Research Design Category Category Degree of research question crystallization Design The researchers embarked on a formal study, which

means that they began with research questions and hypotheses that required precise procedures and source specifications. This is a communication study as the researchers obtained data via survey. The researchers had no power over the variables The study is descriptive; thus, the researchers aimed to discover the reason why DLSUManila students acquire vices and not necessarily drew causal relations from the mentioned areas. Cross-sectional The study is statistical as the researchers tried to make inferences from a samples set of responses. Field environment (as it is) The details of the study were FULLY disclosed to the

Method of data collection

Researcher control of variables Purpose

Time dimension Topical scope

Research environment Participants perceptual awareness

participants. To serve as blueprint for the study, the researchers subscribed to Cooper and Schindlers (2011) descriptors of research design. This research design outlined the ways by which the researchers conducted the study. This research began with a research question that served as measures to provide precise procedures and source specifications. The data used for the study were collected through survey and interviews. The information, which were gained from the data collection served as basis for the findings, conclusion, and recommendations of the study. Thus, the researchers had no control and no influence over the variables. In addition, this research is a descriptive study. Given the method of data collection, the researcher discovered the reasons why students of DLSU-Manila engage in vices such as smoking and drinking and not necessarily drew causal relations from the mentioned areas. The time dimension was cross-sectional that dealt with field environment, meaning the research will took place in the actual environment. Finally, the details of the full study were disclosed to the participants of the survey.

3.4 Research Participants

The participants of the study were managers from 44 SMEs in Metro Manila. The managers were those who have been with the company for a significant amount of time, five years or more. This ensured their credibility to completely be aware of the business strategies of the company, and how they incorporate CSR in their operations. The enterprises in which they belong to need not be publicly listed, although, they must be legally considered as a small or medium enterprise in terms of asset value or employee size, excluding micro-enterprises. In addition, there was no requirement that they belong to a specific industry as the researchers only aimed to get a preliminary understanding of CSR

in business strategies.

3.5 Data Collection

Due to time constraints, we used convenience and purposive sampling as a method of data collection. Surveys were administered personally, online, and via telephone. 3.5.1 Sampling Method. As mentioned, we employed nonprobability sampling techniques, specifically convenience and purposive sampling. We contacted SMEs which we already have connections with or were easily accessible from our respective homes. We purposely did this with managers of SMEs because they are the ones covered by the study. We
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were not particular with the industry to which the company belongs, as long as they met the criteria in terms of number of employees for SMEs. 3.5.2 Administering the Survey. The survey questionnaire began with demographic and classification questions, including the managers name, number of employees, and the industry in which the company belongs. With this, we did profiling of our respondents based on industry, as shown earlier. After which, the different questions for each CSR core subject followed. Surveys were administered personally, meaning we met with the managers to give the questionnaire to them. Some were administered online through e-mail or chat, as we sent them the link of the online form of our survey. This was possible with the aid of Google surveys. Finally, telephone surveys were also done to managers whom we cannot personally meet or whom we cannot reach online but can be asked through mobile or telephone call. Questions were read to the managers and we plotted their answers on our survey questionnaire.

3.5.3 Interview. We interviewed four SME managers about their CSR practices, their drivers and barriers, and the factors which they think are crucial in their integration of CSR into business operations. The managers were selected based on their scores in the survey. We purposely selected managers who had varying scores to acquire possible reasons that may account for the differences. The data collected served as qualitative basis for the quantitative results we obtained from the survey. The interviews were done personally with the selected managers.

3.6 Research Instrument

The survey questionnaire that we used was from the UN Global Compact (2013). We selected six qquestions for each core subject, totaling 18 questions. The responses were measured through varying degrees, from Fully to Not applicable.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

This is a descriptive study; we do not intend to establish causal relations among CSR practices of SMEs. We simply intend to discover the extent or degree by which SMEs integrate CSR in the previously mentioned areas.
8 Introduction

The respondents of this study are SMEs only. We do not intend to ask big enterprises. The number of employees prescribed by the DTI serves as qualification for businesses to be classified as SMEs.

Due to the limitations brought about by time and resources, we will distribute questionnaires to managers of SMEs in Metro Manila only. Finally, in this study, we intend to examine only three among seven core subjects prescribed by the ISO 26000: human rights (employee issues), fair operating practices (supplier issues), and consumer issues. Due to time and resources constraints, we believe that it is rational to conduct a study that focuses on the major parts of the value chain: workers or employees, suppliers, and consumers.