I would like to dedicate my first ever report to my loving and caring parents.

Because of their prayers and support I am able to stand here and to those who are essential parts of my life

TABLE O !O"TE"T#
!$A%TE& %A'E

Introduction.......................................................................................................... .....................( Early Life............................................................................................................................... ....) %olitical !areer........................................................................................................ ..................* +ournalism !areer........................................................................................................ .............., -hilafat .ovement........................................................................................................ ..........(/ .uslim #eparatism.................................................................................................. ................(0 Last days........................................................................................................................... .......(1 .uhammad Ali +auhar in the eyes of subcontinent............................................................... ...(2 Legacy (3 !onclusion...................................................................................................................... .........)/ &eferences........................................................................................................ ......................)) Bibliography............................................................................................................. ..............)0

Introduction
.y research methodology is historical because I have to write a report on the life of great .uslim leader 4.aulana .uhammad Ali +ohar5.6hen I started to write on this topic I could not found any book on this topic in university7s library because history section in our library is too small. I was helpless but I know that when we start a work we have to face limitations. That7s why I started to write and got help from internet. .uslim leaders played a great role in %akistan .ovement. +ust like all leaders 4.aulana .uhammad Ali +ohar5 led .uslims towards Independence. $e defended .uslim7s rights and started different .ovements for it. In short he was a great .uslim leader but unfortunately this noble person and great

leader is not recogni8ed completely by the whole nation but very few know about him. 9ue to this fact I want to write about his life in such a way that people can recogni8e the personality and services of their leader. That7s why I divide this report in following important points which will help people to know about him:

Early phrase of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar regarding his education. Maulana MuhammadAli Johar as a Journalist. Political Career of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar. Role in of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar in Tehreek-E- hilafat. Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar and Muslim separatism. Maulana Muhammad Ali!s last days. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar in the eyes of su"continent people. #egacy of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar.
In the last I am obliged to my high school teacher; .r. #ubhan -han #herwani; who7s few moments paid me off. $is lecture became a milestone in my life; which changed the course of my thinking and made me capable enough to write this report. .oreover I would like to applaud that guy who made such a valuable resource available on the internet. .ention not the support given by my and younger sister; whose sincerity became an inspiration for me. Last but not the least< I would like to appreciate .r. #ultan +aved; .r. Ahmad Ali Ansari and .r. =eeshan >aiser for their priceless efforts for giving this report an ultimate touch.

Early #ife
In the brilliant gala?y of men and women whom India has produced; few can compare with the two brothers; #haukat Ali and .uhammad Ali; popularly known as Ali Brothers; who fought the greatest British colonial power then in the first half of the twentieth century so that India may gain its freedom. .uhammad Ali; who became well known as .aulana .uhammad Ali +ohar; was born in &ampur state in (,2, to a family of &ohilla; sub tribe of @ousaf8ai %ashtun ancestry.A(B $is grandfather #heikh Ali Bakhsh served as an official in the court of "awab .uhammad @usuf -han. A)B .aulana .uhammad Ali +ohar was the brother of .aulana .uhammad Ali #haukat Ali and .aulana =ulfiCar Ali.9espite the early death of his father; the family strived and .uhammad Ali attended Ali 'arh .uslim Dniversity.

In the graph of .uhammad Ali7s life; the steep arc of youth is missing< we see only the flattered curve of maturity. 6e see him studying few %ersian classes; reading >uran in Arabic and observing religious rituals in #unni .uslim home. Abadi Bano

A$is motherB; being an enlightened lady sent her sons to Bareilly and afterwards to Aligarh to receive the best education available in the country. At the 4Aligarh Dniversity5; where #haukat Ali was the idol of cricket fans; .uhammad Ali became the favorite of the literary circles. 9uring his stay at the university; he took active interest in its e?traEcurricular activities and earned a high reputation as a student; poet; orator and writer. That7s why; while found in Aligarh he is found
writing for !ollege maga8ine; sharing #haukat Ali7s love for Fthe noble and many games of cricket7 and nursing the ambition of securing a nomination for the post of #ubordinate .agistrate or land revenue collector. In (,31; at the age of (,; he topped the list of successful B.A. students from the

Allahabad Dniversity; which conducted the degree e?aminations for the whole of the Dnited %rovinces. AGB$is Fbig brother7 was very happy on his une?pected success in B.A. e?amination and
arranged for his studies in England. In .uhammad Ali7s own words: $%o "efore the pro&er"ial nine days of 'onder 'ere o&er( I 'as on the high seas in the Indian ocean in the teeth of a raging monsoon( "ound for England.)A0B 6ithin weeks of his arrival in #eptember (,3,; .uhammad Ali made his way to English middle society with the help of T.6. Arnold who had taught philosophy t Aligarh.Theoder beck; a8lEiEElahi; also in England found him to be a Holly good fellow. They spent Ie?ceedingly pleasant evenings7 discussing literary; philosophical and political issues. In England; he remained for four years at the Lincoln !ollege and obtained his BA A$ons.B in .odern $istory. A*B .ohamed Ali reached O?ford on (( October to study modern history at Lincoln !ollege. A1B $e matriculated a year later and secured a second in (3/); missing a first in $istory by a narrow margin. $e impressed his teacher with his vigor; common sense and resourcefulness. +ames 6illiams; his teacher in &oman and English Law noticed his Igreat capacity for acCuiring and remembering information7. $is paper on Macbeth was written by Ia man of ability; capable of thinking for himselfI. @et these skills did not eCuip him to Cualify the civil service e?amination. A2B #uccess eluded him even after returning to

India in (3/). $aving failed to secure a teaching position at Aligarh; he opted for the Education 9epartment in &ampur; a position for which his tutors in O?ford had found him suitable. But; due to the educational reforms which he wanted to enforce in the state; he had differences with the higher authorities. $e resigned from his Hob and Hoined the Baroda !ivil #ervice. $e served the Baroda #tate for seven years and his reforms in the state are still remembered with gratitude. In short it is true to say that he not only studied for himself but also tried to aware .uslims for study. or this he worked very hard; once he said about #ir #yed Ahmad -han: $It is you *%yed Ahmad If 'e are its culmination, -ou are its commencement.) A,B .ohammad Ali worked hard to e?pand the A.D; then known as the .ohammedan AngloEOriental !ollege; and $e was one of the coEfounders of the +amia .illia Islamia in (3)/; which was later; moved to 9elhi.A3B han+ that had

Taught the community its mischief!s,

$ere ends his education Hourney and star his political career which made him visible and memorable for his nation.

Political Career
$To li&e for a great cause( and li&e up to it( is perhaps harder than to die for it.)

.aulana .uhammad Ali played a vital part in preparing the .uslims in particular and Indians in general for the final struggle of freedom. Thus; to a great e?tent; he was responsible for shaping their political destiny. Dnder his dynamic leadership; .uslims grew into a virile and self assertive nation. $is heart which surged with the love of his countrymen awakened their selfErespect. Being an ardent antiEimperialist; he virtually dominated the national stage for the first Cuarter of the present century.

The .aulana possessed a restless soul; an undaunted courage and an indomitable will. $e had the courage to practice what he preached. Being a valiant fighter of the hundreds of political battles; he magnificently withstood all the trials and temptations that beset his path. $e was a true .uslim who had implicit faith in his mission and had always lived up to his convictions. In (3)1; he attended the world .uslim !onference A.uItamar AlamEIEIslamB called by #ultan Ibni #aud at .akkah; in which he boldly laid down his views; when other delegates hesitated to speak the bitter truth before the despotic monarch. .oreover; .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar was one of the coEfounders of All India .uslim League. A(/B $e attended the first session of All India .uslim League at 9haka in (3/1; and was later elected as its %resident in (3(,. $e remained active in the affairs of the All India .uslim League till (3),.Along with .ohsinEulE.ulk and 6aCarEulE.ulk< he was present in 9acca when the .uslim League was founded in (3/1. On their suggestion; he wrote in his immaculate style an account of this historic session in the form of a pamphlet called; 4The 'reen Book5. A((B Initially he was a supporter of $induE.uslim unity. $e wanted to Hoin them. $e emphasi8ed; as did .aulana Abul -alam A8ad with greater rigor and consistency; the need for $induE.uslim amity and understanding. 6ithout mutual cooperation $indus and .uslims would Inot only fail but fail ignominiously7. But after that he became against of it and became supporter of .uslim separatism. .aulana .uhammad Ali organi8ed several $induE.uslim unity conferences;

but without success. $e was instrumental along with >uaidEiEA8am .uhammad +innah; in formulating the 49elhi %roposals5 which demanded among other things; the separation of #ind from Bombay %rovince and the reforms in ".6. .%. But; the publication of "ehru &eport in (3),; sealed the fate of $induE.uslim unity forever; and e?posed the !ongress as well as the $indu "ationalists in all their nakedness. It proved to be a bitter pill which neither the >uaidEiEA8am nor .aulana .uhammad Ali could swallow. They tried to modify the report at the !alcutta All %arties !onference held in 9ecember (3),; but failed due to want of $indu support. Later; >uaidEiEA8am and .aulana .uhammad Ali participated in an All %arties !onference held under the president ship of #ir Agha -han in 9elhi. .aulana

.uhammad Ali; at last had to change his course after si?teen years of ceaseless efforts for the cause of Indian freedom.
or four years after (3((; he remained involved in the -anpur .osCue affair. As he was a strong .uslim that7s why when .unicipal !orporation decided to take action against -anpur mosCue7s property; he along with the other .uslims started to protest against this action. 9uring initial protest ) persons died. This news spread all over the India. %eople became angry and started to protest. At this time .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar was the leader; who gave them proper guidance on this issue. The brutal firing of .achhli Ba8aar; -anpore; in (3(G; sent a wave of resentment throughout the length and breadth of the subEcontinent. It was too painful an incident for the sensitive .uhammad Ali. It shook his heart and made him an active agitator from an armchair politician. $e led a deputation England accompanied by #yed 6a8ir $assan; secretary of the .uslim League. $e canvassed there day and night; lecturing; writing in papers and interviewing the high British authorities for securing an honourable settlement of the -anpore episode; but all in vain. $e came back to India to find that a 'reat 6ar was declared in Europe in (3(0; a few months after his return. Turkey was an ally of 'ermany and .uhammad Ali wanted that the British government should take into consideration the feelings of .uslim India. $is bold and inspiring criticism of the imperialist powers could not be tolerated by the British government during the war and he was interned for a period of about five years; ranging from "ovember )Grd; (3(* to (3(3. 6hen he was released in (3(3; the international scene was totally changed. The 'reat 6ar had come to an end. The Turks were badly pressed in the 4Treaty of Jersailles5 and their very e?istence was at stake. Turkey was in danger of total e?tinction and Lloyd 'eorge was contemplating to obliterate her from the map of Europe. %olitical storms were raging on the Indian hori8on too. The Indian political atmosphere was tense and e?plosive. .artial Law had been proclaimed in the %unHab following the great tragedy of +allianwala Bagh in (3(3. These political developments only served as an incentive for the fiery .uhammad Ali. It was the most tumultuous period of his life. $e rushed to Amritsar where all Indian political parties were holding their sessions. $e started the 4-hilafat .ovement5 and Hoined hands with the !ongress in (3(3.

9uring 4-hilafat .ovement5 he was arrested and when he released 4-hilafat .ovement5 had been come to an end. .uhammad Ali; after his release from Hail in (3)G; he elected president

of the Indian "ational !ongress and he delivered his memorable presidential address in the momentous session at !ocanada in (3)G. %undit "ehru was his secretary and he has devoted one full chapter in his autobiography 4"ehru5.

Journalism Career
Dpon his return to India; he served as education director for the &ampur state; and later Hoined the Baroda civil service. .ohamed Ali kept himself in the public eye by writing and speaking at conferences< $e became a brilliant writer and orator; and wrote for maHor English and Indian newspapers; in both English and Drdu. $e himself launched the Drdu weekly $amdard and English !omrade in (3((. 9uring his stay in Baroda; he freCuently contributed articles to the 4Times of India5; KThe TimesK; KThe ObserverK and KThe .anchester 'uardianK. $is article 4Thoughts on the %resent 9iscontent5 was highly appreciated. $is high intellect and his restless soul could not cope with the restrictions of the !ivil #ervice. $e was meant for something higher. "ature had endowed him with e?traordinary abilities of head and heart which should have been devoted to better and higher purposes. The e?treme poverty and sufferings to which the Indian masses were reduced under the alien yoke; only added fuel to his fiery temperament. $e left the Hob and hurried to !alcutta to start his weekly

4!omrade5 on +anuary (st; (3((.An interesting story is related in this connection; which throws light on his determination to fight for the cause of the people through the press. $e was offered the !hief .inister ship of an Indian state but he did not open the letter of appointment until the first issue of his paper was out. .aulana .uhammad Ali was an ideal Hournalist; and the high standard of professional integrity set by him will serve as a beacon light for the coming generations. $is paper formed the vanguard of the struggle against e?ploitation and oppression of the alien government. $e was the first to raise his voice against the despotic press laws. $e had Hoined the fourth estate for pleading the cause of the downtrodden humanity inhabiting this subEcontinent. $is 4!omrade5 had set an e?ample of independent Hournalism and was a class by itself. It played a vital role in moulding the political outlook of modern India. 9ue to its frank views and flawless English; 4!omrade5 was very popular in official circles too. Its circulation shot up to ,;*// copies. Its office in -uchaEEE!helan in the old city became a political salon after the paper moved from !alcutta to 9elhi. A()B

An e?EBritish finance member of the government of India took its bound copies with him to England. 6riting in the first editorial of 4!omrade5 on +anuary (st; (3((; he gave out the policy of his paper: F6e are the partisans of none; comrades of all. 6e deeply feel the many ha8ards of increasing controversy between races and races< creeds and creeds; and earnestly desire a better understanding between the contending elements of the body politic of IndiaI. As time passed; the national and international developments obliged him to be more antiEimperialist in his outlook and more outspoken in his criticism against the British government. In (3(0; when Turkey was involved in the 'reat 6ar; .aulana .uhammad Ali after a continuous sitting of G1 hours wrote his memorable editorial; 4The !hoice of the Turks5 a befitting reply to the insulting article of the London Times under the same caption. The Indian 'overnment forfeited its security. $e was marked as a dangerous man by the authorities and his paper forfeited its security many times. The 4!omrade5 was transferred to 9elhi in (3(); when the Indian !apital was shifted from !alcutta to 9elhi in (3((. It played a great part along with 4AlE$ilal5 of .aulana A8ad and 4=amindar5 of .aulana =afar Ali -han in the awakening of the .uslim masses and in forming their political outlook. .uhammad Ali started 4$amdard5; an Drdu 9aily; from 9elhi in (3(G. 6hen he wanted to stop publishing the $amdard at the beginning of his internment; 6ilayat Ali; the well known columnist; begged him not to do so:

$I do not appro&e of your decision and I do not think many 'ill.... -ou cannot imagine 'hat the loss of Hamdard 'ill mean to us--the Muslims.) 6ilayat Ali recogni8ed; as did others; that the !omrade and $amdard contributed to a general awakening of educated .uslims who read and financially supported these newspapers. $e wrote his autobiography 4.y Life a ragment5 the only work he has left behind for future generations. 6riting in his autobiography he mentions the reasons which impelled him to take up the career of Hournalism: $The reasons 'hich so irresisti"ly impelled me to take up .ournalism 'ere( that the affairs of my community at the .uncture made it the only a&enue through 'hich I could pro&e of any apprecia"le use---I felt( I should no' assist my community in taking a proper share in the political affairs of the country.) A(GB In short he done his Hob as a Hournalist and helped .uslims in every aspect of life. 9ue to his hard work .uslims got confidence and became aware of his rights which became first step towards the foundation of %akistan.

hilafat Mo&ement

Ottoman umpire After $oly %rophet A%eace Be upon

$imB; $is companion $a8rat Abu Bakar #iddeCue A&.A.B became -halifaEEEAwal; after $is 9eath -hilafat was transferred to $a8rat Dmer arooC A&.A.B and then transferred to $a8rat Dsman 'hanni A&.A.B and then to $a8rat Ali A&.A.B. These are called 4-hulfaEEE&ashideen5. After these 4-hulfaEEE&ashideen5; -hilafat was transferred to Omayyad7s and centre of -hilafat was also transferred to 9amascus. Than this Banu Abbas snatched the -hilafat from BanuEDmayyads and transfer its centre from 9amascus to Egypt. This -hilafat than transferred to Turkey and then 4-hilafat Dsmania5 was appeared in the world7s map. The office of the !aliphate A-hilafatB functioned as the ultimate symbol of Islam as a dominant force in public life. 6ithout the !aliphate the world of Islam would never have power. There was; however; a permanent link between the !aliphate and control over the $aramain; i.e.; the sacred territories in .akkah and .adina. Anyone who could succeed in severing that link would cripple the institution of the !aliphate and; eventually; render the world of Islam powerlessL

"ow the enemies of Islam paid very careful attention to the study and understanding of the link between the !aliphate; the power of Islam as a worldEwide force; and control over the $aramain; and then planned their diabolical strategy to render Islam powerless; and to confine it

to a personal private faith with no authority over public life. In other words they planned their strategy to seculari8e Islam and so reduce .uslims to the godless European way of life. #o long as the !aliphate survived it would always remain a sore in the eyes of the 6est. The British; reali8ing the paramount importance of the $eHa8 and the $aramain for the legitimacy and even survival of the Ottoman !aliphate; concentrated their diplomacy in the irst 6orld 6ar on wresting the $eHa8 from the control of the Ottoman !aliph. This was achieved when Sharif $usain; the OttomanEappointed #harif of .akkah and great grandfather of the present -ing $usain of +ordan; was successfully induced by the British to rebel against the Ottoman !aliph and to establish his own authority over the $eHa8 under benign British alliance and protection. A(0B In so far as the .uslim 6orld was concerned the irst 6orld 6ar was much more than a mere European war. It was; rather; a war which brought about upheavals and changes in the .uslim 6orld which were unprecedented in its thirteen hundred years of e?istence. irstly; the greatest .uslim power and seat of the contemporary !aliphate; the Ottoman Islamic Empire; entered the war on the side of the !entral %owers. 6hile this decision is still clouded in some controversy since; up to the very last moment; the Ottoman leadership had not decided whether to enter the war or not; and if so; which side to support. At last TurkeyIs decided to Hoin 'ermany and the !entral %owers in the 6orld 6ar. The Ottoman leadership predictably attempted to mobili8e support for its war effort from the entire .uslim world. In this connection; on "ovember )G; (3(0 the #heikh alEIslam of the Ottoman Islamic #tate issued a fatwa and a proclamation declaring Hihad and commanding all .uslims to fight against the Allied %owers. British diplomacy; however; succeeded in promoting and e?ploiting Arab nationalism in the Arabian %eninsula as an effective means of attacking and undermining the formidable strength of universal Islamic fraternity. As a conseCuence the Arabs rebelled against Ottoman rule on the basis of a British offer of assistance to achieve national independence. In this way the Ottoman Islamic Empire was badly defeated in the war. A(*B

"ow it was clear that Allies would divide Turkey due to his defeat and -hilafat would come to an end. It was very sad news for the .uslims all over the world. %rotest against Allies was started all over the world. #ame thing was happened in subcontinent AIndiaB. .uslims of India became angry and start to protect -hilafat by protesting and by pressuri8ing British 'overnment. They started a movement which is known as 4-hilafat .ovement5.

.aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar along with $akeem AHmal -han; .ukhtar Ahmad Ansari and .aulana .uhammad Ali; .aulana Abdul Bari irangi .ehal and 9r. .ushtaC played a great role in this .ovement. .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar and his elder brother .aulana .uhammad #haukat Ali was the main and most active leader of this .ovement. They Hoined hand with Indian "ational !ongress to protect -hilafat of Turkey. $is appeal with the Turkish aid fund met with a wonderful response. The .uslim ladies parted with their valuables for helping their Turkish brethren. The .aulana led a deputation to Europe to muster public support for the dwindling -hilafat; but returned disappointed. $e Hoined hands with .r 'andhi to force the British to change their attitude towards the Turks dispute. The massacre of +allianwala Bagh and nonErestoration of -hilafat led to the adoption of "onE !oEoperation &esolution at the "agpur !ongress in (3)(. A(1B .uhammad Ali is mainly credited with winning over the influential !.&. 9ass 'roup in the !ongress to support the move; thus paving the way for the adoption of the &esolution; which implied surrender of titles; resignation from government services and boycott of educational institutions and courts. $e was so sincere in the application of the revolution that when 9r. =iaEudEdin refused to close the Aligarh .uslim Dniversity; he founded 4+amia .illia5; a parallel institution at Aligarh with the help of 9r ..A.Ansari; $akim AHmal -han and 9r =akir $usain. The Institution was opened by .aulana .ahmood $asan of 9eoband. A(2BThe teachers and the taught passed a truly Islamic life in this institution; being the very embodiment of simple living and high thinking. A(,B

$e made e?tensive tours of the subcontinent during the period e?tending from October (3)/ up to his arrest for the -arachi trial on #eptember (st; (3)(. This period was spent virtually in the &ailway compartment. $e roused the Indian masses from their torpor and infused in them a new political consciousness. $e never aspired for any position or privilege for himself. The Indian political

consciousness was the result of his , yearsI untiring effortsEEEa remarkably short period for such a gigantic work. India was echoing with this song: $/oleen Amman Muhammad Ali Jaan /aita ee,

hilafat Pai 0aido) A(3B

A#o spoke the mother of .uhammad Ali: .y son lay down your life for the sake of -hilafatB. A resolution was adopted at the -hilafat !onference held at -arachi in (3)( according to which it was considered an irreligious act for the .uslims to enroll in the British army. This resulted in the -arachi trial which commenced in October; (3)( in which .aulana .uhammad Ali; #haukat Ali; $usain Ahmad .adni; and three others were awarded two yearsI rigorous imprisonment. $is imprisonment evoked a countryEwide protest. A)/B The resolution for which he was prosecuted was adopted and published throughout India. The statement given by .uhammad Ali before the court brings out his truly Islamic spirit. $e acknowledges the supremacy of the 9ivine Law over the manEmade legislations. The boldness and daring e?hibited by him before the court was ama8ing. $e was still in prison when .ustafa -amal abolished the -hilafat; and hence the movement in India for its revival also crumbled down.

.uhammad Ali; when released from Hail in (3)G; was elected president of the Indian "ational !ongress and he delivered his memorable presidential address in the momentous session at !ocanada in (3)G. %undit "ehru was his secretary. A)(B In this way -hilafat .ovement came to an end. Although it was not a happy ending but it is that .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar struggled hard for its success not for himself but only for Islam and .uslims.

Muslim %eparatism
Initially he was a supporter of $induE.uslim unity. $e wanted to Hoin them. $e emphasi8ed; as did .aulana Abul -alam A8ad with greater rigor and consistency; the need for $induE.uslim amity and

understanding. 6ithout mutual cooperation $indus and .uslims would Inot only fail but fail ignominiously7.

9uring 4-hilafat .ovement5 he was arrested and when he released 4-hilafat .ovement5 had been come to an end. .uhammad Ali; after his release from Hail in (3)G; he elected as

president of the Indian "ational !ongress and he delivered his memorable presidential address in the momentous session at !ocanada in (3)G. %undit "ehru was his secretary and he has devoted one full chapter in his autobiography 4"ehru5. A))B
But after that he became against it and became supporter of .uslim separatism. $e recogni8ed the real face of !ongress and British ruler by analy8ing their different AntiE.uslim events for e?ample antiE .uslim bias of D%Is Lieutenant 'overnor Anthony .ac9onnell; the reunification of Bengal A(3((B; the reHection of the .uslim Dniversity scheme A(3()B; and the fracas over the -anpur mosCue A(3(GB. #peaking increasingly of .uslim fears and .uslim rights; .uhammad Ali felt that $indu communalism was gaining ground in !ongress. $e; therefore; shared the dominant .uslim feeling that independence would be a $indu pri8e and .uslims would need to battle for their rightful share of the spoils of selfE government. That7s why he reEstarted his weekly $amdard; and left the !ongress %arty. $e opposed the "ehru &eport which was a document; proposing constitutional reforms and a dominion status of an independent nation within the British Dmpire written by a committee of $indu and .uslim members of the !ongress %arty headed by %resident .otilaal "ehru. It was a maHor protest against the #imen !ommission which had arrived in India to propose reforms but containing no Indian nor making any effort to listen to Indian voices. .ohammad Ali opposed the "ehru &eportIs reHection of separate electorates for .uslims; and supported the ourteen %oints of .uhammad Ali +innah and the League. $e became a critic of 'andhi; breaking with fellow .uslim leaders like .aulana A8ad; $akeem AHmal -han and .ukhtar Ahmad Ansari; who continued to support 'andhi and the Indian "ational !ongress. .ohammad Ali said: 1E&en the most degraded Muhammadan is "etter than Mahatma 2andhi.1 A)GB Ali attended the &ound Table !onference to show that only the .uslim League spoke for IndiaIs .uslims. In short he supported .uslim separatism and became an active leader of this movement; that7s why credit of independence of %akistan also goes to him because once he said in London about the position of an Indian .uslim: $I "elong to t'o circles of e3ual si4e( "ut 'hich are not concentric. 5ne is India( and the other is the Muslim

'orld67e as Indian Muslims "elong to these t'o circles( each of more than 899 millions( and 'e can lea&e neither.)

#ast 0ays
$e started on the final phase of his life Hourney. Against all medical advice; he decided to participate in the &ound Table !onference in London and was carried on a stretcher A)0B. Addressing the plenary session of the first &.T.!.; he delivered his memorable speech Cuoted at the top which thrilled his countrymen. $e breathed his last on +anuary 0; (3G(; when he was in round table conference. In this conference he refused to return to his own country by saying this:
$I came here from India for the purpose of freedom( I 'ill return to my country 'ith the message of freedom. 5ther'ise I 'ill not go "ack to a sla&e country( I 'ould prefer to die in a foreign country so long as it is a free country( and if you do not gi&e us

freedom in India you 'ill ha&e to gi&e me a gra&e here.) A)*B That7s why he was died in London and buried in +erusalem in the courtEyard of .asHidEulEACsa; the second holiest mosCue of Islam. ICbal paid him the highest tribute: AThe holy land took him in its yearning embrace. $e went to $eaven by the path the %rophet had takenB. $is death cast a gloom all over the East and he was mourned by friends and foe alike. $e was paid eloCuent tributes by the great men of the world. 9r ICbal; the poet of the East; said: $%oo-i-gardun raft 4a aan rahi kih paigham"ar gu4asht) A)1B A$e proceeded to the heaven by the same route which was taken by the %rophet of Islam.B $.'. 6ells; the celebrated English novelist proclaimed: $Muhammad Ali possessed the pen of Macaulay( the tongue of /urke and the heart of :apoleon.) A)2B #uch was .aulana .uhammad Ali; a dynamic leader; a born poet; an eloCuent orator; a forceful writer and above all a true .uslim.

Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar in the eyes of %u"continent people;

9espite all these services people have different thoughts about .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar. .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar is remembered as a fiery leader of many of IndiaIs .uslims. $e is celebrated as a hero by the .uslims of %akistan; who claim he inspired the %akistan movement. But in India; he is remembered for his leadership during -hilafat .ovement and the "onE!ooperation .ovement A(3(3E (3))B and his leadership in .uslim education. In other words maHority of .uslims of subcontinent remembered him as a great leader as he fought for their rights. They considered him as a true .uslim. or them; he is a hero. But still there are some groups of people who have totally different and opposite thoughts about him. Both .uslims and "onE.uslims are included in these groups. They considered him as a $awkish leader. According to them; he created many disturbances in the country. or e?ample F.ushirul $asan7 AAn Indian .uslim writerB wrote a book about him in which he writes about .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar that:

$<e al'ays led a cli3ue of noisy and aggressi&e Muslims of the =young party=. <e left trou"le 'here&er he 'ent( reported the &iceroy. <e persuaded some students at the #ahore Medical College to raise the tri"es against the go&ernment in Afghanistan( and caused =discontent= at Aligarh=s M.A.9. College. That is 'hy he and his "rother %haukat Ali 'ere pre&ented from entering Pun.a" and the >nited Pro&inces *>P+.) A),B At another place he writes about his political personality that: $<e is a politician greedy for po'er( an irresponsi"le declaimer 'ho dro&e himself and his follo'ers from one disaster to another. <e is charged 'ith inspiring the =young party= Muslims to manufacture issues and 'hip up agitations to keep their ne'spapers going( their organi4ations( acti&e and their coffers full.) A)3B 9espite all this preHudice he has to be inclined towards his Cualities. $e admired his Cualities and writes: $There are other images of his political personality as 'ell; the image of an energetic( talented and charismatic figure de&oted to Islamic resurgence 'orld o&er.) AG/B $ence .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar is controversial among some people but overall he is considered as a great .uslim leader. 6riters in India stress .ohamed AliIs commitment to $induE.uslim unity; his adherence to the !ongress movement; his passion for the countryIs freedom. On the other hand; #cholars in %akistan values his efforts for promoting and instigating the idea of separatism among the .uslims.

#egacy
.aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar is remembered as a fiery leader of many of IndiaIs .uslims. $e is celebrated as a hero by the .uslims of %akistan; who claim he inspired the %akistan movement. But in India; he is remembered for his leadership during -hilafat .ovement and the "onE!ooperation .ovement A(3(3E(3))B and his leadership in .uslim education. The famous .uhammad Ali &oad in south Bombay; India7s largest city is named after him. The 'ulistanEeE+ohar in -arachi; %akistan7s largest city and .ohammad Ali !oEoperative $ousing #ociety A..A.!.$.#.B are named in honor of .aulana .ohammad Ali +ohar. +ohar Town; Lahore is also named after him. "ews website t'ocircles.net inspired by a Cuote of .aulana .ohammad Ali +auhar. Ali died at a time when the %akistan movement had not been formed; and it is a matter of continuing debate if he would have ever supported the idea. AG(B

Conclusion
.aulana .uhammad Ali; the renowned Indian .uslim leader; was a prince among the patriots. %ossessing a dynamic personality; he towered high above his contemporary Indian politicians and instilled courage and confidence in the hearts of the ignorant masses which awakened them from their deep slumber. $is fearless leadership and selfless devotion to his mission were greatly instrumental in dispelling the inferiority comple?; which; the alien rulers had enshrined in the hearts of the teeming millions inhabiting this vast subEcontinent and enabled them to brave the onslaughts of the foreign rule with courage and conviction.
$is range of articulate emotions; his capacity for analytical arguments; his pathos; fantasy and wit; and his power to marshal all these towards ends clearly discerned and passionately desired. .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar was a brave hearted Hournalist. rom his promising acts he saved this profession from the conspiracies of $indus and Britishers. $e gave a message to the Hournalist of the future that they must use their full energies to protect this noble profession. .oreover he used his newspapers to protect and defend the basic and fundamental rights of .uslims of India. This act of .aulana was true in every sense because it helps a lot to motivate the .uslims about their basic rights. $is newspapers brought a political; moral; social; ethical; and religious revolution in the lives of .uslims of India. In other words he did his Hob honestly. As for as the -hilafat movement is concerned we came to know that the foundations of -hilafat movement were very uncertain. A person with aesthetic sense can7t understand that how a nation which itself is in slavery demands a freedom for another nation; but the intentions of .aulana were sacred that7s why among some disadvantages there are also some advantages which helped .uslims in future. One of the maHor advantages of -hilafat movement to the .uslims of India was that they came to know the real image of $indus after the betrayal of $indus and e?posure of the intentions of 'andhi towards the .uslims and -hilafat movement when 'andhi left the .uslims in the lurch. -hilafat movement also tells us briefly that .aulana .uhammad Ali +auhar had a very close relationship with the religion. $is love and devotion for .uslims of Turkey and .uslim ummah and his love for the religious places of .uslims which were situated in Ottoman Empire led him to -hilafat

.ovement. 9uring his struggle of -hilafat movement he faced many hardships; which is a perfect role model for the .uslim ummah who is struggling in order to protect his eternal grace and glory. 9uring the causalities of -anpur .osCue .aulana proved himself a sincere leader towards the .uslim of India. 9uring that controversy he went to England for negotiations with British government. This act of .aulana had proved those people to be wrong who used to say that .aulana always do politics via violence during his political career. It also taught to the .uslim of India that negotiations are best way to solve disputes. .oreover during his stay in England .aulana met >uaidEEEA8am .uhammad Ali +innah and convinced him to Hoin the .uslim league. That act of him depicts that .aulana led the foundation for the creation of %akistan. In the last I would sum up by saying this that .aulana was a great leader. All the accomplishments of his life are very valuable towards the .uslims. But he also did some mistake as he was a human being. One of his maHor mistakes was that he shacked hand with 'andhi and became a great champion of $induE .uslim unity. The blunder he made was his assault on the idea of separatism but all the other deeds on his part overshadowed that blunder. $e always believed that the way to success and glory is very vague and uncertain but it can only be paved through hard work and strong determination. That7s why .aulana is commonly perceived to be more sensitive than others to the predicaments of the Islamic world and more stridently committed to its wellEbeing.

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