Kidney Revision

1.2 1) 1.2 2) 1.2 3) 1.2 4) Excretion The liver Functions of the liver The kidney

The nephron

About one million nephrons in e ch !idney. "n the cortex the c pill ries form !not c lled the glomerulus.

#urrounded by the Bowman's capsule. Fluid from the blood is pushed into the $o%m n&s c psule by ultrafiltration. As the fluid moves lon' subst nces re re bsorbed by selective reabsorption. This p sses into the pelvis nd do%n the uterer.

1.2 5) Form tion of (rine (ltr filtr tion

)ydrost tic pressure of the blood filters out % ter* mino cids* 'lucose* ure * nd inor' nic ions +, -./l0.K-). 1roteins re left in the c pill ry %hich c uses some % ter rem ins in the blood. lo% % ter potenti l 0

#elective Re bsorption
tubule)

+ t promix l convoluted

234 of filtr te is re bsorbed.

/ell surf ce membr ne is hi'hly folded to form micro illi 5 incre se

surf ce re .

6embr ne lso cont ins co!transporter proteins th t tr nsport

'lucose or mino cids %ith , - ions from tubule to cell 5 facilitated diffusion.

7pposite membr ne +close to blood c pill ries) is lso folded to

incre se surf ce re . /ont ins sodium!potassium pumps +pump , - ions into cell).

/ell cytopl sm h s many mitochondria 5 ener'y re8uired process

5 involves AT1. 1) #odium0pot ssium pumps remove sodium ions from the cells linin' the proxim l convoluted tubule. /oncentr tion of , - ions in cell reduces. 2) , - ions re tr nsported into cell by f cilit ted diffusion. 3) 9lucose : mino cid concentr tions rise inside cells 5 diffuse out of opposite side of cell into tissue fluid. ;iffuse into blood n d re c rried % y. <) Re bsorption of s lts* 'lucose nd mino cids reduces the % ter potenti l in cells nd incre ses the % ter potenti l in the tubule fluid. 6e ns % ter %ill enter the cells then be re bsorbed into the blood by osmosis. 3) = r'er molecules* e.'. sm ll proteins m y h ve entered tubule %il be re bsorbed by endocytosis.

1.2 ") #ater reabsorption

$%&' (&) *+,)T-'*,''-)T .,/T&(/&-' #>#TE6?

To incre se the concentr tion of s lts in the tubule fluid* c usin' them to diffuse out to the surroundin' medull tissue 5 very lo% % ter potenti l. The remov l of ions from the scendin' limb me ns th t t the top of the scendin' limb the urine is dilute. @ ter m y then be re bsorbed in the dist l tubules nd collectin' ducts 5 osmoregulation. Fluid p sses lon' dist l convoluted tubule 5 ctive tr nsport is used to dAust concentr tions of v rious salts. Collecting duct has very high

water potential 5 it cont ins lot of % ter s it tr vels do%n the duct* diffuses by osmosis into medull since th t h s very lo% % ter potenti l. Amount of % ter re bsorbed depends on the permeability of the % lls of the collectin' duct.

1.2 0) +smoregulation /ontrol of % ter levels : s lt levels in the body.

Water balance: Gain = food/drink, metabolism Loss = rine, sweat, water vapour, faeces

A;) 5 hormone + ntidiuretic) B ;ehydr ted

1) 7smoreceptors detect ch n'e +incre se.decre se of % ter potenti l in blood) 2) =ess A;).6ore A;) rele sed from posterior pituit ry 'l nd 3) /ollectin' duct % lls less.more perme ble <) =ess. more % ter re bsorbed into blood +more.less urine produced) +smoreceptors in hypothalamus of the brain1 @hen the % ter potenti l of the blood is lo% 5 osmorecetpor cells lose % ter by osmosis* %hich c uses them to shrin! nd stimul te neurosecretory cells.

,eurosecretory cells re speci lised neurones th t produce nd rele se A;) 5 A;) flo%s do%n the xon to the termin l bulb in the posterior pituit ry 'l nd. Action potenti l B rele se of A;).