b.
d.
The elements of the series impedance matrix can be calculated from the geometry of the tower configuration, Fig. 117, and from the characteristics of the conductors. For self impedances:
Z ii = Z int + Z ext + Z g
And for mutual impedances Z ij = Z ij '+ Z gm where: Z int Z ext Z g Z ij ' Z gm
(78)
(79)
is the internal impedance of the wire, [/m], is the external impedance of the wire, [/m], is Carsons correction term for earth self impedance, [/km], is the mutual impedance of the two conductors i and j, [/km], is Carsons correction term for earth mutual impedance, [/km],
The symbols used in Eqs. (78) and (79) are explained in the following, Appendix C.4.2. 195
i
2r i
X ij d ij
Dij
2hi
2h j
Images
i'
Z ij ' = j (
0 Dij ln ) 2 d ij
(80)
0 1 ( ) 2 4
(81)
Z ext = jLii = j
0 2h (ln i ) 2 ri
(82)
Carsons correction terms for earth return effects The ground self impedance
Z g = Rg + jX g
196
(83)
The ground mutual impedance Z gm = Rgm + jX gm The symbols used in Eqs. (80) to (84) are explained in the following: (84)
C.4.2.2 Terms in Eqs. (80) to (84) Carsons correction terms for earth return effects For self resistance
Rg = 4 10 7 b1k 1 + b2 [(C2 ln k )k 2 ] + b3k 3 d 4 k 4 ... 8
(85)
(86)
Rgm
(87)
X gm
(88)
The symbols used in Eqs. (85) to(88) are explained in the following:
197
Coefficients b
2 6
b1 =
(89)
b2 =
1 16
sign , i = 3, 4, 5, ... i (i + 2)
(90)
bi = bi 2
(91)
Note sign=1 and changes after each successive term (sign=1 for i=1,2,3,4 and sign=-1 for i=5,6,7,8 etc.)
Coefficients C
C2 = 1.3659315 and (92)
1 1 Ci = Ci 2 + + , i = 4, 6, 8, ... i i+2
Coefficients d
(93)
di =
bi , i = 3, 4, 5, ... 4
(94)
k = 4 5 10 4 (2hi ) f /
and
(95)
k m = 4 5 10 4 ( Dij ) f /
The angle is indicated in Fig. 120
(96)
(97)
198
Other symbols
hi Dij d ij ri is the average height above ground of conductor i, [m], is the distance between conductor i and the image of conductor j, [m], is the distance between conductors i and j, [m], is the radius of conductor i, [m], is the angular frequency, [rad], is the ac resistance of the conductor, [/km], is the internal inductance of the conductor, [H/km], Carsons correction term for self resistance due to the earth, [/km], Carsons correction term for mutual resistance due to the earth, [/km], Carsons correction term for self reactance due to the earth, [/km], Carsons correction term for mutual reactance due to the earth, [/km].
Rint Lint
Rg Rgm Xg X gm
199