vn v ph nh. Khng bao gi 2 ng t khim khuyt i cng nhau. Nu c th ng t th 2 phi bin dng mt dng khc.
will have to / will be able to / will be allowed can may must
(5)
would if + subject + simple past tense... + should + [verb in simple form] could might
If I had enough money now, I would buy this house. (But I don't.)
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would if + subject + past perfect... + should + have + [verb in past participle] could might
If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it. (But de didn't.)
(2)
(3)
Lu , cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo iu kin trn. Trong mt s trng hp, mt v ca cu iu kin ng t thi qu kh, v cn li do thi gian quy nh.
If she had caught the train, she would be here by now. (by now qui nh would be)
(1) (2)
Thng thng cc ng t ny khng c s dng vi if sau cu iu kin, tuy nhin vn c ngoi l. If you will/would = nu ... vui lng: thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s (would lch s hn will).
If you will / would wait for a moment. I will go and see if Mr. Connor is here.
(3)
(4)
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(5)
If you could = xin vui lng: din t lch s mt yu cu m ngi ni cho rng ngi kia s ng nh mt l ng nhin.
If you could open your book please!
(6)
If + subject + should..., imperative = nhc bng, v phng nh: din t mt tnh hung c th xy ra c nhng rt kh, ngi ni a ra kin ch phng h.
If you should find any difficulty in using that TV, please call me this number. (V phng nh anh cn thy kh khn trong vic s dng ci ti vi th c gi in cho ti.)
(7)
2. If dng trong dng cu khng phi iu kin ng t cc mnh din bin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh n.
If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice. If you did not do much math at school, you will find economics difficult to understand. If that was Mary, why didn't she stop and say hello?
3. If ... should = If ... happen to = If ... should happen to: din t s khng chc chn.
If you should happen to pass the supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs. (Ng nh anh c qua ch, hy mua mt t trng.)
4. If + was/were + to + verb (1) Din t iu kin khng c tht hoc tng tng tng lai.
If the boss was/were to come in now (=if the boss came in now), we would be in real trouble. (By gi m xp n th rc ri to [thc t bit l xp ang rt xa]) What would we do if I was/were to lose may job? (Chng ta s lm g nu anh mt vic nh [cng vic hin ti ang rt tt, y ch l mt ngh tng tng])
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(2)
(3)
(2)
Qu kh:
If it hadn't been with your help, I didn't know we would have done.
6. Not: i khi c thm vo sau If by t s nghi ng, khng chc chn = c nn ... hay khng.
I wonder if we should not ask the doctor to look at Mary. (Ti bn khon khng bit c nn hi bc s n khm cho Mary hay khng.)
8. If ... 'd have ...'d have Dng trong vn ni, khng dng trong vn vit. Din t iu kin khng th xy ra qu kh.
If I'd have known, I have told you. If she'd have recognized, I would have been funny.
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(1) (2)
Thnh ng If anything cn din t m th. If + adjective = although: cho d l. Ngha khng mnh bng although, dng din t quan im ring hoc vn g khng quan trng.
He's style if simple is he present to read. (Vn phong cho d l n gin nhng rt d c.) The profit if little lower than last year's are still extremely wealthy. (Li nhun d c gim so vi nm ngoi nhng vn l rt ln.)
(3)
l. (1) Mnh ng sau hai thnh ng ny thng xuyn dng iu kin khng th thc hin c. iu kin ny chia lm 2 thi. Thi hin ti: nu ng t mnh trc chia hin ti n gin th ng t mnh sau chia qu kh n gin. ng t to be phi chia bng were tt c cc ngi.
as if subject + verb (present) + + subject + verb (past)... as though
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter.) Angelique walks as though she studied modeling. (She didn't study modeling) He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich.)
Thi qu kh: nu ng t mnh trc chia qu kh n gin th ng t mnh sau chia qu kh hon thnh.
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(3)
NOTE: mnh sau as if, as though khng phi lc no cng tun theo quy lut trn nu iu kin trong cu l c tht hoc theo quan nim ca ngi ni l c tht. Lc 2 cng thc trn khng c s dng. ng t mnh sau din bin bnh thng theo mi quan h vi ng t mnh chnh.
He looks as if he has finished the test. (Perhaps he has finished.) He looked as though he was leaving. (Perhaps he was leaving.)
(1) (2)
Hai ng t ny tuy gn ng ngha nhng khc nhau v cch s dng v bn cht ng php. ng t mnh sau hope (hy vng rng) s din bin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh mnh .
We hope that they will come.
(3)
Nhng ng t mnh sau wish bt buc phi dng iu kin khng th thc hin c. iu kin ny chia lm 3 thi:
1. iu kin c tht tng lai ng t mnh sau wish c dng would/could/were + verb-ing. future wish
could + verb subject * + wish + (that) + subject * + would + verb ... were + [ verb + ing]
* Subject can be the same or different.
We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can't come.)
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I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably won't stop.) She wishes that she were coming with us. (She is not coming with us.)
2. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti ng t mnh sau wish s chia simple past, ng t to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi. present wish
3. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh ng t sau wish s chia past perfect hoc could have + PII. past wish
past perfect subject + wish + (that) + subject + could have + [verb in past particilpe]
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. (I didn't wash the clothes.) She wishes that she could have been there. (She couldn't be there.) We wish that we had had more time last night. (We didn't have more time.)
4. Lu (1) ng t mnh sau wish ch c th b nh hng ca wish v bt buc dng iu kin khng th thc hin c nhng iu kin y thi no li ph thuc vo chnh thi gian ca bn thn mnh ch khng ph thuc vo thi ca ng t wish.
She wishes that she could have come earlier yesterday. He wished that he would come to visit us next week. The photographer wished we stood together closer than we are standing now.
(2)
Cn phn bit wish vi ngha: mong g, c g vi wish theo ngha chc trong mu cu: To wish sbm sth: chc ai ci g.
I wish you a happy birthday.
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Wish (lch s, trang trng nht) = would like (lch s) = want (thn mt)
to get used to to be
(1)
Used to + verb = thng hay, tng; ch mt thi quen, mt hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra trong qu kh.
When David was young, he used to swim once a day. (Past time habit)
(2)
(5)
(1)
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(2)
ng sau would rather bt buc phi l ng t b to, nhng sau prefer l mt verb-ing v c th b i c.
John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice. John prefers drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.
(3)
Khi would rather ... than mang ngha: th ... cn hn l th prefer ... to khng th thay th c. Lc ny would rather ... than = would sooner ... than...
They would rather die in freedom than live in slavery. He prefers dogs to cats. / He would rather have dogs than cats. (Anh ta thch ch hn mo.) / (Anh ta th nui ch hn l nui mo.)
(4)
1. Loi cu c mt ch ng Cu trc s dng cho li cu ny l would rather ... than..., l loi cu iu kin khng th thc hin c v chia 2 thi.
a. Hin ti Sau would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not di nguyn th b to.
b. Thi qu kh ng t sau would rather phi l have + PII. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh, t not sau rather.
2. Loi cu c 2 ch ng Loi cu ny dng thnh ng would rather that (c g, mong g) v ng trong mt s trng hp sau:
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a. Loi cu gi nh hin ti (1) (2) (3) L loi cu ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm vic g nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc ngi th 2. Trong trng hp ny ng t mnh 2 dng nguyn th b to. Th ph nh: t not trc nguyn th b to.
subject 1 + would rather that + subject 2 + [verb in simple form]
I would rather that you call me tomorrow. We would rather that he take this train. I would rather that you not call me tomorrow. We would rather that he not take this train.
(4)
Ng php hin i ngy nay, c bit l ng php M cho php b that trong cu ny m vn gi nguyn hnh thc gi nh.
He would rather (that) he not take this train.
b. Loi cu khng th thc hin c hin ti (1) ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia simple past. ng t to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.
subject 1 + would rather that + subject 2 + [verb in simple past tense]
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does. (His girlfriend does not work in the same department.) Jane would rather that it were winter now. (It is not winter now.)
(2)
(2)
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Jim would rather that Jill had not gone to class yesterday.
3)
Lu : trong li ni bnh thng hng ngy dng wish thay cho would rather that.
Din t mt cch lch s li mi mc hay mnh mun g. Khng dng do you want khi mun mi mc ngi khc. Trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh, nu din t s u thch ca ch ng th sau like l mt verb-ing.
He does like reading novel.
(4)
Nhng din t s lu chn hoc thi quen th sau like l ng t nguyn th.
Between soccer and tennis, I like to see the former. (choice) When making tea, he usually likes to put some sugar and a slice of lemon in first. (habit)
(5) (6)
Nhng trong ting Anh ca ngi M, khng c s phn bit ny. Tt c sau like u l ng t nguyn th. Would not like = khng a, trong khi: Do not want = khng mun.
Polite: Impolite: Would you like some more coffee? No, thanks / Thank you, I don't want any more. I wouldn't like. (Tao thm vo.)
(7)
Lu rng, khi like c dng vi ngha cho l ng, l hay, l khn ngoan th theo sau bao gi cng phi l mt nguyn th c to.
She likes the children to play in the garden. (She thinks they are saved in that place.) I like to go to the dentist twice a year.
(8)
Would like/ would care/would love/would hate/would prefer + to + verb: khi din t iu kin cho mt hnh ng c th tng lai.
Would you like/care to come with me? I'd love too / I'd hate too. (Ti xin v php.)
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(9)
Would like/ would care for / would enjoy + verb-ing : khi din t khu v, thch ni chung ca ch ng.
She would like / would you enjoy riding horses. If she could ride better. I wonder if Tom would care for / would enjoy hang-gliding. (tu ln)
1. Could/May/Might + [verb in simple form] = c l, c th. Ch kh nng c th xy ra hin ti nhng ngi ni khng dm chc. (C 3 ng t u c gi tr nh nhau).
It might rain tomorrow. It may rain tomorrow. = It could rain tomorrow. It will possibly rain tomorrow. OR Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
NOTE: Maybe is a combination of may and be, but it is one word and is not an auxiliary. It means the same as perhaps.
2. Should + [verb in simple form] = (1) Nn: din t mt li khuyn, s gi , s bt buc nhng khng mnh lm.
You should study tonight. One should exercise daily. Maria should go on a diet. You should see a doctor about this problem.
(2)
(3)
Cc thnh ng bng di u tng ng vi should, vi iu kin ng t to be trong thnh ng be supposed to phi chia hin ti.
had better should subject + ought to + [ verb in simple form]... be supposed to
John should study tonight. John had better study tonight. John ought to study tonight. John is supposed to study tonight.
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(4)
Lu : thnh ng be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn ngha : bt buc phi, quy nh phi.
We are supposed to have a science test this afternoon but it was postponed because the teacher had to attend a conference. (Cng ti c quy nh l phi c mt bi kim tra ...)
3. Must + [verb in simple form] (1) Phi: mang ngha bt buc, rt mnh.
An automobile must have gasoline to run.
(2)
Hn l: ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht hin ti.
John's lights are out. He must be asleep.
4. Have to (1) Ngi ta dng have to thay cho must trong cc trng hp sau: Qu kh: had to
George had to call his insurance agent yesterday.
(2)
(3)
Hin ti: have to c dng thay cho must hi xem bn thn mnh bt buc phi lm g, hoc din t s bt buc do khch quan em li lm gim nh tnh bt buc ca must.
Do I have to leave a deposit? No, you needn't. But you have to leave your ID card number written down in this register. I'm sorry. But that's the way it is. (Ti xin li, ci l y n th y .)
(4)
Lu : have got to + verb thng dng nhiu trong vn ni. Thng xuyn dng cho cc hnh ng n l.
I have to work every day except Sunday. But I don't have to work a full day on Saturday.
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4. Should have + PII =l ra phi, l ra nn. Ch mt vic l ra phi xy ra trong qu kh xong v l do no li khng xy ra.
John should have gone to the post office this morning. (He did not go to the post office.) Maria shouldn't have called John last night. (Maria did call him last night.) The policeman should have made a report about the burglary. (He did not make a report.)
5. Must have + PII = hn l . Ch s suy on logic da trn hin tng c tht qu kh.
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night. (It probably rained last night.) Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied. (She probably studied.)
cliffs 95-96
(1)
(2)
Dng trong mnh c that sau n tnh t ch trng thi: anxious, sorry, concern, happy, delighted = ly lm ... rng.../ ly lm ... v...
I'm anxious that she should be well cared for. (Ti ly lm lo lng rng liu c y c c chm sc tt hay khng.) We are sorry that you should fell uncomfortable. (Chng ti ly lm tic v anh khng c thoi mi.) That you should speak to him like that is a quite surprising.
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Dng vi cc i t nghi vn what, who din t s ngc nhin. Thng dng vi but v trong mt s trng hp should o ln trn ch ng.
I was thinking of going to see John. When who should appear but John himself.
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(Ti ang tnh l n thm John th ngi xut hin li chnh l anh y.) What should I find but an enormous spider. (Ci m ti nhn thy li chnh l mt con nhn khng l.)
Tnh t (1) (2) Mt tnh t lun b ngha cho mt danh t v ch mt danh t. N lun ng trc danh t c b ngha. Trong ting Anh c duy nht mt tnh t ng sau danh t l galore: nhiu, di do, phong ph.
There were errors galore in the final test. (C v s li trong bi kim tra cui cng.)
(3)
(2)
Adjective + ly = adverb nhng phi cn thn v mt s tnh t cng c tn cng l ui ly (lovely, friendly...). Ph t ca nhng tnh t ny c cu to bng cch sau: In a dajective + way/ mamer.
He behaves me in a friendly way.
(3)
Mt s cc ph t c cu to c bit: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. Ngoi ra cn mt s cc cm t cng c coi l ph t. N bao gm mt gii t m du kt hp vi cc danh t i sau ch: a im (at home), thi gian (at 5 pm), phng tin (by bus, with pencil), tnh hung hnh ng (in a very difficult situation). Tt c cc cm t ny u c xem l ph t. V tr ca ph t trong cu ting Anh tng i thoi mi v phc tp, xong c mt s quy lut nh sau:
(4)
(5)
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