GEOTECHNICAL SEMINAR

JOINTLY ORGANIZED BETWEEN GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY OF SINGAPORE (GEOSS) & CENTRE FOR SOFT GROUND ENGINEERING

Recent Development in Pile Instrumentation Technology for Driven, Jacked-in and Bored Cast-in-place Piles
Presented by : Lee Sieng Kai
Glostrext Technology (S) Pte Ltd www.glostrext.com.my
Date : 20 August 2010 Venue : Engineering Auditorium, National University of Singapore

Outline Introduction
The need and trends in pile instrumentation

Review of Conventional Methods

Conventional pile instrumentation method for bored piles Conventional and Approximate methods for precast piles

Development of Global Strain Extensometer Technology

Review of basic deformation measurement in pile by strain gauges and extensometers

Case Histories
Application on precast piles Application on bored piles Illustration of Instrumented Test Piles using Global Strain Extensometer Technique

Discussion and Concluding Remarks

The benefits of using the Global Strain Extensometer technology

Introduction : basic static load test methods

Main construction control for piles in early years:
Based on the measurement of set of each pile (driven); and A selected small number of non-instrumented static load tests to verify the Capacity and specified Load- Settlement requirement.

Four basic pile load test methods (Joshi and Sharma, 1987)
1. Slow Maintained Load Test Method (SM Test or SMLT) 2. Quick Maintained Load Test Method (QM Test or QMLT) 3. Constant Rate of Penetration Test Method (CRP Test) 4. Swedish Cyclic Test Method (SC Test)

Introduction : basic static load test methods

Comparison of required time for various test methods (Fellenius, 1975)

Comparison of loadmovement behavior for test methods (Fellenius, 1975)

Introduction :

Examples of reaction load setup for axial compressive load tests on piles

2400t 2800t

2400t

4200t

Introduction: The Need for Pile Instrumentation

Case 1: Ideal, adequate, safe and economical 0.0 m Case 2: Overconservative, not economical
Existing GL

Case 3: Underprovided, not safe

Millions (or billions?) of dollars are wasted every year due to over-designed (and under-provided!) foundations worldwide ! There is tremendous need for the static load test on preliminary test piles to be instrumented to measure and evaluate pile settlement, structural shortening /elongation, bearing capacity and transfer of load from the pile shaft and pile toe to the soil.

Soft Layer

10.0 m
Competent Soil Strata

20.0 m

Ideal founding depth at 20.0 m

30.0 m

Introduction :

Codes and Design Methods for Foundation Piles

According to Ken Fleming (1996): The basic parameters required for forecasting pile deformation under loads are :
(a) .
(b). (c) . (d). (e) . Ultimate shaft load and its characteristics of transformation to the ground; Ultimate base load; Stiffness of the soil below the pile base; Pile dimensions; and Stiffness of the pile material.

CP4: 2003 7.5.3(b) Empirical correlation with SPT N-values using modified Meyerhof Equation are widely used in this region, where the ultimate bearing capacity of a pile in compression is given by:

Qu = Ks * Ns * As + Kb*(40Nb)*Ab
all the terms in equation as explained in CP4:2003

Circular on revised Singapore Standard on Code of Practice for Foundations CP4: 2003

Review of Conventional Methods : Cast-in-place piles

Conventional Instrumented Test Pile
Apllied load measured by vw load cells

Pile head PTop Verify and backcalculate Ec Strain Gauges Lev. A

Platform level

PB Strain Gauges Lev. B

Tell-tale Extensometer 1

P = (Ec Ac + Es As)
or

Sacrificial cast-in instrumentation method for cast-in-place bored piles:

Vibrating wire strain gauges (recently fiber optic strain gauges) and mechanical telltales are normally installed and cast within the pile to allow for monitoring of axial loads and movements along the pile shaft. Similarly for grout-in-situ micropiles, barrettes etc..

P = (Ec Ac)
PC Strain Gauges Lev. C
follow normal terms

PD Strain Gauges Lev. D

Tell-tale Extensometer 2

PE Strain Gauges Lev. E PF Strain Gauges Lev. F

Tell-tale Extensometer 3 Pile toe Legend: denotes Vibrating Wire Strain Gauges denotes mechanical tell-tale extensometer

Review of Conventional Methods : Cast-in-place piles Some discussions/concerns on sacrificial cast-in instrumentation method for cast-in-place piles:
Generally this is the most commonly adopted method, most engineers are familiar with it, and it yields satisfactory results for estimate of shaft & base resistances However, very often when there is difficulty in pile installation (concreting time, hole collapse) or due to human problem, the instruments also get damaged! and that is the time
WHEN YOU NEED THEM THE MOST..

Constraints include:

Long lead time. Strain gauges ~localised strain measurement.(long piles.) Tell-tales ~rod friction, bowing, eccentricity, reference beam movement.(long piles..) congestion of sleeved pipes/rods.

Review of Conventional Methods: Precast concrete piles

For precast driven / jack-in piles, the application of instrumented full-scale static load tests is far more challenging than their bored pile counterparts due to significant difference in method of pile installation. Due to practical shortcoming of conventional instrumentation method and the lack of innovation in this area, instrumented full-scale static load tests are in fact rarely used in driven pile application in this region. Therefore, the far lacking driven pile industry is long due for a better technology to revolutionize the methodology in the acquisition of design data in a more accurate and reliable way, to catch up with the evolution in the design methods.

Conventional Instrumentation Method for Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles

N (blows/30cm)
0 0 50 100 150

(Pile head) Existing Ground Level Strain Gauges Lev. A

Clay

10

Hollow annular space Spun Pile Strain Gauges Lev. B

Depth (m)

15

Sandy Clay

Strain Gauges Lev. C

Conventional instrumentation method for spun concrete piles piles: By incorporating high temperature-resistant strain gauges into the autoclaved heat-cured spin-cast production process of prestressed spun concrete piles

20

Strain Gauges Lev. D

25

Sandy Silt

Strain Gauges Lev. E Strain Gauges Lev. F Pile toe at 30.0 m depth Legends: denotes high temperature - resistant Strain Gauges denotes Pile Joint

30

SI borehole log

Constraints of Conventional Method

This method is extremely unpopular and difficult to be routinely applied in project sites due to the following constraints: (a) (b) (c) High cost of these temperature-resistant strain gauges; Tremendous difficulties involved in coordinating the installation of the strain gauges into pile segments; Long lead-time is normally required for instrumentation works, as the instruments have to be pre-assembled and installed onto the high strength prestressing bar cage prior to autoclaved heat-cured spin-cast production process of the piles; and Great uncertainty over the ability of the delicate instruments to withstand the stresses arising from pile production and driving processes.

(d)

Approximate Instrumentation Method for Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles

N (blows/30cm)
0 0 50 100 150

(Pile head) Existing Ground Level Strain GaugesvLev. A

Clay

10

Instrumented Pipe Cement Grout Spun Pile Strain Gauges Lev. B

Depth (m)

15

Sandy Clay

Strain Gauges Lev. C

20

Strain Gauges Lev. D

25

Sandy Silt
30

Strain Gauges Lev. E Strain Gauges Lev. F Pile toe at 30.0 m depth Legends: denotes Vibrating Wire Strain Gauges denotes Pile Joint

SI borehole log

Due to the difficulties of using the conventional method, the engineering community for spun pile industry has been using an approximate instrumentation method for the past few decades, by installing either an instrumented reinforcement steel cage or an instrumented pipe, into the hollow core of spun piles followed by cement grout infilling

Approximate Instrumentation Method for Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Typical installation process of spun pile instrumentation in Approximate Method

Approximate Instrumentation Method for Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles

Cement Grout Infill (Usually Grade 25)

Original Wall Thickness (usually Grade 80 Concrete Instrumented Pipe (Instrumented Cage also commonly used)
Section of instrumented spun pile after cement grout infilling in Approximate Method

Shortcomings of Approximate Method

The obvious shortcomings of this approximate method include: (a) The infilling of cement grout substantially alters the structural properties of the piles, thus rendering them significantly different from the actual working spun piles, which are usually not grouted internally; (b) The change in strain in the post-grouted core under the applied loading may not be the same as the change in strain in the prestressed concrete wall of the pile because of the different stiffness of the two materials of different mix, strength and age; (c) Structural shortening measurement of the test piles are not representative of the actual working piles; (d) Structural integrity of the original pile cannot be reliably ascertained, particularly performance of pile joints, during the static load test; and (e) Significant time loss due to grout infilling and curing process, beside the environmental unfriendly nature of this method.

Development of Global Strain Extensometer Technology

Min. 50mm thk Bottom Steel Plate Min. 50mm thk Top Steel Plate

Glostrext Sensor Signal Cables, pressure hole Datalogger Jacking System with Load Cell 50mm dia. Hole Opening (Bottom Plate) & 25mm Trench (Top Plate)

Arrangement of Global Strain Extensometer instrumentation approach Glostrext for typical spun pile inside instrumentation application Major breakthrough : Significant difference in the methodology adopted, from sacrificial cast-in method used in conventional technologies to a novel post-install approach

Min. 50mm thk Steel Plate Min. 50mm thk pile top steel plate (with 50mm dia. centre hole)

12.5mm thk Plywood

To Datalogger

Glostrext Anchor

Glostrext Sensor Connecting Rod, Hose & Signal Cable

Development of Global Strain Extensometer Technology

Glostrext inside

Completed improved prototype for application

Development of Global Strain Extensometer Technology

Glostrext inside

Actual Global Strain Extensometer system for spun pile application

10

Development of Global Strain Extensometer Technology

615 mm (Global Strain Extensometer Sensor inside)

Glostrext inside

VWSGs Lev A: A1, A2, A3, A4

VWSGs Lev B: B1, B2, B3, B4

VWSGs Lev C: C1, C2, C3, C4

Laboratory Verification Tests

Development of Global Strain Extensometer Technology

4000

Pile Top Load (kN )

3000

2000

1000

Glostrext inside

Typical Results of Laboratory Verification Tests Results and discussion will be published by UM (Prof. Faisal & Lee) at later stage

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Time (hours)
0
S3-Global Strain Extensometer Technology

200

S3-Average VWSGs Lev A,B,C

Change in Strain (microstrain)

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

1200 mm

11

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT INVOLVED

Review of basic deformation measurement in pile by strain gauges and extensometers From a strain measurement point of view, the strain gauge gives strain measurement over a very short gauge length while the extensometer gives strain measurement over a very long gauge length! Extensometer that measure strain over a very long gauge length may be viewed as a very large strain gauge or simply called Global Strain Extensometer (Glostrext)

Accuracy of 0.1mm at best by DG/LVDT

Gauge Length

Accuracy of 0.002mm or better

Gauge Length

Basic concept

Global Strain Extensometer Instrumentation Scheme for Spun Piles

Pressure supply, regulator and manifold Existing GL

Jacking System and Reaction Load Setup

Datalogger

Data collection

Anchored Lev. 0 Anchored Lev. 1

Global Strain Gauge Lev. A Extensometer Lev. 1

Schematic diagram of typical instrumented spun pile using Global Strain Extensometer technology Load transferred (PAve) at midpoint of each anchored interval can be calculated as: P = (Ec Ac )
where, = Ac = Ec = average change in global strain gauge readings; cross-sectional area of spun pile section; concrete secant modulus in pile section

Global Strain Gauge Lev. B Hollow annular space Spun Pile Anchored Lev. 2 Extensometer Lev. 2 Global Strain Gauge Lev. C Anchored Lev. 3 Extensometer Lev. 3 Global Strain Gauge Lev. D Anchored Lev. 4 Extensometer Lev. 4 Global Strain Gauge Lev. E Anchored Lev. 5 Anchored Lev. 6
Legends:

Extensometer Lev. 5 Global Strain Gauge Lev. F Extensometer Lev. 6

Pile toe at 30.0 m depth denotes Glostrext anchored level denotes Glostrext Sensor denotes Pile Joint

12

Global Strain Extensometer Scheme for RC Piles

Description of Global Strain Extensometer (Glostrext) Instrumentation Technology for Reinforced Concrete Square Pile Static Load Tests
Instrumented RC Square Pile Pile top load measured by VW Load Cell. Anchored Lev. 0 Anchored Lev. 1 Platform level (Global Strain Gauge Lev. A) Extensometer Lev. 1

RC square pile (Global Strain Gauge Lev. B)

Anchored Lev. 2

Extensometer Lev. 2

(Global Strain Gauge Lev. C)

Anchored Lev. 3

Extensometer Lev. 3

(Global Strain Gauge Lev. D) steel pipe Anchored Lev. 4 Extensometer Lev. 4 (Global Strain Gauge Lev. E) Glostrext Sensor Anchored Lev. 5 Glostrext Anchor Anchored Lev. 6 Pile toe Legend: denotes Glostrext anchored level denotes Glostrext Sensor Extensometer Lev. 5 (Global Strain Gauge Lev. F) Extensometer Lev. 6

Global Strain Extensometer Scheme for RC Piles

Instrumented Micropile
0.0 m 1.0 m 2.0 m

Anchored Lev. 0
Glostrext Sensor 1

(RL + m) Global Strain Gauge Lev. A Extensometer Lev. 1

Anchored Lev. 1

Reinforcement

Micropile

Glostrext Sensor 2

Global Strain Gauge Lev. B

recess pipe
Anchored Lev. 2

Extensometer Lev. 2

Glostrext Sensor 3

Global Strain Gauge Lev. C

Anchored Lev. 3
Glostrext Sensor 4

Extensometer Lev. 3

Global Strain Gauge Lev. D Extensometer Lev. 4 Global Strain Gauge Lev. E Extensometer Lev. 5 Global Strain Gauge Lev. F Extensometer Lev. 6
Pile toe at mde pth (RL m)

Anchored Lev. 4
Glostrext Sensor 5

Anchored Lev. 5
Glostrext Sensor 6

Anchored Lev. 6

Legend: denotes Glostrext anchored level denotes Glostrext Sensor

13

Global Strain Extensometer Scheme for Bored Piles

Global Strain Extensometer Method for bored piles
Apllied load measured by vw load cells

Pile head
Anchored Lev. 0

Global Strain Gauge Lev. A

Anchored Lev. 1 Ext. Lev. 1
Instruments: Level A B C D E F Total= No. 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 12

Global Strain Gauge Lev. B

Global Strain Gauge

Anchored Lev. 2

Ext. Lev. 2

Global Strain Gauge Lev. C

Anchored Lev. 3 Ext. Lev. 3

Extensometer

1 2 3 4 5 6 Total=

Global Strain Gauge Lev. D

Anchored Lev. 4 Ext. Lev. 4

Global Strain Gauge Lev. E

Anchored Lev. 5 Ext. Lev. 5

Global Strain Gauge Lev. F

Anchored Lev. 6 Ext. Lev. 6

Pile toe Legend: denotes GLOSTREXT anchored level denotes GLOSTREXT Sensor

Case Histories (Precast/Prestressed piles)

Recommended for reading : 1. Krishnan S. & Lee S.K., 2006. A Novel Approach to the Performance Evaluation of Driven Prestressed Concrete Piles and Bored Cast-inplace Piles. Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, Amsterdam, pp 718-726

2.

S.K. Lee, T.K. Lau, A.H. Tan, Faisal Hj. Ali, Y.W. Chong, 2007. Recent Development in Pile Instrumentation Technology for Driven and Jacked-in Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles, Proceedings of 16th South East Asian Geotechnical Conference, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 727-734.

3.

Research Jacked-in Piles at Tuas South Avenue 2/5, 2009. CSCGNUS (not yet published).

14

Applications of GLOSTREXT technology for Marine Piles:

SPT value, N (blows/30cm)
0 25 50 75 100

Depth (m) 0.0 m 1.5 m

Test Pile MLT-C (1000mm )

RL +4.5m (Pile Head (H))

Anchored Lev. A-0

RL 0.00 m MLSD

4.5 m

6.5 m

Glostrext Sensor 1

Global Strain Gauge Lev. A

10

Seabed (RL-7.0m)
12

11.5 m

Anchored Lev. A-1 Hollow core

Extensometer Lev. 1

Seabed (RL-7.0m)

14
VS-1: Peak=16kPa Rem=5kPa

16

16.5 m

Glostrext Sensor 2

Global Strain Gauge Lev. B Spun pile Extensometer Lev. 2

18

20

VS-2: Peak=27kPa Rem=10kPa Silty Clay

21.5 m

Anchored Lev. A-2

Depth below pile top (m)

22
VS-3: Peak=43kPa Rem=13kPa

24

25.0 m
8 6

Glostrext Sensor 3

Global Strain Gauge Lev. C

26

28

28.5 m
7 7

Anchored Lev. A-3

Extensometer Lev. 3

30

32

8 14
Silty Sand

33.25 m

Glostrext Sensor 4

Global Strain Gauge Lev. D

34

36

15 18

38

19 21

39.0 m 40.75m

Anchored Lev. A-4

Glostrext Sensor 5

Extensometer Lev. 4 Global Strain Gauge Lev. E Extensometer Lev. 5 Global Strain Gauge Lev. F Extensometer Lev. 6
Pile toe at 45.3 m depth (RL -40.8m)

40

42

27

42.5m
91

Anchored Lev. A-5

Glostrext Sensor 6

44

43.75m
94

45.0 m
46 64 75 51

Anchored Lev. A-6

48

Legend: denotes Glostrext anchored level denotes Glostrext Sensor

SI Borehole BH-16

1000mm (with1400mm wall thickness) driven prestressed spun concrete pile GLOSTREXT instrumentation for 23 km long 2nd Penang Bridge, Malaysia, 2008.

Applications of GLOSTREXT technology for Marine Piles:

1000mm (with1400mm wall thickness) driven prestressed spun concrete pile GLOSTREXT instrumentation for 23 km long 2nd Penang Bridge, Malaysia, 2008.

15

Applications of GLOSTREXT technology for Marine Piles:

SPT value, N (blows/30cm) Date of Pile Driving: 07-12-2009 Depth (m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Test Pile PTP1-BH7 (1000mm )

RL +3.8m (Pile Head (H))

0 1 2 3

0.0 m 0.3 m

Anchored Lev. A-0

Glostrext Sensor 1

1.925 m

Global Strain Gauge Lev. A

3.55 m
4 5

Anchored Lev. A-1

Extensometer Lev. 1

RL 0.00 m CD

Hollow core
6 7 8

Spun pile

8.55 m
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Glostrext Sensor 2

Global Strain Gauge Lev. B

Seabed (RL-9.433m)
0

13.05 m

Anchored Lev. A-2

13.233m

Extensometer Lev. 2

Seabed (RL-9.433m)

Depth below pile top (m)

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
VS-3: Peak =40k Pa Rem=15k Pa VS-2: Peak=23kPa Rem=8k Pa VS-1: Peak=14kPa Rem=4kPa Marine Clay

18.675 m

Glostrext Sensor 3

Global Strain Gauge Lev. C

24.3m
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 136.36 36364 136.36 36364 142.85 71429 100 43

Anchored Lev. A-3

Glostrext Sensor 4

Extensometer Lev. 3 Global Strain Gauge Lev. D Extensometer Lev. 4 Global Strain Gauge Lev. E Extensometer Lev. 5 Global Strain Gauge Lev. F Extensometer Lev. 6 Global Strain Gauge Lev. G Extensometer Lev. 7
Pile toe at 30.579 m depth (RL -26.779m)

25.3 m 26.3 m

Anchored Lev. A-4

Glostrext Sensor 5

42

27.3m 28.3m 28.8m 29.3m 29.8m 30.3 m

Anchored Lev. A-5

Glostrext Sensor 6

Anchored Lev. A-6 Anchored Lev. A-7

Glostrext Sensor 7

111.11 OA 11111

125

Legend: denotes Glostrext anchored level denotes Glostrext Sensor

SI Borehole : BH7

1000mm (with1400mm wall thickness) driven prestressed spun concrete pile GLOSTREXT instrumentation for ICT Singapore.

Applications of GLOSTREXT technology for RC Sq. Piles:

Instrumented Pile
SPT value, N (blows/30cm)
0 50 100 150 200

0 1
3

(RL 40.0mm )
0.3 m 0.8 m 1.3 m

Anchored Lev. A-0

Glostrext Sensor 1

Anchored Lev. 1

Global Strain Gauge Lev. A Extensometer Lev. 1

2 3 4
4 5

Clayey Sand
4.8m

5 6 7
11 12

Glostrext Sensor 2 52mm i.d. steel pipe to house instruments

Global Strain Gauge Lev. B

8 9 10
8 13

Sand

8.3 m

Anchored Lev. 2

Extensometer Lev. 2

RC pile
11.3 m Glostrext Sensor 3

11 12
12

Global Strain Gauge Lev. C

Depth below original ground level (m)

13
12

14 15 16
12 9

14.3 m

Anchored Lev. 3

Extensometer Lev. 3

Sand Silt

17 17.3 m
13

Glostrext Sensor 4

Global Strain Gauge Lev. D

18 19

15

20 21 22
15 12

20.3 m

Anchored Lev. 4

Extensometer Lev. 4 Global Strain Gauge Lev. E

21.8 m

Glostrext Sensor 5

23 24 25

Silty Sand
71

23.3m 23.8m 24.3m

Anchored Lev. 5
Glostrext Sensor6

Anchored Lev. 6

Extensometer Lev. 5 Global Strain Gauge Lev. F Extensometer Lev. 6

Pile toe at 24.3 m de pth

79

26 27 28
71 61

Legend: denotes Glostrext anchored level denotes Glostrext Sensor

29 30
79

SI Borehole : BH9

400mm x 400mm driven reinforced concrete square pile GLOSTREXT instrumentation at Damansara, Malaysia.

16

Case Histories (Bored Piles)

Recommended for reading : 1. H.M. A. Aziz & S.K. Lee, 2006. Application of Global Strain Extensometer (GLOSTREXT) Method for Instrumented Bored Piles in Malaysia. Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, Amsterdam, pp 669-767

2.

G&P Digest , Issue 1, July 2010. G&P Professionals Group.

17

Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Test Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
Application of Global Strain Extensometer Technique for 450mm (with 80mm wall thickness) driven prestressed spun concrete pile for a reclaimed island petrochemical facilities project in Johor , Malaysia, 2008. Glostrext inside

Test Pile No. STP3

Nominal Wall 9mm PreDiameter Thickness stressing Bar (mm) (mm) Reinforcement 450 80 8 no.

Driven Pile Length (m) 47.25

Hydraulic Hammer Weight (tons) 9

Drop Height (mm) 400

Final Set (mm) 3

Date Driven
st

21

Apr 08

18

Instrumentation levels for Instrumented Test Spun Pile STP3 (450 mm ) (with 80mm wall thickness)
Driven Pile length = 47.25m from Platform Level of RL 6.18 mCD

Instrumented Spun Pile

SPT value, N (blows/30cm)
0 50 9 12 14 16 18 11 8 2 0 VS-1: Peak=39kPa VS-2: Peak=39kPa VS-3: Peak=52kPa VS-4: Peak=39kPa VS-5: Peak=59kPa VS-6: Peak=77kPa 2 3 4 10 13 15 9 15 16 19 22 26 27 20 25 22 25 18 17 19 16 19 25 30 136 167 273 250 100 150 200 250 300

Instrumentation and maintained pile load test

(RL 6.18m CD)

0.2 m 0.7 m 1.2 m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

Anchored Lev. A-0

Glostrext Sensor 1

Anchored Lev. 1

Global Strain Gauge Lev. A Extensometer Lev. 1

Sand fill

4.7m

Glostrext Sensor 2

Global Strain Gauge Lev. B

8.2 m

Anchored Lev. 2

Extensometer Lev. 2

hollow core
Soft Marine Clay
14.2 m

Glostrext Sensor 3

Global Strain Gauge Lev. C

spun pile Bitumen coated

20.2 m

Glostrext inside

Anchored Lev. 3

Extensometer Lev. 3 Global Strain Gauge Lev. D Extensometer Lev. 4 Global Strain Gauge Lev. E Extensometer Lev. 5

22.2 m Glostrext Sensor 4 24.2 m

Depth below original ground level (m)

Anchored Lev. 4

Clayey Sand
26.45 m Glostrext Sensor 5 28.7 m

Anchored Lev. 5

Silty Sand

31.95 m Glostrext Sensor 6

Global Strain Gauge Lev. F

35.2 m

Anchored Lev. 6
Glostrext Sensor 7

Extensometer Lev. 6 Global Strain Gauge Lev. G Extensometer Lev. 7 Global Strain Gauge Lev. H Extensometer Lev. 8 Global Strain Gauge Lev. I Extensometer Lev. 9 Global Strain Gauge Lev. J Extensometer Lev. 10
Pile toe at 47.25 m depth

37.7 m

40.2 m 42.2 m

Anchored Lev. 7
Glostrext Sensor 8

Silt

44.2 m 45.2 m 46.2m 46.7m 47.2m

Anchored Lev. 8
Glostrext Sensor 9

Anchored Lev. 9 Anchored Lev. 10

Glostrext Sensor 10

Rock

Legend: denotes Glostrext anchored level denotes Glostrext Sensor

SI Borehole : BH-STP3

Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Spun Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000

Pile Top Load (kN )

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Glostrext inside

45

50

55

60

Pile Top Settlement /Pile Base Settlement / Total Shortening (mm)

Pile Top Settlement Pile Base Settlement Total Shortening

Plot of pile top load versus pile top settlement, pile base settlement and total shortening for 450mm Test Pile STP3

19

Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Spun Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000

Pile Top Load (kN )

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Glostrext inside

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Shortening (mm) of Pile

0.2m to 1.2m 24.2m to 28.7m 44.2m to 46.2m 1.2m to 8.2m 28.7m to 35.2m 46.2m to 47.2m 8.2m to 20.2m 35.2m to 40.2m 20.2m to 24.2m 40.2m to 44.2m

Plot of pile top load versus pile shortening for various segments for 450mm Test Pile STP3

Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Spun Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000

Pile Top Load (kN )

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 2 4 6 8

Glostrext inside

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56

Pile Settlement (mm) at various depths

Piletop Settlement Sett at 24.2m Sett at 44.2m Sett at 1.2m Sett at 28.7m Sett at 46.2m Sett at 8.2m Sett at 35.2m Sett at 47.2m Sett at 20.2m Sett at 40.2m

Plot of pile top load versus pile settlements at various depths for 450mm Test Pile STP3

20

Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Spun Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
80 75

Secant Modulus of concrete pile, Ec ( kN/mm2 )

70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

y = -1.03E-03x + 4.45E+01 inside

Glostrext

Measured Axial Strain ( x 10-6 ) at Level A

Plot of back-calculated Concrete Modulus values, Ec, versus Measured Axial Strain at Level A using Global Strain Extensometer technique for 450mm test pile STP3

Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Spun Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
Loads ( kN)
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
P= 205 kN P= 1780 kN P= 290 kN P= 2004 kN P= 563 kN P= 2221 kN P= 845 kN P= 2440 kN

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

3000

Depth below platform level (m)

Glostrext inside

P= 1136 kN P= 2650 kN

P= 1568 kN P= 2871 kN

Load Distribution Curve for 450mm test pile STP3

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Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Spun Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
GL to Lev B Lev B to Lev C Lev C to Lev E Lev E to Lev G Lev G to Lev H

Mobilised Unit Shaft Friction ( kN/m2 )

Glostrext inside

Lev H to Lev I Lev I to Lev J

40

45

50

55

60

Average Movement of Pile between soil stratum ( mm )

Load Transfer Characteristics during Loading stages for 450mm test pile STP3

Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Spun Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
8000 7500 7000

Mobilised Unit End Bearing ( kN/m2 )

6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Glostrext inside

Pile Base Settlement ( mm )

Plot of Mobilised Unit End Bearing versus Pile Base Settlement for 450mm test pile STP3

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Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Spun Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
3000
Q (Applied Load)

2700
Total Shaft Resistance

2400
Base Resistance

2100

Glostrext inside

Load ( kN )

1800 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Pile Top Settlement (mm)

Plot of Applied Pile Top Load, Total Shaft Resistance and Base Resistance versus Pile Top Settlement for 450mm test pile STP3

Illustration of Test Results for Instrumented Spun Pile using Global Strain Extensometer Technique
50 45 40 35

Pb/Ptop ( % )

Glostrext inside

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Pile Top Settlement (mm)

Plot of Pile Base Load over Applied Pile Top Load versus Pile Top Settlement for 450mm test pile STP3

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Discussion and Concluding Remarks

Technology novelty and advantages
Obvious COSTS benefits : i) Significant cost/time saving;

Costs
Value Innovation

ii) Environmental friendly (no grouting needed); iii) Eliminates instrument damage risk.

Global Strain Extensometer Technology

Obvious VALUE benefits : i) Flexibility to select instrumentation levels after pile installation; ii) Reliable measurements over a larger and more representative sample; iii) Routine instrumentation made viable

User Value

Discussion and Concluding Remarks

In summary, three distinct features of this method would especially appeal to geotechnical engineers: (i) the method enables installation of instrumentation after pile installation and thus virtually eliminates the risk of instrument damage during pile production and installation; (ii) the post-install nature of the method enables engineers to select instrumentation levels along the as-built depth of piles using pile installation records and site investigation data as guides; (iii)the method reliably measures segmental shortening and strains over an entire section of the test pile during each loading step of a typical static load test and unlike conventional strain gauges which only provide localized strain measurements, it integrates individual strain measurements over a larger and more representative sample, thus making the test results more informative.

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GEOTECHNICAL SEMINAR
JOINTLY ORGANIZED BETWEEN GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY OF SINGAPORE (GEOSS) & CENTRE FOR SOFT GROUND ENGINEERING

Thank you

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