TRAVERSE

Sr SITI NUR ALIAA ROSLAN KLIUC

Overview

In this lecture we will cover:

Rectangular and polar coordinates Definition of a traverse Applications of traversing Equipment and field procedures Reduction and adjustment of data

Rectangular Coordinates
North NB Point B (EB, NB)

N = NB - NA NA

Point A (EA, NA)

E = EB - EA

East EA EB

Polar Coordinates
North Point B

Point A ~ whole-circle bearing d ~ distance

East

Whole Circle Bearings

North 0 Bearing are measured clockwise from NORTH and must lie in the range 0 360

4th quadrant West 270 270 3rd quadrant

1st quadrant East 90 90 2nd quadrant

South 180 180

Coordinate Conversions
Rectangular to Polar = tan-1 ( E / N ) d = ( E2 / N2 ) Polar to Rectangular E = d sin N = d cos

d N

What is a TRAVERSE?

A polygon of 2D (or 3D) vectors Sides are expressed as either polar coordinates (,d) or as rectangular coordinates differences (E,N) A traverse must either close on itself Or be measured between points with known rectangular coordinates

Traverse

A closed traverse A traverse between known points

Angles in Traversing

Several angles are used in traversing:

Interior angles enclosed by the sides of a closed traverse Exterior angles not enclosed by the sides of a closed traverse Deflection: angle between the extension of the preceding line and the present one Angle to right the clockwise angle between preceding line of a traverse

Applications of Traversing

Established coordinates for new points

(E,N)known (E,N)known

(E,N)new (E,N)new

Applications of Traversing

These new points can then be used as a framework for mapping existing features

(E,N)known
(E,N)new (E,N)new (E,N)new

(E,N)known
(,d)

(,d)

(,d) (,d) (,d) (,d)

(E,N)new (E,N)new

Applications of Traversing

They can also be used as a basis for setting out new work

(E,N)known (E,N)known

(E,N)new (E,N)new

Equipment

Traversing requires:
An instrument to measure angles (theodolite) or bearings (magnetic compass) An instrument to measure distances (EDM or tape)

Measurement Sequence
232 C 168 99.92 60.63 352 D 77.19 232 B 56 205

21 A 118 32.20

129.76

303 E

48

Computation Sequence

Calculate angular misclose Adjust angular misclose Calculate adjusted bearings Reduce distance for slope etc

Computation Sequence (contd)

Compute (E,N) for each traverse line Calculate linear misclose Calculate accuracy Adjust linear misclose

Calculate Internal Angles

Point A B C D E =(n =(n-2)x180 2)x180 Misclose Adjustment Foresight Bearing 21 21 56 56 168 168 232 232 303 303 Backsight Bearing 118 118 205 205 Internal Angle 97 97 149 149
At each point: Measure foresight bearing Measure backsight bearing Calculate internal angle (back-fore) For Bearing to C = 56 Bearing to A = 205 Angle at B = 205 - 56 = 149

Adjusted Angle

Calculate Angular Misclose

Point A B C D E =(n =(n-2)x180 2)x180 Misclose Adjustment Foresight Bearing 21 21 56 56 168 168 232 232 303 303 Backsight Bearing 118 118 205 205 232 232 352 352 48 48 Internal Angle 97 97 149 149 64 64 120 120 105 105 535 535 -5 -1 Adjusted Angle

Calculate Adjusted Angles

Point A B C D E =(n =(n-2)x180 2)x180 Misclose Adjustment Foresight Bearing 21 21 56 56 168 168 232 232 303 303 Backsight Bearing 118 118 205 205 232 232 352 352 48 48 Internal Angle 97 97 149 149 64 64 120 120 105 105 535 535 -5 -1 Adjusted Angle 98 98 150 150 65 65 121 121 106 106 540 540

Compute Adjusted Bearing

Adopt a starting bearing Then, working clockwise around the traverse:

Calculate reverse bearing to backsight (forward bearing 180 180 ) Subtract (clockwise) internal adjusted angle Gives bearing of foresight

For example (bearing of line BC)

Adopt bearing of AB Reverse bearing BA (=23 (=23+180 +180 ) Internal adjusted angle at B Forward bearing BC (=203 (=203-150 150 )

23 23 203 203 150 150 53 53

Compute Adjusted Bearings

C 53 B 150 203 D

Line AB BC CD DE EA AB

Forward Bearing 23 23 53 53

Reverse Bearing 203 203

Adjusted Angle 150 150

Compute Adjusted Bearings

C 233

Line
168

Forward Bearing 23 23 53 53 168 168

Reverse Bearing 203 203 233 233

Adjusted Angle 150 150 65 65

65

AB BC CD DE EA AB

B D 23

Compute Adjusted Bearings

C 53 348 B 121 23 227 A D

Line AB BC CD DE EA AB

Forward Bearing 23 23 53 53 168 168 227 227

Reverse Bearing 203 203 233 233 348 348

Adjusted Angle 150 150 65 65 121 121

Compute Adjusted Bearings

C 53 168 B D 23 47 A 106 301 E

Line AB BC CD DE EA AB

Forward Bearing 23 23 53 53 168 168 227 227 -59 59 301 301

Reverse Bearing 203 203 233 233 348 348 47 47

Adjusted Angle 150 150 65 65 121 121 106 106

Compute Adjusted Bearings

C 53 168 B D 23 227 A 121 E 98

Line AB BC CD DE EA AB

Forward Bearing 23 23 53 53 168 168 227 227 301 301 23 23 (check)

Reverse Bearing 203 203 233 233 348 348 47 47 121 121

Adjusted Angle 150 150 65 65 121 121 106 106 98 98

(E,N) for each line

The rectangular components for each line are computed from the polar coordinates (,d) E = d sin N = d cos Note that these formulae apply regardless of the quadrant so long as whole circle bearings are used

Vector Components
Line AB BC CD DE EA Bearing 23 23 53 53 168 168 227 227 301 301 Distance 77.19 99.92 60.63 129.76 32.20 (399.70) E 30.16 79.80 12.61 -94.90 -27.60 (0.07) N 71.05 60.13 -59.31 -88.50 16.58 (-0.05)

Linear Misclose & Accuracy

Convert the rectangular misclose components to polar coordinates

= tan-1 ( E / N ) d = ( E2 / N2 )

Accuracy is given by 1: (traverse length / linear misclose)

Quadrants and tan function

N + negative add 360 + positive okay

+ +

positive add 180

negative add 180

For the example

Misclose (E,N)

(0.07,(0.07, -0.05)

Convert to polar (,d)

= -54.46 54.46 (2nd quadrant) = 125.53 125.53 d = 0.09 m

Accuracy

1 : ( 399.70 / 0.09 ) = 1 : 4441

Bowditch Adjustment

The adjustment to the easting component of any traverse side is given by: Eadj = Emisc x side length/total perimeter The adjustment to the northing component of any traverse side is given by: Nadj = Nmisc x side length/total perimeter

The Example

East misclose North misclose Side AB Side BC Side CD Side DE Side EA Total perimeter

0.07m -0.05m 77.19m 99.92m 60.63m 129.76m 32.20m 399.70m

Exercise 1 Vector Components (pre (pre-adjustment)

Side AB BC CD DE EA Misc E 30.16 79.8 12.61 -94.90 -27.60 (0.07) N 71.05 60.13 -59.31 -88.50 16.58 (-0.05) Eadj Nadj Ecorr Ncorr

The Adjustment Components

Side AB BC CD DE EA Misc E 30.16 79.8 12.61 -94.90 -27.60 (0.07) N 71.05 60.13 -59.31 -88.50 16.58 (-0.05) Eadj 0.014 0.016 0.011 0.023 0.006 (0.070) Nadj -0.010 -0.012 -0.008 -0.016 -0.004 (-0.050) Ecorr Ncorr

Adjustment Vector Components

Side AB BC CD DE EA Misc E 30.16 79.8 12.61 -94.90 -27.60 (0.07) N 71.05 60.13 -59.31 -88.50 16.58 (-0.05) Eadj 0.014 0.016 0.011 0.023 0.006 (0.070) Nadj -0.010 -0.012 -0.008 -0.016 -0.004 (-0.050) Ecorr 30.146 79.784 12.599 Ncorr 71.060 60.142 -59.302

-94.923 -88.484 -27.606 (0.000) 16.584 (0.000)

Exercise 2

Calculate the adjusted coordinates for stations B, C, D, E and F Adjust any misclosures by using the Bowditch method The coordinates for station A is 500 E and 1000N Whole Circle Bearing for line AF is 70 700000

N F 70 70 0000 372.47 A 115 115 1120 110 110 3000 287.40 429.37 130 130 3620 D 95 95 0020 301.83 B 656.54 C 129 129 4920 133 133 5440 526.72 E