Serial Communication EIA RS422 and RS485

Recommended Standard
The purpose of this course note is to attempt to describe the main elements in Serial Communication. This application note attempts to cover enough technical details of RS422 and RS485. EIA - Electroonic Industries Association

Introduction
The purpose of this note is to describe the main elements of an RS-422 and RS-485 system. This note attempts to cover enough technical details so that the system designer will have considered all the important aspects in the data system design.

Balanced Line Drivers

In a balanced differential system the voltage produced by the driver appears across a pair of signal lines that transmit only one signal. (26V) C: Signal Ground. It isnt used by a balanced line receiver in determining the logic state of the data line. ENABLE: (Tristate condition of the driver) RS-485 diver must have ENABLE control signal. RS-422 driver may have this signal, but it is not always required.

Balanced Line Receiver

A balanced differential line receiver sense the voltage state of the transmission line across two signal input lines. Signal ground C is necessary in making the proper interface connection. The 200mV to 6V range is required to allow for attenuation on the transmission line. Common mode voltage is define as the mean voltage of the A and B terminals with respect to signal ground.

Schmitt Trigger using Op-Amp

The effect of using a Schmitt trigger (B) instead of a comparator (A).

The comparator will switch when V+=0. Then

Non-inverting Schmitt trigger

The difference between the trip points is the hysteresis H and is given as

vout = A(v2 v1)

R1 R R Vs ( 1 Vs ) 2 1 Vs R2 R2 R2

Let's say you detect a low-to-high transition at 2.5 V. A 100 mV hysteresis would mean that the low-to-high transition is detected at 2.55 V and the high-to-low transition is detected at 2.45 V, a 100 mV difference. Vcc = Voltage Common Collector Bipolar Vee = Voltage Common Emitter Bipolar Vss = Voltage Common Source FET Vdd = Voltage Common Drain FET

Inverting Schmitt trigger

Typical hysteresis curve (Non-inverting)

EIA Standard RS-422 Data Transmission

Each generator can drive up to 10 receivers. The 2 signaling states of the line are define as follows: When the A terminal of the driver is negative with respect to the B terminal, the line is in a binary 1 (MARK or OFF) state. When the A terminal of the driver is positive with respect to the B terminal, the line is in a binary 0 (SPACE or ON) state. Like RS232, the data bits are transmitted in reverse order.
The terminator is placed at the end of a transmission line or daisy chain bus, designed to match impedance and hence minimize signal reflections.

EIA Standard RS-422 Data Transmission

Figure shows the condition of the voltage of the balanced line for an RS-232 to RS-422 converter when the line is in the idle condition or OFF state. The A terminal is equivalent to the - designation. The B terminal is equivalent to the + designation. The same relationship also applies for RS-485 systems. RS-422 can withstand a common mode voltage (Vcm) of 7 volts

DVM: Digital voltmeter

EIA Standard RS-485 Data Transmission

As many as 32 driver/receiver pairs can share a multi drop network Many characteristics of the drivers and the receiver are the same as RS422. The range of the common mode voltage Vcm that the driver and receiver can tolerate is expanded to +12 to -7 volts. The driver can be disconnected or tristated from the line. The signal ground line is also recommended in an RS-485 system

Tristate control of an RS-485 device using RTS

Send data control of an RS-485 device

Termination
Termination is used to match impedance of a node of to the impedance of the transmission line being used. When impedance are mismatched, the transmitted signal is not completely absorbed by the load and a portion is reflected back in to the transmission line. If the source, transmission line and load impedance are equal these reflections are eliminated. A resistor is added in parallel with the receivers A and B line in order to match the data line characteristic impedance specified by the cable manufacture (120 is a common value or greater). A terminating resister of less than 90 should not be used.

Biasing an RS-485 Network

In order to maintain the proper idle voltage state (all drivers are tristated), bias resistors are must be applied to force the data lines to the idle condition.
Example: 10 node, RS-485 network with two 120 termination resistors

Transient protection of RS-422 and RS-485 system

Isolated RS-485 device

Signal ground connection between two nodes with 100 resistor

Isolated node with shunt protection to earth ground

RS-485 Device with signal ground connected to chassis ground

Isolated port with ungrounded shunt protection

Surge

Transient protection of RS-422 and RS-485 system

Fused port protection

SN65176B, SN75176B DIFFERENTIAL BUS TRANSCEIVERS

The SN65176B and SN75176B differential bus transceivers are integrated circuits designed for bidirectional data communication on multipoint bus transmission lines. They are designed for balanced transmission lines and meet ANSI Standards TIA/EIA-422-B and TIA/EIA-485-A The receiver features a minimum input impedance of 12 k, an input sensitivity of 200 mV, and a typical input hysteresis of 50 mV.

Full duplex

SN75179B DIFFERENTIAL DRIVER AND RECEIVER PAIR The SN75179B is a differential driver and receiver pair designed for balanced transmission-line applications and meets TIA/EIA-422-B, TIA/EIA-485-A. It is designed to improve the performance of full-duplex data communications over long bus lines.

Half duplex

CONTROLLING THE DRIVER ENABLE

CONVERT RS232 TO RS485 Half duplex

MAX232

A MAX233 converts the RS-232 signals to TTL levels, and the TTL signals connect to an SN75176B that provides the RS-485 interface. The MAX220MAX249 family of line drivers/receivers is intended for all EIA/TIA-232E and V.28/V.24 communications interfaces, particularly applications where 12V is not available.
V.24 is a specification for single-ended communications that includes the definition of connector pin allocations. It is used together with V.28 to define a specification for serial asynchronous or synchronous communications.

MAX233

CONVERT RS232 TO RS485 Half duplex

The MAX481, MAX483, MAX485, MAX487MAX491, and MAX1487 are low-power transceivers for RS-485 and RS-422 communication.

LM78LXX Series Output voltages of 5.0V, 6.2V, 8.2V, 9.0V, 12V, 15V

Popular chip MAX232 is used to convert RS232 signals from/to TTL level. MAX485 converts TTL level signals to RS485 standard. RTS line is used to change transmission mode of MAX485. RTS signal is first converted to TTL level by MAX232 then connected to DE and RE/ pins. 2 LEDs are used to indicate current state of the interface.

CONVERT RS232 TO RS485 Half duplex

Diode 1N4001 provides protection against reverse polarity connection of the supply

Adding a resistor to a line may limit damaging current flows that would otherwise result from short high-voltage transients, such as those caused by electrostatic discharge (ESD).

This is a small RS232 to RS485 converter project it use for convert RS232 signal level to RS485 level multidrop. It can use with 32 slave to communicate with PC and embedded systems board for long distance less than 1.2Km( 4000 feet). Specification - 9-12Vdc power supply - Small size only 2.8" X 1.45 " - Use for RS485 multidrop 2 wire connection. - Direct connect with PC on DB9 connecter. - Use RTS signal to control direction . - 32 Slaves (up to 256 slaves with some transceiver i.e. MAX3088) J1 and J2 use for jump R terminate(120) at the end of communication line or last slaver. The 75176 use for transceiver. RTS active (logic 0 or -3 to -15V) when we need to send data .

Data Format and Protocols

Information content passing through peer-to-peer connection is packed in a very simple structure:
<Header-string> <Code identifier ><INFOFIELD><Terminator-string> <Header-string> and <Terminator-string> are both configurable via software (device configuration parameters)

Most common generic Handshake are available/selectable with RS232 interface:

Hardware (RTS-CTS) Software XON/XOFF