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UNIT I FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

The term functional should be considered in the broad sense of providing learners with the skills and abilities they need to take an active and responsible role in their communities, everyday life, the work place and educational settings. Functional English requires learners to communicate in ways that make them effective and involved as citizens, to operate confidently and to convey their ideas and opinions clearly.

How to Start a Conversation?

Starting a conversation can be one of the most stressful things in life, but also one of the most rewarding. Being good at starting conversations is essential in our career and many other aspects of life, so start mingling.

Conversation Starting Tips

Research interesting things to talk about. Before you approach somebody to talk, relax. Ask interesting questions. Dont focus on seeming clever. Be prepared to listen. Avoid controversial subjects, complaining or gossip. Be yourself.

Using the Right Body Language

Body language is a form of non-verbal communication involving the use of stylized gestures, postures and physiological signs which act as clues to other people. Humans, unconsciously, send and receive non-verbal signals all the time using body language.

Ways to Improve Body Language

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Dont cross your arms or legs. Have eye contact, but dont stare. Dont be afraid to take up some space. Relax your shoulders. Nod when they are talking. Lean, but not too much. Smile and laugh. Keep your head up. Dont fidget. Use your hands more confidently. Keep a good attitude. Dont stand too close.

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ROLE-PLAY
Role-play is the activity where one would be given a role to play. Role play is one such method that creates a platform to improve the students speaking skills, non-verbal communication and contextual usage of language and makes them understand how to face real life situations. Role-play improves speaking and listening skills. Students develop non-verbal communication techniques. Role-play allows a student to prepare thoroughly for real life situations and paves a way to think through the language at the initial stage. Later the student becomes confident in framing structures / sentences grammatically correct and tries to get into the role.

Role-play in different situations 1. Registering for team selection

Shakti: I want to meet the PD. Raghu: Youll find him in the second room to your right. Shakti: Thank you. . Shakti: Good afternoon, sir. PD : Yes?

Shakti: There was a notice yesterday about football selection, sir. PD : Youre a first year student?

Shakti: Yes, sir. PD : Sports quota?

Shakti: No, sir. PD : What is your position?

Shakti: Goalkeeper, sir. PD : I see. Youve got certificates?

Shakti: yes, sir. Ive brought copies. PD : Good. Be at the stadium tomorrow at nine sharp.

Shakti: sir, I have a lab.. PD : Dont worry. Youll get attendance.

Shakti: Thank you sir.

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2. Asking for leave

Deepika : Excuse me, madam, may I come in?

Mrs Gomati: Yes, come in. Deepika : I need leave for two day, madam.

Mrs Gomati: When? Deepika : Next Monday and Tuesday.

Mrs Gomati: Why? Deepika : My elder sister is getting engaged, madam.

Mrs Gomati: Is it necessary for you to be there? Deepika : Yes, madam. The grooms family will consider my absence an insult.

Mrs Gomati: I see. Fill in this Leave Permission Form. Deepika : Thank you very much, madam.

3. Strangers at a bus stop

Kumar: Which bus goes to MIOT Hospital? David: You can take 115, 127, or 154. Kumar: Do they stop at MIOT? David: No. Kumar: Which is the nearest bus stop I should get down at? David: Hallmark Plaza. Kumar: And? David: You should walk forward, cross the zebra crossing, turn right. Kumar: Thank you. David: Youre welcome.

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UNIT II VOCABULARY BUILDING INTRODUCTION:

Vocabulary knowledge is the single most important area of language competence and is of concern to all four language skills (LRSW). We will not be able to listen or speak confidently or read and write effectively if we do not have reasonable vocabulary competence, which may include our stock of perceptive vocabulary as well as productive vocabulary. All successful communicators do have a reasonable stock of words. We should, therefore, develop our vocabulary. The following are some general suggestions for vocabulary development. Learn words in context. Develop vocabulary cards. Read Extensively. Distinguish between formal and informal words.

TECHNICAL VOCABULARY
The use of formal words, scientific vocabulary, specialized terminology, and formal phrases & expressions is common in technical communication. Infact, technical vocabulary is a specific feature of technical communication. Every field of science and technology has its own list of terms and phrases. The following passage illustrates the use of formal words and technical vocabulary (underlined). The position that an element has in the periodic table tells its electronic arrangement. The electronic arrangement tells us how many shells of electron it has. The group, the atom is in, tells us the number of electrons in its outermost shell. This number tells about many qualities of the atom such as valence, metallic character, the size of the atom, and so on." It is obvious that the underlined words are too informal and need to be replaced by formal and technical words and phrases to make the language of the passage appropriate and formal. The following is a revised version of the same passage. The position that an element occupies in the periodic table defines its electronic configuration. The electronic configuaration informs us how many shells of electron it occupies. The group, the atom is in, tells us the number of electrons in its valence shell. This number defines many properties of the atom such as valence, metallic character, the size of the atom, and so on.

OBJECTIVES:
To develop the language fluency in the students both in their spoken and written expressions through the well developed vocabulary by the assimilation of synonyms and antonyms, word roots, one-word substitutes, prefixes and suffixes, word origins, analogy and idioms and phrases.

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SYNONYMS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Synonyms are words which have a similar meaning to each other. accord agree, grant adversitydifficulty, misfortune affluent plentiful, rich alleviate lighten, mitigate anguish distress, sorrow avoid ignore, shun baffle confuse, deceive bitter acrid, sour blend combine, mix bliss happiness, joy bluff boast, feign brief concise, short candid honest, truthful caricature cartoon, imitation chaotic disordered, messy cherish esteem, love competent able, capable contradict deny, oppose craving desire, longing credulous confident, trustful damp moist, wet decay decline, rot dogma belief, view dwindle abate, diminish eminent distinguished, prominent endure last, persist exhaust deplete, empty feeble helpless, infirm flatter compliment, praise generous benevolent, unselfish genuine actual, real gloomy cheerless, dim humiliate humble, shame hygiene cleanliness, sanitation hypocrisy duplicity, falseness ideal goal, perfection idle lazy, unoccupied illustrious eminent, famous immense huge, mammoth implicate accuse, insinuate inadvertent - accidental, unintentional jargon argot, slang jovial genial, merry justification - excuse, reason lean slim, thin lucid clear, understandable manipulate - control, shape merge blend, fuse

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49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.

noble novice obligatory obvious offend offer omit paramount perplex radical realize reliable shallow shrewd significant spontaneous tame temper turbulent vain valid variety -

aristocratic, distinguished beginner, nonprofessional compulsory, required conspicuous, definite anger, irritate bid, proposal exclude, remove chief, leading astonish, baffle basic, fundamental accomplish, fulfill dependable, trustworthy superficial, trivial careful, calculating distinctive, important impromptu, unplanned domesticate, subdue mood, nature disordered, violent boastful, inflated authorized, legitimate assortment, diversify

ANTONYMS:
Antonyms are more commonly known as opposites. They are words which have an opposite meaning to each other. 1. abundant scarce 2. arrival departure 3. attractive repulsive 4. ally enemy 5. bend straighten 6. blunt sharp 7. blame praise 8. broad narrow 9. captivity freedom, liberty 10. cellar attic 11. conceal reveal 12. demand supply 13. dismal cheerful 14. dusk dawn 15. economise waste 16. entrance exit 17. expensive inexpensive, cheap 18. export import 19. feeble sturdy, strong, powerful 20. frequent seldom 21. frank secretive 22. glad sorry 23. giant dwarf, pygmy 24. guilty innocent

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25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

horizontal humble imitation immense inferior intentional join knowledge landlord leader lender lofty master merry miser obedient optimist peace plentiful poverty powerful rigid scatter serious sober sow sunny tame transparent vacant victory virtue voluntary vowel wax wisdom -

vertical proud genuine tiny, minute superior accidental separate ignorance tenant follower borrower lowly servant mirthless, sad spendthrift disobedient pessimist war scarce wealth feeble, weak pliable, soft collect trivial drunk reap cloudy wild opaque occupied defeat vice compulsory consonant wane folly

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTES:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Someone who knows a lot about the subject An instrument used to see distant objects The path in which planets move A permit from an authority to own, use or do Something A person who loves money and hates spending it Situation in which everything is happening in a Confused way A painting, drawing or photograph of a person especially of the head and shoulders A person who belongs to another country Study of ancient monuments and arts Scholar Telescope Orbit License Miser Chaotic Portrait Foreigner Archeology

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10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

Science which deals with the study of living beings One who can read and write A poem of fourteen (14) lines A book where you find meanings for words A document allowing persons to travel abroad One who looks only at the darker side of life One who looks at the brighter side of life A place where horses are kept A large number of people or animals suffering from the same kind of disease at the sametime A book giving information on all branches of knowledge Part of the earth where life is found Government of the people, by the people and for the people The act of killing oneself Soldiers who fight on horse back Soldiers who fight on foot One who is unable to pay his debts Group of people living together Flesh eating animals Flesh and Vegetable eating animals Plants of a particular region Government by small groups A policeman in ordinary clothes while on duty A place where meals are sold and eat Name shared by all the members of the family Difficulty in breathing The story of a persons life written by others -

Biology Literate Sonnet Dictionary Passport Pessimist Optimist Stable Epidemic Encyclopaedia Biosphere Democracy Suicide Cavalry Infantry Bankrupt Community Carnivorous Omnivorous Flora Oligarchy Plainclothesman Restaurant Surname Suffocation Biography

IDIOMS AND PHRASES:

Learning idiomatic expressions is a very important part of the language-learning process. Much of everyday speech is based on colloquial and slang vocabulary much of this vocabulary is based on idioms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Add fuel to the fire Apple of ones eye At the eleventh hour Bag and baggage Bed of roses Black and white Blow hot and cold Blow ones own trumpet 9. Born with a silver spoon in ones mouth 10. Break the ice to supply additional cause of anger or dispute. very dear, very affectionate, special person or thing. last minute with all goods. Happiness, comfortability in writing favourable and unfavourable by turns boast of oneself. to be born in a rich family to start talking

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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

Burning question Build castles in air Cock and bull story Cloud nine Cold blood Crocodile tears Feather in ones cap Grease the palm of Herculean task In a nut shell Ins and outs Kith and kin Lions share Maiden speech Nip in the bud Out of the wood Over head and ears Palmy days Part and parcel Red letter day Ups and downs With open arms Wolf in sheeps clothing 34. Yeomans service 35. Wet blanket -

a serious question. imaginary schemes an unbelievable event Extremely happy Deliberately without any pity Showing sympathy without any real love in heart an honour to bribe difficult thing to do briefly details Blood relation Largest portion The first speech made by a person in his life. to crush in the beginning Free from danger. completely days of wealth and prosperity an essential part a day to be remembered prosperity and adversity Whole heartedly a cheat, a hypocrite excellent work tries to spoil other peoples fun

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES Negative Prefixes:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. a anti counter de dis dys il, im, in, ir mal mis non sub un under Without opposed to against, opposite opposite of not, opposite of bad, difficult (used in medical terms) not, opposite of bad, not correct bad, wrong not below, less, under, smaller part not, opposite of below

Negative Suffix: 1. less

without, not affected by

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Other Prefixes: Prefixes:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. ambi ante auto be bi demi ex extra epi hemi homo inter intra multi out over per peri post pre pro pseudo re semi super tele ultra infra uni vice referring to both of two before, in front of of or by yourself around, on two, twice, double half, partly former outside, beyond, very over, on half same between, among within more than one go beyond, exceed too much, completely, upper, outer, above through around, about after before in favour of false, not genuine again half, partly more than, above over a long distance beyond a particular limit below one next in rank

SUFFIXES:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. ecotomy ics sis phobia or/er ism able/ible ac, ic acious, iciousary ate ation cy escent cutting things having to do with act, state, condition of exaggerated fear one or person who takes part in the belief in capable of like pertaining to full of like, connected with to make that which is state of being becoming

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15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

fic fy iferous il, ile ive osis ous tude oid ced

making, doing to make producing, bearing pertaining to, capable of like condition full of state of resembling, like yield, go

WORD ROOTS: Root

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Doc Equ Alg Brev Bronch Nomen

Meaning
teach equal pain short windpipe name

Word
Doctor, Doctrine, Indoctrinate, Documentary Equality, Erg, Energy, Synergy Nostalgia, Analgesic, Neuralgia, Nostalgia Brevity, Breviary, Abbreviate, Brief Bronchitis, Bronchial, Bronchotomy, Bronchopneumonia Nomenclature, Denomination, Nominative, Nominate

ANALOGY:
Analogy is very commonly used to denote similarity or essential resemblance; but its specific meaning is a similarity of relations and in this consists the difference between the argument from example and that from analogy. In the former, we argue from the mere similarity of two things; in the latter, from the similarity of their relations.

Analogy Relationship
Off : on :: up : down (Antonym) Top : summit :: wicked : evil (Synonym) Bed : sleep :: school : learn (A place where) Carelessness : accident :: rain : flood (Cause/Effect) Cold : Pneumonia :: hot : scalding (Intensity) Carpenter : saw :: surgeon : scalper (Job-Related Pairs)

1. TROPHY : CONTESTANT :: [ e ] a) baton : runner b) pride : parent c) book : bibliography d) loan : cashier e) honors : student

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2. MUTED : COLOR :: [ c ] a) archaic : diction b) pastoral : composition c) muffled : sound d) haunting : tune e) unconcerned : interest

3. NATURE : CHILD :: [ a ] a) cultivate : crop b) quench : fire c) marvel : infant d) secure : possession e) delimit : obligation

4. REFLECTION : LIGHT :: [ b ] a) emotion : feeling b) echo : sound c) film : scene d) microphone : hearing e) iris : vision

5. FOOD : NOURISH :: [ d ] a) organ : secret b) fluids : circulate c) cells : degenerate d) antibodies : protect e) fats : saturate 6. DENTURE : TEETH :: [ b ] a) scarf : head b) toupel : hair c) fingernail : head d) eyebrow : eye e) bandage : wound

7.

TEACHER : CERTIFICATION :: [ a ] a) driver : license b) officer : handcuffs c) librarian : book d) mechanic : tool e) architect : blueprint

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8.

PRACTICING : EXPETRTISE :: [ d ] a) thinking : logic b) writing : clarity c) growing : health d) exercising : strength e) eating : nutrition

9. SYLLABUS : COURSE :: [ e ] a) rules : jury b) map : destination c) recipe : ingredients d) appetizer : meal e) agenda : meeting

10. PHOTOGRAPH : LIGHT :: [ c ] a) script : corn b) film : negative c) recording : sound d) shave : mustache e) concert : song

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UNIT III GROUP DISCUSSION

INTRODUCTION: We often find people discussion various social, economics and political issues. These discussions might be both informal and formal. Informal private discussion can take place at restaurant, at a recreation club, at a college canteen at a bus stop or when at home. Formal discussions may take place at an office, at a meeting place at a conference hall or at a recruitment centre.

What is Group Discussion?

The literal meaning of the word discuss is to talk about a subject in detail. So, group discussion may refer to a communication. Situation that allows its participants. It is a systematic oral exchange of information view and opinions about a topic, issue problem or situation among members of a group who shape certain common objective. METHODOLOGY The methodology of a group discussion is as follows. A group of 8 to 10 candidates age seated in a circle according to given chest numbers. A topic is announced and also the total time for discussion which is normally 30 minutes. Each candidate has to voice his opinion and offer counter arguments. The examiner watches the discussion from behind a screen and evaluates the candidates for the final interview on the basis of their personality knowledge communication skill and leadership traits.

COMPONENTS
The components of group discussion are for which are follows. 1. Personality manifestation 2. Communication manifestation 3. Knowledge and 4. Leadership

1. Personality |--------------------|-----------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
Dress Body Language Tone & Voice Countenance Manners Dress: Your clothes play a vital part in casting a favour first impression Body Language: Body language is a non-verbal communication skill, a face to face encounter. Tone & Voice: Your personality and the ability to influence others depends greatly on using the right tone and voice. Countenance: A cheerful countenance is important for a good appearance. Self confidence, optimism and amicability automatically create cheerfulness and bring happy smile to the face. Manners: It is ones manners that leave a lasting impression on other.

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2. Communication Skills: Effective communication is a salient feature of a group discussion. A leader, an administration, a manager or an erudite scholar must possess the skills to put across an idea in the clearest manner. Communication is the process of passing information from one person to another. a) One-way Communication: Some times communication is a simple one-way process that occurs between an information sender and an information receiver with in a given context.

Information sent

INFORMATION SENDER

Channel Situational context

INFORMATION RECEIVER

One-way communication fig (2)

b) Two-way Communication: Most communication is a two way process. So it is in group discussion too. The information sender not only provides the information required by the information receiver, he also gets a reaction or feedback from the information receiver regarding the information sent.

INFORMATION

INFORMATION SENDER

TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION FIG :( 3)

INFORMATION RECEIVER

FEED BACK

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Source

Encoding

Transmis sion

Medium

Reception

Decoding

Action

Feedback

Loops

Steps in Communication fig.4

3. Knowledge: Knowledge is power, it is said. In a group discussion, knowledge of the subject concerned, backed by common sense will help you deal with any situation and win laurels. The greater your knowledge of the subjects, the more interested, enthusiastic, and confident will you be and the more fluent and forceful would be your speech and contribution to the discussion. 4. Leadership: The success of the group depends, to a large extent, on its leader. There can be only one leader in a group. Others are all followers. To achieve success in group discussion a combination of the personality traits approach and the leader behavior approach will be meaningful. You should, ideally try to cultivate some of the essential traits of leaders and reflect them in your behavior. a) Functional ability: Functional ability means an ability to work in an exemplary manner. It involves several elements. Knowledge Energy Emotion b) Coordinating ability: A leader could be best in his profession or chosen work field. He is able to motivate and influence others.

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THE ROLE PLAYERS A group discussion is essentially a process of interaction among various participants. Various roles have to be performed simultaneously. The following important roles can be identified. 1) Initiator: A good candidate should be able to initiate the process of discussion. 2) Informer: A good participant must have sound general knowledge. 3) Illustrator: A good participant must be able to elaborate or clarify points made by others, make them relevant to the given topic and develop his own opinion. 4) Coordinator: A good participant must be able to harmonise the discussion process. 5) Orienter: A candidate who processes good leadership attributes keeps the group directed towards its goal.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE TRAITS The following tables list some of the positive and negative traits of a good candidate. Table 1: Positive Traits Personality Smartness Communication Skills Fluency Knowledge Depth Leadership Initiative

Cheerfulness

Clarity

Range

Tolerance

Enthusiasm

Logicality

--

Team spirit

Keenness

Coherence

Analytical ability --

Persuasiveness

Curiosity

Effectiveness

Decisiveness

Participation

--

Coordination Of thoughts

Flexibility

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Table 2: Negative Traits Personality Shyness Sluggishness Diffidence Timidity Rudeness Nervousness Indifference Communication Skills Incoherence Muteness Fumbling Aggressiveness Distracted Amorphous Vagueness Tonal poverty Knowledge Ignorance Lack of ideas Superficiality Mental poverty -Incoherence -lack of Analytical ability Leadership Intolerance Unfriendliness Selfishness Rigidity Indecisiveness Isolation --

Success in a Group Discussion

A group discussion in an evaluation of the total personality of a candidate, his skills in communication, his knowledge and his ability to succeed in a group. i) Be Assertive: An assertive person is direct and honest and careful about not hurting others selfrespect. ii) A patient Listener: Listening to another person is one way of showing appreciation. A group discussion is, in fact, an exercise both in speaking and listening. iii) Right Language: Words can make friends and foes of men. iv) Be Analytical and Fact-oriented: It is necessary to make relevant points which can be supported with facts and analysed logically. To develop this ability one should read newspapers and magazines and listed to radio and TV news and discussions. v) Accept Criticism: If any member of the group criticizes or disapproves a point, it is unwise to get upset or react sharply.

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vi) Maximise Participation: Silence may indicate lack of initiative, information and communication skill. Thus one must try to contributefully, vigorously, and steadily throughout the discussion. vii) Respect Other Speakers: It is impolite to laugh at other participants and comment on their ignorance or inability. A good candidate always encourages the other members of his group without making fun of their failings. viii) Show Leadership Ability: A group discussion also evaluates your leadership qualities. To develop leadership skills, one should take part in group activities like picnics, excursions and sports, and shoulder the responsibilities of organizing them. ix) Be Precise: It is important to express yourself precisely and exactly without beating about the bush or being verbose.

Some DOS and DONTS in G.D Dos

1) Initiate the proceeding of the group discussion.

Donts
1) Get involved in cross-talk low-key conversation, cross consultation, and asides.

2) Purpose the procedure followed during 2) Force the group to start the discussion the discussion. without wasting time. 3) Create an atmosphere feel free to participate. 4) Keep member informed of their own progress. 5) Avoid and digression that may side track the group. 6) Encourage non-participants to speak. 7) Control talkative members. 8) Maintain a friendly attitude. 9) Provide positive guidance to the group by making occasional summaries. 10) Put forward the common points of agreement. 3) Encourage personality conflicts.

4) Try to be the centre of attention all the time. 5) Comment on everyone and everything.

6) Monopolistics the discussion. 7) Push the G.D too fast. 8) Avoid conflicts between ideas.

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MODEL GROUP DISCUSSION BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The group discussion of 8 participants. The examiner announces the topic, set a time limit of 25 minutes and leaves the participants immediately start talking and arguing one or two candidates look furtively towards the exist to check if the examiner is observing them. As the talking gather momentum there is more noise. Group discussion on: MULTINATIONALS: BANE OR BOON Mr. A: This is a good topic. I am against multinationals. We have coke and pepsi. Do we need them? We can manufacture our own soft drinks. Multinationals destroy the local industry and sell non-essential products. Mr. B: I agree with you. What is the fun of having coke and pepsi? We have our own campa cola. Mr. C: I think water is good enough. Mr. D: We are not here to discuss soft drinks. The topic given to us is a much larger one. First, let us define multinational companies. They are merely large companies which operate in a number of countries. There could be some Indian multinationals also. So there is nothing wrong with them. The point is whether they have good or bad impact on the host countries. We have to discuss their business practices and find out whether they are desirable or not. Mr. E: That is a very good introduction to the topic. Multinational companies do serve an important function that they bring new products and technologies in countries which donot have them. And it is not just coke and pepsi. They set up power plants and build roads and bridges, which really help in the development of host countries. Mr. F: But are they all that good? We have seen that they destroy local industry. In India they just took over existing companies. They came in areas of low technology. Moreover, we have to see why they come at all. They come for earning profits and often remit more Money abroad than they bring in. Mr. A: I agree with you. I am against multinationals. We can produce everything ourselves. We should be swadeshi in our approach. Why do we need multinational companies? Mr. E: We may not need multinational companies but then it also means that our companies should not do business abroad. Can we lice in an isolated world? The fact is that we are moving towards becoming a global village. The world is interconnected. Then we have also seen that foreign companies bring in business practices that we are impressed with. Look at foreign banks. They are so efficient and friendly that the nationalized banks look pathetic in comparision. I think we can learn a lot from multinationals if we keep our eyes and mind open. Mr. B: Take a look at Mc Donalds. They are providing quality meals at affordable prices. One does not have to wait at their restaurants. Mr. C: How do you account for the fact that they take out more than they put in and thus lead to impoverishing the country? Mr. D: The fact is that every poor country needs foreign investment. Poor countries often lack resources of their own. That is why they have to invite foreign companies in. There is nothing wrong in this because then products like cars, air conditioners and so on can be made in poor countries. Often multinationals source products from different countries which helps boost their export earnings.

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Mr. E: We have been talking about coke and pepsi. It is well known that pepsi is in the foods business also and has helped farmers in Punjab by setting up modern farms to grow potatoes and tomatoes. Modern practices have helped the people in that area. Mr. A: I still feel that multinationals are harmful for the country. Mr. D: Well, there could be negative things associated with such companies. They may not be very good in their practices. But can we do without them? I think the best way is to invite them but also impose some controls so that they follow the laws of the country and do not indulge in unfair practices. Mr. E: I think laws are applicable to everyone. Very often officials in poor countries takes bribes. The fault lies not with the company which gives a bribe but the person who actually demands one. Why blame the companies for our own ills? Mr. A: What about the money they take out? Mr. D: We have had a good discussion and I think it is time to sum up. Multinationals may have good points and some bad ones too, but competition is never harmful for anyone. We cannot live in a protected economy any longer. We have been protected for many years and the results are there for everyone to see. Rather than be close about multinationals, let us invite them in selected areas so that we get foreign investment in areas which we are lacking. Laws can be strictly enforced that companies operate within limits and do not start medding in political affairs. SUGGESTIONS Be smart, neatly dressed, cheerful and confident show interest in what is going on. Listen to the speaker with keenness, interest, concentration and enthusiasm and try to grasp the points of what is being said. Talk initiative. If someone else has already taken the lead step in at the right moment. In case on interruption is necessary, do so gently. Modulate your tone. Do not be too loud or two soft speak naturally. Think and organize your ideas what you say must be clear, relevant, logical and informative. Be ready to admit your mistakes. Do not react shout, or bully others. Do not indulge in unnecessary talk or encourage it. Be helpful, accommodative and co-operative. You must stick to your point of view and display strength and conviction to hold on to it.

CONCLUSION: The reason why institutes put you through a group discussion and an interview, after testing your technical and conceptual skills in an exam. Is to get to know you as a person and guy how well you and it in their institution. The group discussion tests how you function as a part of a team. As an employee, you will always be working in team as a member or as a leader. Therefore how you interact in a team becomes an important criticism for your selection. Employees have to work in a team and best result out of team work. That is the reason why management institutes includes group discussion as a component of the selection procedure.

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UNIT IV
INTERVIEW SKILLS
The word interview is derived from intrevue meaning the sight between. It is an interaction between two or more persons for a specific purpose. Interview is a face-to-face interpersonal role situation in which one person-the interviewer asks the person-being interviewed specific questions in order to assess his suitability for admission, recruitment, or promotion, or for an opinion. It is a psychological and sociological instrument. It is a systematized method of contact with a person to know his views. It is regarded as the most important method of collection of data. P.V. Young has defined interview as a systematic method by which one person enters more or less imaginatively into the inner life of another who is generally comparatively stronger than him. Characteristics: On the basis of the above definitions an interview is said to have the following characteristics. 1. It is a close contact or an interaction including dialogue between two or more persons. 2. There is definite object of the interview such as knowing the views and ideas of others. 3. There is face-to-face contact or primary relationship between the individuals. Objective of Interview: The objective of any interview is to assess suitability and make a selection and getting most suitable candidate for the offer available with the interviewer. It is conducted to meet, talk, discuss, evaluate and sort out. TYPES OF INTERVIEW Interviews have been categorized on the basis of various characteristics and qualities. 1) Interviews on the Basis of Object: Interviews here are conducted with a certain object in mind. It could be carried out either for ascertaining certain weaknesses in the candidate and making attempts to remove them, or for collecting information. This types of interview can be sub-classified as described below: i) Clinical Interview: is used in the medical pr4ofession or for solving a problem. ii)Selection Interview: This type of interview is conducted for selecting a person on the basis of certain traits or qualities. iii)Diagnostic Interview: When the objects of the interview is confined to finding out the cause of some social event or problem, it is called a diagnostic interview. iii) Research Interview: It is a kind of diagnostic interview in which the cause of a problem is sought and analysed in detail. II) Interview on the Basis of Number of Information or Respondents: i) Group Interview: Such an interview takes place when a group of persons is interviewed for ascertaining their views or for collecting data. It is used in social research or opinion. ii) Individual Interview: The interview is confined to an individual or an individual informat. III) Interview on the Basis of Form: i) Structured Interview: The questions, their wording, their time and sequence, are fixed in a structured interview. An interviewer, may be allowed some liberty in asking questions. This liberty is specified in the beginning. It also makes use of interview schedules that have been carefully prepared to obtain information pertinent to research problems. The structured form makes the objectivity more reliable. ii) Unstructured or Informal Interview: Such interviews are more flexible and open. Although research purpose govern the questions asked, their wording is entirely in the hands of the interviewer. Ordinarily, no schedule is used.

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How to prepare for a face-to-face interview: The candidate must be physically, mentally, psychologically prepared for the interview. Preinterview preparation techniques include self-analysis, subject revision, company analysis, analyzing your background, identifying your achievements and accomplishments, identifying your special interests and hobbies, analyzing your skills. Self-Analysis: Candidate need to know his strengths and weaknesses so as to project himself successfully. Self-Analysis is the first step towards effective planning for a job interview. Self-Introduction: Stating self-introduction clearly is very important for the candidate so as to get the mark of the interviewer. You should be able to narrate it with in a minute or two. It includes name, fathers name, home town, age career objective, family background, strength and hobbies. Analyze your background: If the candidate has the right educational and professional background, he should high light this during the interview. He should be able to present it at least two minutes in a polite manner. Identifying your Accomplishments and Achievements: According to your Curriculum Vitae, you should be ready to present your hobbies during the interview. Analyze your skills: Every job has a set of functions and also requires certain skills to perform. Analyzing your skills relating to the position, offered by the interviewer is necessitated during the interview. Body Language: While choosing candidate for different jobs, the interviewer also look for certain qualities, like. Appearance: A persons general appearance depends on several things. The important factors that contribute to appearance are grooming and personal hygiene. Care of skin, nails, feet, and hair is also necessary. If the candidate neglects, carelessness in grooming make a negative impression. Dress: The right dress gives you a smart appearance in the interview. The hair should be well combed. Men should have a close shave. Women should wear a dress they are comfortable in. She should also be well polished.

Personality Projection: The interviewer focuses mainly on personality projection i.e., whether the candidate personality suits the job or not. Posture: It is the way we stand or sit which indicates about our feelings, thoughts, attitudes and health. Stiff posture shows tension, comfortably leaning back conveys a relaxed mood. Graceful posture is a great asset in any interview.

Facial Expression: Sometimes interviewer may judge the listeners reaction by the facial expressions which can act as a constant feedback. Eye Contact: It is a very important communicative factor. Eye contact between interviewer and interviewer is essential for indicating both are interested in the interaction.

Gestures: If the interviewer does not make any movement while answering appears stiff and mechanical. They are closely related to personality, two persons cannot make exactly the same gestures.

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Paralanguage: Non-verbal aspects of the spoken word are known as paralanguage which includes the quality of our voice as well as the sounds we make without altering the words. Tone(Quality of the voice), volume (loudness or softness), pitch(high note on the scale), Accent (the way a person pronounces the sounds of the language), Intonation(up and down of the voice) are more important for the candidate to speak with clarit5y. So that the interviewer understands what we say.

Develop the Interview File: You should develop the interview file that may constitute documents such as 1. Original Certificates 2. Interview Letter 3. Certificates of Merit 4. Experience Certificates 5. Copies of your Resume Types of Interview Questions: There is a great diversity in the types of questions that may be asked during interviews. There is a necessary to comprehend the nature of questions being asked in the job interviews so that you are able to answer them. They include. Open-ended Questions: The main purpose of asking such questions is to motivate the candidate to talk about something broadly. What is your educational background? Tell us something about yourself Closed Questions: In such sort of questions, he does not have the freedom of selection, and has to give specific answers. Would you like to be posted on Bombay? What was your area of specialization? Probing Questions: These questions encourage to talk in greater depth about a topic. Reflective Questions: They are intended to confirm the statements given be the candidates. That means you want reservations banned. That means you are against the freedom of the press. Loaded Questions: Loaded questions are asked to judge the candidates ability to handle sensitive and difficult situations. Eg: You dont have the typing skills. How do you justify that? Questions commonly asked in Interview Tell me something about yourself What do you know about our company? Why should we hire you What according to you are your strengths and weaknesses? Which is more important to you? Status or Salary What are your latest achievements? Why do you want to leave present job? How long do you anticipate staying with out company? Can you work well under pressure and deadliness?

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MODEL INTERVIEW

Mr. Prakash comes for an interview in a Hardware company. He did his Graduation from Hyderabad University. Candidate: Excuse me, may I come in. Interviewer: Yes, come in. Take your seat. Candidate: Good Morning, Sir. Interviewer: Good Morning. Interviewer: Mr. Prakash. Tell me about you and your family. Candidate: Sir, I did my under graduation in JNTU University and graduation from Hyderabad University. I have a sister perceiving her intermediate. My father Mr. Ramarao is a businessman and my mother Mrs. Padma is home maker. Interviewer: What extracurricular activities were you involved in at college level? Candidate: I attended many national level competitions. I was a captain for the college cricket team. I even got some prizes and medals for foot ball and basket ball. Interviewer: What is a microprocessor? Candidate: Micro-processor is a program-controlled device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most micro processor is single-chip devices. Interviewer: Define HCMOS? Candidate: High density n-type Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon field effect transistor. Interviewer: Why does microprocessor contain ROM Chips? Candidate: Microprocessor contains ROM Chip because it contains instructions to execute data. Interviewer: Ok, Mr. Prakash. You may leave now. Candidate: Thank you, Sir.

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Types of Resumes:
One of the first decisions job-seekers must make when preparing their resumes is how to organize the resumes content. Todays resumes generally are: Chronological (actually reverse chronological, listing all your experience from most to least recent). Functional, which lists experience in skills clusters. A combination or hybrid of those two types, sometimes known as a chrono-Functional Format.

RESUME AS A FRESHER CURRICULUM VITAE

B. Asha sddsfdssfds@yahoo.com Secundrabad. Ph.No. 040-241115256 ______________________________________________________________________________ OBJECTIVE: To be a part of an organization where one can utilize his inherent talent, to contribute his skills to the organizations vision and mission. EDUCATION: B.Tech in electronics and communication from Siddhartha institute of engineering and technology, JNTU University. ACADAMIC PROFILE: B.Tech Year University 2007-11 JNTU University 10+2 Year 2007 10th Year 2005

Percentage 80%

Board SRM Jr. College

Percentage 90%

Board SSC Board

Percentage 90%

TRAINING: Duration-4 weeks Industrial training at ECIL Duration-6 weeks Industrial training at DRDL SEMINARS: Seminar on My Seminar Topic Image Processing as part of the B.Tech curriculum. PROJECTS: Working model of FPGA

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SKILL SET: Areas of Interest: Switchgear and protection control System, network analysis, power system. Languages: C, C++, J2EE, Plcs, Scada. Platforms: Windows, Dos EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES AND HOBBIES: Active member of college basketball team Actively participated in circular activities at college level. Listening music, watching motion pictures, painting and net surfing.

PERSONAL DETAILS: Name Date of Birth Fathers Name Gender Marital Status Nationality Strengths Permanent Address : : : : : : : : B. Asha 28-08-1989 Ashok Female Single Indian Helping nature and patience H.No: 7-4-71, Thirumal giri, Secundrabad. 2568488454

Contact no

DECLARATION: I here by declare that the above written particulars are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Date: Place:

(B. Asha)

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UNIT-VI READING COMPREHENSION Reading Process: Reading is a complex communicative process of receiving and interpreting the written word. While receiving and interpreting the written word, the reader is concerned with four factors, that is, decoding, comprehending, text analysis, and response. Comprehension in reading refers to the identification of the central theme, main ideas, supporting details, and writing patterns. Scanning Skills: Scanning refers to the ability to locate specific information or facts as quickly as possible. While trying to look for the meaning of a word in a dictionary or looking for a telephone number in the telephone directory, we scan and try to look for specific information. Skimming Skills: Skimming is a more sophisticated skill than scanning. It refers to the process of reading a text or passage in order to get a rough idea of what the text or passage is all about. As the main objective of skimming is to understand the central idea and the main points of a text, the reader needs to use a reading strategy that involves fast reading and quick analysis. Reading Comprehension: Currently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the science of replacing diseased tissue with human made implants, is control over the interface, or surface, between implanted biomaterials and living tissues. The physical properties of most tissues scan be matched by careful selection of raw materials: metals, ceramics or several varieties of polymer materials. Even the requirement that biomaterial processed from these materials be nontoxic studying the reactions of tissue culture to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the boding of cells to each other an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Although recent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissuebiomaterial interface by controlling either the chemical reactions or the microstructure of the biomaterials, our fundamental understanding of how implant devices adhere to tissue remains woefully incomplete. 1. According to the passages, the major problem currently facing scientists in the field of biomaterials is [a] (a) Assessing and regulating the bonding between host tissue and implants. (b) Controlling the transfer of potentially toxic materials across the interface of tissue and implant. (c) Discovering new materials from which to construct implant devices. (d) Deciding in what situations implants are needed. 2. The passage suggests which of the following about the recent research mentioned in lines 14-19? [c] (a) It has solved one set of problems but has created another. (b) It has concentrated on secondary concerns but has ignored primary concerns. (c) It has improved practical applications of biomaterial technology without providing a complete theoretical explanation of that improvement. (d) It has thoroughly investigated properties of biomaterials but had paid little attention to relevant characteristics of human issue. 3. The authors primary purpose is to: [b] (a) Answer a theoretical question in the field of biomaterials. (b) Discuss the current state of technology in the field of biomaterials. (c) Resolve a research dispute in the field of biomaterials. (d) Predict an ethical crisis for biomaterial researchers.

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UNIT-VII TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING A report is a type of professional writing in which the author gathers facts and information. The information is needed for reviewing and evaluating progress, for planning future course of action and for taking decisions. A report is a formal document written for a specific audience to meet a specific need. It may contain facts of a situation, project, or process; an analysis and interpretation of data, events and records; conclusions drawn from objective data; or suggestions and recommendations. The importance of reports for any professional lies in the fact that a number of business decisions and research conclusions are made on the basis of information presented or recommendations made in reports. Reports help in the analysis of a condition situation, or a problem for an effective solution. Thus, reports serve several purposes, which may include: Presenting data Describing problems and suggesting solutions. Discussing and analyzing data. Recording events and happenings. Analyzing a situation or a condition; or Giving feedback, suggestions, or recommendations.

Students will be called upon to write project reports, seminar reports, progress reports, research reports, dissertations or theses. Moreover, effective report writing skills are necessary in order to be successful at the work place. TYPES OF REPORTS: Reports can be classifies as informational and analytical, according to their functions, as routine or special, as per periodicity, as oral and written, according to their communicative form, and as formal and non-formal, based on their nature, scope and length. Each of these are now discussed briefly. 1) INFORMATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL REPORTS: An informational report presents facts of a case, problem, condition, or situation without any analysis, interpretations, or recommendations. Examples of informational reports include conference reports, seminar reports, trip reports and so on. Unlike an informational report, an analytical report presents data with interpretation and analysis Example of analytical reports includes project reports, feasibility reports, market research reports, and so forth. 2) ROUTINE AND SPECIAL REPORTS: All organizations, including companies, institution, government departments, and research establishments, depend on routine reports for various management decisions. As routine reports are usually prepared on a periodic basis, that is, daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly, or annually, they may also be called periodic reports Examples of routine reports include daily production reports, monthly sales reports, annual reports, and so on. Unlike a routine report, a special report is prepared and presented to convey special information related to a single condition, situation, problem, or occasion. Special reports do not contain routine or repetitive information as they are the result of specific circumstances.

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3) ORAL AND WRITTEN REPORTS: Oral reports are informal and face-to-face presentations of information. Examples may include oral reporting of accidents, sales, production, joining, and so on. Written reports are more conventional than oral reports. Most business and technical reports use the written mode of presentation because the organizations using these reports need to maintain proper record for future use and reference. Most reports have a permanent value. For example, a research report is of immense value to future researchers. 4) FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL REPORTS: Reports can be formal and informal depending on their nature, scope and length. A formal report is usually the result of a thorough investigation of a problem, condition, or situation. Formal reports are comparatively longer and need elaborate description and discussion. Examples of formal reports include annual reports of companies and organizations, technical reports, project reports, thesis. A non-formal report, on the other hand, could be a brief account of a specific business or professional activity. Examples of non-formal reports include laboratory reports, daily production reports, trip reports and so forth. FORMATS OF REPORTS: There are four common formats of reports, that is printed forms, letter format, memo format and manuscript format. The choice of format can be made according to the nature, length, scope and function of the report, and type of audience. Printed Forms: Printed forms are generally used to collect routine information. Using a printed form is quite simple because the person filling it is just required to fill in the blanks, or tick against the listed items. Detailed descriptions or discussions need not be provided. There are three main advantages of using printed forms for reporting. Firstly, they are systematic and make for easy reading. The readers can easily locate and identify important information. Secondly, they are more objective and factual with little scope for the writer to be subjective about the content. There is no subjective interpretation of the material used in the report. Facts are recorded quite objectively. Finally, they save time.

Letter Format: The letter format may be used for short reports that have to be communicated to someone outside an organization. A letter format contains all the elements of a letter along with some additional sections such as illustrations, references, and so on. Headings may be used in a letter report. The letter format may be used for informational, analytical, routine, special, or nonformal reports.

Memo Format: The memo format can be used for short reports that have to communicated within an organization. A memo format should contain all the elements of a standard memo. In addition, it may contain a few extra sections. Like a report in the letter form, a memo report should contain headings for easy reading and reference. The memo format may be used for all types of reports, that is, informational, analytical, routine, special or non-formal.

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Manuscript Format: The manuscript format can be used for long and formal reports. These reports are divided into sections and sub-sections, each with a clear heading. The heading and sub-headings are organized in a logical sequence. While preparing a report in manuscript form, the writer needs to be careful about its structure and elements. A structured report will help in thinking clearly and deciding where to put each fact or idea. It also makes reading easy and helps the readers find the information they need.

WRITING STRATEGIES: Whether one has to write a short informal report or a long formal report, one needs to adopt effective writing strategies. As reports are systematic attempts to discuss problems, situations, or conditions and stimulate thinking or action in individuals and groups, a systematic plan of writing should be followed. The following steps will help in organizing and presenting the report systematically. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Analyse the problem and purpose Determine the scope of the report Determine the needs of the audience Gather all the information Analyse and organize the information Write the first draft Revise, review and edit Write the final draft

MODEL REPORT WRITING:

November 12, 2009 Dr.Tom Siller Colorado state university Fort Collins, co 80524 Dear Mr.Siller: We are submitting to you the report, due November 13, 2009, that you requested. The report is entitled CSU performing arts center. The purpose of the report is to inform you of our design decisions for the center. The content of this report concentrates on the structural and acoustical aspects of the CSU performing arts center. This report also discusses cable-stayed technology. If you should have any questions concerning our project and paper please feel free to contact Mike Bridge at 491-5048. Sincerely, Mike Bridge Lead engineer.

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