Lucrari Revista - TI 2-3-2009

REVISTA CONSTRUCIA DE MAINI Anul 61, Nr.
2 - 3/ 2009
ISSN 0573 7419 EDITOR: ICTCM CITAf - OID.ICM

041303 Bucuresti os. Olteniei nr. 103, sector 4, O.P. 8 Tel: 021 332.37.70/234 Fax: 021 332.07.75 / 021 332.31.95 E-mail: ictcm@ictcm.ro
Din sumar
TEHNOLOGII INOVATIVE INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Responsabil editor: Irina Rdulescu Responsabil difuzare: Ionu Dimache

INFORMAII, ABONAMENTE: Revista este evaluat CNCSIS la categoria B+, apare trimestrial. Abonamentele se fac direct, prin dispoziie de plat sau mandat potal, trimis pe adresa revistei.
MODELARE & SIMULARE MODELLING & SIMULATION
RESURSE UMANE & INOVARE HUMAN RESOURCES & INNOVATION
CONT ICTCM: nr. RO58 RNCB 0075 0352 1240 0001; BCR sector 4 TIPAR: OID.ICM
COPYRIGHT 2003 Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediii sunt rezervate OID.ICM. Nu este permis reproducerea integral sau parial a articolelor din revista Tehnologia Inovativ fr consimmntul scris al editorului. Opiniile exprimate n revist aparin semnatarilor articolelor, fr s reflecte obligatoriu i punctul de vedere al editorului.
ANUL 61 / 2009 NR. 2 - 3
TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV REVISTA CONSTRUCIA DE MAINI COLEGIUL DE REDACIE

Octavian BOLOGA - Universitatea Lucian Blaga din Sibiu Olivier BONNEAU Universitatea din Poitiers, Frana Ion BOSTAN Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei K.D. BOUZAKIS Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki, Grecia Doug BRANHAM - Lubrication Systems Company, Houston, Texas, USA Dan BRNDAU - Universitatea Lucian Blaga din Sibiu Mircea CIOBANU - Universitatea tefan cel Mare din Suceava Valeriu DULGHERU Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei Dan FILIPOIU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Michel FILLON Universitatea din Poitiers, Frana Mohamed HAJJAM Universitatea din Poitiers, Frana Tudor ICLNZAN - Universitatea Politehnica din Timioara Nicolae Valentin IVAN - Universitatea TRANSILVANIA din Braov Gheorghe MOGAN Universitatea TRANSILVANIA din Braov Ilie MUSC - Universitatea tefan cel Mare din Suceava Nicolae OANCEA - Universitatea Dunrea de Jos din Galai Dumitru OLARU - Universitatea Tehnic Gheorghe Asachi din Iai Juozas PADGURSKAS Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Lithuania Radu POPESCU Academia Romn - INCE CEIS, Bucureti Tudor PRISCARU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Vasile PUIU - Universitatea din Bacu Stanisaw PYTKO - University of Science and Technology, Krakw, Poland Alexandru RDULESCU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Minodora RP - Universitatea Dunrea de Jos din Galai Lucian TUDOSE - Universitatea din Cluj Thami ZEGHLOUL Universitatea din Poitiers, Frana
TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009
COMITET ONORIFIC
Gheorghe AMZA - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Niculae Napoleon ANTONESCU Universitatea Petrol i Gaze din Ploieti Traian AURITE - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Gavril CALEFARIU - Universitatea TRANSILVANIA din Braov Mircea COZMNC - Universitatea Tehnic Gheorghe Asachi din Iai Emanuel DIACONESCU Universitatea tefan cel Mare din Suceava Marian GHEORGHE - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Constantin ISPAS - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Valeriu JINESCU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Aurel JULA - Universitatea TRANSILVANIA din Braov Constantin MINCIU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Eugen PAY - Universitatea de Nord din Baia Mare Iulian POPESCU - Universitatea din Craiova Aurelian VLASE - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti Ioan VOICA - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti EDITOR Oficiul de Informare Documentar pentru Industrie, Cercetare, Management din cadrul Centrului Incubator Tehnologic de Afaceri S.C. ICTCM S.A. BUCURETI RESPONSABIL EDITOR Irina Rdulescu REDACTOR Irina Rdulescu
CUPRINS
TEHNOLOGII INOVATIVE / INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1. STUDY CASE - TAMPING TOOLS WITH THE REINFORCEMENT BY TUNGSTEN CARBIDE AT THE TINE C. Beleag1, I.C. Popescu2, R.M. Negriu3, S.G. Badea1 1 SC IMCF SA, Bucharest, ROMANIA 2 Polytechnic University, Bucharest, ROMANIA 3 SC Econet Prod SRL, Bucharest, ROMANIA 2. INTELLIGENT MECHATRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR VECTORIAL MASO KINETOTHERAPY T. S. Crciunoiu1, V. Avramescu2, I. Stoian3, C. Dumitru4, C. H. Oranu5, R. Grejdnescu6, L. T. Pun7 , T. M. Muntenu8, O. Surdu9, V. Mihilescu10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute SA, Bucharest, ROMANIA 8 SC Mecanica Ceahlau Piatra Neamt, Piatra Neam, ROMANIA, 9 Balnear Sanatorium and Recovery Techirghiol, Constanta, ROMANIA, 10 Professor Constantin Popovici Foundation, Bucharest ROMANIA 3. MULTIFUNCTIONAL SURGICAL TABLE T. S. Crciunoiu1, V. Avramescu2, A. V. Ciurea3, C.M. Birtu4, A.M. Croitoru5, V.T. Grigorean6, I. Lung7, R.S. Crciunoiu8, L.T. Pun9, R. Grejdnescu10 1, 2,4,5,8,9,10 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute SA Bucharest, ROMANIA 3 Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, ROMANIA, 7 The National Institute of R-D in Mechatronichs and Measurement Technique INCDMTM, Bucharest, ROMANIA 4. SYSTEM FOR DATA AQUISITION AND ANALYSIS OF THE KINEMATICS OF THE GAIT FOR THE COMAND OF A ROBOTIZED ORTHOTIC SUIT F. Alexiuc1, V. Avramescu2, G. Onose3, L.T. Pun4, R. M. Ni5, C.H. Oranu6, R. Grejdnescu7, C. N. Nicolau8, A. M. Croitoru9, R. S. Crciunoiu10 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering And Research Institute SA, Bucharest, ROMANIA 3 Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, ROMANIA 5. INTEGRATED CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A WHEELCHAIR, MADE BY THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME COMPONENTS THAT ARE PART OF ITS STRUCTURE Grigore Stanca1, C.Dumitru2, C.H. Oranu3, V. Avramescu4, G. Onose5 , L. Pun6 , R. Grejdnescu7 , R.M. Ni8 , R.S. Crciunoiu9 , I. Dimache10 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute SA,Bucharest, ROMANIA 5 Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, ROMANIA 6. METODE MODERNE DE STUDIU A NANOCOMPOZITELOR Carmen Rducanu, Gabriela Diacov, Dumitru Buc, Roxana Neagu, Mihaela Hricu SC ICTCM Institutul de Cercetare i Proiectare Tehnologic pentru Construcia de Maini SA Bucureti, ROMANIA pag. 5
pag. 11
pag. 15
pag. 21
pag. 25
pag. 29
MODELARE & SIMULARE / MODELLING & SIMULATION

7. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION REGARDING THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF A MODULAR SYSTEM FOR THE MILLING PROCESS Raluca Magdalena Ni1, Nicoleta Rachieru2 1 University Politechnica of Bucharest, SC ICTCM SA, Bucureti, ROMANIA 2 SC ALPLAST CONF SRL, ROMANIA pag. 37
8. STUDY OF A EHD POCKET JOURNAL BEARING Monica Crudu *, Sorin Cnnu*, Mohamad Hajjam** *University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, ** Solid Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, FRANCE 9. STUDY OF A HD POCKET JOURNAL BEARING Monica Crudu*, Sorin Cnnu*, Aurelian Ftu** *University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, ** Solid Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, FRANCE 10. SLIP/NO-SLIP INFLUENCE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A RADIAL BEARING WITH A STATIC LOAD. HD ANALYZES Daniela Cobla *, Aurelian Ftu**, Alexandru Rdulescu* * University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, ** Solid Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, FRANCE 11. SLIP/NO-SLIP INFLUENCE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A RADIAL BEARING WITH A STATIC LOAD. EHD ANALYZES Daniela Cobla *, Mohamed Hajjam**, Alexandru Rdulescu* * University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, ** Solid Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, FRANCE 12. THEORETICAL RESEARCHES REGARDING THE STATIC BEHAVIOUR OF A TRANSVERSAL SLIDE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL MACHINE TOOLS Raluca Magdalena Ni, Loredana Pun, Roxana Grejdnescu SC ICTCM SA, Bucharest, ROMANIA 13. RECHERCHES EXPERIMENTALES SUR LE COMPORTEMENT THERMIQUE DES LUBRIFIANTS USES Alexandru V. Rdulescu1, Irina Rdulescu2 1 Universit POLITEHNICA de Bucarest, Bucarest, 2 S.C. I.C.T.C.M. S.A.Bucarest, ROUMANIE 14. ASPECTE PRIVIND PROIECTAREA OPTIMIZAT A ELEMENTULUI DE STRUCTUR TIP BRA ARTICULAT AL UNUI ROBOT RRR Adrian Ghiorghe Politehnica University of Bucharest, ROMANIA
pag. 43
pag. 47
pag. 51
pag. 55
pag. 59
pag. 65
pag. 71
RESURSE UMANE & INOVARE / HUMAN RESOURCES & INNOVATION

15. INOVAREA N CADRUL SISTEMELOR COMPLEXE DE PRODUCIE Radu Popescu INCE - CEIS, Bucureti, ROMANIA 16. SPRIJINIREA PE LEGTURILE EXTERNE N PROMOVAREA INOVRII Radu Popescu INCE - CEIS, Bucureti, ROMANIA 17. CLASICII REALIZRII EXCELENEI Radu Popescu *, Emilia Stnescu** * INCE - CEIS, ** INIMM, Bucureti, ROMANIA 18. EXCELENA I DURABILITATEA INTREPRINDERILOR Radu Popescu *, Rare Dima** * INCE - CEIS, ** INIMM, Bucureti, ROMANIA pag. 77
pag. 81
pag. 85
pag. 89
ABSTRACTS INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2 - 3 / 2009
STUDY CASE - TAMPING TOOLS WITH THE REINFORCEMENT BY TUNGSTEN CARBIDE AT THE TINE C. Besleaga1, I.C. Popescu2, R.M. Negriu3, S.G. Badea1 SC IMCF SA, Bucharest, ROMANIA, cristibesleaga@yahoo.com 2 Polytechnic University, Bucharest, ROMANIA 3 SC Econet Prod SRL, Bucharest, ROMANIA An important operation in the technical process of building or maintenance of the railways is tamping. Tamping operation is made by different tamping machines, using tamping tools. Tamping tools are the most stress part of the tamping machine, being stress at bending, oscillations, abrasive wear, s.a. The main part of a tamping tool which influences in present the lastingness of this is the active part (tine). The research team proposes a study cases using CAD, a new composite material, with tungsten carbide, for the tine and there were made researches regarding the behavior in situ for the different tamping tools. INTELLIGENT MECHATRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR VECTORIAL MASO - KINETOTHERAPY T. S. Craciunoiu1, V. Avramescu2, I. Stoian3, C. Dumitru4, C. H. Orasanu5, R. Grejdanescu6, L. T. Paun7 , T. M. Muntenu8, O. Surdu9, V. Mihailescu10 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute SA, Bucharest, Romania vavramescu@ictcm.ro, corasanu@ictcm.ro, groxana@ictcm.ro, lpaun@ictcm.ro 8 SC Mecanica Ceahlau Piatra Neamt, Piatra Neam, Romania, ceahlau@ceahlau.com 9 Balnear Sanatorium and Recovery Techirghiol, Constanta, Romania, balneos2004@yahoo.com 10 Professor Constantin Popovici Foundation, Bucharest, Romania, mmvalentin@gmail.com The recovery proces of elderly or disabled person is a major problem with implications on the social environment and on the medical environment due to the complexity of treatment, its duration, standard equipment and specialized capable equipment. Intelligent mechatronic equipment for monitoring patients, persons with disabilities and the elderly have become an immediate necessity, the world providing a
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 1
wide range of such systems, from simple to complex. Each person (more or less, sooner or later) needs to treat post recuperator, the mechatronics equipment (assisted adjustable bed) proposed to achieve through its multimunctionalit, is necessary, particularly in recovery sanatoriums (regardless of the conditions of patients) and in hospitals for postoperative situations. Important is that these mechatronic equipment with medical applications have integrated sensors and systems which gives them the special multifunctionalitaty and intelligence. MULTIFUNCTIONAL SURGICAL TABLE T. S. Crciunoiu1, V. Avramescu2, A. V. Ciurea3, C.M. Birtu4, A.M. Croitoru5, V.T. Grigorean6, I. Lung7, R.S. Crciunoiu8, L.T. Pun9, R. Grejdnescu10 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute SA Bucharest, Romania e-mail: vavramescu@ictcm.ro, cbirtu@ictcm.ro, aconstantinesc@ictcm.ro, rcraciunoiu@ictcm.ro, lpaun@ictcm.ro, groxana@ictcm.ro 3 Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, grigorean.valentin@yahoo.com 7 The National Institute of R-D in Mechatronichs and Measurement Technique INCDMTM, cefin@cefin.ro One of the surgical system priorities is the need to ensure the patient safety and creating the optimal conditions of the operator, for example: the need to adopt some various positions of the patient or the need to change the intraoperator position of the patient. There are better surgical tables, made by several segments that can be operated independently. Also is developing a wide range of intelligent devices and accessories to allow expansion of the medical act, ensuring precision, maneuverability, accuracy, patient safety, patient and operator comfort. A particular case is the development of mechatronic equipment in medical applications, such as mechatronic systems for vectorial maso- kinetotherapy recovery treatments. The importance of this is that these mechatronic devices with medical applications have integrated sensors and special systems which gives them the multifunctionality and intelligence.
1, 2,4,5,8,9,10
SYSTEM FOR DATA AQUISITION AND ANALYSIS OF THE KINEMATICS OF THE GAIT FOR THE COMAND OF A ROBOTIZED ORTHOTIC SUIT F. Alexiuc1, V. Avramescu2, G. Onose3, L.T. Paun4, R. M. Nita5, C.H. Orasanu6, R. Grejdanescu7, C. N. Nicolau8, A. M. Croitoru9, R. S. Craciunoiu10 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering And Research Institute SA, Bucharest, Romania falexiuc@ictcm.ro, vavramescu@ictcm.ro, lpaun@ictcm.ro, raluca@ictcm.ro, corasanu@ictcm.ro, groxana@ictcm.ro, cnicolau@ictcm.ro, aconstantinescu@ictcm.ro, rcraciunoiu@ictcm.ro 3 Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, geluonose@clicknet.ro The researches which were made in the project Informatics system based on data acquisition and advanced decision in real time methods for the command and control of an robotized orthotic suit in order to assist the persons with locomotors disabilities, follow the achievement of a software for the data acquisition, in real time, and also the decisions making for keeping the orthostatism and the equilibrium. The project was developed by a consortium formed by SC ICTCM SA, Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, UPB-CTANM, SC Neuron SRL and Tehnicom 3D-ING SRL. In the first stage of the project there were achieved the data related to motion: the acquisition of the analogical signals provided by the potentiometers displaced in the robotized orthotic suits joints and the acquisition of the signals provided by the pressure sensors displaced on the base of the foot. The data acquisition system can be used in the kinetotheraphy clinics in order to evaluate and medical recovery of the patients. In the second stage there is considered the simulation of the behaviour of the robotized orthotic suit in the virtual medium in order to study the behaviour of the orthotic suit and of the human subject in order to find the hardware and software elements which should assure the safety development of the ascension/descent movements, orthostatism, gait and equilibrium, reaction to the perturbing factors, etc.
1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
INTEGRATED CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A WHEELCHAIR, MADE BY THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME COMPONENTS THAT ARE PART OF ITS STRUCTURE Grigore Stanca1, C.Dumitru2, C.H. Orasanu3, V. Avramescu4, G. Onose5 , L. Paun6 , R. Grejdanescu7 , R.M. Nita8 , R.S. Craciunoiu9 , I. Dimache10 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute SA,Bucharest, Romania vavramescu@ictcm.ro, corasanu@ictcm.ro, lpaun@ictcm.ro, groxana@ictcm.ro, raluca@ictcm.ro, rcraciunoiu@ictcm.ro, idimache@ictcm.ro 5 Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, geluonose@clicknet.ro The researches made in this project had as main objective the conceptual development of some integrated, complex, competitive models of complex equipments which to carry out the problems of the persons with a high degree of disabilitation for reducing their psychological impact and for their socio-economic integration, in general by offering them a means of independent transportation and the realization of the experimental models of some wheel chairs, that are hand power or electric power, with modular and flexible structures, with a high degree of flexibility. Based on the conceptual models can be developed in the future a wide range of similar equipments, with simple or complex functions, hand power or driven by other means, fix, foldable, with special accessories, with flexibility possibilities according to the disabilitation degree, for offering safety to the persons with neuro-kinetic deficiencies. MODERN METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF NANOCOMPOSITES Carmen Rducanu, Gabriela Diacov, Dumitru Buc, Roxana Neagu, Mihaela Hricu SC ICTCM Institutul de Cercetare si Proiectare Tehnologica pentru Constructia de Masini SA Bucuresti, ROMANIA E-mail: carmen_radu88@yahoo.com The paper offers the most recent information on high resolution microscopic systems. There have been studied several methods concerning the visualization of the structure of electrodeposisits nanocomposites: TEM (Transmision Electron Microscope), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), AFM- (Atomic Force Microscope), STM (Scanning Tunelling Microscope). Toghether with basic technical data, the paper also presents typical images for the involved studying methods.
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION REGARDING THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF A MODULAR SYSTEM FOR THE MILLING PROCESS Raluca Magdalena Nita1, Nicoleta Rachieru2
1
STUDY OF A HD POCKET JOURNAL BEARING Monica Crudu*,Sorin Cnnu**, Aurelian Ftu*** *University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: crudumonica@yahoo.com **University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: s_cananau@yahoo.com *** Solid Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, FRANCE More and more studies have revealed an increase of the carrying capacity and a decrease of friction losses due to the positive effects of surface texturing concerning the field of bearings, mechanical face seals and pistoncylinder couple. Also it is well known that pocket texture amplifies this effect for hydrodynamic journal bearing more than partial texture [1]. Based on this hypothesis, this paper represents a first step in studying the texturing effects on hydrodynamic journal bearing by assessing the performances of a pocket journal bearing. The main asset of this study is to determine the optimal geometry, which gives the largest carrying capacity zone and the smallest power dissipation by geometrical modeling the three dimensions of the pocket: width, circumferential length and depth of the pocket. SLIP/NO-SLIP INFLUENCE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A RADIAL BEARING WITH A STATIC LOAD. HD ANALYZES Daniela Cobla *, Aurelian Ftu**, Alexandru Rdulescu*** * University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: daniela.coblas@yahoo.com ** Solid Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, FRANCE, e-mail: aurelian.fatu@univ-poitiers.fr *** University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: sandu@meca.omtr.pub.ro This paper aims to examine the influence of wall slip on HD lubrication performance of a journal bearing. The study follows two main directions: first to increase fluid film thickness to obtain a greater load capacity and second to reduce power loss. By numerical modelling, we had modified the geometric parameters of a slip surface placed on the sleeve bearing. Results show that for a well chosen surface geometry it is possible to improve the bearing performances.
University Politechnica of Bucharest, SC ICTCM SA, e-mail ralu_magda@yahoo.com 2 SC ALPLAST CONF SRL, e-mail nrachieru@yahoo.com
The papers aims to study with the finite elements method the dinamic behaviour of a modular system for clamping the pieces during the cutting process, through the determination of the characteristic frequency where performance, reliability, durability and reliability in function represents the fundamental characteristics have great influence on the final results of processing process. STUDY OF A EHD POCKET JOURNAL BEARING Monica Crudu *, Sorin Cananau**, Mohamad Hajjam*** *University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: crudumonica@yahoo.com **University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: s_cananau@yahoo.com *** Solid Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, FRANCE This paper deals with the textured surfaces effects of a journal bearing working in elastohydrodynamic regime. The fact that texture surfaces increase the carrying capacity and decrease the friction losses in the applications concerning the bearings, mechanical face seals and piston-cylinder couple, its already known. In the elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime the increase of the maximal pressure and film thickness is more accentuate that in the hydrodynamic regime because we take into account the elastic behavior of the materials. The main goal of this study is to determine the optimal pocket texture geometry, which gives the largest carrying capacity and the smallest power dissipation by geometrical modeling.
SLIP/NO-SLIP INFLUENCE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A RADIAL BEARING WITH A STATIC LOAD. EHD ANALYZES Daniela Cobla *, Mohamed Hajjam**, Alexandru Rdulescu*** * University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: daniela.coblas@yahoo.com ** Solid Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, FRANCE, e-mail: mohamed.hajjam@univ-poitiers.fr *** University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: sandu@meca.omtr.pub.ro In this paper we present a study on the behavior of a steady-state radial bearing assuming the existence of slip phenomenon at the fluid-solid interface with the sleeve bearing wall. The bearing operates in elastohydordynamic lubrication regime, disconsidering thermal influence, and taking into account the general assumptions considered for determining Navier-Stokes equation for the general hydrodynamic lubrication case. Like presented in the previous article, the computation was possible by using numerical modeling software Accel, available thanks to LMS Laboratory, belonging to Poitiers University. Only by using this software, the available time we had was sufficient to perform this study. THEORETICAL RESEARCHES REGARDING THE STATIC BEHAVIOUR OF A TRANSVERSAL SLIDE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL MACHINE TOOLS Raluca Magdalena Nita, Loredana Paun, Roxana Grejdanescu SC ICTCM SA, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail ralu_magda@yahoo.com The paper aims to study with the finite elements method the static behavior of transversal slide, component of a multifunctional machine tool, under the function during processing, in the conditions of steel and a composite slide. Its very important to determine the performance, resistance and security in functioning because this represent fundamental characteristics on the final results of the processing process.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON THE THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF USED LUBRICANTS Alexandru V. Rdulescu1, Irina Rdulescu2 Universit POLITEHNICA de Bucarest, Bucarest, ROUMANIE, e-mail : sandu@meca.omtr.pub.ro 2 S.C. I.C.T.C.M. S.A. Institut de Recherches Technologiques pour la Construction des Machines, Bucarest, Roumanie, e-mail : irena_sandu@yahoo.com This article proposes to study the thermal behavior of fresh and used lubricants, taking account to the variation of viscosity versus temperature. The proposed rheological model for fresh and used lubricants is the Newton model, where the shearing stresses in the fluid are proportional to the velocity gradient. Information on the viscosity of lubricants can be regarded as a "window" to analyze other fluids properties. The viscosity is always easier to measure than many other properties of lubricants, providing a very important tool for the fluids characterization. ASPECTS CONCERNING THE OPTIMIZED DESIGN OF AN ARTICULATED ARM TYPE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT OF A RRR ROBOT Adrian Ghiorghe Politehnica University of Bucharest, ROMANIA,Faculty of Engineering and Management of Technological Systems e-mail : adrian.ghiorghe@yahoo.com Optimization of structural elements of industrial robots is essential in modern design optimized by finite element simulation and obtain a modification of the structure with maximum rigidity. By applying structural and topology optimization algorithm was intended to determine optimal values for design variables in terms of reducing material in the structure of the robot. Structural optimization is to achieve MEF parameterized geometrical model of the assembly robot, by considering some geometric sizes as design variables, imposing restrictive conditions on the model and establish an objective function to optimize. The runs of the FEM analysis, are different values of design variables and state variables are processed, to determine the feasibility set of design variables in order to determine an optimal set (minimum) in terms of objective function.
1
INNOVATION IN THE COMPLEX PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Radu Popescu INCE - CEIS, ROMANIA, radupopescuceis@yahoo.com The paper analyses the proces of inovation in the field of Product Complex Systems (PCS).These systems have a high content of knowledge and an important place in the Knowledge Economy. Interaction between product and process inovation has similarities with the interaction between mechanical parts and that of firm architecture. SUPPORTING ON EXTERNAL LINKS TO PROMOTE INNOVATION Radu Popescu INCE - CEIS, ROMANIA, radupopescuceis@yahoo.com External results assesment is a necesity requested, by the speed of technological changes. Companies have to balance between two options: To maintain the necessary competencies in order to build Product Complex Systems and to prevent the lack of concentration and specialisation when the technological model changes.
CLASSICS FOR THE EXCELLENCE ACHIEVING Radu Popescu *, Emilia Stnescu** * INCE - CEIS, ROMANIA, radupopescuceis@yahoo.com ** INIMM, Bucureti, ROMANIA, e-mail: emilia@inimm.ro The behaviour of excellent firms, companies able to obtain important achievements is characterised by inconventional activities (details separate the average firms of the excellent ones). Amoungh them we can observe: to meet the clients needs, involvement of highly qualified specialists, enthusiasms firms activities, high level quality assurance. EXCELLENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF ENTERPRISES Radu Popescu *, Rare Dima** * INCE - CEIS, ROMANIA, radupopescuceis@yahoo.com ** INIMM, Bucureti, ROMANIA, e-mail: inimm@inimm.ro The evolution of global thinking in business, especially strategic thinking on company business, company or industrial firms, is a gradual sedimentation process of accumulated knowledge. The main objective of the company's concern is improving the situation at the time of the analysis and achievement of excellence in the future.
STUDY CASE - TAMPING TOOLS WITH THE REINFORCEMENT BY TUNGSTEN CARBIDE AT THE TINE
C. Besleaga1, I.C. Popescu2, R.M. Negriu3, S.G. Badea1
1
SC IMCF SA, Bucharest, ROMANIA, cristibesleaga@yahoo.com 2 Polytechnic University, Bucharest, ROMANIA 3 SC Econet Prod SRL, Bucharest, ROMANIA
REZUMAT O operatie importanta in procesul tehnologic de constructie sau intretinere a caii ferate este burajul. Operatia de burare este facuta de diferite masini de burat, utilizand scule de burare. Sculele de burare sunt cele mai solicitate parti ale masinii de burat, fiind solicitate la incovoiere, vibratii, uzare abraziva etc. Principala parte a unei scule de burare care influenteaza in prezent durabilitatea acesteia este partea active (tachetul). Echipa de cercetatori propune un studiu de caz utilizand CAD, un nou material compozit, cu carburi de wolfram, pentru tachet si realiznd cercetari privind comportarea in situ pentru diferite scule de burare. ABSTRACT An important operation in the technical process of building or maintenance of the railways is tamping. Tamping operation is made by different tamping machines, using tamping tools. Tamping tools are the most stress part of the tamping machine, being stress at bending, oscillations, abrasive wear, s.a. The main part of a tamping tool which influences in present the lastingness of this is the active part (tine). The research team proposes a study cases using CAD, a new composite material, with tungsten carbide, for the tine and there were made researches regarding the behavior in situ for the different tamping tools. KEYWORDS: tamping tools, composite material, tungsten carbide, CAD, weariness CUVINTE CHEIE: scule de burare, material compozit, carburi de wolfram, CAD, uzura
1. INTRODUCTION
The researches regarding to increasing of tamping tools have been made on the three main directions: Theoretical researches regarding to situations stress of a tamping tool, having in view the system stress (forces) and the CAD analyzing; Theoretical and experimental researches regarding to establishing of some new material composition for tamping tine and also, of technological processes by made of this; Experimental researches (in situ), regarding to the behavior of different tamping tools.
2. STUDY CASE - TAMPING TOOL TYPE BNRI - 85 MODELS 94

For to theoretical study case of the tamping tool BNRI85, model 94 (Fig.1), was used two CAD soft (Autodesk Inventor Professional 2008 and ANSYS Workbench, rev. 11), in collaboration with the Thermal Research Center, in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics of the Polytechnic University in Bucharest [1, 2]. There are used more then 2000000 elements and 3% convergence.
Fig.1: The Model of tamping tool BNRI 85 types, model 94 For this model were made 6 cases of stress, two from them are presented below. 2.1. Case 3- Checking/ behavior of the tamping tool BNRI- 85, model 94, at case 3 of stress - Concentrated force, perpendicular to the lower side (active edge) of the tine, operating in the center of the area (Fig.2 Fig.7).
Fig.4: Stress (tension) intensity
Fig.5: Life
Fig.2: Scheme of stress
Fig.6: Total Deformation
Fig.3: Equivalent stresses (tensions) Fig.7: Defects (damages) TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 6
2.2. Case 5- Checking/ behavior of the tamping tool BNRI- 85, model 94, at case 5 of stress - Concentrated force, perpendicular to the active main side of the tine, operating in the center of the area (Fig. 8 Fig.13).
Fig. 8: Scheme of stress
Fig.10: Stress (tension) intensity
Fig.9: Equivalent stresses (tensions)
Fig.11: Life
The main types of analyzed particles are titan carbides (TiC) and tungsten carbides (WC). The infiltrations analyze with particles from metallic carbides has showed the fact that the TiC has a finest particles shape, with relative round shape, which confer a good plasticity of the reinforced matrix, while the WC has a rough morphology, with sharp edge and corner, conferring resistance and hardness. The combination of both effects has a good results, by point of view of the behavior in function, if are resolved the problems regarding to the fragility and fissure tendency of the composite metallic material. The phenomenon which occur at the interface between metallic matrix and carbide particle are depending in a big measure by the size, chemistry and physics characteristics of these, and also, by the manufacturing. Fig.12: Total Deformation
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
We have established an experimental procedure [8], for evaluated the lastingness of a tamping tool. The lastingness of a tamping tool is the period of time, in which the tamping tool work in the established parameters (until to reaching the limits of wear of an active part- the tine), until to a new regeneration (Fig. 15). The lastingness of a tamping tool can be evaluated through meters (kilometers) of tamping, hours of tamping or, number of insertion. Because the evaluation of lastingness in meters (kilometers) can be use more easily, we have adopted this unit. For the limits of the wear of tine, having in view indications [8] and our experience, we have adopted the following size of wear: 15 mm on side; 20 mm at the corner (40 mm on diagonals).
Fig.13: Defects (damages)
3. NEW COMPOSITE MATERIAL WITH METALLIC CARBIDES

For the main piece of wear (tine), we have proposed and achieved a new technological process of casting at the check parameters of a steel, with an original composition, having the role of joint material of the waste from metallic carbide (the waste from metallic carbides are coming from the damage cutting tools, for metal, wood and s.a.). The original composite material which has been achieved is made from particles of metallic carbides, with a certain granulometry (size), incorporation through diffusion into metallic matrix. The matrix of the composite material is heating over the melting point of the binding material from waste composition of sintered metallic carbides (WC-Co, WC-Ni, WC-Co-Ni and TiC-X) and it is casting into relative cold form (shape). The binding metal (CoNi) is dissolved and diffusion into metallic matrix and after that it is solidifies. We have achieved a composite material, which is able to satisfied the hard wear conditions, at the local abrasive wear stress, vibrations, having a hardness bigger than the limit conditions impose by the crushed stone abrasiveness [3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
Fig.15. The limits of the wear for active part (tine) of a tamping tool Fig.14. Micro dilution of carbides particles (Carbides - Detail x 12000) Ui = h hi; i= 1 6; Umed = (U1+ U2+....+ U6): 6 8
5. RESEARCHES IN SITU ON THE DIFFERENT LOTS OF THE TAMPING TOOLS

After the researches, regarding to established which is the main tamping tool (having in view the quantity, consumption criteria) which is use in present, from all types of tamping tools which are used, the researches in situ have been concentrated on the tamping tool BNRI- 85, model 94, followed that the conclusions of these researches to be extended to all types of the tamping tools.
5.1. Experimental researches in situ on the lot 1 of the tamping tools

The experimental researches (in situ) have been made with BNRI- 85 tamping machines, on three tamping tools type BNRI-85, model 94, identified with G4, G6 and G8(7), with the tine which have been made on the base of a new composite material, with tungsten carbide (Fig.16, 17, 18). The behavior of these tools, taking in account the weariness [mm] depending by [km] of tamping is present in Fig. 19.
Fig.18. Tamping tool G8 (7)

For comparison, we have established another lot, number 2, with 8 tamping tools type BNRI-85, model 94, which have been made by another producer, having as main material for the body of tamping tool and the active part (tine) of this, the alloy steel 42MoC11. The active part (tine) of a tamping tools, in areas which are the most stress at wear (abrasive wear s.a.), have been protected through welding with a hard material like EI 58 H electrode. The lot 2 (with 8 pieces) it have been identified with B21 B 28. The behavior of these tools, taking in account the weariness [mm] depending by [km] of tamping is present in Fig. 19.

The eight tamping tools type BNRI-85, model 94, which were presented above, after it work until to the admissible limits (see chapter 4), it has been reconditioning at the active part (tine) through welding, with two materials: 4 pieces with EI 58 H electrode, which have been identified with B21 (R1) B 24(R1) and 4 pieces with EI 16 Mn electrode, which have been identified with B25 (R1) B 28(R1). The behavior of these tools, taking in account the weariness [mm] depending by [km] of tamping is present in Fig. 19.
Fig.16. Tamping tool G4
CONCLUSIONS
- Designing a tamping tool and checking of this, to the different stress, with especially CAD soft, can offer many advantages, possibilities and reduce a lot of time and more accurate results. - The new composite material with tungsten carbide, on which we have proposed, has a good potential and goods properties for wear, being chip and use the waste from different damage parts from tungsten carbide. - In comparison, the average of weariness of tamping tools, after 9 km, with new composite material (with tungsten carbide) for the tine (lot 1: G4, G6, G8 (7)) is with 4,5 times smaller than the average of weariness of new tamping tools (lot 2: B21 B28) and with 6,5 times smaller than the average of weariness of reconditioning tamping tools (lot 3: B21 (R1) B28 (R1)). In the end, the average of lastingness for lot 1 (G4, G6, G8 (7)) is with 2,8 times bigger than average of lastingness for lot 2 (B21 B28) and lot 3 ((B21 (R1) B28 (R1)). 9
Fig.17. Tamping tool G6
This fact, make the possibility to reduce the cost of a tamping tool, a tamping operation and maintenance of railways.
[mm] 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Ciocane BNRI - 85
G4 G6 G8(7) B21 B22 B23 B24 B25 B26 B27 B28 B21(R1) B22(R1) B23(R1) B24(R1) B25(R1) B26(R1) B27(R1) B28(R1)
[km]
Fig.19. The wear curves of the active part (tine) for experimental tamping tools
REFERENCES
[1] I.C. Popescu, Introduction in computer aided analysis of the process equipments, Printech Publisher, ISBN 973- 652- 951- 7, Bucharest, (2004) [2] I.C. Popescu, T. Prisecaru, B. Finite elements Analysis of Pressure Equipment, Computer Aided Engineering Solutions for Design, Analysis and Innovation, (ANSYS & FLUENT User Group Meeting), 26-27 Aprilie 2007, Sinaia [3] P. Georgeoni, N. Arnici, I.C. Popescu, and s.a., Using the isostatical pressing at the manufacturing of big machine parts by high performances from sintered metallic carbides, Metallurgical Researches, ICEM, Vol.26, page. 463 - 475, 1985, Bucharest. [4]P. Georgeoni, I.C. Popescu, Considerations regarding to manufacturing of machine parts from metallic carbides type WC-Co with A.I.P. destination, Metallurgical Researches, ICEM, Vol.26, page. 477 - 483, 1985, Bucharest.
[5] V.V.Jinescu, I.C. Popescu, Reactors by very high pressure with the elements manufactured from the tungsten carbides and cobalt, Chemistry Review, nr. 12, 1997, page. 981 - 991, ISSN 0034-7752, (ISIMJL 7569); [6] V.V.Jinescu, I.C. Popescu, Reactors by very high pressure with the elements manufactured from the tungsten carbides and cobalt, II, Chemistry Review, nr. 1, 1998, page. 56 - 63, ISSN 0034-7752, (ISIMJL 7569); [7] P. Georgeoni, I.C. Popescu, M. Istrtescu, L. Argeanu, The behavior of different types hardness alloys from WC Co system, used at manufacturing of dies for reactors by very high pressure, Mechanical Breakage, nr. 9, page. 8 - 14, 2000, ISSN 1453-8148; [8] Cr. Besleaga, Contributions regarding to increase the lastingness of the tamping tools, Doctorate thesis, 625.144.5(043-2876) B-UP 1, Bucharest,(2006)
10
INTELLIGENT MECHATRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR VECTORIAL MASO - KINETOTHERAPY

T. S. Craciunoiu1, V. Avramescu2, I. Stoian3, C. Dumitru4, C. H. Orasanu5, R. Grejdanescu6, L. T. Paun7 , T. M. Muntenu8, O. Surdu9, V. Mihailescu10
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute SA, Bucharest, Romania vavramescu@ictcm.ro, corasanu@ictcm.ro, groxana@ictcm.ro, lpaun@ictcm.ro 8 SC Mecanica Ceahlau Piatra Neamt, Piatra Neam, Romania, ceahlau@ceahlau.com 9 Balnear Sanatorium and Recovery Techirghiol, Constanta, Romania, balneos2004@yahoo.com 10 Professor Constantin Popovici Foundation, Bucharest, Romania, mmvalentin@gmail.com
REZUMAT Procesul de recuperare a persoanelor vrstnice sau cu dizabiliti reprezint o problem major cu implicaii n mediul social i n mediul medical ca urmare a complexitii tratamentului, a duratei acestuia, a standardelor aparaturii i echipamentelor specializate capabile. Echipamentele mecatronice inteligente de monitorizare a bolnavilor, a persoanelor cu disabiliti i a vrstnicilor au devenit o necesitate imediat, piaa mondial oferind o larg palet de sisteme de acest gen, de la simple pn la complexe. Fiecare persoan (mai mult sau mai puin, mai devreme sau mai trziu) are nevoie de tratamente postoperatorii, recuperatorii sau de vitalizare, echipamentul mecatronic (pat reglabil asistat) propus a se realiza, prin multifuncionalitatea sa, fiind necesar, n special, n Sanatorii de recuperare (indiferent de afeciunile pacienilor) dar i n spitale pentru situaii postoperatorii. Important de precizat este faptul ca aceste echipamente mecatronice cu aplicatii medicale au integrate sensori si sisteme speciale care le confera multifunctionalitate si inteligenta. ABSTRACT The recovery proces of elderly or disabled person is a major problem with implications on the social environment and on the medical environment due to the complexity of treatment, its duration, standard equipment and specialized capable equipment. Intelligent mechatronic equipment for monitoring patients, persons with disabilities and the elderly have become an immediate necessity, the world providing a wide range of such systems, from simple to complex. Each person (more or less, sooner or later) needs to treat post recuperator, the mechatronics equipment (assisted adjustable bed) proposed to achieve through its multimunctionalit, is necessary, particularly in recovery sanatoriums (regardless of the conditions of patients) and in hospitals for postoperative situations. Important is that these mechatronic equipment with medical applications have integrated sensors and systems which gives them the special multifunctionalitaty and intelligence. CUVINTE CHEIE: echipamente mecatronice, echipamente inteligente, pat reglabil asistat, maso-kinetoterapie vectoriala KEYWORDS: mechatronic equipments, intelligent equipments, assisted adjustable bed, vectorial maso kinetotherapy
1. INTRODUCTION
The recovery process of the old person or with disabilities is a big problem for social environment due the integration in time and with good results of the person with disabilities, but also for medical environment due the treatment complexity and its duration, directly minded by the specialized apparatus and devices able to assure the new types of treatment.
The intelligent mechatronic equipment achievements for monitoring patients, persons with disabilities and the elderly has become an immediate necessity, the world providing a wide range of such systems, from simple to complex, only the most complex are multifunctional. Because almost everyone (more or less, sooner or later) needs to treat postoperator, recovery or vitality, the mechatronic equipment (assisted adjustable bed) proposed to achieve, by its multifunctionality,it is very necessary 11
especially in health recovery (regardless of patients' conditions) even in the hospital for postoperator situations.
2. OPPORTUNITIES
- Equipping recovery sanatoriums, regional and local centers, hospitals for postoperator situations, university clinics and other health network, for specific affections; - The priority range is for recovery and social reinstatement of the person with sever affections, but also for the postoperator situations; - The product is an adjustable bed, multifunctional, and assisted which covered the entire spectrum of recovery and postoperator processes, able to be equipped with accessories; - The equipments which will come within the adjustable bed may be developed as separate products, with high performance.
with variable pressure and bearers of soft materials, with a high degree of movement, allowing position adjustment according to the individual look and avoids the appearance of decubit lesions during prolonged recovery treatments.
4. REQUIRMENTS
The assisted adjustable bed, for recovery, must to perform the following conditions: To be safe, performance and reliable with a large range of accesories; To allow the patient an optimal position for achieving some medical processes specific to recovery and postoperator treatments; To ensure a proper positioning of the patient and to the expert team for achieving the different medical technique; Provide an additional access to the used supplementary equipment; Have in its support for X-ray cassette; To be radiotransparence in order to allow the passage of X rays; Provide the access to the X-ray on the full length bed, necessary for carrying out different explorations; To allow the longitudinal arrangement of the upper part of the bed up to 25 cm, for the optimal use of X-ray amplifier; To allow for any type of medical process; To have the opportunity to annex additional devices (supports for instruments with fixed position, additional light sources, devices for members or spine elongation); Be made by a material with low hardness, which follow physiological curvature; To contain the cushion of air or liquid with variable pressure in order to avoid the appearance of decubit lesions during prolonged medical processes for recovery / postoperator; To allow a high degree of freedom of movement; The cushions should be removable, waterproof and antistatic; The bed area should be fine, smooth in order to optimize the cleaning and disinfection; The support for head should be detachable to have servo attended dual regulation and compensation for integrated weight (optional); The support for shoulders and back should be servo attended adjustable and to allow the balancing and wheelwright (optional); The middle portion of the bed must contain elevators for optimal positioning of the patient; To include support for decubit lateral position (right/left); To have detachable support for pelvicpodal legs, with servo attended adjustable, allowing balance and turning for the thighs for patient positioning in gynecology position (optional); 12
3. ARGUMENTS
- The need to equip the recovery sanatoriums, regional and local centers for recovery, hospital units for portoperator situations, medical practices, university medical centers, field units (mobile) etc.; - The large number of potential users around the world and especially in our country for such complex devices / systems could be both an extremely valuable, even critical, to increase the life quality; - The social impact will be big enough, by increasing the medical comfort, especially that at present at the medical treatment and recovery beds are sometimes only a maximum of three functions; worldwide are adjustable beds with up to six functions; - In Romania, at the moment, is not any type of adjustable or assisted bed with minimum function corresponding of recovery; - The scientific and technical fields remarkable in electronics, informatics and robotics (especially about the last two decades), are also possible and increasingly necessary, the execution of some assisted adjustable beds/devices, highly complex, performance and miniaturized; - Reducing the high social costs (and proceeding increase), related to the accidents during current processes by the recovery process and the reduction of the medical staff efforts (surgeon, nurses, etc..) before, during and after completion of medical process; - Solving the urgencies, complex cases, thus avoiding the seriated interventions, with the loss of important time in terms of urgency and avoiding the potential aggression during the medical process for recovery / postoperator; - Facilitating the medical process (recovery, postoperator etc.) in multidisciplinary teams; - Increased the operator comfort, through the possibility of patient positioning and devices as needed, but also for the patient by bed characteristics, made from a material with low hardness, which follow physiological curvature, with cushion of air / liquid, TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009
The supports should be made of a solid material, but soft in order to avoid the decubit injury during prolonged recovery processes; The supports must have a high degree of freedom to be adapted according to individual physical particulars of the patients; To include a silicon metal frame that can be positioned the upper members; To contain seats that allow the attachment of various devices and accessories; To have three elastic belts for fixing the patientby bed, with mobile position (chest, abdominaland pelvic), required for recovery processeswhich required extreme positions; Have a good maneuverability in order to allow aneasy movement of the bed and the patient in thetreatment / postoperator room or beyond; To have 4- mobile double wheel, antistatic, withcaps against liquids; To have an auxiliary wheel for precise movements; Wheels must be able to lock; To have a pedal with three positions for ahead straight, free rotation motions and central brake; To include detachable components (bed board) that can allow the carriage of the patient for suplimentary investigation without the risk of intempestive handle in maximum conditions of security.
develop a family of beds from simple functions to multipurpose; also the bed can be equipped with various smart devices and accessories, strictly functional. Also, the bed is equipped with special control systems, including monitoring of the medical process.
6. EXPERIMENTAL MODEL
Technological characteristics: - Overall size: 2150 x 970 mm - Size mattress : 1950 x 850 mm - Platform height (without mattress): 550 950 mm - Maximum useful load: 300 kg Functional characteristic: - sectors numbers of the mattress support: 5 - angle of inclination head support: 150 - angle of inclination back support: 0 700 - angle of inclination upper leg support: 0 400 - angle of inclination inferior leg support: 0 200 - maximum angle for lifting on z: 15-200 - angle of inclination of the platform on x: 200
5. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The proposed multifunctional, assisted and adjustable bed falls into the category of multifunctional medical mechatronic equipments; being composed of multiple adjustable platforms folding independently operated and controlled by servomotors, can perform a wide range of movements. It is intelligent mechatronics equipment for monitoring patients, the disabled and the elderly person, consisting of multiple platforms operated independently by folding servomotors (actuators) ordered on the basis of a specialized software or from the console controller. Platforms will be covered with pneumatic mattresses with the possibility of individual change of pressure. The actuating and adjustment of the bed as medical required or patient request shall be made relatively easily and gradually through remote operation or by using an attached software. The bed is multifunctional due its multiple degrees of freedom and its possibilities to extend them. The degree of maintenance is increased due the function of the command and dialogue. The multifunctional assisted adjustable bed (experimental model), designed modular, can be easily adapted to various functions required by the methodology of treatment, or postoperative recovery, can
Figure 1. Experimental model
CONCLUSIONS
The project areas are important to ensure maximum health of the population, so through the act of medical intervention, including surgery and through the recovery process, the market for such equipment are constantly increasing due to the permanent need to facility in accordance with scientific research, new medical techniques and technological developments.
REFERENCES
[1] Project MASOVECHContract 208/2008 within National Program INOVARE; [2] Dubey G.K., Doradla S.R., Joshi A., Sinha R.M.K., Thyristorised Power Controllers, Willey Eastern, 1986; [3] Dubey G.K., Power Semiconductor Controlled Drives, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989; [4] Fransua Al., Mgureanu R. Electrical actuation and machines,. Tehnical Editure, 1986.
13
Quick Info Fast, quantitative diagnostic reader offers potential for thousands of medical tests This medical reader can perform diagnostic tests on any bodily fluid that attenuates light, such as blood, urine, sputum, or other fluid. Thousands of potential tests are possible, including immunoassay, colorimetric/chromogenic tests, HbA1c, cholesterol, HCG, osteoporosis calcium levels, and many more. While most physicians have easy access to lab tests, those tests can be slow and expensive. Consumer versions of tests are inaccurate and have limited scope, and often involve sending a sample to a lab. Physicians, PAs, Emergency Rooms, EMTs, patients, visiting nurses, and caregivers may all need access to quick, accurate tests without waiting for results and making callbacks. Some chronic tests (such as HbA1c for diabetics) require the mixing of reagents, and so are difficult to do at home. This all-in-one diagnostic reader can handle such tests and report results in as few as ten minutes. The prototype performs three identical tests on a single whole-blood sample for accuracy; but a greater number of simultaneous tests could be performed, or a battery of tests could be performed on the same sample. Programming and circuit board design determines the tests that an individual unit performs. All sample handling takes place inside the device. Prototypes indicate that the device will be inexpensive to build. A unique lancet draws blood for the prototype system. It slices the skin and creates a pressure differential to avoid injuring the red blood cells by milking (typical of finger sticks). In the prototype, one-button activation isolates a specific region of the Pre-Analytic System, transfers the plasma sample to the main test strip, applies diluents to it, and activates the electronic test protocol. Different activities could be designed into the unit for different tests. Lab-scale production of fully functional injection-molded devices has been undertaken for proof-of-concept, but Kimberly-Clark does not envision that the current apparatus is the final product. Benefits Summary
Low-cost to manufacture; low-cost per test.
Performs any test or assay on any bodily fluid that attenuates light. Thousands of different assays could be designed into the system. No sample preparation required. Test strips are consumables. All-in-one unit. The system obtains the sample (prototype uses a special lancet to draw blood), meters out the necessary sample volume, transfers that volume to the sample area, and quantifies up to three different tests. Kimberly-Clark believes that this system is the lowest cost approach to performing all these tasks in a single unit. Intended for use with an OLED (organic LED) display. OLEDs are bright. The display requires no additional back-lighting. It offers the opportunity for scrolling, text, graphics, and full color -- more variety and more information than the fixed-position text and images on an LCD display. A special lancet was developed for the device that does not damage red cells to be used in testing. Analytes other than blood may require a different sample acquisition system.
Development Summary Lab scale, injection-molded apparatuses can be made available to interested parties. Kimberly-Clark does not envision the current apparatus to be the final product; however, it is fully functional. Technical reports have been completed, along with market data. Some physician studies have been completed. IP Summary This technology is supported by 20 US patents. The most recent year of issue is 2008. (source: nasatechbriefs@LISTSERV.ABPI.NET / http://www.yet2.com/app/list/techpak?id=54472&sid=90&abc=0 ) TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 14
MULTIFUNCTIONAL SURGICAL TABLE

T. S. Crciunoiu1, V. Avramescu2, A. V. Ciurea3, C.M. Birtu4, A.M. Croitoru5, V.T. Grigorean6, I. Lung7, R.S. Crciunoiu8, L.T. Pun9, R. Grejdnescu10 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute SA Bucharest, Romania e-mail: vavramescu@ictcm.ro, cbirtu@ictcm.ro, aconstantinesc@ictcm.ro. rcraciunoiu@ictcm.ro, lpaun@ictcm.ro, groxana@ictcm.ro 3 Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, grigorean.valentin@yahoo.com 7 The National Institute of R-D in Mechatronichs and Measurement Technique INCDMTM, cefin@cefin.ro
1, 2,4,5,8,9,10
REZUMAT
Cercetrile efectuate n acest proiect au avut ca obiectiv principal dezvoltarea conceptuala a unor modele integrate, complexe, performante de echipamente complexe care sa raspunda necesitatilor persoanelor cu grad sever de dizabilitate in scopul reducerii impactului psihologic al acestora si integrrii lor socio-economice, in general prin asigurarea unui transport independent si realizarea de modele experimentale ale unor scaune rulante, manuale sau actionate electric, cu structuri modulare, flexibile, cu grad mare de adaptabilitate. Pe baza modelelor conceptuale se poate dezvolta in viitor o gama diversificata de astfel de echipamente, cu functiuni simple sau complexe, manuale sau actionate, fixe, pliabile, cu accesorii speciale, cu posibilitati de adaptare a lor functie de gradul de dizabilitate, in scopul asigurarii deplasarii sigure a persoanelor cu deficiente neuro-locomotoare.
ABSTRACT
One of the surgical system priorities is the need to ensure the patient safety and creating the optimal conditions of the operator, for example: the need to adopt some various positions of the patient or the need to change the intraoperator position of the patient. There are better surgical tables, made by several segments that can be operated independently. Also is developing a wide range of intelligent devices and accessories to allow expansion of the medical act, ensuring precision, maneuverability, accuracy, patient safety, patient and operator comfort. A particular case is the development of mechatronic equipment in medical applications, such as mechatronic systems for vectorial maso- kinetotherapy recovery treatments. The importance of this is that these mechatronic devices with medical applications have integrated sensors and special systems which gives them the multifunctionality and intelligence. CUVINTE CHEIE: dizabilitati neuro-locomotorii / cardio-respiratorii, scaun cu rotile, echipamente pentru transportul independent al persoanelor cu grad sever de disabilitate KEY WORDS: surgical devices and accessories, multifunctional intelligent surgical devices, surgical tables, stand-up wheelchair, stand-up power wheelchair, surgical intervention, robotized interfaces. On the international level, the surgical devices and accessories assure all the requirements of the medical and allow achievement of peak performance for the human operator. There is a concern for resolving the technical and surgical interventions and are ongoing efforts to rethink the technical solutions, to monitor the medical act and the patient, to allow the active control by the operator for the neded devices and accessories. They are equipped with multiple sensors and is monitored by means of computer and some software as appropriate, including interfacing with specialized robots. 15
1. INTRODUCTION
Currently, the world market for operating tables offers a wide range of systems, from the simplest with fixed support and only three sections, to the most complex, with mobile and 8-9 sections electrically or hydraulically actuated through panels with direct commands or by remote control (usually with RI). These surgical tables are generally targeted at a specific pathology (traumatology, gynecology, orthopedics etc.), only the most complex is truly versatile.
Making such devices and accessories performing surgery would allow the operator to be more secure and to avoid the appearance of numerous and postoperative intraoperator complications, with direct implications on the growth of the medical quality and improve health of the population.
variable pressure and bearers of soft materials, with a high degree of movement, allowing position adjustment according to the individual look and avoids the appearance of decubit lesions during prolonged surgery intervention.
2. OPPORTUNITIES
a. b. c. Equipping hospitals, university clinics and other health network, including the recovery; The priority is the surgical area, specific to the surgery rooms in hospitals or specialized clinics; The product is a multifunctional surgical table covered entire spectrum of surgery, the table can be equipped with accessories necessary for each type of intervention; Equipment which will come within the surgical devices may be developed as separate products, with high performance.
4. REQUIRMENTS
The multifunctional surgical table must to perform the following conditions: To be safe, performance and reliable; To include a wide range of accessories; To include a number of detachable components, that can allow the positioning of the patient in the optimal position to achieve surgical complex or multidisciplinary teams; To ensure a proper positioning of the patient and to the operators team for achieving the different surgical techniques; Provide an additional access to the used equipment during surgery; Provide the access to the X-ray on the full length table, necessary for carrying out different intraoperator explorations; Have in its support for X-ray cassette; To be radiotransparence in order to allow the passage of X rays; To allow the longitudinal arrangement of the upper part of the table up to 25 cm for the optimal use of X-ray amplifier; To allow for any type of surgery; To have the opportunity to annex additional devices (supports for instruments with fixed position, additional light sources, devices for members or spine elongation); for this purpose should be provided with special seats for fixing these devices, located on its sides; Be made by a material with low hardness, which follow physiological curvature; To contain the cushion of air or liquid with variable pressure in order to avoid the appearance of decubit lesions during prolonged surgical interventions; To allow a high degree of freedom of movement; The cushions should be removable, waterproof and antistatic; The area and profiles of the surgical table should be fine, smooth in order to optimize the cleaning and disinfection of the entire operation table; The support for head should be detachable to have servo attended dual regulation and compensation for integrated weight; The support for shoulders and back should be servo attended adjustable and to allow the balancing and wheelwright; 16
d.
3. ARGUMENTS
The need to equip hospital units, medical practices, university medical centers, field units (mobile) etc.; The large number of potential users around the world and especially in our country for such devices / systems could be both an extremely valuable, even critical, to increase the life quality; In Romania, at the moment, is not any type of surgical table with minimum function corresponding of surgery; The scientific and technical fields remarkable in electronics, informatics and robotics (especially about the last two decades), are also possible and increasingly necessary, the execution of some devices / surgical systems, highly complex, performance and miniaturized; Reducing the high social costs (and increasing in civilized countries), related to the accidents during surgical processes and the reduction of the medical staff efforts (surgeon, nurses etc.) before, during and after completion of surgery; Solving the urgencies, complex cases, thus avoiding the seriated interventions, with the loss of important time in terms of urgency and avoiding the multiple anesthetic - surgery aggression; Facilitating the surgery interventions in multidisciplinary teams; Increased the operator comfort, through the possibility of patient positioning and devices as needed, but also for the patient by characteristics table, made from a material with low hardness, which follow physiological curvature, with cushion of air / liquid, with

The middle portion of the table must contain elevators for optimal positioning of the patient; To include support for decubit lateral position (right/left); To have detachable support for pelvicpodal legs, with servo attended adjustable, allowing balance and turning for the thighs for patient positioning in gynecology position; The supports should be made of a solid material, but soft in order to avoid the decubit injury during prolonged surgical interventions; The supports must have a high degree of freedom to be adapted according to individual physical particulars of the patients; To include a silicon metal frame that can be positioned the upper members; To contain seats that allow the attachment of various devices for surgical interventions (for example the Mayfield cradle, the sterol station cradle etc..) in the previous table; To have three elastic belts for fixing the patient by table, with mobile position (chest, abdominal and pelvic), required for surgery interventions which required extreme positions; To include a hydraulic pump for positions up, down and sideways, which can be handled by the foot of the surgeon as needed (optional); Have a pre-selection for positions up, down and sideways (optional); To have a remote control with batteries for electro-hydraulic adjustment the movements in combination with the preselector; Have a good maneuverability in order to allow an easy movement of the table and the patient in the operating room or beyond; To have 4- mobile double wheel, antistatic, with caps against liquids (optional); To have an auxiliary wheel for precise movements (optional); Wheels must be able to lock; To have a pedal with three positions for ahead straight, free rotation motions and central brake;
5. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The main objective of the research project was developing an integrated concept of surgical devices and multifunctional accesories, and a surgical table, to ensure the comfort and performance in terms of safety for the patient, and to ensure also the comfort of the operator. This device will find application in all branches of surgery, but more in neurochirurgical for two reasons: 1. Neurosurgical interventions have a long development (up to 8-10 hours), while the
patient is kept in the same position. It must be a comfortable surgery table, to assure an uniform distribution of the mechanic pressure exerted on the tegument, an electronic monitoring and continuous recording of vital parameters and storing them for further interpretation; in this way it may prevent such injuries that can occur (peripheral paresis, ischemia of the limbs, etc.). 2. The need to change the position of various segments of the table or in whole, in order to better view the lesion intraoperator microscope. This involves the achievement of an automatized surgical table, with more degrees of freedom and with the possibility of manipulation by verbal command performed by the surgeon during surgery. Specific to the neurosurgical interventions, the surgical table should have a special retainer for a proper positioning of the head and set to cephalic extremity during surgery. Also should have, in addition, the possibility of rotation of the head to the verbal command of the operator, which would facility the surgery intervention with a better view of lesion in the operator field. The resulted surgical table as experimental model and proposed to be in manufacturing it falls into the category of multifunctional tables, being composed of 8 sections which are electro mechanic and manually actuated and could perform a wide range of movements. The column of supporting the surgical table is actuated by a microprocessor and is mounted on a metal base with calculated dimensions and mass so as to ensure the optimal system stability. Both the central column and the support base are made of stainless steel. The central column contains inside all the functional elements needed to positioning the surgery table (mechanical and electronic circuits, batteries, transformer, rectifier, etc.). All the movements of the table leg are coordinated by a microprocessor and are assured of electromotive protected against the production of sparks because of the working environment rich in gas and volatile liquids substances. The foot of the surgery table is protected from infiltrations of liquids, primarily due to its need for daily disinfection solutions in terms of active biologically. The table leg degrees of freedom in motion surgery include: - horizontal lateral transfer; - horizontal rotation; - vertical extension. The surgical table (experimental model), being designed modular, can be easily adapted to various surgical functions and / or appropriate treatment of specific health; it can develop a family of surgical tables from simple functions to multipurpose, while surgical table may be equipped with various devices and accessories, intelligent and strictly 17
functional. It pursues to equip the surgical table with control systems, including voice command. He deserves to be submitted to resolve, through the concept developed, the following issues: - Preventing the intraoperator complications that can occur as a consequence of particular neurosurgical interventions. One of the objectives is to monitor the mechanical pressure that occurs at the contact surface of body with surgical table; - Equipping the surgery table with a recording system of different parameters of the patient to be stored and post operator analyzed; - The need for movement in various plans of the table, during surgery, in order to obtain an adequate exposure of the interest area in operator microscopic field. The main operator, depending on the image of the operator microscopic, decides the time and the magnitude of the table movement. The development of a verbal command system would allow a greater operator comfort for surgeon; - Establish a system of fixing the extremity cephalic, with the possibility of controlled movement to the head rotation is another goal; achieving this would allow the full access to the operator field, without needing the permanent movement of the microscop during neurosurgical intervention. The surgical table, modular designed and adapted for various surgical accessories specific to the medical act, is equipped with the table itself equipped to assist the patient and table leg; both systems are operated independently, with possibilities of moving vertical and horizontal, and inclination of the various modules.
Fig. 1. Experimental model
Fig. 2. Table horizontally positioned
6. EXPERIMENTAL MODEL
Technological characteristics: max. height / / min. height: 1060 / 670 mm; length x width: 1890 x 530 mm; maximum payload: 300 kg; Functional characteristics: The degrees of freedom in moving the surgical table leg include: - back lifting /moving down (O3): +80/ -45, - (X) head lifting /moving down (O4): +90/-90, - legs lifting /moving down (O5): +15/ -70, - (X)legs farness (O6) 0 / +60, - head lifting/moving, - downadditional (O7): +90/ -90.
Fig. 3. Table longitudinal inclined+350
Fig. 4. Inclined table for kidney intervention TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 18
Fig. 5. Antitrendelenburg (the organ tackle from supramezocolicstage
Fig. 8. Shoulders supports adapted on the surgical table (ex.: MAQUET Germany)
Fig. 6. Gynecology /urology
Fig. 9. Foot supports adapted on the surgical table (ex.: MAQUET Germany) Fig. 7. Percutanat nefrolitopexie Other general characteristics: Automated: the material which is formed must provide the following qualities: slight, easy to clean (the edges rounded, component parts with simple design) & radiotransparence (carbon fiber) Consists of segments, modular. Extensible. Allowes the exertion of an uniform pressure Pillows (foam): radiotransparences, with absorbition resistance, thermal insulation, 19

electrical insulators, sterilized, disinfected, with uniform pressure Allowes the sliding the mobile apparatus Xray C-arm type: (except in the place to be fixed the column support) with maximum areas of interest: Center yead, Cervical, Chest column & Lumbar column Allowes the insertion and fixation of X-ray cassettes Thermic isolated (allowes electric recording and stimulations) Verbal command Flexibility (degrees of freedom).
9. CONCLUSIONS
The project area is the surgical activities specific to the surgery rooms in hospitals or specialized clinics. The product is a multifunctional surgical table that covers the entire spectrum of surgery, can be equipped with accessories necessary for each type of intervention. A series of equipment that will come within the surgical devices may be developed as separate products, with high performance.
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
[1] Project CHINTEH Contract 191/2006 developed between 2006-2008 within CEEX National Program Viasan. For more information, please see http://www.ictcm.ro/Ceex2006/CHINTEH/index.html [2] Dubey G.K., Doradla S.R., Joshi A., Sinha R.M.K., Thyristorised Power Controllers, Willey Eastern, 1986; [3] Dubey G.K., Power Semiconductor Controlled Drives, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989; [4] Fransua Al., Mgureanu R. Electrical actuation and machines,. Tehnical Editure, 1986.
7. AREAS OF USE
A representative field of use is neurosurgery which is interested to develop some devices for increasingly more complex for fixing the head in various positions required by the different types of operators. These are just a few examples, taken from neurosurgery, but the applications of these multifunctional intelligent devices and accessories could satisfy requirements more comprehensive given by directions specific to the medical surgery. Other areas of use: general surgery, gynecologyurology, orthopedics, traumatology, cardiology, dentistry, etc., with patient positioning.
8. DEVICES AND ACCESORIES OF THE SURGICAL TABLES

The multifunctional intelligent devices and accessories are to solve some of the additional requirements of the medical process and patient and operator comfort, representing an adaptation of medical equipment and an extension of its functions. Equipped with sensors and operated in order (part one) they ensure a high quality of the medical process and confers its accuracy, precision, safety, security etc. Are multifunctional and intelligent, answering directly to the operator desire and providing the field and the necessary conditions for the development of the medical process. In some cases, the intelligence are dominate and the functions area are strictly delimiting them being specialized. Collect information from the intervention and, depending on the results of analysis, may be redesigned or adapted accordingly.
20
SYSTEM FOR DATA AQUISITION AND ANALYSIS OF THE KINEMATICS OF THE GAIT FOR THE COMAND OF A ROBOTIZED ORTHOTIC SUIT
F. Alexiuc1, V. Avramescu2, G. Onose3, L.T. Paun4, R. M. Nita5, C.H. Orasanu6, R. Grejdanescu7, C. N. Nicolau8, A. M. Croitoru9, R. S. Craciunoiu10
1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering And Research Institute SA, Bucharest, Romania falexiuc@ictcm.ro, vavramescu@ictcm.ro, lpaun@ictcm.ro, raluca@ictcm.ro, corasanu@ictcm.ro, groxana@ictcm.ro, cnicolau@ictcm.ro, aconstantinescu@ictcm.ro, rcraciunoiu@ictcm.ro 3 Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, geluonose@clicknet.ro
REZUMAT Cercetrile efectuate n cadrul proiectului Sistem informatic bazat pe achizitie date si metode avansate de decizie in timp real pentru comanda si controlul unui costum ortetic robotizat pentru asistarea persoanelor cu disabilitati ale aparatului locomotor urmaresc realizarea unui software pentru achizitia datelor in timp real si luarea deciziilor pentru mentinerea ortostatismului si a echilibrului. Proiectul este realizat de un consortiu format din SC ICTCM SA, Spitalul Clinic de Urgenta Bagdasar-Arseni, UPBCTANM, SC Neuron SRL si Tehnicom3D-ing SRL. In prima etapa a proiectului au fost achizitionate datele de miscare si anume: achizitia semnalelor analogice furnizate de potentiometrele amplasate in articulatiile costumului ortetic robotizat si achizitia semnalelor analogice furnizate de senzori de presiune amplasati pe talpa. Sistemul de achizitie date realizat poate fi utilizat in clinicile de kinetoterapie pentru evaluarea si recuperarea medicala a pacientilor. In cea de-a doua etapa se are in vedere simularea comportarii costumului ortetic robotizat in mediul virtual pentru a se studia comportarea costumului ortetic robotizat si a subiectului uman in vederea gasirea elementelor hardware si software care sa asigure desfasurarea in siguranta a miscarilor de ridicare-coborare, ortostatism, mers si echilibru, reactie la factori perturbatori etc. ABSTRACT The researches which were made in the project Informatics system based on data acquisition and advanced decision in real time methods for the command and control of an robotized orthotic suit in order to assist the persons with locomotors disabilities, follow the achievement of a software for the data acquisition, in real time, and also the decisions making for keeping the orthostatism and the equilibrium. The project was developed by a consortium formed by SC ICTCM SA, Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, UPB-CTANM, SC Neuron SRL and Tehnicom 3D-ING SRL. In the first stage of the project there were achieved the data related to motion: the acquisition of the analogical signals provided by the potentiometers displaced in the robotized orthotic suits joints and the acquisition of the signals provided by the pressure sensors displaced on the base of the foot. The data acquisition system can be used in the kinetotheraphy clinics in order to evaluate and medical recovery of the patients. In the second stage there is considered the simulation of the behaviour of the robotized orthotic suit in the virtual medium in order to study the behaviour of the orthotic suit and of the human subject in order to find the hardware and software elements which should assure the safety development of the ascension/descent movements, orthostatism, gait and equilibrium, reaction to the perturbing factors, etc. CUVINTE CHEIE: dizabilitati neuro-locomotorii / cardio-respiratorii, costum ortetic robotizat, orteze, kinetoterapie, ortostatism KEYWORDS: neuro-locomotors/cardio-respiratory disabilities, robotized orthotic suit, orthosis, kinetotheraphy, orthostatism
21
1. INTRODUCTION
In the world there are several categories of persons with disabilities at locomotory level: paralyzed people at lower level, old persons with polidisabilities (neuromyo-artro-kinetic, cardiovascular etc.). These persons may not be prothesed (because they do not have my legs which were cut off), and to help them, there would be required orthosis (devices which "dress" the sick members) able to pick up sick people, to keep the orthostatism and to "walk" maintaining the equilibrium. According to statistics of the National Agency of Persons with Disabilities, on 30 November 2005, compared to the total number of persons with disabilities, the number of people integrated in the socio-economic context is very small. Therefore, we consider that the achievement of some assistive complex orthotic devices could be good from all points of view for many people with physical and somatic disabilities (in total over 125000 people), representing an extremely valuable, even crucial method, for increase the quality of life and at the same time, an important way of reducing the pressure of the high costs of medical and social care related to budgets on health.
The orthosis is 6.5 kg, it can be easily "shoed" and it is formed by a motor, computer, motion sensors and a Lithium Ion battery. The achieved orthosis is not meant for people with severe disabilities of the locomotors system (such as paralyzed people), because it does not maintain the equilibrum, but only "help" the muscle, as was said at the HONDA "a walking assistant which "make easily the gait stress.
3. TENDENCIES IN ROMANIA
In Romania, the researchs in this area began in 2004 at SC ICTCM SA in collaboration with SC ICPE SA, UPB-Optimum, SC TEHNICOM SRL, The "C-tin Popovici Foundation, SC INCDMF SA, SC CERTEX SA, Bagdasar -Arseni Emergency Clinic Hospital, in RELANSIN Program, for the achievements of components of a robotic orthotic suit. In 2005 in the framework of CEEX there were made: modular structures of the mechatronic orthotic device, the equipment to compensate the weight and to recovery of energy, optimized solutions for action and power supply of the orthotic devices modules, the textile structure for the interface with the contact skin areas of the assisted person, equipment to improve the circulation of lymphatic-venous return during walking. In 2007 in the "Partnerships in Priority Areas" Program, it has been accepted to finance the project "Informatics system based on data acquisition and advanced decision in real time methods for the command and control of an robotized orthotic suit in order to assist the persons with locomotors disabilities in order to achieve a software for data acquisition in real time and for making the decisions for maintaining the orthostatism and equilibrium during movement as: ascending/descending and walking. The project was developed by a consortium composed of SC ICTCM SA, UPB-CTANM, SC NEURON SRL, TEHNICOM3D-ing SRL, BagdasarArseni Emergency Clinic Hospital.
2. TENDENTIES AT WORLD WIDE LEVEL

Remarkable scientific advances, especially in areas as: recovery / posturology / assistive an recovery medical technologies, robotics, cybernetics and multifunctional materials, have between the objectives and in the same time, the main appliance directions, the area to assist / recovery for people with severe disabilities at apparatus: neuro-myoartro-kinetic, circulatory and / or respiratory. This objective becomes possible by carrying and using of devices / systems, advanced and miniaturized and which can functionally replace the deficit of sensitivity and neuro-motor control, central and peripheral and / or the capacity of the circulatory and respiratory apparatus, to support bio logistic the somatic muscles during the current efforts of ortostatism and gait. Although at worldwide level there are many researches to achieve this goal, biped robots with performing orthostatism, walking, active equilibrium and asset cvasi identical with the human ones or exoskeleton to amplify the forces of valid persons, until now there is not any functional robotic orthosis for the lower level. In November 2008, after 9 years of research, in firm HONDA (Japan), was designed a robotic orthosis which seems to solve some of the problems.
4. DATA AQUISITION SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS OF THE KINEMATICS OF THE GAIT IN OREDER TO COMAND A ROBOTIZED ORTHOTIC SUIT
In large lines, the algorithm which must be the base for the learning process of the gait, there is presented in the fig. 1. The first stage of the process of learning is the acquisition of movement: the acquisition of analogue signals provided by the potentiometers located in robotized orthotic suits joints (designed by system ICTCM) (fig.2) and the acquisition of analogue 22
signals provided by pressure sensors placed on the base of foot (system achieved by SC NEURON SRL). Through data acquisition system (sensors, data acquisition board NI USB-6225, LabVIEW) and the program "Write Data in file.vi, data are stored in data files. For data analysis and processing, there was done the program "Read data.vi" (fig.3). The program shows both a global image of the signals provided by the potentiometers which are located in the robotized orthotic suits joints and the possibility of viewing each joint separately. Developed data acquisition system can be used in clinics of kinetotherapy for medical assessment and recovery of patients. To have a qualitative picture of movement and in order to analyze and simulate the pattern of movement which will be transmitted in the final to the drive motors of the orthotic suits segments, it was made the program 2D viewing of legs moving (Fig.4). With this program the acquired data are viewed on a "virtual patient". The two articulated structures, representing the legs, can be scaled to the anatomical dimensions of the subject with the cursors: femur length, tibia length, maleola length. The 2 structures may be delayed or superimposed to analyze the movement. They can be delayed the movements to follow the angles or to observe the moments when the patient's movement is different than normal.
In this phase, the data acquired on the human subject will be refined so that the movements are smooth and uniform. Follow the isolation of a motion sequences that by rehearsal reproduces the continue movement and the conversion of data in the comand program of the motors that actuate the orthosis. In the next phases of the project, the simulations, from kinematics point of view, will be filled with dynamic simulations to achieve the maintenance of orthostatism, of equilibrium during walking and recovery in case of imbalance. With the ADAMS and LifeMOD software there will be made dynamic simulations of all humanrobotized orthotic suit assembly for determining the forces and torques necessary to achieve, in terms of safety, the walking and equilibrium. Also, in collaboration with the Bagdasar-Arseni Emergency Hospital, the researches in the field of data acquisition will be supplemented by systems for non invasive capture of the signals sent by the brain, by their filtering and their usage for the command of a robotized orthotic suit.
5. RESULTS. IMEDIATE RESULTS

As shown in fig.1, the next stage of data acquisition and data analysis is to simulate the behaviour of the robotized orthotic suit achieved in a virtual environment. Previously processed motion data are transmitted to a 3D model to study in virtual the behaviour of the robotized orthotic suit and of the human subject in order to find the hardware and software elements which have to assure the safe development of the movements: ascending/ descending, orthostatism, walking and equilibrium, reaction at perturbing factors.
Figure 2. Data acquisition system for robotized orthotic suit
CONCLUSIONS
The project developed at ICTCM in collaboration with SCUBA and other partners, is intended to improve quality of life of persons with disabilities at the locomotors apparatus. The ultimate aim of the project, which contains the presented system of data acquisition, is to achieve an autonomous system for command and control a robotized orthotic suit to assist/recovery the orthostatism and walking at people with neurological disabilities of the locomotive.
Figure 1. The algorithm of the gait learning process TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 23
The development and the application in the future of the results of this project will be for the approximately 40,000 patients with severe paralysis from our country - as well as for several million such patients in the world - a decisive factor for the huge increase of their quality of life and also for beneficial scientific collaboration in specific international programs. Due to the particularities of the project, the research results that will be developed are mainly of social nature (in the sense that they will recover, in the future, for society, a large number of people considered "low") and economic (for the retarded person who became from "maintained by the budget" a person who can work according to his own possibilities and preparation). The solving of the problems related to gait will bring a rich experience for the participants in the project, including for young engineers and research teams of partners in the project, this experience can be used for solving other problems of disability, also opening the possibility of international cooperation.
3M Ultra Hard Metric (UHM) Connector for Compact PCI PICMG 2.30 Applications 3M now offers a new fully shielded socket connector in the Ultra Hard Metric (UHM) series that is anticipated to conform to the shielded J2 connector requirements specified in a new CompactPCI standard specified in PICMG 2.30. The 3M UHM connector that conforms to the PICMG 2.30 draft standard is: Tech Part Description Part Number Sheet Fully Shielded 2 mm Hard UHMTSMetric B style Right Angle S110B32284 Socket 5AP1-TG30 The UHM-S110B3-5AP1-TG30 connector is intended to be specifically designed for PICMG 2.30 applications. The PICMG 2.30 CompactPCI draft standard is a next generation standard intended to seamlessly provide support for high speed serial IO such as PCI Express, SAS/SATA, Gigabit Ethernet, USB while leveraging end users existing investment in 3U and 6U CompactPCI computing platforms defined under an earlier standard defined under PICMG 2.16 Market Segments/Customer Applications. Market Segments/Customer Applications - Embedded Computing - Industrial Control & Factory Automation - Medical - Communications - Military Computing Summary of Key Features and Benefits - Expected to conform to PICMG 2.30 shielded J2 connector requirements; - High-speed socket connector more than 7 Gbps performance even when used with standard unshielded Hard Metric (HM) headers (from 3M or competition); - Full shielding of signals or signal pairs minimizes crosstalk; - 2 mm pitch offers intermateability and PCB footprint compatibility with standard HM designs leverages existing investment; - High signal density 63 signals per linear inch for the 5-row - optimizes PCB space; - Unique dual beam contact design for high reliability. RoHS* compliant with press-fit exemption The 3M UHM-S110B3-5AP1-TG30 connector is expected to conform to the shielded J2 connector defined for the System Slot in Compact PCI embedded computing systems defined under the PICMG 2.30 draft standard. (source: http://dkc1.digikey.com/us/en/ph/mkt/uhm.html) 24
REFERENCES
[1] Onose G., Cardei V., Avramescu V., Craciunoiu S.T., Dogariu C., Consideratii privind realizarea unui system ortetic robotizat pentru asistarea persoanelor cu disabilitati neuro-locomotorii./Considertations regarding the achievement of a robotized orthotic suit in order to assist the persons with neuro-locomotory disabilities, Ecologie Industriala/Industrial Ecology, No. 3-4 / 2004; [2] Project SICCCOR, contract 11-075/2007, 2007-2011, opened.
Quick Info 3M Ultra Hard Metric (UHM) Products 3M now offers a fully shielded socket connector in the Ultra Hard Metric (UHM) series that conforms to the shielded J2 connector requirements specified in the new draft CompactPCI(r) standard PICMG 2.30. This connector is fully matable to 2mm HM IEC 61076-4-101 headers. - Ultra Hard Metric (UHM) Connector - Ultra Hard Metric (UHM) Backplane Socket Connector - Other High Speed Products
INTEGRATED CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A WHEELCHAIR, MADE BY THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME COMPONENTS THAT ARE PART OF ITS STRUCTURE
Grigore Stanca1, C.Dumitru2, C.H. Orasanu3, V. Avramescu4, G. Onose5 , L. Paun6 , R. Grejdanescu7 , R.M. Nita8 , R.S. Craciunoiu9 , I. Dimache10 SC ICTCM - Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute SA,Bucharest, Romania vavramescu@ictcm.ro, corasanu@ictcm.ro, lpaun@ictcm.ro, groxana@ictcm.ro, raluca@ictcm.ro, rcraciunoiu@ictcm.ro, idimache@ictcm.ro 5 Bagdasar-Arseni Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, geluonose@clicknet.ro
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10
REZUMAT
Cercetrile efectuate n acest proiect au avut ca obiectiv principal dezvoltarea conceptuala a unor modele integrate, complexe, performante de echipamente complexe care sa raspunda necesitatilor persoanelor cu grad sever de dizabilitate in scopul reducerii impactului psihologic al acestora si integrrii lor socioeconomice, in general prin asigurarea unui transport independent si realizarea de modele experimentale ale unor scaune rulante, manuale sau actionate electric, cu structuri modulare, flexibile, cu grad mare de adaptabilitate. Pe baza modelelor conceptuale se poate dezvolta in viitor o gama diversificata de astfel de echipamente, cu functiuni simple sau complexe, manuale sau actionate, fixe, pliabile, cu accesorii speciale, cu posibilitati de adaptare a lor functie de gradul de dizabilitate, in scopul asigurarii deplasarii sigure a persoanelor cu deficiente neuro-locomotoare.
ABSTRACT
The researches made in this project had as main objective the conceptual development of some integrated, complex, competitive models of complex equipments which to carry out the problems of the persons with a high degree of disabilitation for reducing their psychological impact and for their socio-economic integration, in general by offering them a means of independent transportation and the realization of the experimental models of some wheel chairs, that are hand power or electric power, with modular and flexible structures, with a high degree of flexibility. Based on the conceptual models can be developed in the future a wide range of similar equipments, with simple or complex functions, hand power or driven by other means, fix, foldable, with special accessories, with flexibility possibilities according to the disabilitation degree, for offering safety to the persons with neuro-kinetic deficiencies.
Cuvinte cheie: dizabilitati neuro-locomotorii / cardio-respiratorii, scaun cu rotile, stand-up

wheelchair, stand-up power wheelchair, echipamente pentru transportul independent al persoanelor cu grad sever de disabilitate
Key words: disabilites neuro-locomotor / cardio-breathing, wheelchair, stand-up wheelchair stand-up power wheelchair, equipment for independent transportation of persons with a high degree of disabilitation
in next 20 years, especially in highly-developed contries which are most demographic grown old. First consequence of these demographic phenomena is the full growth in number as in weight of Elders share(over 60-65 years) from the entire great elders group, in many cases over 80 y.o.; this population is closing today to a fifth, in many demographic category due to its ample polipathology countries, including Romania, and an world scale and high level of polidisabilities (neuro-mio-artroforeseeing estimates that elders will grow to 25 % kinetic, cardiovascular, respiratory, sensorial) has maximum potential of benefitiating from those 25 TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009
1. INTRODUCTION
complex equipments which maintain functional authonomy, implicit life quality, no less than diminishing the costs assembly due to medical and social elder assistance, costs which should consume an oversized share of their resources. Other locomotory deficiencies category is the paralysis-generated one, meaning temporarily or permanently neurological control abolition over somatic and / or vegetative organism territory. Medium age for this kind of traumatisms is 33,4 years, medium value is 26, and so the overwhelming majority of para- and tetraplegic patients is constituted from(very) young people, situated at the very start of their professional and social productive life, this fact having a devastating psychological, family, professional and socioeconomical impact. Taking in consideration these issues, the conceptual models developed had in view new conceptual solutions and specific modification of some classic components that are part of the wheel chair so as to create mobility, safety, accessibility and comfort taking in consideration that the patient need this mean of transportation, to increase his level of personal independence.
2. OPPORTUNITIES
a. The group of great elders group, in many cases over 80 y.o.; this demographic category due to its ample polipathology and high level of polidisabilities (neuro-mio-artro-kinetic, cardiovascular, respiratory, sensorial) has maximum potential of benefitiating from those complex equipments which maintain functional authonomy, implicit life quality, no less than diminishing the costs assembly due to medical and social elder assistance, costs which should consume an oversized share of their resources; The group of paralysis-generated one, meaning temporarily or permanently neurological control abolition over somatic and / or vegetative organism territory, constituted from(very) young people, situated at the very start of their professional and social productive life, this fact having a devastating psichological, family, professional and socioeconomical impact. The increasing of the life quality respectively for 40.000 para- and tetraplegic plus hemiplegic Romanian patients; Part equipments that can be developed also like independent parts, with high performances.
b.
c. d.
3. ARGUMENTS
The necessity of assistance and / or recovery orthostatic and walking for severely disabilitated elders and cardio respiratory
insuficiency and / or neuro-kinetic hard deficiencies patients, which still keep total or partial nervous control on lower limbs; in these cases the equipments main goal is to compensate orthostatic selfmaintaining and walking capability, The necessity of assistance and / or recovery orthostatic and walking for people having locomotory apparatus paralysis, no longer maintaining nervous control on voluntary movement of its various parts; different equipments modules will be commanded by a complex control system based on a programme series selected by patient, depending on or / and by direct picking and processing of biosignals he emitted. The necessity of the realization of some multipurpose equipments that can be developed in the future like some complex equipment, allowing disabilitated patients movement in various situations: escalating stairs, climbing into the transport vehicles, vertical chair adjustment, goning up and down from public transportation system, going around obstacles. The high number of potential users around the world, and especially those from our country for who these equipments could be, in the same time, a very important way for increasing their life quality. The opportunities for important scientific and technical progresses from the electronic area, informatics area and robotic area (especially in the last two decads), make possible and in the same time necessary, the realization of some very complex equipments, that have high performances and miniaturization; To reduce the social cost that are very high (and continue to increase in civilized countries) for social-professional integration of the affected persons; To increase the comfort and safety of the patient; in Romania is not made a similar equipment of transportation which to allow the safety movement of the persons with locomotory problems; these devices dont allow ortostatism and going from suspended, passive or only on band not on real area not being in this way a solution for the problem; The anthropoid robotics recorded, in the last three years, impressive progresses in known centres from developed countries (Japan, USA, Germany), finally succeeded to realize biped robots having almost human-like performances in orthostatism, walking, active balance and straightenings. They even realized robotic orthesis which allow walking to disabilitated person, although not aesthetics and quite incomfortable for user(large dimensions and weights for drives, incomfortable equipment annexes, low energetic authonomy etc.) 26
4. REQUIREMENTS
To be made of easy structure: aluminium, composite, etc.; The wheel chair structure allow its modulation for offering the possibility of different groups of patients to use it; Easy movement without risks or areas of jam of the wheel chair structure compoentes; Safety of the system for fixing the wheel chair structure components; To allow the wheel chair folding for reducing its dimensions for transportation; To allow the placement of the lifting devices for changing the wheels. To allow lifting of the wheel chair and of the persons from wheel chair for going through narrow places; The lifting device must be part of the hand power wheel chair structure.
of some components of the structure like: electric power wheelchair structure, vertical lifting device, driving detachable wheels.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Based on the studies made by the consortium partners was elaborated a technical synthesis stadium and it was made the design, the manufacturing and the experimentation of a integrated conceptual model of a wheelchair, by the manufacturing of some components that are part of the wheelchair structure, like: - Wheelchair structure, - Wheelchair lifting device and solutions for actuation, - Detachable wheels. - The structure is made of composite materials (modular structure): - Allows the wheelchair folding and unfolding for weight decreasing, - Allows the emplacement of the wheelchair lifting elements for detaching the wheels, - Allows the emplacement of some damping elements that take the shocks during moving, - The using of some dimensions that allow the overall size adjustment.
5. GENERAL PRESENTATION
The experimental models of wheel chairs offer safety, mobility, accessibility and comfort taking in consideration that the patient need the wheel hair every day, increasing the level of personal autonomy. Are developed two conceptual models: Integrated conceptual model of a hand power wheel chair materialized by the realization of some components of the structure like: hand power wheel chair structure, lifting device and ways of driving, detachable wheels. The structure of the wheel chair is made of composite materials (flexible) and allows: The folding of the wheel chair for reducing the weight; The placement of the lifting elements for changing the wheels; The placement of some damping elements; The lifting device is a new element that allows the wheelchair lifting for detaching the wheels, for crossing the narrow places. The lifting device is a part of the wheelchair structure and is made of: bolt and nut and telescopic bar, being mounted in the wheelchair structure in the back part, having as function the lifting of the wheelchair and of the patient that use the wheelchair. The detachable wheels of the wheelchair allow the wheelchair to pass the narrow places. The function of the detachable wheel is to drive the wheelchair by manual power and to create the possibility of disassembly by the person that is in the wheelchair after the wheelchair was lift by the lifting device. Integrated conceptual model of the electric power wheel chair materialized by realization
Fig. 1 - Wheelchair prototype The lifting device is a new element that allows the wheelchair lifting for detaching the wheels, for crossing the narrow places.
Fig. 2 - Lifting device
Fig. 3 - Lifting device detail view 27
The lifting device is a part of the wheelchair structure and is made of: DC electric engine, Bolt and nut, Telescopic bar. It is mounted in the wheelchair structure in the back part, having as function the lifting of the wheelchair and of the patient that use the wheelchair.
3. CONCLUSIONS
The researches made in this project had as main objective the conceptual development of some integrated, complex, competitive models of complex equipments which to carry out the problems of the persons with a high degree of disabilitation for reducing their psychological impact and for their socio-economic integration, in general by offering them a means of independent transportation and the realization of the experimental models of some wheel chairs, that are hand power or electric power, with modular and flexible structures, with a high degree of flexibility. The experimental models of the components and the wheelchair are the realization of the projects elaborated and had as main target the realization of a way of transport design for persons with disabilities. The components that are part of the electric and hand power wheelchair can be developed as individual products with high performances, being able to be used to the realization of new products for persons with disabilities. Based on the conceptual models can be developed in the future a wide range of similar equipments, with simple or complex functions, hand power or driven by other means, fix, foldable, with special accessories, with flexibility possibilities according to the disabilitation degree, for offering safety to the persons with neuro-kinetic deficiencies.
Fig. 5 - Detachable wheel with hand power
Fig. 6 - Detachable driving wheel
The detachable wheels of the wheelchair allow the wheelchair to pass the narrow places. The wheel felly of made of a special bearing that carry out the demands of exploitation, speed, easy disassembly of the wheel by the persons that is in the wheelchair. The function of the detachable wheel is to drive the wheelchair by manual and electric power and to create the possibility of disassembly by the person that is in the wheelchair after the wheelchair was lift by the lifting device. The wheel can be disassembly from the wheelchair structure. Main characteristics: - Total width of the wheelchair (with the wheels on the wheelchair) 660 mm; - The height of the seat area in regard to the ground 450 mm; - Total height of the wheelchair 920 mm; - Wheels diameter 560 mm; - Wheelchair width (with wheels detached and hand break assembly swing over) 480 mm; - Total lift of the lifting device c = 65 mm; - Total lift of the wheelchair cr = 20 mm; - Total length of the wheelchair L = 1090 mm; - The diameter of the swivel front wheel Dpiv = 140 mm; - The diameter of the oscillatory posterior wheel Dosc = 100 mm;
REFERENCES
[1] Project DITEH Contract 191/2006 developed between 2006-2008 within CEEX National Program Viasan. For more information, please see http://www.ictcm.ro/Ceex2006/diteh/index.html [2] Dubey G.K., Power Semiconductor Controlled Drives, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989; [3] Fransua Al., Mgureanu R. Maini i acionri electrice, Ed. Tehnic, 1986; [4] Nvrpescu V., Popescu M., Covrig M., Acionri Electrice de Curent Continuu, Ed. ICPE 1999.
28
METODE MODERNE DE STUDIU A NANOCOMPOZITELOR

Carmen Rducanu, Gabriela Diacov, Dumitru Buc, Roxana Neagu, Mihaela Hricu SC ICTCM Institutul de Cercetare si Proiectare Tehnologica pentru Constructia de Masini SA Bucuresti, ROMANIA E-mail: carmen_radu88@yahoo.com REZUMAT Articolul ofer cele mai recente informaii privind sistemele de nalt rezoluie, microscopice. Au fost studiate mai multe metode cu privire la vizualizarea structurii nanocompozitelor electrodepuse: TEM (Microscopul electronic cu transmisie), SEM (Microscopul electronic cu scanare), AFM-( Microscopul de forta atomic), STM (Microscopia tunel cu baleiaj). Impreuna cu baz de date tehnice, de hrtie, de asemenea, prezinta imagini tipice pentru metodele de studiu implicate. ABSTRACT The paper offers the most recent information on high resolution microscopic systems. There have been studied several methods concerning the visualization of the structure of electrodeposisits nanocomposites: TEM (Transmision Electron Microscope), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), AFM- (Atomic Force Microscope), STM (Scanning Tunelling Microscope). Toghether with basic technical data, the paper also presents typical images for the involved studying methods. CUVINTE CHEIE: nanotehnologii, nanocompozite, difractie de raze X, spectroscopie de raze X, absorbtie atomica KEYWORDS: Nanotechnologies, nanocomposites, X-ray diffraction, X-ray spectroscopy, atomic absorption
1.
INTRODUCERE
Nanomaterialele cele mai noi materiale in voga la inceputul secolului XXI sunt acele materiale care se caracterizeaz prin dimensiuni foarte mici, nanometrice ale granulaiei. Structurile nanometrice nu numai c sunt foarte mici, ajungndu-se chiar pn la scara atomic, dar ele posed unele proprieti total deosebite i neateptate, n comparaie cu aceeai substan luat la nivel macroscopic. Caracterizarea nanomaterialelor se realizeaza cu ajutorul tehnicilor analitice moderne (microsonda electronica, microscop electronic, difractie de raze X, spectroscopie de emisie optica, spectroscopie de raze X, absorbtie atomica, etc.).
Exista ramuri ale industriei unde se impune folosirea unor materiale cu proprietati speciale, de aici apare necesitatea realizarii de noi materiale cu proprietati performante sau imbunatatirea celor existente. Deasemeni din punct de vedere ecologic se impune gasirea unor noi tipuri de materiale care sa incetineasca ritmul de consumare a rezervelor naturale ale Terrei. Domeniul nanotehnologiilor s-a impus ca domeniul cu cea mai mare actualitate, cu cea mai mare dinamica si cu un impact revolutionar asupra industriei si societatii pentru urmatoarele decenii. Nanotehnologiile permit intelegerea, controlarea si manipularea materiei la nivelul atomilor, moleculelor si al ciorchinilor de molecule cu dimensiuni pana la 100 diametre moleculare.
29
2.
TEHNICI MICROSCOPICE
- Microscopul electronic cu transmisie, cunoscut in literatura de specialitate sub prescurtarea de TEM (Transmision Electron Microscope). Microscopia electronic cu transmisie implica o raz de electroni la tensiune nalt emis de un catod, de regul filament de tungsten, i focalizat de lentile electrostatice i electromagnetice. Raza de electroni care a fost transmis printr-un specimen parial transparent pentru electroni transport informaie despre structura intern a specimenului n raza care ajunge la sistemul de formare a imaginii. Variaia spaial a acestei informaii ("imaginea") este apoi mrit de o serie de lentile electromagnetice pn cnd este nregistrat la coliziunea cu un ecran fluorescent, plac fotografic, sau senzor de lumin cum ar fi un senzor CCD. Imaginea detectat de CCD poate fi afiat n timp real pe un monitor sau transmis pe loc unui calculator. Rezoluia unui microscop electronic cu transmisie este limitat n principal de aberaia de sfericitate, dar o nou generaie de sisteme de corecie a aberaiilor a avut ca efect depirea parial a aberaiilor sferice i creterea rezoluiilor. Coreciile din software ale aberaiei de sfericitate pentru microscoapele electronice cu transmisie de nalt rezoluie a permis producerea unor imagini cu rezoluie suficient de bun pentru a evidenia atomi de carbon n diamante, aflai la distane de doar 0.89 ngstrmi (89 picometri) unii de alii i atomi din silicon la distane de 0.78 ngstrmi (78 picometri), mrind de 50 de milioane de ori.
a regim de formare a imaginii; b regim de microdifracie; 1 surs de electroni; 2 lentil-condensor; 3 obiect; 4 lentil-obiectiv; 5 diafragm colectoare; 6 lentil intermediar; 7 lentil de proiectare; 8 ecran fluorescent sau plac fotografic n TEM contrastul imaginii este condiionat de intensitatea undelor asociate electronilor reflectai conform legii lui Bragg, pe diferite sectoare ale probei-folie de studiu. Cu ajutorul diafragmei apertur a lentilei obiectiv electronii reflectai sunt re inu i i acestea nu particip la formarea imaginii. n acest caz imaginea este format numai de fasciculul direct i de electronii mprtiai neelastic la unghiuri mici. Aceast form de reprezentare a imaginii se nume te imagine n cmp luminos,iar contrastul prin difracie. Dac prin nclinaia sistemului de iluminare sau prin deplasarea respectiv a diafragmei apertur,fasciculul difractat (reflectat conform legii lui Bragg) este dirijat pe axa lentilei obiectiv, atunci imaginea obiectului va fi format de razele reflectate. A a form de reprezentare a imaginii se numete imagine n cmp ntunecat. Obinerea n TEM a imaginilor n cmp luminos i n cmp ntunecat se completeaz una pe alta i permite a judeca cu o mare certitudine despre microstructura obiectului studiat. n TEM poate fi obinut tabloul de difracie de la sectoarele mici ale obiectului microdifractograma. Pentru aceasta trebuie de micorat puterea optic a lentilei intermediare i de fcut posibil ca planul focal posterior al lentilei obiectiv s fie focalizat pe ecran. n acest caz pe ecran se va observa tabloul de difracie a electronilor de la sectorul translucid al probei, plasat n planul de formare a primei imagini intermediare ( fig.1 mersul razelor n TEM n regimul microdifraciei). Obinnd microdifractograma, se poate de legat particularitile structurii probei, evideniate pe microfotografie, cu cristalografia acesteia. Afar de aceasta, microdifractograma poate fi utilizat pentru identificarea fazelor n proba cu structur eterogen. Microscopul electronic cu scanare sau baleiere cunoscut in literatura de specialitate subprescurtarea de SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) microscopul electronic cu scanare[ produce imagini prin detecia electronilor secundari, cu energie sczut, emisi de pe suprafaa 30
Fig.1. Schema de principiu a microscopului electronic prin transmisie:
specimenului datorit excitrii acestuia de ctre raza principal de electroni. La interaciunea fasciculului de electroni cu proba - int apar numeroase efecte fizice care servesc ca surse de diverse tipuri de semnale. La ele se refer radiaia X, catodoluminiscena, electronii reflectai, absorbii, secundari, transmii i Auger, curentul indus de sonda electronic i tensiunea electromotoare indus de sarcin. Semnalele formate de detectoarele respective se amplific i se utilizeaz la dirijarea strlucirii ecranului tubului catodic (TC). Pentru fiecare punct al probei exist un punct pe ecranul l TC strlucirea cruia este condiionat de semnalul detectorului obinut ca rezultat al interaciei sondei electronice cu proba. Dac interac ia ar fi aceea i n toate punctele probei, atunci pe ecranul TC ar fi o strlucire uniform, n realitate, din cauza variaiei proprietilor locale ale probei, interacia fasciculului electronic n diferite locuri ale probei este diferit.Dac n dou puncte P 1 i P2 semnalul S este diferit dup valoare, atunci spunem c exist contrast ntre imaginile acestor puncte, iar msura contrastului este mrimea
C = S 1 S 2 / S med = S / S med ,
(1)
unde S1 i S2 sunt semnalele n punctele 1 i 2; Smed este nivelul semnalului mediat pentru toate punctele. Asupra caracterului de interacie al fascicului cu proba pot influena topografia, componena chimic, structura cristalin, cmpul electric i magnetic i alte proprieti ale probei. Deoarece caracterul de interacie variaz de la un punct la alt punct al suprafeei probei semnalele formate de detectori, prin urmare i strlucirea punctelor respective pe ecranul TC, de asemenea vor varia. Asupra formrii imaginii influeneaz fiecare semnal de interacie al electronilor cu proba. Aceste semnale n microscopia electronic cu baleiaj se utilizeaz pentru obinerea informaiei despre componena calitativ i cantitativ a substanei, despre proprietile fizice, fizico chimice i cristalochimice ale acesteia. Unele semnale (emisia electronic secundar, catodoluminiscena, curentul indus de sonda electronic) se utilizeaz pentru studiul dispozitivelor cu semiconductori n regimurile static i dinamic. Principiul de funcionare a SEM este prezentat n schema - bloc din fig.2 Fasciculul de electroni este format de tunul electronic 1. La ieirea din tunul electronic diametrul minim al fasciculului, n cazul utilizrii catodului de volfram de forma sgeii (termoemitor), constituie aproximativ 10 m, iar n cazul utilizrii emiterului autoelectronic (de forma unui ac) - mai puin de 10 m.
Apoi fasciculul electronic cu energia n intervalul 0,1 50 keV (n dependen de tensiunea acceleratoare) este focalizat cu una dintre cele dou lentile condensor 2, este deflectat n rastru cu ajutorul a dou perechi de bobine deviatoare 3, prin care de la un generator 4 se avanseaz curent n form de dini de ferestru i n cele din urm este focalizat n forma de sond de diametru mic (de obicei mai mic de 10 nm) pe proba 6 de ctre lentila obiectiv 5. Imaginea obiectului va fi obinut n regimul electronilor secundari 7 sau cu ajutorul electronilor incideni reflectai 8. Electronii secundari smuli din prob sau electronii incideni reflectai nimeresc n cmpul electric al colectorilor 13 i 14 respectiv i sunt captai de acetia. Fiind amplificat de amplificatorul 21, videosemnalul este avansat la modulatorul TC 22 cu o deflectare sincron a fasciculului de ctre bobinele deviatoare 3 alimentate cu curent de la generatorul 4. Semnalul video n prealabil (pn la avansarea la TC) poate fi prelucrat de un dispozitiv videocontrol al SEM pentru majorarea raportului semnal/zgomot al contrastului imaginii, nregistrarea cadrului etc. n SEM moderne dirijarea fasciculului se realizeaz cu ajutorul computerului. Sonda electronic, fiind fixat pe o durat mic de timp, pe o regiune mic a suprafe ei probei, prin salt este deplasat pe o alt regiune. Particularitatea caracteristic a imaginilor obinute n SEM, n comparaie cu cele optice, este marea adncime a claritii: aproximativ cu dou ordine de mrime mai mare dect ntr-un microscop optic obinuit. Acest efect "pozitiv" este condiionat de cel "negativ" - de marea aberaie sferic a lentilelor electromagnetice, care micoreaz apertura unghiular a fasciculului electronic.
Fig. 2. Schema-bloc a coloanei i formarea imaginii n SEM: 31
1 tun electronic; 2 lentile-condensor; 3 bobine deviatoare; 4 generator de deflectare; 5 lentil-obiectiv; 6 prob; 7 electroni secundari; 8 electroni primari reflectai; 9 electroni transmii; 10 electroni absorbii; 11 luminiscen catodic; 12 radiaie X; 13, 14, 15 detectori de electroni secundari, primari reflectai i de radiaie X; 16 detector de TEM indus de sarcin; 17 rezonator de ultranalt frecven; 18 nregistrator DLTS; 19 piezotransformator; 20 fotomultiplicator; 21 videoamplificator; 22 tub catodic Formarea imaginii n SEM "punct cu punct" (dimensiunea "punctului" aproximativ corespunde diametrului sondei electronice pe prob) esenial simplific interpretarea imaginilor obinute n acesta fa de cele obinute n TEM , care se formeaz, practic, n acelai moment cu interferena fasciculelor electronice, transmise prin diferite "puncte" ale probei. Transformarea informaiei despre starea suprafeei probei n cod temporal permite utilizarea diverselor metode radiotehnice la prelucrarea videosemnalului: de a ngusta sau a lrgi banda de transmisiune, de a mbunti raportul semnal/zgomot, de a realiza transformarea neliniar a semnalului (aa-numita corecia Y) pentru mbuntirea contrastului imaginii etc. Datorit acestor particulariti de obinere a videosemnalului i de formare a imaginii SEM au o larg utilizare n diverse domenii ale tiinei i tehnicii contemporane. Una dintre importantele performane ale SEM reprezint numeroasele moduri de obinere a informaiei despre prob, fiind rezultatul varietilor mecanismelor fizice de interacie a fasciculului electronic cu corpul solid (fig.2). n SEM raza de electroni parcurge ntreg specimenul, detectorii construind o imagine prin maparea semnalelor detectate la poziia razei. n general, rezoluia TEM este de regul cu un ordin de mrime mai mare dect cea a SEM, dar, datorit faptului ca imaginea produs de microscoapele cu scanare se bazeaz pe procese de suprafa i nu pe transmisie, este capabil s vizualizeze probe mai mari, i are o adncime de penetrare mult mai mare, producnd astfel imagini care sunt o bun reprezentare tridimensional a probei.
- Microscopul de forta atomic (Atomic Force Microscope - AFM) a deschis noi perspective in analiza structurii intime a materialelor. Metoda se bazeaza pe forta de respingere care ia nastere intre varful dispozitivului de explorare si suprafata care se examineaza. Ori de cate ori aceste suprafete sunt mai apropiate decat o anumita distant critica, ele se resping. Densitatea de current ramane neschimbata, deoarece intre suprafata probei si varful dispozitivului de explorare nu se inchide nici un circuit electric. Forta de respingere este de aproximativ 10-610-8N, astfel incat, practice, nici chiar o suprafata foarte moale nu presupune restrictii. 3
2 5 Fig. 3. Principiul de functionare al unui microscop AFM 1-un cantilver prevzut cu un vrf ascuit; 2- un scanner care controleaz poziionarea pe axele x-y-z; 3-un laser cu semiconductor; 4-un fotodetector; 5- circuit de control al reaciei . Sonda microscopului cu forta atomica este alcatuita dintr-o lamela sub forma de cruce, alungita si elastica, numita cantilever, cu dimensiuni de ordinul zecilor de microni, n capatul careia este plasat un ac ascutit, perpendicular pe cantilever. Cantileverul este miscat n plan xy si vertical de un sistem de pozitionare piezoelectric, cu precizia n jur de 5 nm orizontal si pna la 10 pm vertical. n timp ce acul baleiaza suprafata, miscndu-se n sus si n jos odata cu conturul acesteia, o raza laser cade oblic pe partea superioara (puternic reflectatoare) a cantileverului si se reflecta catre un senzor alcatuit din doua fotodiode alaturate. Diferenta dintre semnalele celor doua diode indica pozitia spotului laser pe senzor si deci pozitia pe verticala a cantileverului. Deoarece distanta ntre cantilever si detector este de obicei de mii de ori mai mare dect lungimea cantileverului, sistemul realizeaza o marire a deplasarii cu un factor de peste 2000, usor de masurat.
32
Acul cu un varf foarte ascutit (in varf se afla cativa atomi), montat pe cantilever se deplaseaz pe suprafaa probei dup un rastru de baleiaj. Vrful acului face ca latura cantilverului care l conine sa se deformeze in funcie de forele care actioneaza asupra sa . Aceste forte sunt intr-o stricta relaie cu harta topografica a probei studiate. Vrful este apropiat de proba pana cnd intre acesta si molecule din proba se stabilete o forta din categoria fortelor van der Waals, bazate in primul rand pe fortele electrostatice dintre particulele incarcate ale acului si probei. Aceasta forta, in funcie de denivelrile de la suprafaa probei , respinge sau atrage vrful . Cantileverul sesizeaz aceste deplasri pe axa z , si in baza lor , alturi de ofsetul (x,y) cruia ii este asociata forta care actioneaza asupra vrfului pe axa z , unitatea de calcul asociata microscopului cu forte atomice poate alctui a harta topografica a probei. In timp ce cantileverul de deformeaz, lumina provenita de la un laser este reflectata pe o fotodioda splitata. Msurnd diferena de semnal (A-B) , deformrile cantilverului pe axa z pot fi observate si msurate foarte precis. Din moment ce cantileverul respecta legea lui Hooke pentru mici deplasamente , se regaseste o forta de interactie intre vrf si proba . Deplasarea vrfului sau a probei este realizata cu ajutorul unui dispozitiv de poziionare deosebit de precis realizat din ceramici piezoelectrice, cel mai adesea sub forma unui scanner tub. Scanner-ul este capabil de rezoluii sub nivelul unui Angstrom pe direciile axelor x,y si z. In mod convenional , axa z , este perpendiculara pe proba. Mecanismul de detectie a semnalului sondei, actioneaza asupra circuitului de reactie, care la randul sau actioneaza asupra traductorului piezoelectric ce actioneaza intr-un mod foarte fin asupra suportului probei, in functie de modul de lucru dorit. Cand AFM opereaza in aer, umiditatea mediului ambient poate crea o forta de atractie vascoasa, inconvenient care dispare atunci cand se opereaza in mediu lichid sau vid. Vidul permite cresterea factorului de calitate (Q factor) a oscilatiilor cantileverului care, la randul sau, isi imbunatateste considerabil sensibilitatea la masurarea fortelor magnetice slabe intre varf si proba. Avantajul vidului consta in simplitatea lui in utilizare si timpul scurt necesar pentru pornire. Sistemele de vid inalt si ultra-inalt ofera puritatea necesara a proceselor. In sistemul AFM se poate observa si topografia suprafetelor neconductoare, ceea ce nu este posibil prin microscopie electronic de emisie. Metoda este indicate, de asemenea, in investigarea depunerilor organice, precum si a fenomenelor de coroziune. Pentru analiza compozitiei chimice a straturilor superficiala a materialelor se foloseste o tehnica numita spectrometria de electroni Auger.
Masurarile electrochimice permit obtinerea de imagini SPM a suprafetei cu rezolutie atomica, studii de depunere si observare a substantelor de pe suprafata probelor cu controlul puritatii sistemului proba-electrolit. Noua celula electrochimica este universala si capabila sa efectueze experimente AFM si STM cu incalzirea/racirea probei in domeniul -10 to + 60C. -Microscopia tunel cu baleiaj (MTB) a fost fondat n anul 1981 de ctre laureaii premiului Nobel G. Binnig i G. Rohrer. Ea ofer posibilitatea de a analiza atom cu atom, adic de a traversa periodic rnd cu rnd ntregul sector supus examinrii al obiectului de studiu. Astfel s-au realizat progrese n vederea cunoaterii lumii atomilor separai n orice substan fr a o distruge. Principiul de funcionare al MTB comparativ este simplu: ctre suprafaa de studiu se apropie un ac pn cnd ntre prob i ac nu se va crea un curent de tunel (fig. 4). Cu ajutorul computerului se dirijeaz deplasarea acului, meninndu-se constant distan a ac - prob sau curentul de tunel. Raza de curbur a vrfului ascu it (de obicei din volfram) este mai mic de 1000 , spa iul de lucru (de la vrful acului pn la suprafaa examinat a probei) este de circa 3 , tensiunea de lucru ntre ac i prob este aproximativ de 0,1... 10 V, curentul de tunel, de obicei, se afl n limitele 0,1... 10 nA i variaz aproximativ cu ordinul de mrime la variaia spaiului de lucru cu 1 .
Fig. 4 . Schema-bloc a MTB: 1 prob; 2 ac; 3 computer; 4, 5, 6 convertizoare analoge-digitale 33
Curentul de tunel n fond "cordon" ntre cei mai apropiai atomi ai acului i probei, fapt ce conduce la o rezoluie a MTB "pe orizontal" (n planul suprafeei examinate) de ordinul l dimensiunilor atomice circa 1 . Datorit dependenei exponeniale a probabilitii de tunelare de distana ac-prob r
W = exp ( 2r / h ) 2m 0U ,
(2)
Metoda curent folosita astazi pentru analiza structurala calitativa consta in compararea datelor structurale extrase din spectrul de difractie al probei investigate cu cele caracteristice diferitelor substante ( faze, compusi ) cristaline cunoscute. Datele structurale necesare compararii sunt luate din fisele ASTM. Identificarea naturii fazei se face tinand cont de pozitionarea liniilor de difractie respectiv de distantele interplanare dhkl asociate maximelor de difractie prin relatia Bragg.
Unde: m0 masa electronului; h constanta lui Planck; U nlimea barierei de potenial, rezoluia MTB "pe vertical" atinge 10-2 . Deci, cu ajutorul acestui aparat se poate localiza un volum de aproximativ 10-2 3. Inventarea microscopului tunel cu baleiaj a lrgit esenial limitele de utilizare a microscopiei cu baleiaj. Din punctul de vedere al aplicaiilor n domeniul fizicii corpului solid i al microelectronicii cu semiconductori MTB prezint interes prin faptul c posed un nalt grad de rezoluie (pn la 1 ) i poate funciona att n vid ct i n medii lichide i gazoase, inclusiv poate servi drept surs de informaie despre microrelieful suprafeei examinate, spectrele strilorr electronice, investigarea proceselor de cretere a peliculelor i de generare a defectelor etc. Acest aparat poate fi combinat cu SEM astfel nct ambele se completeaz unul pe altul. Dac MTB se utilizeaz nu n regimul curentului de tunel, ci n regimul emisiei autoelectronice, atunci acesta poate fi transformat ntr-un analog al SEM cu energii mici ale fasciculului: la energia de 15 eV rezoluia unui astfel de "SEM fr lentile" este aproximativ de 30 . Pot fi studiate de asemenea oscilaiile curentului ce apar n spaiul ac-prob, fiind similare cu undele electronice staionare, emisia fotonilor, mecanismele de excitare ale plasmonilor etc. MTB face posibil trasarea desenelor n diapazonul de dimensiuni nanometrice, adic crearea nanotehnologiei.
Fig. 5 . Difracia de raze X
d=
Unde:
n 2sin
(3)
este lungimea de und a radiaiei X, n este ordinul difraciei, este unghiul de difracie.
3.
ALTE TEHNICI DE INVESTIGARE

3.1. DIFRACTIA DE RAZE X
Scopul urmarit de analiza calitativa a fazelor prin metoda de difractie cu radiatii X, consta in stabilirea componentelor cu structura cristalina distincta prezente in proba studiata si a proportiilor fazelor componente ale aliajului din care este constituita proba.
Difracia are loc dac este ndeplinit relaia de mai sus. Aceasta se ndeplinete dac se variaz n mod continuu lungimea de und sau unghiul sub care este iradiat proba, ntr-o gam de valori. Folosind aceste principii s-au dezvoltat mai multe metode experimentale de studiu al materialelor cu raze X: metoda Laue (folosit n special pentru a determina orientarea unor cristale mari, fixe, iradiate cu o und cu un spectru mai larg de lungimi de und), metoda cristalului rotitor (surs monocromatic de raze X i un cristal montat cu o ax normal la raza incident) i metoda pulberilor (folosit pentru determinarea cu acuratee a parametrilor reelei). In acest sens succesiunea de linii de difractie ale unei substante, respectiv succesiunea de distante interplanare atribuite din fisierul ASTM se compara cu cele gasite diagrama de difractie. Sistemul de fise ASTM pentru indexarea compusilor, fazelor anorganice contine difractogramele complete a cca. 50.000 de compusi si fazele anorganice, date fiecare sub forma de tabel. Fiecare tabel contine: distantele interplanare in ordine descrescatoare, indicii Miler ai fazei si intensitatea relativa a maximului in raport cu cel mai intens maxim. 34
In consecinta imaginea de difractie (spectrul de difractie) a unui compus sau a oricarei faze cristaline este data de structura sa cristalina spatiala (aranjamentul spatial al atomilor lor), proprie si neambigua pentru faza respectiva, la fel ca o amprenta digitala. Difractia de raze X, fiind o metoda nedistructiva si care nu necesita contact direct cu proba studiata, este ideala pentru studiile in situ. 3.2. ANALIZA SPECTRALA Tranzitia unui atom intre doua nivele energetice observata cu un aparat spectral este pusa in evidenta sub forma unei linii spectrale. Linia spectrala este caracterizata prin valoarea frecventei radiatiei monocromatice (sau numarului de unda). Fiecare specie de atomi sau molecule poate fi identificata prin studierea nivelelor energetice specifice. Energia emisa sau absorbita ca urmare a tranzitiilor intre aceste nivele este caracteristica fiecarei specii in parte. Masurarea intensitatii liniilor spectrale da informatii cantitative despre speciile ce emit respectivele linii. Pozitia liniilor spectrale in spectru da informatii calitative despre esantionul studiat; marimea intensitatilor acestor linii da informatii cantitative despre componentii esantionului analizat. 3.3. SPECTROMETRIA DE FLUORESCENTA DE RAZE X Analiza prin spectrometria de fluorescen cu radiaii X este considerat ca fiind una dintre cele mai evoluate metode instrumentale de stabilire a compoziiei chimice a unei probe. Metodele de analiz bazate pe spectrometria de radiaii X au la baz fenomenele fizice produse la interaciunea radiaiilor X cu substana. n funcie de aceste fenomene, metodele pot fi clasificate n metode de emisie, metode de absorbie, metode de difracie etc. Fluorescena de radiaii X are la baz emisia de radiaii X, atunci cnd se utilizeaz ca surs pentru excitarea emisiei secundare de radiaii X un fascicul incident (primar) de radiaii X. Aceast metod se folosete pentru analiza elemental calitativ i cantitativ a unei probe. Principiul fizic al metodei: un fascicul de radiaii X de mare intensitate (fascicul primar) care ajunge pe prob produce o excitare a atomilor acesteia; revenirea atomilor excitai n starea fundamental se realizeaz prin emisie de radiaii X caracteristice; aceast emisie de radiaii X caracteristice se numete radiaie de fluorescen sau emisie secundar de radiaii X si este caracteristica fiecarui element chimic.
Fluorescena de radiaii X (XRF- X-Ray Fluorescence) permite determinarea elementelor chimice dintr-o prob, avnd o limit de detecie de ordinul zecimilor de ppm. n spectrometria de radiaii X se folosesc dou metode de analiz a radiaiei de fluorescen: Metoda dispersiei radiaiilor X dup lungimea de und (WDXRF-Wave Dispersive XRay Fluorescence); se bazeaz pe determinarea lungimilor de und a radiaiilor de fluorescen cu ajutorul cristalelor analizoare i msurarea intensitii n funcie de lungimea de und. Prin aceast metod se poate realiza analiza calitativ a unei probe prin identificarea liniilor de emisie principale ale seriilor K i L pentru elementele componente din prob. - Metoda dispersiei radiaiilor X dup energie (EDXRF-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence). se bazeaz pe msurarea energiei radiaiilor X de fluorescen. Aceat metod permite obinerea unor valori mai mari ale intensitii radiaiilor de fluorescen, deoarece aceste radiaii sunt msurate direct cu ajutorul unor detectoare semiconductoare (Si, Ge) spre deoasebire de prima metod n care se folosesc cristale analizoare n care se produc pierderi mari ale intensitii radiaiilor X de fluorescen. n aceast metod se poate realiza analiza calitativ dac elementul determinat este prezent n prob n concentraie de la cteva zecimi de procent pn la zecimi de ppm. Confirmarea prezenei unui element chimic n prob se bazeaz pe existena n spectru a minim dou linii pentru radiaia caracteristic a elementului chimic respectiv. Pentru efectuarea analizei cantitative este necesar s se realizeze corelarea intensitilor liniilor de emisie msurate cu concentraia elementelor chimice prezente n proba analizat. Se cunosc o serie de metode care permit diminuarea sau compensarea de la dependena direct proporional a intensitii liniei de concentraia elementului chimic: compararea cu o prob standard; trasarea curbei de etalonare; adugarea unui standard intern; diluarea probei etc.
Fig.6. Structura de baz pentru spectrometrele EDXRF i WDXRF 35 TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009
Diferena dintre cele dou categorii se afl n sistemul de detecie. Structura de baz pentru toate spectrometrele este o surs de radiaii X, o prob i un sistem de detecie. Sursa iradiaz o prob iar detectorul msoar radiaia provenit de la material. Detectorul spectrometrelor EDXRF poate msura energiile diferite ale radiaiei caracteristice provenite direct de pe prob. Detectorul poate separa radiaia provenit de la prob n radiaia provenit de la elementele din prob. Aceast separare se numete dispersie. Spectrometrele WDXRF folosesc un cristal analizator pentru dispersia diferitelor energii. Toate radiaiile care vin de la prob cad pe cristal. Cristalul difract energiile diferite pe direcii diferite, similar cu o prism ce mprtie culori diferite pe mai multe direcii.
Quick Info Hidden Solar Cells: Three-Dimensional System Based on Optical Fiber Could Provide New Options for Photovoltaics Converting sunlight to electricity might no longer mean large panels of photovoltaic cells atop flat surfaces like roofs. Using zinc oxide nanostructures grown on optical fibers and coated with dye-sensitized solar cell materials, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have developed a new type of threedimensional photovoltaic system. The approach could allow PV systems to be hidden from view and located away from traditional locations such as rooftops. Using this technology, we can make photovoltaic generators that are foldable, concealed and mobile, said Zhong Lin Wang, a Regents professor in the Georgia Tech School of Materials Science and Engineering. Optical fiber could conduct sunlight into a buildings walls where the nanostructures would convert it to electricity. This is truly a three dimensional solar cell. Details of the research were published in the early view of the journal Angewandte Chemie International on October 22. The work was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the KAUST Global Research Partnership and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Dye-sensitized solar cells use a photochemical system to generate electricity. They are inexpensive to manufacture, flexible and mechanically robust, but their tradeoff for lower cost is conversion efficiency lower than that of silicon-based cells. But using nanostructure arrays to increase the surface area available to convert light could help reduce the efficiency disadvantage, while giving architects and designers new options for incorporating PV into buildings, vehicles and even military equipment. (source: nasatechbriefs@LISTSERV.ABPI.NET / http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/3dpv.htm)
CONCLUZII
Domeniul nanotehnologiilor s-a impus in ultima perioada ca un domeniu de cea mai mare actualitate si cu cea mai mare dinamica; Aparitia de noi materiale cu ajutorul nanotehnologiilor in sectoare ca: electronica, substante chimice, industria grea, industria auto, industria aeronautica si industria farmaceutica; Caracterizarea nanomaterialelor se realizeaza cu ajutorul tehnicilor analitice moderne (microsonda electronica, microscop electronic, difractie de raze X, absorbtie atomica, spectroscopie de emisie optica, spectroscopie de raze X etc.).. Microscopia electronica analitica obtine informatii microstructuralecantitative si calitative contribuind astfel la solutionerea unui larg domeniu de problem ale stiintei materialelor.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Ion Gh. Tnase, Metode instrumentale de analiz, Partea a II-a, METODE SPECTROMETRICE, Editura Universitii Bucureti 2. Peter Brouwer, Theory of XRF Getting acquainted with the principles, PANalytical BV, The Netherlands (2003) 3. Ren E. Van Grieken and Andrzej A. Markowicz, Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry: Second Edition, Marcel Dekker Inc. NY (2002) 4. M.J.Armstrong and R.H.Muller, J. Electrochemical Soc.., 138, 2003 5. H.Schumann, Metallographie, 1990 6. Molecular Imaging Corporation, Catalog de prezentare.
36
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION REGARDING THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF A MODULAR SYSTEM FOR THE MILLING PROCESS
Raluca Magdalena Nita1, Nicoleta Rachieru2
1
University Politechnica of Bucharest, SC ICTCM SA, e-mail ralu_magda@yahoo.com 2 SC ALPLAST CONF SRL, e-mail nrachieru@yahoo.com
REZUMAT Lucrarea isi propune studiul prin metoda elemetelor finite a comportarii dinamice a unui sistem modular de fixare in timpul procesului de aschiere, prin determinarea frecventelor proprii unde performanta, fiabilitatea, rezistenta si siguranta in functionare reprezinta caracteristici fundamentale ce au o influenta deosebita asupra rezultatelor finale ale procesului de prelucrare. ABSTRACT The papers aims to study with the finite elements method the dinamic behaviour of a modular system for clamping the pieces during the cutting process, through the determination of the characteristic frequency where performance, reliability, durability and reliability in function represents the fundamental characteristics have great influence on the final results of processing process. KEYWORDS: modula system, structural analysis, FEM analysis CUVINTE CHEIE: sistem modular, analiza structura, analiza FEM
1. CAD-FEM INTERFACE. ANALISED SYSTEM MODEL.
When it is necessary the mechanical analisys of the deformable structures it could be used with success the finite elements method, an aproximative calculation method. Dinamic analisys of the structures assumes determination of the characteristics frequencies, at which the structures could start resoning with important implications on the final results of the processing process. At the characteristic frequency the deformations could be greater then the static deformations, this fact creating the possibility to generate deformations greater then tha static ones. When it is analyzed a complex system, it is necessary to specify the characteritics of the contact between its component parts, the way of the contact is definiton having a great influence on the results of the simulation operation. Because the contact dependends on the elastics properties of the bodies that come into contact, by their geometry and also by the way that the forces which acted on the system are applied, it is considered to be a complex phenomen. TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009
During forces application, the dimension, the form of the surfaces and stress distribution could be modify during the processing process. In the design stage it can be used CAD programs (Computer Aided Design). CAD file it is taken over in a preproccesor program of a MEF program. One of the most commonly used types of files used to transfer databases between programs is the file type IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), which has igs extension, which has the igs extension. [Ghionea, I, 2007] In order to achieve the simulation of the flexible fixing system behavior during the cutting procces it has been realized the experimental model usind a 3D desing software. At the based model was added a bride wich has the role to overtake the axial movement of the axel, because of the action of milling forces.[ HALDER]- fig. 1. On the axel it is executed a groovekey, having the 8x4x25 dimensions. 37
The chanel it is executed with a four teeth mill, with the cutting deep t=2mm, from 2 successive drilling, mill diameter being 8. Tooth advance Sd is 0.10mm/rot, and S = 0.104= 0,40 mm/rot. The cutting speed is beeing calculate with relation (1), were Cv reprezents the cutting constant, D mill diameter [mm], tl lenth of contact [mm], Sd tooth advance [mm/dinte], t cutting deep [mm], Z teeth number, Kv corection coefficient of the speed with the work condition.[ Pico, C, Bohosievici, 1974].
n t t
Figure 2. Groove key milling
2. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Modal analisys it is used for the determining the characteristic frequencys and the characteriscs vibration modes for the structures or structures components. Characteristic frequencies and proper modes are important measures for structure designs wich work in a dymanic behavior because they provide informations regardind the analysed structures. The dymanic study using the finite element method of the elastic structures could be as a extension of the static analysis in problems in with it is considered the time dependence of the spatial discretised modules with finite elements. Dynamic analysis assumes the structers characterisc frequencies determination, wich can start resoning with great implication for the processing process. At the resonance frequency the analised structure deformations could be bigger then the static deformation, this fact could generate great errors in the processing process. Where determind the first four characteristic frequencies, considering them to be enough, because they grow, and if the working frequencies domain is in the first four frequencies, it can be explored till the tenth characteristic frequency.
Figure 1. 3D model of the clamping system.

Vp = Cv D q
y n t z p T m tlx S d
kv
(1)
From calculation Vp=2,45m/min. It can be calculated mill speed n:

n= 1000 V p = 97,7rot / min
(2)
It is choosen from the machine book the value for the greater tool speed the most apropieate with the results for the calculate results. So if the processing it is realised on a FUS 22 machine it is choosen n = 100 rot/min. The determination of the tangential cutting force is done using the relation (3).
F = C Fx t X F S d
YF
Z D qf
(3)
With the values for the coefficients indicated in [Pico, C, Bohosievici, 1974], you obtain F = 234 N. The orizontal force, respectively vertical force are calulated as procent of the tangential force: H=(0.8....0.9)F ; V=(0.4...0.6)F. For the orizontal force and respectively vertical are obtain the following values: H = 200 N; V = 120 N.
3. GENERATING THE MATHEMATIC MODEL FOR THE FINITE ELEMETS METHOD

Structure discretisation, idle the passing from the material physical content from which it is executed the structure, at the conventional model geometric, discrete, for wich it is done the finite element analysis (FEA), represent the first step in the effectuation of a such analisys. 38
The discretization process is one of the real continuos structure, from geometric point of view, of the way of the forces application, of the supporting conditions, of rigidities, of the mases.
4. REZULTS REGARDING SYSTEM DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR
Figure 4. Variation of the first 6 characteristic frequencies Figure 3. Discretizarea retelei When it is done the structure meshing it is necessary to take into consideration the following aspects: maximum and minimum; elements types, number of elements: maximum and minimum; elements dimensions maximum and minimum, imposed by the structures details and the scope of the account. Thus, the infinity of points of the continuous structure can be approximated by this study, respectively by the studying of the finite amount of nodes of the meshed network of the model. The meshed structure approximates from geometric and mecanic point of view the real structure. This must be done through a network as simple and as uniform as possible of lines and (or) suprafaces. On the other hand, it is not always rational that the network to be uniform because the structure may have areas whith geometric discontinuities or mechanical (eg, points of application for the concentrated loads) or regions in which because the desired consequence, it is needed a greater volume of information - so more nodes and elements. The model was meshed in 53168 elementes and 99920 nodes. The structure is homogenuous and is presented in figure 3.
Figure 5. Total deformation - frequency 1 Detetails of Total Deformation Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Total Deformation Mode 1 Results Frequency 640.22 HZ Minimun 0mm Maximum 105.53 MM Min Occurs EH 2315 Max Occurs Screw Figure 6. First variation of own frequency
39
Details of Total Deformation Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Total Deformation Mode 3 Results Frequency 672.55 Minimun 0mm Maximum 105.08 mm Min Occurs EH 2315 Max Occurs Screw Figure 7. Total deformation at second frequency Figure 10. Variation of own third frequency
Detetails of Total Deformation Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Total Deformation Mode 2 Results Frequency 643.57 Hz Minimun 0mm Maximum 107.09mm Min Occurs EH 2315 Max Occurs Screw Figure 8. Second variation of own frequency In figure 4 it is represented the first 6 characteristic frequencies variation. The value variated from aproximatively 640Hz till 851Hz. The values for the frequencies 5 and 6 have increased much, and so the analisys for the first four frequencies offers concludent informations for the dynamic behavior of the analised processed. In fig. 5-12 are presented the system deformation for every characterist frequency.
Figure 11. Total deformation at fourth frequency Details of Total Deformation Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Total Deformation Mode 4 Results Frequency 678.8 Minimun 0mm Maximum 108.41 mm Min Occurs EH 2315 Max Occurs Screw Figure 12. Variation of own fourth frequency From the analisys can be established that the most solicitated structures and were it is inregistrated the grater deformation are the screws wich are used at the fixturing of the two brides used for clampind the processed piece.
Figure 9. Total deformation third frequency TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 40
5. CONCLUSIONS
Dynamic analisys of the analysed deviced assumed the determination of the characteristics frequencies of the structures, frequencies at wich the structure could start resoning with great implications on the working process. At the resonance frequency the structures deformation could be bigger than the static deformation. Where determined the first four characteristic frequencies considering to be enough, because this frequencies increases, and if in the working domain it cand be findin the domain of the characteristics frequencies, it can be explored till the tenth characteristic frequence. Where analised and presented the results for the first four characteristic resoning frequencies and were identified the most solicited structures for every case. So it was demonstrated that the most solicitated structers are the two screws that are used at the fixturing of the two brides used for clampind the processed piece. as permittivity and permeability. Such standards are needed for determining the accuracy of measurements used in the method, as described below.
The Metal Rectangular-Waveguide Insert is sized and shaped to fit the waveguide cross-section and to act as a band-stop filter having a notch frequency of about 9 GHz. The particular waveguide cross sectional dimensions, known in the industry as WR-90, are for a nominal frequency range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz. In this method, a specimen of a material to be characterized is cut to a prescribed size and shape and inserted in a rectangular-waveguide test fixture, wherein the specimen is irradiated with a known source signal and detectors are used to measure the signals reflected by, and transmitted through, the specimen. Scattering parameters [also known as S parameters (S11, S12, S21, and S22)] are computed from ratios between the transmitted and reflected signals and the source signal. Then the permeability and permittivity of the specimen material are derived from the scattering parameters. Theoretically, the technique for calculating the permeability and permittivity from the scattering parameters is exact, but the accuracy of the results depends on the accuracy of the measurements from which the scattering parameters are obtained. To determine whether the measurements are accurate, it is necessary to perform comparable measurements on reference standards, which are essentially specimens that have known scattering parameters. To be most useful, reference standards should provide the full range of scattering-parameter values that can be obtained from material specimens. Specifically, measurements of the backscattering parameter (S11) from no reflection to total reflection and of the forward-transmission parameter (S21) from no transmission to total transmission are needed. A reference standard that functions as a notch (bandstop) filter can satisfy this need because as the signal frequency is varied across the frequency range for which the filter is designed, the scattering parameters vary over the ranges of values between the extremes of total reflection and total transmission. A notch-filter reference standard in the form of a rectangular-waveguide insert that has a size and shape similar to that of a material specimen is advantageous because the measurement configuration used for the 41
REFERENCES
[1] Mihailidis A, Pupaza C., Nerantzus I, Karaoglnidis G., Modeling and simulation of o spherical bearing mount, Annals of DAAAM for 2008 & Procidings of the 19th Internationl DAAM Symposium, ISSN 1726-9679 ISBN 978-3-901 50968-1. [2] Catolg elemente modulare HALDER http://www.halderinc.com/ [3] Pico, Const, Bohosievici, Cazimir s.a. Calculul adaosurilor de prelucrare i al regimurilor de achiere. Ed.Tehnic, Bucureti, 1974. [4] Bathe, K.J (1990) Finite Elementen Methoden, Springer Verlag, ISBN 0-387-15602-X, Berlin. [5] Sorohan S, Petre C.C, Programe si aplicatii cu elemente finite, Printech, Bucuresti, 2004, ISBN 973-718-005-4 [6] Ghionea Ionut, Considerations about the methodology and rezults for the finite elemenent analysis of a mechanical assembly, Proceedings of the 16th Intenational Conference on Manufacturing Systems- ICMaS, ISSN 1842-3183. [7] Sorohan, S, Constantinescu, I, Practica modelarii si analiei cu elemente finite, Bucuresti, 2003. [8] Zienkievicz, O, The finite element method, Heinemann, 2000, ISBN 0 7506 5049 4.
Quick Info Metal Standards for Waveguide Characterization of Materials Metal waveguide inserts can be tailored to have known scattering parameters. Rectangular-waveguide inserts that are made of nonferromagnetic metals and are sized and shaped to function as notch filters have been conceived as reference standards for use in the rectangularwaveguide method of characterizing materials with respect to such constitutive electromagnetic properties
reference standard can be the same as that for a material specimen. Typically a specimen is a block of material that fills a waveguide cross-section but occupies only a small fraction of the length of the waveguide. A reference standard of the present type (see figure) is a metal block that fills part of a waveguide cross section and contains a slot, the long dimension of which can be chosen to tailor the notch frequency to a desired value. The scattering parameters and notch frequency can be estimated with high accuracy by use of commercially available electromagnetic-field-simulating software. The block can be fabricated to the requisite precision by wire electrical-discharge machining. In use, the accuracy of measurements is determined by comparison of (1) the scattering parameters calculated from the measurements with (2) the scattering parameters calculated by the aforementioned software. This work was done by Kevin M. Lambert and Carol L. Kory of Analex Corp. for Glenn Research Center. Inquiries concerning rights for the commercial use of this invention should be addressed to NASA Glenn Research Center, Innovative Partnerships Office, Attn: Steve Fedor, Mail Stop 48, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44135. Refer to LEW-18137-1. (source: nasatechbriefs@LISTSERV.ABPI.NET) "Earth Binoculars" Sense Disasters From Space
Professor Eyal Ben-Dor of TAU's Department of Geography describes his teams HRS technology as a combination of physical, chemical, and optical disciplines. When a devastating forest fire hits the Hollywood Hills, for example, we can see from space how the mineralogy of the soil has changed, he explains. Because of these changes, the next rainstorm may wash out all the buildings or leach contaminants into the soil. With our new tool, we can advise on how to contain the pollutants after the fire, and warn if there is a risk for landslides. HRS provides information useful to property developers as well. It can offer a soil profile map with detailed information for contractors, farmers, or vintners interested in making major land purchase deals or managing existing ones. It can also indicate where water runoff should be directed, and what minerals may be lacking in a given parcel of land. About 90% of all gas stations leak contaminants into the soil, according to Ben-Dor. The HRS can monitor gas stations and identify problematic areas. Our space sensors combined with ground measurements and GPS data will be able to detect and map hydrocarbon contamination in real time. Within a year, well be able to identify these problematic areas far more quickly than with traditional methods, he says. The HRS simultaneously acquires hundreds of optical images, each from a different frequency, that enable a spectral assessment from distances high in the air via airplanes and in orbit using satellites. This raw data is then processed by the researchers to yield thematic maps. (Tel Aviv University) (source: nasatechbriefs@LISTSERV.ABPI.NET)
An image from TAU's orbiting Hyperspectral Remote Sensor. (TAU) New Tel Aviv University technology combines sophisticated sensors in orbit with sensors on the ground and in the air to create a Hyperspectral Remote Sensor (HRS). HRS can give advance warnings about water contamination after a forest fire, or swiftly alert authorities of a pollution spill.
42
STUDY OF A EHD POCKET JOURNAL BEARING

Monica Crudu *, Sorin Cananau**, Mohamad Hajjam*** *University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: crudumonica@yahoo.com **University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: s_cananau@yahoo.com *** Solids Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, France REZUMAT Aceast lucrare cerceteaz efectele suprafeelor texturate asupra unui lagr radial ce lucreaz n regim de lubrificaie elastohidrodinamic.Regimul elastohidrodinamic implic obinerea unor valori mult mai ridicate pentru presiunea maxim i pentru grosimea filmului de lubrifiant intruct n acest caz se ine cont i de comportamentul elastic al materialelor. Efectele pozitive ale suprafeelor texturate asupra creterii portanei i diminurii frecrilor n ceea ce privete domeniul: lagrelor, etanrilor i a cuplei cilindru-piston sunt deja bine cunoscute. Scopul lucrrii este de a determina geometria optima a unui buzunar plasat pe suprafaa cuzinetului unui lagr radial, geometrie ce confer lagrului cea mai mare portan i cea mai mic putere disipat. ABSTRACT This paper deals with the textured surfaces effects of a journal bearing working in elastohydrodynamic regime. The fact that texture surfaces increase the carrying capacity and decrease the friction losses in the applications concerning the bearings, mechanical face seals and piston-cylinder couple, its already known. In the elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime the increase of the maximal pressure and film thickness is more accentuate that in the hydrodynamic regime because we take into account the elastic behavior of the materials. The main goal of this study is to determine the optimal pocket texture geometry, which gives the largest carrying capacity and the smallest power dissipation by geometrical modeling. CUVINTE CHEIE: Elastohidrodinamic, Buzunar, Portan, Putere disipat. KEYWORDS:Elastohydrodynamic, Pocket, Carrying capacity, Power dissipation
1. INTRODUCTION
The elastohydrodynamic theory studies the influence of the elastic deformation on the bearing behavior. Many studies have revealed the positive effects of textured surfaces concerning the field of bearings, mechanical seals and piston-cylinder couple. The two modalities used for texturing are: full texturing and partial texturing. The last one it was proved to be more effective, concerning the load capacity, in mechanical face seals [2], thrust bearings [3], or thermal engines [4] .The difference is that full texturing is based on the individual dimple effect and partial texturing based on the collective effect of the dimples [5].It is also known that pocket texture performs better than partial texturing for hydrodynamic bearings [1]. This paper concerns the effect of pocket texture in elastohydrodynamic journal bearing applications. The results from investigating the performance of bearing surfaces with rectangle pocket texture suggest that contact characteristics such as minimum film thickness, maximum pressure, axial oil film flow, may be improved through an appropriate surface texture geometry and appropriate texture localization on the contact surface. The results should reveal what is to expect from a full textured journal bearing working in a elastohydrodynamic regime.
2. THEORETICAL MODEL
To solve the problem of elastohydrodynamic regime we have to solve a system of equations consisting in: Reynolds equations The law of elastic deformation of the bearing surface The variation law of the viscosity with the pressure 43
For the simplification of the model the following assumption for elastohydrodynamic lubrication are considered valid [6]: The flow of the fluid is considered laminar Static load There are no cavitations effects The lubricant is a Newtonian liquid We take into account the material comportament of the journal bearing (EHD) Diameter
Table 1. Geometrical data
Width
Radial clearance
Number of feeds
mm
mm
mm
[0,10]
Elastohydrodynamic theory, unlike classical hydrodynamic theory, takes into account the variation of the lubricant viscosity with the pressure and the elastic deformation of the film boundaries. In other words the derivation of film shape and pressure profiles for a contact thus requires a simultaneous solution of the basic lubrication and elastic equations, with a viscosity which varies along the film as the pressure alters.
feed F 0 b L 2
48
19.37
0.02
Table 2. Lubricant characteristics
Viscosity of lubricant
Lubricant density
Lubricant specific heat
Lubricants proportion in the mixture
Pa.s
Kg/m3
J/Kg/C
[0-1]
hmin pocket
s pocket Sleeve
0.01
900
2100
0.5
Fig. 1. The theoretical model geometry The subject of this research is the geometrical modeling of a pocket journal bearing to get: A maximum thickness of lubricant film A minimal power dissipation The geometrical modeling is performed by the software Accel, based on the Reynolds equation. The validity of the Reynolds equation when applied to pocket bearings has been confirmed in [7]. The bearing is subjected to a low load of 3000N and after at a high load of 10000N. The study concerns the influence of the pocket geometry for the two targets in the elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime. The journal bearing works at a frequency rotation of 4000 rpm and has the following geometrical configuration. We modeled one by one the three dimensions of the pocket using the range of values for the pocket dimensions described in table 3.
Table 3. The range of values for the dimensions of the pocket Circumferential length (L) (0-360) Width (b) mm (0-19.37) Depth (s) m (3-20)
The performances of theoretical model were compared with those of the classical model of a elastohydrodynamic journal bearing and according to that comparison we obtained the final results.

In the analyze of EHD lubrication regime, the thickness of the film has a very important role. Because we take into account the elastic behavior of the bearing material, we will obtain bigger values for the film thickness by comparison with HD regime. The analysis serves to quantify the evolution of the characteristics with the journal pocket texture parameters and to deduce their optimized values. The first step was the pocket width (b) modelation when the bearing is subjected to a minimal load of 3000N. The optimal value obtained for the film 44
thickness is h = 0.006457 mm, so for b = 13.34 mm the thickness of the film increases by the reference with 2.83%. We use this value obtained for modeling the second dimension, circumferential length. The optimal value obtained is h = 0.007113 mm, so L = 210 mm increases the film thickness by the reference with 13.28%. By modeling the depth of the pocket we obtained for, s = 15 m a gain of 46.24% in film thickness. (h = 0.009183 mm). Fig. 4.The variation of film thickness depending on the width of the pocket The optimal value obtained is h = 0.005019 mm, so for L=210; b=10.34 mm; s = 10 m on increase the thickness of the film by the reference with 52.27%.
Fig. 2. The variation of film thickness depending on the width of the pocket By taking the same steps we obtained a decrease of the dissipated power by the reference with 19.45%. (P = 17.43 W) for the next geometrical configuration: L=360; b=16.36, s =5 m.
Fig. 5. The variation of power dissipation with the pocket depth The optimal value obtained is P = 24.55 W, so for L=210; b=13.34mm; s = 5 m the power dissipated is reduced by the reference with 17.81%. The differences of the pressure distribution can be well observed at a maximal load of 10000N than at the minimal load of 3000N. F=10000N pmax =0.2618*1.E+02MPa Fig. 3. The variation power dissipation with the pocket depth For the maximal load of 10000N we obtain during the same method the further diagrams for film thickness and power dissipation.
Fig. 6. The pressure distribution in a classic journal bearing
45
[2]
b=10.34 mm L=210 s=10m pmax=0.3586*1.E+02MP
[3]
[4]
[5]
Fig. 7. The pressure distribution in a pocket journal bearing
[6] [7]
5. CONCLUSIONS
By combining the three optimal values of the bearing dimensions we obtain the optimal pocket geometry that give the bearing the minimal power dissipation and the maximal lubricant film thickness (table4, table5). Table 4. The centralized results of the study for film thickness
[%] Gain in minimal film thickness 19.45 17.81 [8] [9]
Etsion, I., Laser Surface texturing Measure to Reduce Friction, 14th Int. Colloquium Tribology, Esslingen, Vol. I (2004), pp. 329-334 Raghavendra Rao, R., Prasad, K.R. Effects of Velocity-slip and Viscosity Variation on Journal Bearings, ANZIAM Journal, 46 (2004), pp. 143155 Klingerman, Y., Shinkarenko, A.,Etsion, I.Improving Tribological Performance of Piston Rings by Partial Surface Texturing, 2004 AIMETA Conf., Rome, 2004, pp. 607-614 Feldman, Y, Klingerman, Y., Etsion, I. Stiffness and Efficiency Optimization of a Hydrostatic Laser Surface Textured Gas Seal, Journal of Tribology, 129 (2007), pp. 407-410 Pinkus, O., Sternlicht, B. Theory of Hydrodynamic Lubrication, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961 Dobrica, M.B., Fillon, M., 2005, Thermohydrodynamic behavior of a Slider Pocket bearing, ASME J. of Trib., 128, pp.312318 BLOK, H., 1959, Correlational review of theoretical and experimental data on elastohydrodynamic DOWSOND,. , and HIGGINSONG,. R., 1966, Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (Oxford: Pergamon
F[N]
b[mm] 13.34 10.34
L[] 210 210
s[m] 15 10
3000N 10000N
Table 5. The centralized results of the study for power dissipation

[%]Drop in dissipated power
F[N]
b[mm] 16.36 13.34
L[] 360 210
s[m] 20 5
3000N 10000N
34 17.81
The positive results obtained for EHD case encourage the study of the pocket journal bearing working in real conditions, meaning dynamic charge, variable rotation frequencies etc.
REFERENCES
[1] Mihai Dobric, Mircea Pascovici, Michel Fillon and Traian Cicone Texturing effects in planeinclined slider bearings , International Joint Tribology Conference, october 2007
Quick Info On the occasion of MEDICA 2009 fair, the global No.1 meeting point for the medical sector, ZENIT/NRW.Europa will organise in cooperation with the Healthcare Sector Group (HSG) of the Enterprise Europe Network (EEN) an international Brokerage Event, which aims at providing both the business and science sector with assistance to find partners in the countries of the Enterprise Europe Network for product development, manufacturing and licensing agreements, research co-operation, joint ventures or similar partnerships. Take this chance to: - Use the event for international business opportunities. - Meet providers of new technologies from all over Europe in one location. - Get in contact with potential partners for future collaboration. - Establish cross-border contacts for longlasting business relationships. The venue for the Brokerage Event is hall 6, gallery. Deadline for registration and submission of profiles is the 16 Octobber 2009. Deadline for selection of dialog partners is the 25 October 2009. Deadline for the rejection for meeting requests is the 4 November 2009. Participation fee and payment conditions: - A participation fee of 200 EUR + VAT (up to 5 profiles) will be charged to each participating organisation submitting profiles. For each profile beyond the first 5 a fee of 40 EUR + VAT will be charged. Start-ups (beginning 1.1.2007) will be granted a rebate of 50%; a copy of the certificate of registration or similar to be sent to the main organiser not later than 16 Octobber 2009, mail to:jc@zenit.de. 46
STUDY OF A HD POCKET JOURNAL BEARING

Monica Crudu*,Sorin Cnnu**, Aurelian Ftu*** *University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: crudumonica@yahoo.com **University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: s_cananau@yahoo.com *** Solids Mechanics Laboratory of Poitiers University, France REZUMAT Efectele pozitive ale suprafeelor texturate asupra creterii portanei i diminurii frecrilor n ceea ce privete domeniul: lagrelor, etanrilor i a cuplei cilindrupiston au fost demostrate de tot mai multe studii. Deasemenea este cunoscut i fapul c texturarea tip buzunar comparativ cu texturarea parial, amplific ntr-o manier mai accentuat aceste efecte n cazul lagrelor hidrodinamice[1]. Pornind de la aceast ipotez, lucrarea de fa reprezint un prim pas n studierea efectelor texturrii asupra performanelor unui lagr radial hidrodinamic prin evaluarea performanelor conferite de un buzunar plasat pe suprafaa cuzinetului acestuia. Modelnd geometric cele trei dimensiuni ale buzunarului: lime, lungime circumfereniala i adncime, se dorete determinarea geometriei optime, ce confer lagrului cea mai mare porta i cea mai mic putere disipat. ABSTRACT More and more studies have revealed an increase of the carrying capacity and a decrease of friction losses due to the positive effects of surface texturing concerning the field of bearings, mechanical face seals and piston-cylinder couple. Also it is well known that pocket texture amplifies this effect for hydrodynamic journal bearing more than partial texture [1]. Based on this hypothesis, this paper represents a first step in studying the texturing effects on hydrodynamic journal bearing by assessing the performances of a pocket journal bearing. The main asset of this study is to determine the optimal geometry, which gives the largest carrying capacity zone and the smallest power dissipation by geometrical modeling the three dimensions of the pocket: width, circumferential length and depth of the pocket. CUVINTE CHEIE: Hidrodinamic, Buzunar, Portan, Putere disipat. KEYWORDS: Hydrodynamic, Pocket, Carrying capacity, Power dissipation .
1. INTRODUCTION
The lubrication of textured surfaces has become in recent years a subject with a major impetus for research. The textured surface is a surface with regulated forms of micro topographies. This micro topographies are creating a film of lubricant when there are not accomplished the conditions for the effect of hydrostatic lift. While the positive implications of the textured surfaces are well known by developing the films thickness for couples with nominal parallel surfaces, associated obviously with the drastic reduction of friction, until now they only aimed seals front, the couple-piston cylinder and axial bearings.
For researches usually there are used two modes of texturing: full texturing and partial texturing. The last one it more effective, concerning the load capacity, in mechanical face seals [2], thrust bearings [3], or thermal engines [4] .The deference is that full texturing is based on the individual dimple effect and partial texturing based on the collective effect of the dimples [5].It is also known that pocket texture performs better than partial texturing for hydrodynamic bearings [1]. This document attempts to establish the effect of pocket texture in the application concerning a hydrodynamic journal bearing. The results should give a clue of what is to expect if we full texture a hydrodynamic journal bearing. 47
2. THEORETICAL MODEL
This model is based on the classical Reynolds equation. The Reynolds equation results from the continuity equation for bidirectional flow (1).
F
feed L 0 b 2
q x q z + =0 x z
(1)
hmin pocket s pocket Sleeve
Where qx and qz are the unitary flow rate on x and z direction. This results by integrating the speed with the thickness of the lubricant film.
q x = ud y =
0 h
h 3 p U h + 12 x 2
h 3 p q z = wd y = 12 z 0
(2)
where, U is the speed, h is the film thickness and is the dinamique viscosity. By introducing these values for the unitary flows in the continuity equation and considering the flow isothermal we obtain the equation (3) meaning the classical Reynolds equation for laminar, bidirectional flow for an incompressible fluid.
Fig. 1. The geometry of the theoretical model The subject of this research is the geometrical modeling of a pocket journal bearing to get: A maximum thickness of lubricant film A minimal power dissipation The geometrical modeling is performed by the software Accel, realized by professor Dominique Bonneau, member of LMS Angouleme, France. The program is based on the Reynolds equation. The validity of the Reynolds equation when applied to pocket bearings has been confirmed in [7]. The bearing is subjected to a low load of 3000N and after at a high load of 10000N. The study concerns the influence of the pocket geometry for the two targets in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime. The journal bearing works at a frequency rotation of 4000 rpm and has the following geometrical configuration. Table 1. Geometrical data
3 p 3 p h h + h = 6 U x x z z x
(3) Diameter mm 48 Width mm 19.37
Radial clearance mm 0.02
Number of feeds [0,10] 1
For the simplification of the model the following assumption for hydrodynamic lubrication are considered valid [6]: The flow of the fluid is considered laminar The regime of flowing is isothermal Static load There are no cavitations effects The lubricant is a Newtonian liquid In figure 1 is represented the theoretical model of pocket journal bearing. With pointed line can be observed the pocket geometry on the bearing surface. This geometry is variable, i.e. the tree dimensions of the pocket are modeled in the range of values described in table 3.
Table 2. Lubricant characteristics Viscosity of lubricant Pa.s 0.01 Lubricant specific heat J/Kg/C 2100 Lubricants proportion in the mixture [0-1] 0.5
Lubricant density
Kg/m3 900
The three dimensions of the pocket were modeled one by one using the range of values for the dimensions of the pocket presented in table 3.
TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 3 / 2009
48
Table 3. The range of values for the dimensions of the pocket Circumferential length (L) (0-360) Width (b) mm (0-19.37) Depth (s) m (3-20)
The performances of theoretical model were compared with those of the classical model of a hydrodynamic journal bearing and due to that comparison we obtained the final results.

The first step is the pocket width (b) model when the bearing is charged with a minimal load of 3000N. The optimal value obtained for the film thickness is h = 0.006472 mm, so for the pocket with b = 10.34 mm the thickness of the film increases by the reference with 2.24%. We use this value obtained for modeling the second dimension, circumferential length. The optimal value obtained for the film thickness is h = 0.007178 mm, so the circumferential length L = 210 mm increases the film thickness by the reference with 13.39%. By modeling the depth of the pocket we obtained for, s = 20 m a gain of 37.86% in film thickness. (h = 0.008727 mm).
Fig.3. The power dissipation variation with the pocket depth For the maximal load of 10000N we obtain during the same method the further diagrams for film thickness and power dissipation (fig 4, fig 5). The optimal value obtained is h = 0.0035 mm, so for L=210; b=10.34 mm; s = 10 m on increase the thickness of the film by the reference with 18.9%.
Fig.4. The variation of film thickness depending on the width of the pocket
Fig.2. The variation of film thickness depending on the width of the pocket By taking the same steps we obtained a decrease of the dissipated power by the reference with 33.67%. (P=14.33W) for the next geometrical configuration: b =16.36; L=210, s =20 m.
Fig.5. The power dissipation variation with the pocket depth TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 49
The optimal value obtained is P = 18.89 W, so for L=210; b=16.36; s = 10m the power dissipated is reduced by the reference with 33.48%. The differences of the pressure distribution can be well observed at a maximal load of 10000N than at the minimal load of 3000N. Although the maximal pressure is bigger for the classical journal bearing the difference is not significant and due to the fact that the carrying capacity zone knows an important increase for the pocket journal bearing, we can say that this special type of bearing is preferred. F=10000N pmax =0.4520*1.E+02MPa
Table 5. The centralized results of the study for power dissipation

[%]Drop in dissipate d power 33.67 33.48
F[N] 3000N 10000N
b[mm] 16.36 16.36
L[] 210 210
s[m] 20 10
Fig.6. The pressure distribution in a classic journal bearing b=7.32 mm L=210 S=10m pmax=0.3561*1.E+02MPa
Due to this positive results and due to the fact that they can be compared with the results obtained for a textured journal bearing[1] we can say that this research represents the first stage in the study of full texturing surfaces of hydrodynamic journal bearings. We say full texturing because we take into account the presence of a just one pocket on the bearing surface. The only flaws that textured surfaces implicate are for the moment, the manufacturing costs, and the laser technique being the most expensive one but also the most precise.
REFERENCES
[1] Mihai Dobric, Mircea Pascovici, Michel Fillon and Traian Cicone, Texturing effects in plane-inclined slider bearings,International Joint Tribology Conference, october 2007. [2] Etsion, I., Laser Surface texturing Measure to Reduce Friction, 14th Int. Colloquium Tribology, Esslingen, Vol. I (2004), pp. 329-334. [3] Raghavendra Rao, R., Prasad, K.R. Effects of Velocityslip and Viscosity Variation on Journal Bearings, ANZIAM Journal, 46 (2004), pp. 143-155 [4] Klingerman, Y., Shinkarenko, A.,Etsion, I. Improving Tribological Performance of Piston Rings by Partial Surface Texturing, 2004 AIMETA Conf., Rome, 2004, pp. 607-614 [5] Feldman, Y, Klingerman, Y., Etsion, I. Stiffness and Efficiency Optimization of a Hydrostatic Laser Surface Textured Gas Seal, Journal of Tribology, 129 (2007), pp. 407-410 [6] Pinkus, O., Sternlicht, B. Theory of Hydrodynamic Lubrication, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961 [7] Dobrica, M.B., Fillon, M., 2005, Thermohydrodynamic behavior of a Slider Pocket bearing, ASME J. of Trib., 128, pp.312-318.
Fig.7. The pressure distribution in a pocket journal bearing
4. CONCLUSIONS
The optimal pocket dimensions, generated by geometrical modeling with Accel, that allow either the minimization of power lost either the maximization of the minimal film thickness in the bearing, under the two imposed nominal loads are presented in table 4 and table 5. Table 4. The centralized results of the study for film thickness
[%] Gain in minimal film thickness 37.86 18.9
F[N] 3000N 10000N
b[mm] 10.34 10.34
L[] 210 210
s[m] 20 10
TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 3 / 2009
50
SLIP/NO-SLIP INFLUENCE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A RADIAL BEARING WITH A STATIC LOAD. HD ANALYZES
Daniela Cobla *, Aurelian Ftu**, Alexandru Rdulescu*** * University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: daniela.coblas@yahoo.com ** University of Poitiers, FRANCE, e-mail: aurelian.fatu@univ-poitiers.fr *** University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: sandu@meca.omtr.pub.ro ABSTRACT This paper aims to examine the influence of wall slip on HD lubrication performance of a journal bearing. The study follows two main directions: first to increase fluid film thickness to obtain a greater load capacity and second to reduce power loss. By numerical modelling, we had modified the geometric parameters of a slip surface placed on the sleeve bearing. Results show that for a well chosen surface geometry it is possible to improve the bearing performances. . KEYWORDS: Wall slip, Journal bearings, Lubrication, Numerical modelling.
1. INTRODUCTION
Lubrication is considered one of the most important factors for the tribologycal research field and involves the study of all phenomena associated with the operation of friction couples. The importance of studying this phenomenon and the lubrication regime is reflected in the technological area by several directions: the consumption of energy, materials and lubricants, the increase of load capacity, life length and reliability of service for all the mechanical components, [1], [2]. The objective of this paper is the optimization of operating parameters for a radial bearing, part of an internal combustion engine (ICE), which has a slip/no-slip surface defined on the surface of the pad. The computation was possible only by using a modelling program, to change the geometric parameters of the slip zone and see the variation for the bearing parameters for each case. The analysis followed two main directions: increasing fluid film thickness which leads at a greater load capacity and reducing the loss of power by friction phenomenon.
direction at surface. However, it is not necessarily zero in the tangential directions. In fluid mechanics, it is traditional to consider that the tangential velocity at a solid surface is zero, and the fluid does not slip on it. This assumption is the condition of no slip. But previous studies have shown that the slip phenomenon sometimes appears at the fluid solid contact at microscopic level and involves the study at molecular scale, [3], [4]. The most commune case of slip is found in nature known as the Lotus Effect and it imply the superhydrophobicity of leaf surface that makes the water drops slide and roll on the surface. Water molecules located in the contact zone are not adhering at the solid ones but they partially slide on them. The result is the advance of the water drop on the leaf surface, [5].
2. THE PHENOMENON SLIP/ NO-SLIP

To describe the flow of a fluid in a given situation it is necessary to specify the boundary conditions of flow. When the region occupied by the fluid is bounded by a solid surface, the fluid cannot cross. His speed is necessarily zero in the normal
Figure 1. Fluid-solid contact area on the leaf surface.
51
The slip/no-slip phenomenon it is also favoured by the presence of a non-wetting surface, low pressures and low roughness. When making the transition to a tribologycal model (fig.2), we place the slip surface on the sleeve bearing and the result is a modified velocity profile. Slip surface Sleeve Bearing
Clasic Profile
Modified Velocity Profile
Another important parameter is the fluid film thickness. This parameter has a direct influence on the load capacity. The value of this parameter also influences the lubrication regime of the bearing. It should not fall below 3 m for the hydrodynamic regime (HD), and 1 m for the elasto-hydrodynamic regime (EHD). For sparingly values of this parameter the lubrication regime sometimes crosses from fluid to mixed, implicating the contact between surfaces microroughness and the load capacity is affected. It has also been proven by other studies that the phenomenon of slip begins in the area with the smallest value of thickness is moving towards areas with larger thickness. Generally the lubricants used must have a low viscosity to reduce the friction at fluid contact with solid surfaces.
Axle Axle Velocity Figure 2. Velocity distribution for Couette flow, fluid film between two surfaces, case with (optimized bearing) and without slippage at the surface (classical bearing). For the classical case, at the contact with the sleeve bearing surface, fluid velocity is equal to zero. For the optimized case, this velocity is no longer naught, but equal to the slip velocity of the fluid in that area. It can be observed also that fluid velocity at the contact with the bearing axle (mobile surface) has the same value for both cases. Slip phenomenon is influenced by many factors like: strength of liquid-solid interaction, roughness of the surfaces, nature of the interface, operating conditions (the influence of the friction phenomenon, the film pressure, the dispersion of gas), the electrical properties of liquid (dipole moment, salinity). Previous studies show that the slip/no-slip surface must be defined on the fixed bearing surface, the sleeve surface. If the slip/no-slip surface is defined on the mobile surface then the increase of the load capacity is not possible. It has also been shown that using a sliding surface with a complex geometry can lead to a significant increase of load capacity and the reduction of power loss. Another important aspect is the shear stress influence. It was observed that the increasing tension over a critical value leads at the appearance of partial slip of the fluid molecules. The conclusion is to impose an initial limiting for this parameter, a limit that must be exceeded to obtain the slip mode. Surface roughness is one of the other important parameters, and it must be as low as possible to ensure the apparition of the slip phenomenon. The bearing eccentricity has also a very important role. Even if the slip surface is welldefined, the performance level may be damaged if this ratio increases sharply.
3. THE STUDIED MODEL, JOURNAL BEARING

The model analyzed is the first level of the crankshaft of a diesel engine with a capacity of 1500 cc. It is a radial bearing, which can operate in various lubrication regimes (dry, mixed, fluid). The fluid friction regime presumes the existence of a continuous fluid film between the bearings walls, with a minimum thickness of 2-3 m to prevent contact between surfaces micro-roughness. For this case, film thickness will be maintained at a value above 3 m, to avoid the transition between the fluid and mixed lubrication. The slip/no-slip surface is defined on the sleeve bearing surface, as highlighted in Figure 3. Feeding groove Housing surface F (load)
Fluid film
Axle
z Slip zone x Feeding groove
y ls x
Slip zone Housing surface
Ls
Figure 3. Definition of the slip/no-slip zone on the sleeve bearing. 52
Table 1. Model parameters. Parameters Measure Unit Value Bearing diameter Width of pad Radial Bearing Speed shaft Type of fluid mm mm mm Rpm 48.00 19.37 0.20 4000 Newtonian
To study the influence of each parameter value was varied and the values for the other two parameters were kept constant. In the process of surface modelling the parameters were modified in this order: width (ls), length (Ls), and slip coefficient (C), with a range of values indicated bellow. Table 2. Slip surface geometry. Slip surface parameters Measure Unit Width Length Slip coefficient [mm] [deg] -
b)
Range [0-19.37] [0-360] [0-100] c) Figure 4. Minimum film thickness variation with the surface width (a), surface length (b) and the slip coefficient(c), for static loads of 750, 1500 and 10.000 N. Table 4. Results obtained for power loss reduction. Variation of Geometric Load performance parameters parameters ls = 16.86 mm, Ls -28.50 h [%] 10.000 = 180 deg , C = N -35.30 Pf [%] 10 ls = 18.12 mm, Ls -38.40 h [%] 1500 = 180 deg , C = N -20.74 Pf [%] 10 - 40.10 ls = 18.12mm, Ls = h [%] 750 N 180 deg , C = 10 - 8.70 Pf [%]
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSS

For the hydrodynamic case the optimization of the sliding surface led to important results for small loads, as it can be seen in the result tables. All the values obtained were compared with a reference case, the classical bearing case, without slip surface. Table 3. Results obtained when increasing minimum film thickness. Variation of Geometric performance Load parameters parameters h [%] + 0.18 10.000 ls = 1.08 mm, Ls = N 90 deg , C = 20-40 Pf [%] - 0.7 h [%] + 8.13 ls = 8.08 mm, Ls = 1500 N 180 deg , C = 20 -17.9 Pf [%] + 19.91 h [%] ls = 10.59 mm, Ls = 750 N 180 deg , C = 100 -25.8 Pf [%]
a) a) TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 53
As seen in the pictures above for the optimized bearing the pressure distribution is modified, generating performance improvement.
5. CONCLUSION
The main conclusion of the present study is that for an optimal geometry of the slip/no-slip surface, defined on the housing surface (the sleeve bearing surface), we can obtain a performance improvement for the steady state bearing. The improvement is materialized in an increase of minimum fluid film thickness (with 19.91 %) and a reduction of power loss (with 40.1 %) that imply many economical aspects: material and lubricant economy (a smaller optimized bearing can support the same load as a classical bearing with greater dimensions), energetic improvement (reducing the energy needed to assure the movement of the mobile surface), the possibility of increasing the load (for the same dimensions but with optimized surface). However, for this model, operating in HD regime, an improvement is possible only for small load values. We also find that some inappropriate geometry can lead to a decrease of bearing performances, by reducing fluid film pressure and loosing bearing load capacity. The positive results obtained point for future analyses of the same model and operating conditions closer to actual operating mode, involving surface deformation, temperature influence and dynamical loads.
b)
c) Figure 5. Power loss variation with the surface width (a), surface length (b) and the slip coefficient(c), for static loads of 750, 1500 and 10.000 N. Comparison with the Classical Case
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. 2. 3. 4. Frene, J., Nicolas, D., 2001, Lubrification Hydrodynamique, Paliers et butes , 1990, Editions Eyrolles, Paris, France. Spikes, H., 2001, Tribology in the twenty-first century, Tribology Section, Imperial College, Mechanical Engineering Department, London, pp 789-799. Ftu, A., Hajjam, M., Bonneau, D., 20-22/10/2008, Wall Slip in EDH Journal Bearings, International Joint Tribology Conference, Miami, Florida. Ma, G.J., Wu, C.W., 11/10/2005, Squeeze fluid film of spherical hydrophobic surfaces with wall slip, Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department for Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China, pp 863-872. *** www.wikipedia.com
5.
Figure 6. Pressure distribution at the sleeve surface level for the classical bearing (a) and the optimized bearing, increasing the minimum film thickness (b) and power loss reduction (c).
54
SLIP/NO-SLIP INFLUENCE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A RADIAL BEARING WITH A STATIC LOAD. EHD ANALYZES
Daniela Cobla *, Mohamed Hajjam**, Alexandru Rdulescu*** * University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: daniela.coblas@yahoo.com ** University of Poitiers, FRANCE, e-mail: mohamed.hajjam@univ-poitiers.fr*** University of Polytechnics, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: sandu@meca.omtr.pub.ro ABSTRACT In this paper we present a study on the behavior of a steady-state radial bearing assuming the existence of slip phenomenon at the fluid-solid interface with the sleeve bearing wall. The bearing operates in elasto-hydordynamic lubrication regime, disconsidering thermal influence, and taking into account the general assumptions considered for determining Navier-Stokes equation for the general hydrodynamic lubrication case. Like presented in the previous article, the computation was possible by using numerical modeling software Accel, available thanks to LMS Laboratory, belonging to Poitiers University. Only by using this software, the available time we had was sufficient to perform this study. . KEYWORDS: Wall slip, Journal bearings, Lubrication, Numerical modelling.
1. INTRODUCTION
The present paper comes as a continuation of the previous article, which presents the analysis of a steady-state radial bearing, with hydrodynamic (HD) lubrication, ignoring elastic deformation of the surfaces that defines the gap. In this case, the elasticity is taken into account, and the bearing is considered operating in EHD regime, [1], [2]. It is known that EHD lubrication involves the elastic deformations of surfaces, for some component parts of the assembly, even if those are completely separated by a lubricant film, [3], [4], [5].
(figure 1), which exerts an influence over film thickness and pressure distribution, like shown in figure 2.
Figure 2. Surface deformation and Pressure distribution for HD (a) and EHD case (b). Figure 1. Pad deformation in operating mode. Because of high local pressure surfaces are subjected to deformations during the operating time, Given the characteristics of EHD regime, the model was subjected to higher loading forces than the previous case, 10000 and 15000 N.
55
2. METHODOLOGY
The analysis is made for the same model, with same dimensions and characteristics (). A Newtonian lubricant is used, and we make the same assumption, that slip occurs along the sleeve bearing wall. Using the same calculation methodology, the modeling software Accel, we modified the values of the slip surface geometric parameters. Table 1. Model parameters. Parameters Measure Unit Value Bearing diameter Width of pad Radial Bearing Speed shaft Type of fluid mm mm mm Rpm 48.00 19.37 0.20 4000 Newtonian
a)
In the process of surface modeling the parameters were modified in this order: width (ls, between 0 and 19.37 mm), length (Ls, between 0 and 360 deg), and slip coefficient (C, between 0 and 100). C, the slip coefficient is a nondimensional parameter defining the intensity with which slip occurs, its value maybe greater than 100 but we find out that after a certain value, mostly the optimum value considered, it doesnt exert any other influence on the operating behavior. The mathematic equation used for this study is a modified Reynolds equation, which has new terms due to slip assumption, and it can be seen in ref. 3. The results obtained are satisfactory, we achieved to find an improvement of bearing performances for this case too.
b)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSS

For EHD case, by modeling the geometry of slip zone we have obtained better results for the smaller load (equal to 10.000 N) then for a greater one (15.000 N). Film thickness was increased with 31. 32% and power loss was reduced with 48.90 %. Table 2. Results obtained when increasing minimum film thickness. Variation of Geometric Load performance parameters parameters h [%] 31.32 10.000 ls = 14.35 mm, Ls = N 180 deg , C = 80 Pf [%] -34.5 15.000 ls = 15. 61mm, Ls = h [%] + 29.07 N 170 deg , C = 70 -34.5 Pf [%]
c) Figure 3. Minimum film thickness variation with the surface width (a), surface length (b) and the slip coefficient(c), for static loads of 10.000 and 15.000 N. Table 3. Results obtained for power loss reduction. Load 10.000 N 15.000 N Geometric parameters ls = 16.86 mm, Ls = 180 deg , C = 10 ls = 18.12 mm, Ls = 170 deg , C = 70 Variation of performance parameters h [%] - 48.9 Pf [%] - 1.5 h [%] - 41.5 - 12.1 Pf [%]
56
The explanation is that there are insufficient resisting forces to cancel the effect of load forces. The minimum pressure values, almost naught at some points, lead to the apparition of contact between solid surfaces, and it means that in these areas the presence of lubricant may be inexistent.
Axel Velocity
Axel Surface
a)
h
Slip Zone Slip Velocity
b)
Sleeve Surface
No- Slip Slip
Slip Zone
Sleeve Surface
Lift Capacity Loss

c) Figure 4. Power loss variation with the surface width (a), surface length (b) and the slip coefficient(c), for static loads of 10.000 and 15.000 N.
Slip
Slip Zone
Sleeve Surface Figure 6. Lifting capacity loss, for an excessive length of the sliding surface. Pressure abnormal distribution may be also correlated with the eccentricity ratio which has a different variation depending on load forces, influencing film thickness.
4.
THE LOSS OF LIFT BEARING
During the computation time, we met situations where the surface geometric parameters were limited to certain values, due to the appearance of fluid film ripping and transition between fluid and mixed service character. When length (Ls) exceeds a certain value (180 deg or 240 deg in some cases) fluid velocity (expressing its passing thru the gap) grows rapidly and leads to a sharp increase of pressure in the swell zone (when passing from slip zone to the unmodified surface). The result changed distribution of pressure with a large range of small values. This leads to the loss of lift bearing capacity and charging impossibility.
Comparison with the Classical Case

Figure 5 shows the modified pressure distribution for the optimized bearing, comparing it with the classic bearing, and reveling the mathematical meaning in this optimization. 57
It is easy to see the difference between the two surface integrals, and one can imagine the different resulting values giving the actual improvement.
5.
Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, pp 10058-10063. Ma, G.J., Wu, C.W., 10/12/2004, Abnormal behaviour of a hydrodynamic lubrication journal bearing caused by wall slip, Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China, pp 492-499.
Quick Info European brokerage event on urban mobility Brokerage Events Event Type: 17-Nov-2009 Start Date: 18-Nov-2009 End Date: Montbliard City: France Country: Description: Enterprise Europe Network Grand Est in France is organising a brokerage event during the International Conference MOBILIS that will take place in Montbliard(Franche-Comt - East of France) from 17th to 18th of November 2009. The conference is organised by the Vehicle of The Future, a National competitiveness cluster. The conference is dedicated to urban mobility. The last edition of the conference that took place in november 2008 is online : www.mobilisconference.com The topics of the brokerage event are the following : URBAN CLEAN VEHICLES Type of vehicles - Vehicles for persons or goods transportation, for services - urban or peri-urban environment - individual or collective use Engines, motors - electric, - gas - hybrid - thermal, Energy storage Batteries, Hydrogen Fuel cells DRIVING SMART SYSTEMS - to facilitate navigation (geopositioning, embedded systems, data exchanges,) - to help driving (driver assistance) - for maintenance, fleet management - for booking or payment MOBILITY MANAGEMENT - Simulation or traffic optimization - Modal transfer or intermodality - Parking systems INNOVATIVE MATERIALS, PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS TO IMPROVE SUSTAINABILITY, ERGONOMICS, COMFORT, SECURITY. smart sensors, signal treatment, engine parts, integration
Figure 5. Pressure distribution at the sleeve surface level for the classical bearing (a) and the optimized bearing, power loss reduction (b) for a load of 15.000 N.
5. CONCLUSION
As we conclude in the previous article to, by considering the appearance of the slip phenomenon and by modeling the slip surface geometry, we achieved to improve bearing behavior for the steady state EHD operating mode. Minimum film thickness was increased with a 32.31 % and power loss was reduced with 48.01%, for a load of 10.000 N. We showed how an inappropriate geometry of slip zone can lead to the loss of the bearing lifting capacity. As concluded in ref. 3, one of the issues raised by construction of this type of bearing is the life length of modified surfaces, issue that will find its question along the development of manufacturing technologies for this type of surfaces, which at this time imply high costs. Computer assisted simulation has proved its usefulness and also the necessity of this type of solutions and their development, in order to have the possibility to adjust each one for different research themes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Cottin-Bizonne, C., 2002, Hydrodynamique a linterface solide-liquide: etude par medures de forces de surfaces et simulation de dynamique molculaire, Lab. Physique de la Matire Condense et Nanostructures, Universit Claude Bernard Lyon I, France. Bayada, G., Benhaboucha, N., Chambat, M., 11/09/2007, Wall slip induced by a micro polar fluid, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR 5208-5259, Villeurbanne, France, pp 89-100. Yingxi, Z., Granick, S., 10/08/2001, Rate-dependent slip of Newtonian liquid qt smooth surfaces, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, pp 09610510961054. Yingxi, Z., Granick, S., 27/10/2002, No-slip boundary condition switches to partial slip when fluids contains surfactant, Department of Materials Science and
2. 3.
4.
58
THEORETICAL RESEARCHES REGARDING THE STATIC BEHAVIOUR OF A TRANSVERSAL SLIDE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL MACHINE TOOLS
Raluca Magdalena Nita, Loredana Paun, Roxana Grejdanescu SC ICTCM SA, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail ralu_magda@yahoo.com REZUMAT Lucrarea isi propune studiul prin metoda elemetelui finit a comportatii statice a unui ansamblu sanie transversala, componenta aunei masini unelte multifunctionale, sub actiunea fortele in timpul functionarii, in situatia in care sania este facuta din material clasic (otel sau fonta) cat si din material compozit pultruzionat. Prezinta importanta determinarea performantei, fiabilitatii, rezistentei si sigurantei in functionare deoarece acestea reprezita caracteristici fundamentale ce au o influenta deosebita asupra rezultatelor finale ale procesului de prelucrare. ABSTRACT The paper aims to study with the finite elements method the static behavior of transversal slide, component of a multifunctional machine tool, under the function during processing, in the conditions of steel and a composite slide. Its very important to determine the performance, resistance and security in functioning because this represent fundamental characteristics on the final results of the processing process. KEYWORDS: machine structure, composite, finite element analisys, static comportament CUVINTE CHEIE: structura masina, compozit, analiza cu element finit, comportare statica
1. ASPECTS OF THE ELEMENT ANALISYS
FINITE
For o more exact simulation of the problems that appears at the body contact, the contact technology it is rigorous implemented in the interfaces that help the user in them simulation, in order the obtained results to be as precise as possible even in the complex system cases. In the desing stage are used CAD programms (Computer Aided Design) of them data files represented the design product [5] Those files proper for the CAD program that you use, presents through others (materials, deviations, etc.) spatial geometry (3D), complete or partial, of the structures, pieces which are designed [5]. The CAD file is assumed in the proccesors of the MEF programs, even if the calculation model with MEF it doesnt always correspond with the real geometry of the calculation structure, much more, this transfer could not be complete, because of some incompatibilities between the way of stockage and interpretation of the data in the two programs (files known by the program) [5]. 59
The finite element method is an approximate numerical method for calculation, which can be used where is necessary for calculating the specific strains, the displacements and tensions, if a well definite dimensional geometry, for a loading, for well-defined boundary conditions and for material with known characteristics.[7] In case of an analysis of a complex system, such as in a cross sled of a multifunctional machine tools, is an important step of the analysis with the finite element method and is the specification of the characteristics of contact, which depends on the elastic properties of bodies that come in contact, the their geometry, but also how they are applied the loads acting on the system analyzed, because during their application size and shape of surfaces in contact may change. You can also change the distribution of tensions in these areas [1], [6].
For these reasons, after the data bases transefer in the MEF program, the calculation model geometry must be corrected or adapted to the program. Data bases created in CAD programs are in general proper for every program and sometimes can be converted in standardized forms. One of the most used type of files for the datebase transfer between the programs is the IGES file (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), which has the extension igs [5].
The characteristi properties of the composites material from witch are made the slides are presented in table 1 and the values for the characteristic rigidities in table 2. All this values are valable for temperatures between -200C and 600 C. [9]
2. SPECIFIC SOLICITATIONS SPECIFIC FOR THE NEW INTEGRATED MATERIALS

The multifunctional machines tools should also ensure that high speed processing, in high reliability conditions, requiring high precision, reliability and durability in operation increased. [8] For processing with high speed for operation of the high precision conditions, is necessary to use materials with low specific weight. The pultrusionated composite materials are heterogeneous and anisotropic materials so that their mechanics is more complex than that of conventional materials [8]. The basic element of a laminated composite structures is the individual layer (laminate) reinforced unidirectional fiber inserted into a resin (matrix).[9] As shown in figure 1, in the general case, request a lamine plan consists of three components were reported in the main directions in the material: Longitudinal application - the normal stress direction is parallel fibers [9]; Transversal application - the normal tension acts perpendicular to the direction of fibers; Request tangential - caused by tangential stresses # acting parallel and perpendicular to the direction of fibers. Defining the three requests are made on a representative volume element of the laminate. On the macroscopic laminate can be imagined as a "Anisotropic homogeneous continuous element [9], in which the fibers of infinite length are inserted into the matrix. The transversal section of laminate is not homogeneous so that the calculation is made with medium tension. These composites materials are pultrusionat profiles formed by rovings of glass by spun glass embedded in a resin thermal mass[2]. For the purpose that the pultruzionate profiles were designed, they are built by dragging the rovings of spun glass after the fibers were molten by resin, through a special molds where is determinate the designed profile and, after heating with melting fibers through resin, stabilization occurs with cooling profile shape, sizing and cutting it to length, which gives them the end of manufacture very high stiffness elements. Figure 1. Stratified composites and the solicitations for an element volum of the lamina [9] Table 1. Specific loodings Bending force on direction Bending force on direction Traction force on direction Traction force on direction Compresion force on direction Compresion force on direction Shearing force Characteristic stress [9] MPa logitudinal fb,0 240 transversal logitudinal transversal logitudinal transversal fb,90 ft,0 ft,90 fc,0 fc,90 f 100 240 50 240 70 25
Table 2. Values for the characteristic rigidity [9] Material [MPa] [--] characteristics Elascity module on longitudinal direction Elascity module on transversal direction Tangential elascity module Poisson coeficinet Poisson coeficinet E0 23 000 / 28 000
E90
8 500
3 000
v0,90 v90,0
0.23 0.09
60
3. GENERATING ELEMENT MODEL.
THE
FINITE
Distribuite pressure value is 0.21 MPa, and is progressively applied in time of o second as in fig. 4.
The fist step in finite element method analisys it is the model elaboaration and in special structure meshing, in another words passing from the phisical material from which the structure is being executed, to the conventional model- dicreet, for which will be done the finite element analisys. (FEA).[6] Very important problems that are taken into consideration when it is done the meshing are the nodes number: maximum and minimum; elements type; number of elements: maximum and minumun elements; maximum and minimum dimensions of the elements, imposed by the structures details and the calculation aim. Meshing process si a very complex one and has as scope optaining of an approach as better as possible of the real structure, from geometrical point of view, of the way of forces application of the forces, of the gidities, of the masses [5],[6]. Through this the study of the infinite points of the continuous given structure it is approximated through the study of the finite number of points bends of the meshing array of the discrete model [5]. The discreet mesh approximate, from mechanical and geometrical point of view the real structure. Meshing should be realized through an as uniform as possible array from lines and/or surfaces for model elaboration, processing and result interpretation to be as simple. The model was meshed with 10952 elementes and 22455 nodes as in fig. 2. The static analyses of the transversal slide behaviuor assumes the determination of the static deformations of the structure under the distribuite pressure action under the conditions of using different tipes of materials as composite and steel [8]. Distribuite pressere it is applied on the superior face of the transversal slide as in fig. 3.
4. RESULTS OF THE BEHAVOIUR OF A TRANSVERSAL SLIDE
STATIC STEEL
After the simulation program development the post processing represents the phase of effectively examining of the results, in tabular of in graphic form. The graphic representation of the results it is easier for interpretation and more facile for the user. It were taken into consideration for comparison the total deformation, the total deformation along x axis, equivalent elastic strain and maximum principal elastic strain.
Figure 4. Distribuite pressure
Figure 5. Total deformation
Figure 2. Meshing array
Figure 6. Maximum deformation on X direction
Figure 3. Solicitation of the transversal slide TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 61
Figure 7. Equivalent elastic strain After the simulation were obtained the folowing results: total deformation it is aproximatevely 0.39 mm (fig. 5), the maximum deformation on X direction 0.016 mm (fig. 6), equivalent elastic strain 0.005 mm (fig. 7), maximum principal elastic strain 0.0005 mm (fig. 8). Figure 10. Maximum deformation on X direction
5. RESULTS OF THE STATIC BEHAVIOUR OF A COMPOSITE TRANSVERSAL SLIDE

The results of the static behaviour of a composite transversal slide are presented in figure 8 12. Figure 11. Equivalent elastic strain
Figure 8. Maximum principal elastic strain
Figure 12. Maximum principal elastic strain After the simulation were obtained the folowing results: total deformation it is aproximatevely 3.4163 mm (fig. 9), the maximum deformation on X direction 0.14 mm (fig. 10), equivalent elastic strain 0.00495 mm (fig. 11), maximum principal elastic strain 0.00508 mm (fig. 12).
Figure 9. Total deformation
62
CONCLUSIONS
Finite elements method is a numerical method to analyze problems related to mechanical deformable structures through which were calculated specific strains, displacements and stress. In this case was used fot the determination of the static behaviour, from specific deformations and displacements of the transversal slide of a multifunctional machine tool, under the condition of executing the slide from composite and steel. After results post processing were effectively examined the simulations results was determined that under the condition of bending the same distribuite presseure at the composite slide are recorded deformations 10 times bigger as at the steel slide.
REFERENCES
[1] Mihailidis A, Pupaza C., Nerantzus I, Karaoglnidis G., Modeling and simulation of o spherical bearing mount, Annals of DAAAM for 2008 & Procidings of the 19th Internationl DAAM Symposium, ISSN 1726-9679 ISBN 978-3-901 50968-1. [2] Suh, J.D., Lee, D.G, Composite Machine Tool Structure for high Speed Milling Machines, Annals of DAAAM for 2008 & Procidings of the 19th Internationl DAAM Symposium, ISSN 1726-9679 ISBN 978-3-901 509-68-1. [3]. Bathe, K.J (1990) Finite Elementen Methoden, Springer Verlag, ISBN 0-387-15602-X, Berlin. [5] Ghionea Ionut, Considerations about the methodology and rezults for the finite elemenent analysis of a mechanical assembly, Proceedings of the 16th Intenational Conference on Manufacturing Systems- ICMaS, ISSN 1842-3183. [6] Sorohan, S, Constantinescu, I, Practica modelarii si analizei cu elemente finite, Bucuresti, 2003. [7] Zienkievicz, O, The finite element method, Heinemann, 2000, ISBN 0 7506 5049 4. [8] Schmitz, t. L. And Donalson, r. R., 2000, Predicting High Speed Machining Dynamics by Substructure Analysis, Annals of CIRP, 49/1:303-308. [9] Fiberline composites, www.fiberline.com, Accesed on 200902-20.
Quick Info Process Engineer - Instrumentation
Top five dominate process level measurement device supplies The market for level measurement devices remains robust as manufacturers continue to launch new instruments and drive new projects forwards. Sean Ottewell reports A new market study by VDC Research on the global process level measurement market finds that the top five suppliers of process level measurement devices world-wide are: Endress+Hauser, Emerson Process Management, VEGA Grieshaber, Yokogawa Electric Company, and Siemens Milltronics Process Instruments. Emerson Process Management and Siemens lead the way in shipments of the two largest product categories - hydrostatic devices and sonic/ultrasonic devices. "While these five suppliers of process level measurement devices have the lion's share of the market, it is critical to remember that this market is highly fragmented, with dozens of other segment leaders operating in very specific technical or installation environment niches," indicated Chris Rezendez, Executive Vice President of VDC Research Group. The study, which forecasts the market through 2013 also found that: the global market for process level measurement sensors is expected to decline by nearly 15 per cent in 2009 but will begin to grow in late 2010 or the first half of 2011; increased efficiency demands and regulatory compliance drivers are the top factors driving long term growth; the greatest gains in shares are seen in Foundation Fieldbus as the standard is becoming more widely accepted; emerging wireless standards are expected to make inroads into the global market over the forecast period; and worldwide, the verticals exhibiting the strongest now- and near-term performance are chemical/specialty chemical markets, petrochem and pharmaceutical. TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 63
Emerson Process Management has demonstrated its ongoing commitment to level measurement with the new Rosemount 5300 guided wave radar (GWR) level transmitters for SIL2 safety instrumented systems. Following successful third-party evaluation, the 5300 series now comes with the required failure modes, effects and diagnostic analysis (FMEDA) report. As a result, says Emerson, companies in the oil and gas production, refining, petrochemical, chemical and power industries can benefit from the superior performance of GWR technology while ensuring compliance with associated IEC industry standards. The 5300 Series was evaluated, as per hardware assessment IEC 61508, by global organisation Exida. The resulting FMEDA report, with safe failure fraction (SFF) over 90 per cent, shows SIL2 suitability. As per IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 the documentation provides safety instrumentation engineers with the required failure data and with proof test recommendations. With a five-year-plus proof test interval, the proof test can be co-ordinated with plant turnaround, minimising process interruption and reducing risk to personnel. The Rosemount 5300 series is a two-wire GWR for challenging level and interface measurements on liquids, slurries and solids. It leverages the company's 30 years of radar expertise and is designed to improve plant profitability through superior reliability, state-of-the-art safety features, effortless handling and unlimited connectivity. It has an enhanced capability to handle disturbing factors, longer measuring range, and lower dielectrics, even with a single probe. The robust design prevents leakage and performs reliably, especially under extreme process conditions. Heavy-duty probes are available to meet the extreme temperatures and pressure challenges with multiple layer of protection and advanced echo logics for reliable overfill detection. he 5300 series' two-wire technology enables fast and inexpensive installation. With user-friendly graphical interfaces and wizards, measure-and-learn functionality, suggestions for application-specific configuration and PlantWeb digital architecture functionality, the transmitter integrates easily into new or existing control systems. This, in addition to maintenance-free operation and advanced diagnostics, results in a quicker return on investment with overall improved uptime and enhanced safety. VEGA Grieshaber continues its efforts in the same market with an order encompassing the complete level, switching and pressure instrumentation for Germany's largest paper mill. Production start-up in the new paper mill is planned for March 2010. The order includes, among other things, VEGABAR pressure transmitters with ceramic CERTEC measuring cell, various types of VEGAPULS radar sensors as well as VEGACAP and VEGASWING level switches. The instruments will be used in all areas of the new plant - from stock preparation to paper machine. The new paper machine has a working breadth of 10.1 m and an operating speed of 1900 metres/minute. Every year, 650000 tons of test liner and corrugated medium are to be produced from 100 per cent recycled fibres in weights from 70-130 g/m2. In another new move, BASF and VEGA Grieshaber have extended the existing framework contract. The contract covers the worldwide delivery of level and switching instrumentation from VEGA for the manufacturing locations of the BASF Group. According to VEGA, this contract underscores and deepens the trust as well as the successful cooperation between the two companies. (source http://www.engineerlive.com/ProcessEngineer/Instrumentation/Top_five_dominate_process_level_measurement_device_supplies/22149/?dm_i=381, 2F9S,76KG1,7NPH,1)
64
RECHERCHES EXPERIMENTALES SUR LE COMPORTEMENT THERMIQUE DES LUBRIFIANTS USES

Alexandru V. Rdulescu1, Irina Rdulescu2
2
Universit POLITEHNICA de Bucarest, Bucarest, ROUMANIE, e-mail : sandu@meca.omtr.pub.ro S.C. I.C.T.C.M. S.A. Institut de Recherches Technologiques pour la Construction des Machines, Bucarest, Roumanie, e-mail : irena_sandu@yahoo.com RESUM Cet article propose d'tudier le comportement thermique des lubrifiants frais et uss, en tenant compte de la variation de la viscosit par rapport la temprature. Le modle rhologique propos pour les lubrifiants frais et uss est le modle de Newton, pour lequel les tensions tangentielles dans le fluide sont proportionelles avec les gradients de vitesses. Les informations concernant la viscosit des lubrifiants peuvent tre considres comme une fentre pour analyser les autres proprits des fluides. La viscosit est toujour plus facile mesurer que beaucoup dautres proprits des lubrifiants, en constituant un outil trs important pour la caractrisation des fluides. ABSTRACT This article proposes to study the thermal behavior of fresh and used lubricants, taking account to the variation of viscosity versus temperature. The proposed rheological model for fresh and used lubricants is the Newton model, where the shearing stresses in the fluid are proportional to the velocity gradient. Information on the viscosity of lubricants can be regarded as a "window" to analyze other fluids properties. The viscosity is always easier to measure than many other properties of lubricants, providing a very important tool for the fluids characterization. MOTS CLEF: comportement thermique, lubrifiants frais et uss, viscosit, temperature KEYWORDS: thermal behavior, fresh and used lubricants, viscosity, temperature
1. INTRODUCTION
Dune manire gnrale, tous les mcanismes lubrifis, la condition que le graissage ne se fasse fond perdu, sont susceptibles dtre surveills dans leur fonctionnement par analyse de leur lubrifiant en service. Les rsultats permettent de dceler des anomalies caractristiques telles que, [6] : la contamination par des particules internes lquipement; lvolution par comparaison des rsultats obtenus entre chaque analyse; le type dusure; la pollution par des agents extrieurs entranant une dtrioration du lubrifiant et/ou une usure par abrasion. Concernant le choix de la mthode de surveillance du degr dusure des lubrifiants, on peut mentionner les analyses physico-chimiques valuant la qualit lubrifiante de lhuile, la dtermination de la teneur en produits dusure,
lexamen microscopique et le comptage de particules en suspension dans lhuile. Linterprtation de certains rsultats de mesure est souvent dlicate notamment parce que lvolution, juge anormale, dun lment de lanalyse peut avoir plusieurs causes. Grce une meilleure connaissance des phnomnes dusure et de dgradation des matriaux ainsi quau dveloppement de nouvelles technologies assistes par linformatique, la maintenance conditionnelle par lanalyse des huiles reprsent un outil de progrs pour les responsables de maintenance, [1, 2]. Du point de vue de linstrumentation associe qui permet danalyser lchantillon prlev, il faut remarquer le viscosimtre, lAquatest, la chromatographie en phase gazeuse, la mthode Karl Fisher, la mesure du point clair en vase clos, lanalyseur photomtrique de la tache, le spectromtre absorption infrarouge ou dmission torche plasma, le magntiseur de particules, le compteur de particules etc.
65
Plusieurs modes opratoire peuvent tre appliqus un mme chantillon, d'une part pour analyser diffrents paramtres caractristiques de l'huile, d'autre part pour tablir un diagnostic objectif de plusieurs techniques concordant sur la mme analyse. Aussi, cette slection dpend de la requte mise par le service qui fait appel l'analyse des huiles (politique de maintenance lie l'quipement concern). Parmi cettes mthodes utilises pour analyser le degr dusure du lubrifiant, la mesure de la viscosit est essentielle puisque la comparaison avec celle du lubrifiant usag permet de vrifier ses proprits dcoulement mais aussi son ventuelle dilution, par du carburant par exemple. Un des plus vidents facteurs qui peuvent avoir un effet sur le comportement rhologique d'un lubrifiant est la temprature. Certains lubrifiants sont trs sensibles la temprature, et une relativement faible variation se traduira par une modification importante de la viscosit. Lanalyse de l'effet de la temprature sur la viscosit est essentielle dans l'valuation des lubrifiants qui seront soumis des variations de temprature en service ou des transformations, telles que les huiles moteurs, graisses, et les adhsifs thermofusibles, [3,5]. Cet article propose d'tudier le comportement thermique des lubrifiants frais et uss, en tenant compte de la variation de la viscosit par rapport la temprature.
Le modle de Cameron:
b 95 Ke +t
(3),
o: la viscosit; K paramtre de viscosit; b paramtre de temprature; t temprature. Le modle de Reynolds:
= 50 e m(t 50)
(4),
o: la viscosit; 50 la viscosit 50 0C; m paramtre de temprature; t temprature.
3. BANC DESSAI EXPRIMENTALE

Les viscosits des fluides se mesurent par application de la loi de Newton un type dcoulement dtermin. Les appareils les plus utiliss sont les viscosimtres capillaires et les viscosimtres rotation. Dans les viscosimtres rotation, le fluide tudi est cisaill entre deux surfaces, lune fixe et lautre mobile en rotation. La vitesse de dformation du fluide est relie la gomtrie de lappareillage et la vitesse de rotation. La contrainte de cisaillement est dduite du couple appliqu. Il est ainsi possible de dterminer la viscosit dune fluide. Le banc dessai exprimentale a t un viscosimtre Brookfield cne-plateau, prsent dans la Figure 1. Le liquide est ici plac entre un cne et un disque, lun tournant, lautre immobile. Lavantage de cet appareil est que pour de grands angles douverture du cne (Figure 2), la vitesse de dformation est constante dans tout lentrefer. Le viscosimtre est adapt pour lacquisition numrique des donnes et offre la possibilit de dterminer la variation de la viscosit avec la temprature, [7].
2. NOTIONS DE THORIE
Le modle rhologique propos pour les lubrifiants frais et uss est le modle de Newton, pour lequel les tensions tangentielles dans le fluide sont proportionelles avec les gradients de vitesses:
du dy
(1)
Dans lquation (1), la constante de proportionalit est la viscosit , qui a une variation importante avec la temprature. Cette variation dpend de la nature chimique des huiles: la viscosit des huiles naphtniques diminue avec la temprature plus vite que celle des huiles paraffiniques. De ce point de vue, plusieurs lois de variation de la viscosit avec la temprature sont proposes, [3]: Le modle de Jarchov et Theissen:
= 50 e
o: B t
50t 95+ t
(2),
50
la viscosit; la viscosit 50 0C; paramtre adimensionel; temprature. Figure 1. Viscosimtre Brookfield cne-plateau TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 66
Figure 2. Gomtrie des cnes utiliss Afin dobtenir des informations practiques concernant le comportement thermiques des lubrifiants avec divers degres dusure, on a test trois types dhuiles roumaines, en tat frais et use (degr dusure de 30%, 70% et 100%): 10W40 huile pour les moteurs lessance; H46 huile pour les cylindres hydrauliques; M30 huile pour les moteurs Diesel. Les proprits physique et chimique des huiles tests sont prsentes dans le Tableau 1, [8]. Tableau 1. Proprits physique et chimique des huiles tests, [8] Huile Paramtre Densit 15C Viscosit 100C 10W40 890 kg/m3 H46 900 kg/m3 6.5-8.9 cSt 92 -25 0C 200 0C M30 905 kg/m3 9.4-12.5 cSt 90 -21 0C 230 0C
Figure 3. Variation de la viscosit avec la temprature pour lhuile 10W40
Figure 4. Variation de la viscosit avec la temprature pour lhuile H46
14.0-16.3 cSt Indice de viscosit 145 Point -30 0C dcoulement Point 215 0C dinflamabilit
4. RSULTATS
Les rhogrammes caractristiques obtenues avec le viscosimtre Brookfield, pour tout les huiles tests, sont prsentes dans les Figures 3, 4 et 5. Dans chaque figure, on a reprsent la variation de la viscosit avec la temprature, pour quatre degrs dusure de lhuile: 0% (huile frais), 30%, 70% et 100% (huile us). On peut observer que la viscosit baisse avec la temprature, ce qui est un comportement normale pour lhuile, mais, en plus, elle depend du degr dusure de lhuile.
Figure 5. Variation de la viscosit avec la temprature pour lhuile M30 Les rsultats numriques de la variation de viscosit avec la temprature on t traits laide de la mthode de lanalyse de rgression [4], afin dobtenir les valeurs des paramtres thermique des huiles, correspondants aux quations (2), (3) et (4). Les rsultats obtenus sont prsents dans les tableaux 2, 3 et 4.
67
Tableau 2. Valeurs principales pour les paramtres thermiques de lhuile 10W40 Paramtre Huile Frais Us 30% Us 70% Us 100% Paramtre Huile Frais Us 30% Us 70% Us 100% Paramtre Huile Frais Us 30% Us 70% Us 100% Modle de Jarchov et Theissen Coeff. de 50, B corrlation Pas 0.0520 5.287 0.9989 0.0446 5.426 0.9976 0.0403 5.460 0.9978 0.0354 5.478 0.9972 Modle de Cameron Coeff. de b, 0C K, Pas corrlation 0.9989 2.62810- 766.67
4
Tableau 4. Valeurs principales pour les paramtres thermiques de lhuile M30 Paramtre Huile Frais Us 30% Us 70% Us 100% Paramtre Huile Frais Us 30% Us 70% Us 100% Paramtre Huile Frais Us 30% Us 70% Us 100% Modle de Jarchov et Theissen Coeff. de 50, B corrlation Pas 0.0972 6.579 0.9988 0.0940 6.488 0.9993 0.0918 6.314 0.9987 0.0910 6.284 0.9988 Modle de Cameron Coeff. de b , 0C K, Pas corrlation 0.9988 1.34810- 954.05
4
1.96310
4 4
786.75 791.71 794.39
0.9976 0.9978 0.9972
1.429104
940.88 915.58 911.22
0.9993 0.9987 0.9988
1.713101.478104
1.663104
1.698104
Pas 0.0509 0.0435 0.0392 0.0344
50,
Modle de Reynolds Coeff. de m, 0C-1 corrlation -0.0459 0.9988 -0.0473 0.9996 -0.0477 0.9996 -0.0478 0.9995
Pas 0.0904 0.0877 0.0865 0.0857
50,
Tableau 3. Valeurs principales pour les paramtres thermiques de lhuile H46 Paramtre Huile Frais Us 30% Us 70% Us 100% Paramtre Huile Frais Us 30% Us 70% Us 100% Paramtre Huile Frais Us 30% Us 70% Us 100% Modle de Jarchov et Theissen Coeff. de 50, B corrlation Pas 0.0229 6.262 0.9972 0.0227 6.177 0.9968 0.0234 6.096 0.9951 0.0213 6.294 0.9961 Modle de Cameron Coeff. de b, 0C K, Pas corrlation 0.9972 4.37710- 907.66
5
5. DISCUSSIONS ET CONCLUSIONS
Les informations concernant la viscosit des lubrifiants peuvent tre considres comme une fentre pour analyser les autres proprits des fluides. La viscosit est toujour plus facile mesurer que beaucoup dautres proprits des lubrifiants, en constituant un outil trs important pour la caractrisation des fluides. En analysant les donns exprimentales prsents dans les tableaux 2, 3 et 4, on peut observer une importante tendance de diminution des valeurs de la viscosit avec le degr dusure du lubrifiant. Pour tout les trois huiles analyss, on constate que la viscosit du fluid us est plus petite que celle du fluide frais. Concernant la variation de la viscosit avec la temprature, on a propos trois modles: Jarchov et Theissen, Cameron et Reynolds. Tous ces modles sont convenables pour approximer cettes variations, mais le meilleure est le modle de Reynolds. Enfin, le principal rsultat de cette recherche est une nouvelle mthodologie pour l'valuation et la quantification de l'usure et de la durabilit des lubrifiants, en tenant compte de la variation de la viscosit du lubrifiant par rapport la temprature.
4.723105
895.71 883.84 912.59
0.9968 0.9951 0.9961
5.264105
3.937105
Pas 0.0217 0.0216 0.0223 0.0202
50,
68
RFRENCES
[1] Ahlborn G.H., Lubricant Barrier Film Contaminated Ball Bearings - A Bearing Life Threat?, Lubrication Engineering, 1979, volume 35, nr.12, pp. 677-686. [2] Bolster R.N., Removal of Fluid Contaminants by Surface Chemical Displacement. Suiface Contamination. Londres : Plenum Press, 1979. [3] Briant, J. et al. "Proprits rhologiques des lubrifiants", dition Technip, 1985 [4] Crocker, D.C. "How to use regression analysis in quality control", American Society for Quality Control, Vol. IX, 1983 [5] Ram A., High Shear Viscosimetry. Rheology. Theory and Applications. Eirich F.R. New York, London: Academic Press, 1967. pp. 251284. [6] Ville F., Pollution Solide dans les Lubrifiants, Indentation et Fatigue des Surfaces, These de Doctorat: INSA Lyon, 16 Nov. 1998. [7] *** Catalogue CAP 2000+ viscometer, www.brookfieldengineering.com/ [8] *** Catalogue pour les huiles SC ICERP SA Ploiesti, http://www.icerp.ro/fise/Lubricerp/Uleiuri
Digital automation for coal gasification plant

Shanghai Coking Chemical Corporation and Emerson Process Management announced that Emerson had been selected to provide its PlantWeb digital plant architecture with Foundation fieldbus technology for the $375 million expansion of the coal gasification plant in Shanghai. The project has doubled the plants output of methanol and carbon monoxide to help meet the rapidly increasing need for methanol in the region. The expanded plant began operation in June 2008. The plant converts coal to synthesised gas, methanol, and carbon monoxide. The expansion project produces hourly 11,618 cubic metres of synthesised gas, 22,000 cubic metres of carbon monoxide, and 56 tons of methanol. The synthesised gas is supplied to customers in the Shanghai Chemical Industry Park, while the methanol and carbon monoxide are used as a chemical intermediate for acetic acid. We selected Emersons PlantWeb architecture because it provides a simple digital architecture that can be easily configured to meet the complex requirements of our process, said Mr. Guanghua Li, chief engineer for Shanghai Coking and Chemical Corporation. The improved predictive capabilities and streamlined communications provided by PlantWeb technology will help us meet our high availability targets for the expanded plant. Emersons extensive experience in large project management was another factor in the selection process. We have already been very impressed with Emersons strong local engineering and support capability. In addition to installing PlantWeb, Emersons contract includes project management, system integration, configuration, commission and start-up, and maintenance services. Emersons PlantWeb digital architecture delivers operational excellence by networking thousands of smart devices
Quick Info Power Engineer - IT Automation
69
throughout plants, enabling optimum control, while continuously gathering diagnostics data that is used for asset optimisation, including predictive maintenance. Plant personnel use the data to correct potential equipment and process problems before they interrupt production. Shanghai Coking Chemical Corporation is a large comprehensive chemical company, which uses coal as its primary raw material. It is the largest producer of city coal gas in the Shanghai area, providing 50% of Shanghais gas demand with a current daily output of 3.2 million cubic metres. The companys main products include 1.5m t/a coke, 800k t/a methanol and 360k t/a carbon monoxide. Its annual sales are more than $700 million. For more information, visit www.emersonprocess.com (source:http://www.engineerlive.com)
For example, thin-film technology enables solar cells to be constructed on flexible substrates, opening up many new opportunities to embed solar power generation into diverse commercial applications. Working closely with influential producers, DEK has developed a range of metallization solutions for thin-film substrates. Processes include precision deposition of silver epoxy compounds for metallisation, as well as the application of other active and interconnect layers, using printing techniques similar to those already proven in bulk silicon solar cell production. As the production of solar cells increases globally, producers need better and faster production technology, backed by shorter lead-times and customer support capable of supporting ongoing productivity, explains DEKs Alternative Energy Business Development Manager, Darren Brown. Here at DEK Solar, weve already established world-class production values for companies building photovoltaic cells on silicon wafers and were delighted that we can now deliver the same opportunities to thin-film cell producers. Combined with leading-edge production technology, our global support infrastructure provides even the most progressive companies with the back-up they need to maximise throughput and yield. Whats more, Im confident that our commitment to partnering with our customers will continue to optimise the production of thin-film solar cells for mass-market adoption into the future. DEKs PV1200 solar metallisation line delivers 1200 cells-per-hour throughput, six-sigma process rating, 12.5 micron resolution and advanced handling capabilities. For more information, visit www.deksolar.com
Power Engineer - Renewable Energy
Solar solutions for thin-film generation

DEK Solar has announced that its PV1200 photovoltaic metallisation platform is not only being deployed around the world to meet the challenges of silicon wafers but also, to meet the commercial challenges of thin-film substrates. DEK says it is driving the production of thin-film PV cells towards mass market adoption through a range of cost and productivity benefits. The emergence of new types of solar cells produced using thin-film technology presents solar manufacturers with a number of advantages including cost benefits against increasingly expensive silicon wafers.
(source:http://www.engineerlive.com)
70
ASPECTE PRIVIND PROIECTAREA OPTIMIZAT A ELEMENTULUI DE STRUCTUR TIP BRA ARTICULAT AL UNUI ROBOT RRR
Adrian Ghiorghe
Politehnica University of Bucharest, ROMANIA,Faculty of Engineering and Management of Technological Systems e-mail : adrian.ghiorghe@yahoo.com
REZUMAT Optimizarea elementelor de structura ale robotilor industriali este esenial in proiectarea modern optimizat prin simularea cu element finit i modificarea structurii n a obine o structur cu o rigiditate maxima. Prin aplicarea algoritmului de optimizarea structural i topologic s-a urmrit determinarea valorilor optime pentru variabilele de proiectare n condiiile reducerii de material n structura robotului. Optimizarea structural prin MEF const n realizarea modelului geometric parametrizat al ansamblului robotului, prin considerarea unor mrimi geometrice ca variabile de proiectare, impunerea unor condiii restrictive asupra modelului i stabilirea unei funcii obiectiv a optimizrii. Prin rulri succesive ale analizei prin MEF, sunt variate valorile variabilelor de proiectare i sunt procesate variabilele de stare, pentru stabilirea fezabilitii setului de variabile de proiectare, n vederea determinrii unui set optim (minim) din punct de vedere al funciei obiectiv. ABSTRACT Optimization of structural elements of industrial robots is essential in modern design optimized by finite element simulation and obtain a modification of the structure with maximum rigidity. By applying structural and topology optimization algorithm was intended to determine optimal values for design variables in terms of reducing material in the structure of the robot. Structural optimization is to achieve MEF parameterized geometrical model of the assembly robot, by considering some geometric sizes as design variables, imposing restrictive conditions on the model and establish an objective function to optimize. The runs of the FEM analysis, are different values of design variables and state variables are processed, to determine the feasibility set of design variables in order to determine an optimal set (minimum) in terms of objective function. KEYWORDS: structural optimization, robot, stiffness, frequency CUVINTE CHEIE: optimizare structural, robot, rigiditate, frecven
1. INTRODUCERE
Metodele moderne de proiectare optimizat ale unui structuri de robot implic utilizarea programelor de Proiectarea optimizat a elementelor de structur proiectare asistat i analiz cu elemente finite (CADale unui robot industrial trebuie s corespund unor FEM). criterii dimensionale, design(form), material i n cadrul programelor de analiz i verificare ale funcionale impuse. elementelor de structur i structurii complete a n proiectarea optimizat a structurii robotului roboilor industriali, analiza cu elemente finite a unui inginerul proiectant trebuie s se ia n calcul cteva aspecte subansamblu sau a unui ntreg ansamblu a devenit o legate de abordarea temei impuse innd cont i de necesitate n proiectarea modern. Se poate realiza un solicitrile la care va fi supus structura robotului. Aici vor model virtual al robotului cu elementele de structur aparea cteva ntrebri pe care proiectantul trebuie s i le care s poat fi optimizat prin program. pun legate de rezistena elementul de structur la Problematica metodei ine de raportarea structurii solicitrile reale, dac este supradimensionat, dac modelate pe calculator la o structur fizic de la care s materialul ales corespunde, deformaia elementului de se poat obine unele rezultate privind comportarea structur va depi limitele impuse, comportamentul static, modal i dinamic. braelor acestuia corelat cu elementele din cuple de rotaie ale structurii robotului. TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009 71
2. OPTIMIZAREA FORMEI CONSTRUCTIVE A ELEMENTELOR DE STRUCTUR I RESTRICIILE IMPUSE DE STRUCTUR N URMA ANALIZEI CU ELEMENT FINIT
Elementele de structur i structura asamblat a robotului modelat pe calculator, ntr-o prim etap, reprezint aproximarea structurii fizice. n funcie de rezultatele experimentale obinute se modeleaz structura virtual a elementelor de structur ale robotului pn cnd se obine o comportare aproape identic cu cea a structurii fizice. Stadiul actual al cercetrilor teoretice i experimentale n vederea mbuntirii construciei optimizate a elementelor de structur i structurii complete a roboilor, a relevat c principalele variabile de proiectare optimizat a structurilor sunt materialele noi care s nlocuiasc materialele tradiionale caracterizate de proprieti fizico-mecanice nesatisfctoare utilizate pentru elementele de structur i modelarea optimizat a formei elemetelor de structur prin algoritmi i programe de utilizare. Pentru mbuntirea comportrii statice i dinamice a structurii unui robot industrial precum i a unui element de structur oarecare trebuie satisfcute urmtoarele cerine: - greutate minim a structurii portante; - rigiditate static maxim a elementelor de structur; - sgeat minim a elementului de execuie (endeffectorul); - frecven de rezonan ct mai mare, n afara domeniului de frecvene din mediul de lucru; - momente de inerie minime, cu implicaii asupra sgeii dinamice a end-effectorului. n analiza cu elemente finite a structurii unui robot articulat se identific cteva etape care ar trebui urmrite i analizate rezultatele prin definirea elementelor discretizate; definirea proprietilor fizicomecanice ale materialului elementelor de structur i restriciile impuse acestora, datorate elementelor de acionare pentru subansamble prin introducerea restriciilor n toate nodurile n care se presupune c avem contact ntre elementul conductor i cel condus; calcularea matricii de rigiditate pentru structur; introducerea ncrcrilor statice (fore i momente pe toate axele x, y, z), n nodurile care definesc legturile ntre subansamble; analiza static, prin determinarea deplasrilor i tensiunilor care apar n structur;deplasrile i tensiunile pot fi corespunztoare axelor x, y, z sau o compunere a acestora, iar n cazul tensiunilor se vor determina tensiunile principale i globale; analiza modal prin determinarea frecvenelor proprii i a modurilor proprii de vibraie; permite simularea comportrii subansamblelor pentru toate
modurile proprii; n acest fel se pot stabili tipurile de moduri proprii care solicit structurile (torsionale sau de ncovoiere) i se pot trage concluzii legate de elementele de ranforsare care trebuie introduse pentru mbuntirea comportrii structurilor; analiza modal d informaii asupra frecvenelor proprii i modurilor proprii de vibraie ale structurii, datorate forelor de greutate, pentru structura considerat izolat de restul elementelor; optimizarea elementelor de structur pe baza analizei statice i modale, prin introducerea de nervuri i diafragme pentru zonele unde se constat deformaii sau amplitudini mai mari ale modurilor proprii de vibraie; analiza dinamic, care const n introducerea n nodurile n care se consider ncrcarea static, a unei fore dinamice, distribuia n mai multe noduri, care preiau ncrcarea.
Figura 1. Optimizarea structural n procesul de proiectare n calculul analizei rigiditii (Nakasone et al., 2006) se bazeaz pe ecuaia de rigiditate (1) prin discretizarea cu elemente triunghiulare finite i calcularea matricii de rigiditate pentru structur (2), i forele (3): (1)
(2)
(3)
72
Se va propune pentru fiecare structur a mai multor variante de elemente de structur tip brae prin plasarea unor nervuri sau diafragme pentru a se scadea greutatea cu o mbuntire, cretere a rigiditii elementului de structur avnd n vedere modelul experimental al robotului. Practic se va nregistrarea o deformaiei obinut experimental i se va comparara ca ordin de mrime cu cea dat de analiza static. Dup care se va analiza cauzele care contribuie la diferene ntre modelul experimental i cel teoretic i propuneri de reducere a acestora. Prin reducerea masei structurii robotului, simultan cu creterea rigiditii statice sunt mbuntite valorile frecvenelor proprii care cresc. Scopul este de a gsi cea mai bun utilizare a materialului pentru o structur supus aciunii unei fore sau mai multor fore distribuite. Din aceast perspectiv optimizarea topologic permite proiectarea elementelor de structur pentru obinerea unei rigiditi maxime. Optimizarea topologic poate fi aplicat pentru un singur caz de ncrcare sau pentru o ncrcare multipl, aplicat simultan. Pentru un numr k de cazuri de ncrcare diferite, funcia de greutate este definit:
fi analizate. Analiza de parametri, cum ar fi: deformare, rigiditate sau frecven trebuie s fie luate n considerare n scopul de a optimiza modelul de robot. Y axis Z axis Total X axis deformation deformatio deformation deformation n Mimimum 0 -0.068 -0.009 -0.323 Maximum 0.374 0.110 0.265 0.054 Parameter Tab. 1. Deformaiile totale i dup direciile Ox,Oy,Oz Principal stress 1xe8 Pa Mimimum Maximum Mimimum Principal stress -9.894 0.167 Middle Principal stress -4.054 0.769 Maximum Principal stress -3.413 2.468 Equivalent stress 0.691 6.223
Tab. 2. Deformaiile principale la ncrcare Frequency Modes in Range Structure only frequency (Hz) Maxim 1st 51.57 0.197 2nd 3rd 4th 187.65 0.270
F (U ,U ,...,U ) = wiU ,
1 c 2 c i c i =1 i c
58.95 153.24 0.216 0.211
(4)
unde wi reprezint greutatea structurii pentru cazul de ncrcare cu energia de complian structural Funcia care trebuie minimizat caz cu funcia
U ci .
Tab. 3. Domeniul modurilor de frecven
U c este nlocuit n
F.
3. ANALIZ I REZULTATE
Primul pas al analizei cu elemente finite este crearea unui model CAD pentru structura complet a robotului Fanuc LR Mate 100iB innd cont i de restriciile impuse n articulaii folosind softul de modelare 3D, SolidWorks 2008. n scopul de a analiza comportarea static, analiza modal prin determinarea frecvenelor proprii i a modurilor proprii de vibraie folosind un soft Ansys Workbench 10.0 de analiz cu element finit. Pentru analiza FEM a structurii robotului am considerat ca date de intrare dup cum urmeaz: fore distribuite pe Ox, Oy, Oz la o ncrcare a gripperului de 50kg~490N i o distribuie de temperatur n zona de lucru de 50C. Structura analizat static cuprinde: deformare total i deplasarea pe direciile de stres principale i echivalente (von Mises), stres, precum i modurile de frecven n gam a structurii robotului. Rezultatele comparative ale limitelor maxime atinse n termeni de deformare sunt prezentate n tabelul de mai jos. Pasul final de optimizare depinde de ceea ce trebuie s fie mbuntit, care va stabili parametrii pentru a
Figura 2. Geometria structurii robotului Fanuc
Figura 3. Discretizarea(mesh) structurii robotului
Figura 4. Deformaia total a structurii robotului 73
Figura 5. Deformaia pe directia axei X
Figura 11. 1-ul domeniu al frecvenelor proprii i al modurilor proprii de vibraie
Figura 6. Deformaia pe directia axei Y Figura 12. Al 2-lea domeniu al frecvenelor proprii i al modurilor proprii de vibraie
Figura 7. Deformaia pe directia axei Z
Figura 13. Al 3-lea domeniu al frecvenelor proprii i al modurilor proprii de vibraie Figura 8. Solicitarea maxim la stres
Figura 9. Solicitarea medie la stres
Figura 14. Al 4-lea domeniu al frecvenelor proprii i al modurilor proprii de vibraie Dup modelarea solid n modulul CATIA Part Design a braului robotului se consider a avea un material aliaj aluminiu de tipul 7079 cu urmtoarele proprieti fizice, importante n decursul analizei: modulul lui Young (72000 N/mm2), coeficientul lui Poisson (0.33), densitatea (0.0027 g/m3), coeficientul de dilatare termic (2.510-5 K), rezistena admisibil (27000 N/mm2). Pentru a optimiza un element de structur prin analiza static s-a izolat braul robotului la care se va aplica o ncrcare static cu forta=490N pe toate cele trei direcii x, y, z. Braul n urma materialului ales are o masa=3.55879 kg, tipul mesh=solid standard, numr de elemente: 63152, numr de noduri: 100181, dimensiunea elementului=5.4833 mm, tolerana=0.27416 mm. 74
Figura 10. Solicitarea minim la stres i ncrcarea echivalent(von-Mises)
n figura 15 este afiat rezultatele ncrcrii printro imagine Von Mises Stress, dar pot fi obinute i altele (Deformation, Principal Stress i Precision), corespunztoare calculului modelului de bra considerat, alturi de aceste ferestre, este prezentat i paleta de culori care nsoete rezultatul imagine Von Mises. Valorile cele mai mici ale tensiunilor se afl n partea de jos a paletei, cele maxime n partea de sus a acesteia, dar fereastra de dialog conine i valorile explicite, n zona Extrema Values. Culorile albastre i bleu indic tensiuni sczute, iar culorile galben spre rou tensiuni ridicate.
Figura 16. Rezultate Von Mises echivalent pe x,y,z a unor variante de brae propuse Figura 15: Rezultate Von Mises echivalent pe x,y,z n figura 16 este afiat rezultatele ncrcrii a mai multor variante de brae propuse pentru a mbuntii comportarea static i cele dou tabele tab.4 i tab.5 cu valorile gsite n urma calcului cu element finit. Se va alege prima variant pentru c s-a comportat mai bine i din punct de vedere al formei.
CONCLUZII
Cercetrile efectuate au vizat:reducerea greutii structurii; minimizarea deformaiei elementelor de structur dup direcia Ox,Oy,Oz n vederea mbuntirii rigiditii;studiul efectelor optimizrii structurale, n condiii de solicitare static, asupra comportrii dinamice a ansamblului robotului. Au fost stabilite dou strategii de optimizare: optimizarea ansamblului din punct de vedere al rigiditii i optimizarea ansamblului din punct de vedere al greutii structurii i a braului robotului.
Rezultate fig. 15 Stres axa X Deplasri axa X Stres axa Y
Tipul von Mises Stress Rezultatele deplasrilor von Mises Stress
Minim 0.703244 N/m^2 0 mm 5.49144 N/m^2
Localizarea (-10.6165 mm, -67.8818 mm, 0 mm) (50.1333 mm, 6.13936e015 mm, -64.5175 mm) (43.3419 mm, -51.2213 mm, 0 mm)
Max 3.97268e+006 N/m^2 0.0111476 mm 1.62343e+007 N/m^2
Localizarea (-42.4908 mm, 76.2738 mm, -64.1056 mm) (-2.71822 mm, 303.932 mm, -24.13 mm) (-1.97137 mm, 71.916 mm, -24.13 mm)
75
Deplasri axa Y Stres axa Z Deplasri axa Z Rezultate fig. 16 Stres axa X Deplasri axa X Stres axa Y Deplasri axa Y Stres axa Z Deplasri axa Z
Rezultatele deplasrilor von Mises Stress Rezultatele deplasrilor Tipul von Mises Stress Rezultatele deplasrilor von Mises Stress Rezultatele deplasrilor von Mises Stress Rezultatele deplasrilor
0 mm 6.27877 N/m^2 0 mm
(50.1333 mm, 6.13936e015 mm, -64.5175 mm) (43.3419 mm, -51.2213 mm, 0 mm) (50.1333 mm, 6.13936e015 mm, -64.5175 mm) Localizarea (44.7779 mm, -50.2875 mm, 76 mm) (62.7 mm, 0 mm, 29.01 mm) (-18.5555 mm, -66.4582 mm, 73 mm) (62.7 mm, 0 mm, 29.01 mm) (-2.88942 mm, -68.9395 mm, 76 mm) (62.7 mm, 0 mm, 29.01 mm)
0.0585494 mm 1.63821e+007 N/m^2 0.0601608 mm
(2.71822 mm, 303.932 mm, -24.13 mm) (-1.97137 mm, 71.916 mm, -24.13 mm) (2.71822 mm, 303.932 mm, -24.13 mm) Localizarea (58.9497 mm, 60.588 mm, 49.1376 mm) (3.05937e-014 mm, 304 mm, 65.5 mm) (58.9497 mm, 60.588 mm, 49.1376 mm) (3.05937e-014 mm, 304 mm, 65.5 mm) (58.9497 mm, 60.588 mm, 49.1376 mm) (-2.82614 mm, 303.926 mm, 65.5 mm)
Tab. 4. Rezultate Von Mises echivalente pe x,y,z

Minim 16.5776 N/m^2 0 mm 1.73899 N/m^2 0 mm 1.07031 N/m^2 0 mm Max 1.71093e+007 N/m^2 0.0633982 mm 1.59826e+006 N/m^2 0.00483607 mm 3.3744e+006 N/m^2 0.010182 mm
Tab. 5 : Rezultate Von Mises echivalent pe x,y,z i deplasrile a unei variante propuse de bra
REFERINE
[1]. Dr. Jrgen Sauter, Boris Lauber, Pascal Huler, Dirk Vieker -Structural Optimization Integration and Gaps in Workflows of Numerical Simulation Processes,NAFEMS Seminar: Integration of Numerical Simulation into the Development Process, November 17 - 18, 2003 Wiesbaden, Germany. [2]. Meske, R./Mulfinger, F./Warmuth, O./NAFEMS Seminar "Modellieren von Baugruppen und Verbindungen fr FE Berechnungen", "Topology and Shape Optimization of Components and Systems with Contact Boundary" Conditions/24.25.April2002,Wiesbaden [3]. Sauter, J./Fricke, H./Gngr, Z./Himmler,G./Hougardy, P./Lauber, B./Mller, O./Neithardt, W./Schirrmacher, R./Internationaler "Integrierte Topologie- und Gestaltoptimierung im virtuellen Produktentstehungsprozess" Einbindung in die iViP Architektur und industrielle AnwendungVDI-Kongress/14.-15. September 2000/Wrzburg [4]. Bakhtiary, N; Allinger, P; Friedrich, M; Mulfinger, F; Sauter, J; Mller, O; Puchinger, M. A new Approach for Sizing, Shape and Topology Optimization, SAE International Congress and Exposition 1996, 26.-29. February 1996, Detroit/Michigan, USA. [5]. Mller, O; Albers, A; Sauter, J; Allinger, P. Topology Optimization of Large Real World Structures, NAFEMS World Congress 1999, 26.-28. April 1999, Newport (Rhode Island),USA. [6]. Dorin, Al., Chirioiu, R., Analysis of the articulated stuctures of industrial robots using finite element method, 1998, TCMM nr. 33, Ed. Tehnic, Bucureti, ISBN 973-31-1238-0, pag.283-288; [7]. Dorin, Al., Chirioiu, R., Optimizarea topologic prin metoda elementelor finite a structurilor articulate ale roboilor industriali, Construcia de maini, 2000 (52), nr,9. [8]. Dorin, Al., Chirioiu, R., Proiectarea parametric a elementelor de structur ale roboilor industriali prin metoda elementelor finite, Conferina tiinific TEHNOMUS, Ediia a-X-a, 28-29 mai 1999, Universitatea tefan cel Mare din SUCEAVA. [9]. Dorin, Al., Predincea, N., Chirioiu, R., Soluii constructive pentru braele de roboi, Conferina tiinific TEHNOMUS, Ediia a-IX-a, 30-31 mai 1997, Universitatea tefan cel Mare din SUCEAVA. [10]. Ispas, C., Pupz, C., Dogariu, C., Cercetri experimentale asupra structurii montanilor mainilor orizontale de alezat i frezat, Conferina Naional de maini-unelte, 1986, Bucureti. [11]. Ispas, C., Dogariu, C., Pupz, C., Zapciu, M., Mohora, C., Blan, E., Studii teoretice i experimentale privind deformaiile statice ale elementelor de structur din ansamblul mainilor-unelte, Conferina Naional de maini-unelte, 1986, Bucureti. [12]. Blumenfeld, M., Introducere n metoda elementelor finite, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti, 1995; [13]. Alamoreanu, E., Metoda elementelor finite i elementelor de frontier, Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti (litografiat), 1995; [14]. Olaru, A., Chirioiu, R., Mihai, N., Dinamica elementelor, sistemelor i structurilor utilizate la roboi i manipulatoare, (Lucrri de cercetare experimental, modelare i simulare), Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti, 1997.
76
INOVAREA N CADRUL SISTEMELOR COMPLEXE DE PRODUCIE

Radu Popescu
INCE - CEIS, ROMANIA, radupopescuceis@yahoo.com
REZUMAT Articolul se preocupa de procesul inovrii n cadrul sistemelor complexe de produse (S.C.P.). Acestea au un nalt coninut de cunoatere i deci un rol crucial n Economia Cunoaterii. Interacia dintre inovarea de produs i inovarea de proces este similar cu interacia dintre inovarea de componente i inovarea de arhitectur . ABSTRACT The paper analyses the proces of inovation in the field of Product Complex Systems (PCS).These systems have a high content of knowledge and an important place in the Knowledge Economy. Interaction between product and process inovation has similarities with the interaction between mechanical parts and that of firm architecture. KEYWORDS: inovation, Product Complex Systems, process, product CUVINTE CHEIE: inovare, sisteme complexe de producie, proces, produs
1. INTRODUCERE
Vom analiza caracteristicile procesului de inovare cu particularizari pentru diverse domenii ale construciei de maini. Subliniem ca valabilitatea afirmaiilor se extinde i asupra altor domenii industriale. Se consider patru factori cu influen decisiv asupra procesului de inovare. 1. Accesibilitatea resurselor ce se pot aloca inovrii. 2. Capacitatea organizatoric de a conduce procesul de inovare. 3. Ocazia de a inova . 4. Stimulentele pentru a inova. Primii doi factori vizeaz direct inovarea la nivel de firm. Ultimii doi reflect mediul din cadrul firmei cu activitate de inovare. Accesibilitatea resurselor pe care o firm le aloc pentru inovare este corelat cu nivelul investiiilor n domeniul C-D, numrul de cercettori i ingineri, nivelul cunoaterii tehnologice i organizaionale acumulate i extinderea relaiilor dintre firme. Este decisiv capacitatea unei organizaii de a aprecia limitele pn la care poate s-i solicite resursele financiare i umane i poate gestiona generarea, acumularea i integrarea cunoaterii adecvate. Variaia capacitii organizaiilor de a gestiona procesul de inovare este studiat amplu. Numeroi cercettori au iniiat studii care au investigat diveri factori ce indic aceast variaie. Stimulentele i oportunitile pentru a inova sunt influenate de politica guvernamental, structura industriei, atractivitatea pieelor i eficiena sistemului de protecie a proprietii intelectuale, precum i de constrngerile instituionale. Este din ce n ce mai recunoscut c diferenele n natura produselor (de exemplu : bunuri de consum versus bunuri industriale sau bunuri simple versus sisteme complexe de produse), afecteaz n mod semnificativ o parte sau toi aceti factori. Ne vom preocupa de procesul inovrii n cadrul sistemelor complexe de produse (S.C.P.). Acestea au un nalt coninut de cunoatere i deci un rol crucial n Economia Cunoaterii. Efectele constrngerilor instituionale asupra acestor procese exist. Tipul de cunoatere i capabiliti pentru a fi competitivi n (C.P.S.) exist i sunt necesare.
2. PROCESUL DE INOVARE I MEDIUL INSTITUIONAL PENTRU S.C.P

Cercetrile privind investiiile i inovarea n domeniul industrial s-au concentrat pe modelele de inovare din industriile cu producie de mas, Rothwell (1992) modelul ciclului de via al industriei (Waterback 1994) i modelul interactiv produs i proces de inovare Pisano 1996). 77
Procesului de inovare asociat cu S.C.P. i s-a acordat o atenie mai redus, dei vizeaz bunuri care au o valoare adugat nalt i sunt bunuri de capital de un nivel tehnic i tehnologic deosebit de nalt. Aceste produse, reele sau utilaje pentru care producia se realizeaz n loturi mici sau chiar unicat, sunt menite s satisfac necesitile unor utilizatori individuali, reprezentai deseori de firme mari (Hobday 1997). Exemple clasice sunt: simulatoarele de zbor, echipamentele din industria aeronautic, reelele de telecomunicaii, sisteme de transport pe calea ferat fr roi, pe baza fenomenului levitaiei magnetice (sistemul MAGLEV este realizat n Germania i pus in prezent n exploatare n China), centrale nucleare livrate la cheie, sistemele de satelii, mainile unelte grele prevzute cu comand numeric (MUCN), echipamentele grele pentru industria chimic i petrochimic etc. S.C.P. urmeaz un model diferit de evoluie fa de cel descris n general n ciclul de via al produsului i prin urmare necesit un set diferit de capaciti. Se pare c interacia dintre inovarea de produs i inovarea de proces este similar cu interacia dintre inovarea de componente i inovarea de arhitectur de-a lungul timpului. Aceasta permite tipizarea, dezvoltarea i comercializarea S.C.P. n cazul sectorului telecomunicaiilor, capabilitile eseniale i factorii de succes al firmei de telecomunicaii, se afl n domeniul standardelor tehnice, a proiectrii i integrrii sistemelor, unde generaiile de produse sunt fabricate dar i nlocuite rapid. Cu toate stimulentele i oportunitile pentru a investi i inova, firmele sunt afectate de mari provocri, nu doar de natura schimburilor tehnologice i a cererilor pieei dar i de mediul instituional n care aceasta este localizat. Havis i North (1971) artau c firma este o entitate economic care acioneaz n cadrul unui set de reguli politice, sociale i legale de baz deferite drept cadrul instituional al societii. Acest cadru instituional stabilete bazele pentru producie, distribuie i schimb ca stimulente i constrngeri pentru a reglmenta i regla activitile economice. n timpul perioadelor de prosperitate, cadrul instituional poate afecta modelul viitor al inovrii n termeni de noi capabiliti, care ofer superioritate fa de sistemul tehnic existent. Cercetrile arat c dezvoltarea S.C.P., n timp, genereaz schimbri tehnologice corelate de-a lungul unei ci de dezvoltare specifice. n aceste industrii, reglementrile provind concurena i circumstanele tehnice pot influena stabilirea standardelor industriale. Odat ce un standard devine larg utilizat este dificil ca tehnologiile alternative s fie acceptate deoarece cumprtorii sistemelor complexe de produse au investit sume mari de bani (costuri
scufundate) n tehnologii cu ciclu lung de operare (deci n activitate durabil).Aceasta nsemn c un complex produs - sistem care construiete pe un standard de proiectare dominant poate s aib o baz larg de utilizatori. n acest fel productorii sistemului beneficiaz de venituri cresctoare. Prin contrast, nainte ca un standard aflat n competiie, s poat fi larg adoptat, infrastructura existent n funciune trebuie s fie dezmembrat, ceea ce implic o barier de intrare greu de depit. La nivelul unei firme, schimbarea tehnologic rapid i creterea profunzimii cunoaterii tehnologice n ultimele decenii au generat creterea complexitii tehnologice n aproape toate sectoarele, dar mai ales n S.C.P. n consecin, datorit fondurilor necesare i riscurilor majore, tot mai puine organizaii au capabilitile sau voina s acopere toate domeniile. ntreprinderile prefer s acceseze noua cunoatere de la surse externe i s inoveze prin asimilarea i adaptarea cunoaterii externe. Nevoia de a integra cunoaterea extern i cunoaterea intern, de a colabora cu alte organizaii, are implicaii majore pentru structura organizatoric a firmei (de exemplu: se trece de la structura funcional la structura pe proiecte sau la o organizaie a nvrii). Se extinde astfel nvarea nainte de aciune ct i nvarea n procesul muncii, precum i cea de construire a unor capabiliti (concentrarea pe capabilitate dinamic). Succesul n realizarea acestor schimbri nu mai este rezultatul oferirii i furnizrii unui numr de factori discrei cum ar fi bunele abiliti, competen, management de proiect, tehnici moderne de cercetri de marketing sau o puternic orientare pe necesitile clientului. n aceste cazuri, succesul rezult din abilitatea de a gestiona i din sensibilitatea att la schimbrile tehnologice ct i la cerinele pieei. Un studiu mai aprofundat ( pentru aeronautic ) arat c noiuni simple, cum ar fi competenele de baz i de integrarea vertical ( care sunt generate de ctre industriile cu producie de mas tradiionale) pot fi inadecvate pentru firme. Ele pot duna abilitii firmei de a stpni dinamica evolutiv a sistemelor complexe de produse. Odat stabilit contextul mai larg care cuprinde industriile S.C.P. ne vom concentra pe seciunea care urmeaz pe problema accesibilitii resurselor i capabilitii firmei de a inova n aceste industrii.
3. ACCESIBILITATEA RESURSELOR I CAPABILITILE DE INOVARE

Accesibilitatea resurselor i capacitatea de inovare n S.C.P. sunt prin natura lor evolutive. Cercettorii identific trei aspecte ale procesului de 78
inovare n S.C.P. care pot fi atribuite dinamicii acestora: - interdependena tehnic dintre componentele i subsistemele sistemului; - interdependena dintre funciile unei organizaii; - sprijinul pe relaiile externe; Vom studia impactul celor trei aspecte asupra procesului de inovare n cadrul ntreprinderilor. Interdependena tehnic dintre componente/subsisteme. Interdependena tehnic dintre subsisteme afirm c: exist o interacie biunivoc complex ntre rezolvarea problemelor tehnice i definirea cerinelor funcionale ale subsistemelor, care poate produce dificultile tehnice iniiale. Deseori, aceasta implic redefinirea soluiei tehnice alese. Puternica interdependen de sistem arat c, orice schimbare care afecteaz sistemul poate fi introdus doar gradual, deoarece exist un mare numr i un volum mare de componente implicate, precum i un numr nsemnat de ncercri care trebuie efectuate. Natura iterativ i divers a proiectrii sistemelor complexe de produse poate fi ilustrat n cazul proiectrii motoarelor de aeronave. Pentru a dezvolta motoarele aeronavelor civile, efortul investiional este de un miliard de dolari i 10 12 ani pn se obine profit, deci peste un deceniu de cash flow negativ . Cerinele pieei exist n cadrul unui context social de acreditare a viabilitii aeriene : procesul internaional care asigur avioanelor i motoarelor lor n privina siguranei de zbor. Pentru a obine acreditarea pentru zboruri transatlantice, un avion trebuie s fie capabil s realizeze zboruri n deplin siguran i s aterizeze n bune condiii chiar dac a pierdut nu motor la jumatatea drumului. Pentru a ndeplini aceste cerine este necesar ca peste 40.000 componente i subsisteme ale motorului s funcioneze mpreun corect, s aib o greutate acceptabil (suficient de mic), un consum de combustibil, emisiune de noxe, poluare, nivel de zgomot, dimensiuni, cost, temperatur, nivel al vibraiilor, reduse, vitez mare precum i capacitatea de a face fa situaiilor care apar (cum ar fi o pasre care lovete paletele ventilatoarelor i le distruge). Proiectarea aerospaial este un proces multi nivel realizat ierahic.La fiecare nivel, problema care cere o soluie funcional care este rezolvat i calificat prin studiu. Acest proces de a cobor problemele n jos pe ierarhie, de a le rezolva i apoi de a transmite soluiile n sus implic posibilitatea pentru a exploda costurile reproiectrii. Astfel, distrugurea unei palete a ventilatorului la ultimul studiu al testrii poate s coste 100 de milioane dolari i s implice reproiectarea aproape de la nceput.
Interdependena dintre funciile organizaiei este accentuat de creterea Interdependena dintre funciile organizaiei. volumului i profunziunii cunoaterii, de necesitatea i nevoia de a nelege piaa tot att de bine ca i cerinele tehnice din timpul proiectrii i dezvoltrii procesului: 2005. Aceasta presupune ca, schimbrile de sistem n ciuda faptului c sunt viabile din punct de vedere tehnic, s nu fie posibile datorit ineriei organizaionale (de exemplu: rezistena la schimbare) i a constrngerilor (structura organizatoric neadecvat). n cazul unei companii multinaionale de telecomunicaii, ineria constrngerilor are efecte asupra orientrii strategice a firmei. - Orientarea anterioar: producia de mas a sistemului de schimb i a telefoniei mobile; - Noua decizie: micare strategic important; de la a fi n principal o afacere bazat pe fabricaie la a deveni un furnizor de soluii, pornind de la consultarea clientului, specificarea nevoilor, la proiectarea sistemului, instalarea sistemelor, servicii post-vnzare i modernizarea sistemelor. Pentru a-i atinge obiectivul strategic firma trebuie s fac un efort investiional n domenii de vrf: s achiziioneze noi capabiliti tehnice n domeniul I.T. i al afacerilor legate de servicii. Aceasta implica i schimbri majore n modul n care era organizat munca n cadrul organizaiei. Echipele multifuncionale i interfuncionale urmau s fie organizate pentru a putea s nlocuiasc actuala structur organizatoric, bazat pe o disciplin ierarhic strict. Acum, fiecare echip devenea responsabil pentru un anumit client, pe ntreg ciclul dezvoltrii unui anumit produs. Noua organizare a muncii a devenit radical diferit de procesul existent anterior al afacerilor firmei, n care fiecare stadiu era n responsabilitatea unui grup funcional sau departament iar munca era ndeplinit ntr-o manier secvenial, etapizat. Rspunsul angajailor a fost diferit: - departamentele de marketing i dezvoltarea afacerilor au artat un deosebit entuziasm i un interes viu. - departamentul tehnic i C-D au manifestat rezisten. n locul unor schimbri radicale ale structurii organizatorice, pn la cea a organizaiei complet bazate pe proces, care ar fi fost mai adecvate pentru ducerea la bun sfrit a tipului de sarcini coninute de planul strategic, firma a decis s formeze o echip pilot, care s experimenteze noua structur mai nti la o scar redus i s o extind gradat. ntre timp restul firmei a fost antrenat i pregtit pentru implementarea noii structuri la scar larg, ntr-un stadiu ulterior. 79
Directorul coordonator a explicat raionamentul din spatele acestei strategii incrementale astfel: n loc s vindem doar cutii, suntem hotri s ne deplasm spre oferirea de soluii mai bune i mai complete clienilor notri. Aceasta este direcia industriei de telecomunicaii. Totui, nu putem schimba organizaia peste noapte. Pentru unele lucruri trebuie s ne bazm pe procesele i produse existente, n vederea generrii venitului. Schimbarea trebuie s fie realizat, dar gradat.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Bragg, A., Bragg, M., Developing new business ideas, Prentice Hall London, 2005. 2. Ciumara, M., Investiie i corupie n economia de tranziie a Romniei, Al cincelea simpozion internaional Investiiile i relansarea economic.Bucureti, 2003 3. Cooper, L., Leadership and Management in the 21st Century, Oxford University Press, 2005. 4. Curtin, T., Hyman, D., Husein, N., Managing a Crisis, Polgrave Macmilton, London, 2005. 5. Popescu, R., Stoica, M., Provocri ale Managementului n secolul XXI, Germania, Bochum, Proceedings, 2004.
CONCLUZII
Procesului de inovare asociat cu S.C.P. i s-a acordat o atenie mai redus, dei vizeaz bunuri care au o valoare adugat nalt i sunt bunuri de capital de un nivel tehnic i tehnologic deosebit de nalt. Aceste produse, reele sau utilaje pentru care producia se realizeaz n loturi mici sau chiar unicat, sunt menite s satisfac necesitile unor utilizatori individuali, reprezentai deseori de firme mari, care realizeaz un volum important de investiii. SPC prezint un nivel nalt sinergii datorate complexitii tehnice i manageriale.
Quick Info
12th IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium Osaka, Japan 19-23 April 2010 NOMS 2010 will offer four types of sessions: technical, application, poster, and panel sessions. Technical sessions will present high-quality papers on the latest research results in the network operations and management area. Application sessions will include papers focusing on the experience in IT and telecommunications industries, such as service providers, OSS vendors, and equipment manufacturers. The scope here includes customer requirements, management system implementations, and business practices. Poster sessions provide an insight into work-in-progress. Panel sessions will focus on business implications, market trends, and emerging applications with panelists who are the technology and business leaders. IEEE is the worlds largest professional association advancing innovation and technological excellence for the benefit of humanity. IEEE and its members inspire a global community to innovate for a better tomorrow through its highly cited publications, conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities. IEEE is the trusted voice for engineering, computing and technology information around the globe.
IEEE Quick Facts IEEE has: more than 375,000 members in more than 160 countries; 45 percent of whom are from outside the United States more than 80,000 student members 329 sections in ten geographic regions worldwide 1,860 chapters that unite local members with similar technical interests 1,789 student branches in 80 countries 483 student branch chapters at colleges and universities 390 affinity groups -- IEEE Affinity Groups are nontechnical sub-units of one or more Sections or a Council. The Affinity Group patent entities are Consultants' Network, Graduates of the Last Decade (GOLD), Women in Engineering (WIE) and Life Members (LM).
80
SPRIJINIREA PE LEGTURILE EXTERNE N PROMOVAREA INOVRII

Radu Popescu
INCE - CEIS, ROMANIA, radupopescuceis@yahoo.com
REZUMAT Necesitatea valorificrii rezultatelor externe este impus de ctre schimbrile tehnologice rapide. Firmele trebuie s echilibreze tot mai mult opiunea ntre a menine competenele necesare pentru realizarea S.C.P.(sistemelor complexe de produse) i prevenirea efectului de rspndire, atunci cnd modelul tehnologic se schimb. ABSTRACT External results assesment is a necesity requested, by the speed of technological changes. Companies have to balance between two options: To maintain the necessary competencies in order to build Product Complex Systems and to prevent the lack of concentration and specialisation when the technological model changes. KEYWORDS: inovation, capitalization, Product Complex Systems, external results CUVINTE CHEIE: inovare, valorificare, sisteme complexe de producie, rezultate externe
1. INTRODUCERE
Firmele mari, cu tradiie, adopt o strategie de cretere a eficienei dinamice i reducerii eficienei statice prin focalizarea asupra capabilitii integrative i a tehnologiilor componente decisive, n paralel cu aportul de alte tehnologii noi, preluate de la I.M.M. specializate pe tehnic de vrf. Aceast decizie strategic presupune i duce n acelai timp la interacii mai strse ntre firmele mari i cele mici. De altminteri, pe plan mondial se constat c, sursa de inovare provine tot mai mult de la firme mici de nalt tehnologie, n vreme ce firmele mari preiau rolul de a asimila rezultatele inovrii tehnologice. De exemplu: I.M.M. ncep treptat s acioneze ca specialiti orientai spre cercetare i devin tot mai responsabile pentru promovarea cunoaterii n domenii de vrf (biotehnologie, nanotehnologii). Marile firme de procesare utilizeaz aceste cercetri pentru a dezvolta un domeniu vast de noi produse dar nu i-au dezvoltat ele nile producia i publicaiile de specialitate. Astfel, o mare firm lider mondial pe pia n domeniul energiei i infrastructurii de transport, ofer date referitoare la legturile ntre firme pentru a livra proiecte importante. Compania este organizat n 6 sectoare: energie, trasmiterea i distribuia acesteia, transport, industrie, marin, contractare. Ea ofer un domeniu complex de sisteme, componente i servicii care acoper att proiectarea ct i fabricaia, dar i contractele de mentenan pe termen lung. Firma are o experien vast i competene/ priceperi n sistemele integrate i managementul proiectelor livrate la cheie. Firma avea n 1998 / 1999 o cifr de afaceri ( C.A.) de peste 14 miliarde de dolari i 114.000 salariai n 60 ri. n Marea Britanie este leader pentru energie i ci ferate (engineering, cu un nivel al exportului de 40% ). O caracteristic care se contureaz tot mai clar la proiectelor de export : exist un numr mare de subcontractani i furnizori cu care filialele au nelegeri de colaborare. Aceste relaii de colaborare au contribuit la creterea valorii adugate. Multe colaborri sunt firme mici neimplicate n export direct. Acest tip de colaborare ntre firme mici i firme mari este eficient pentru c ele au bunuri i capabiliti complementare. n vreme ce firmele mari au puterea bunurilor i capabilitilor pentru a licita pentru mari proiecte internaionale, care sunt spijinite de ctre ageniile de credit pentru export, firmele mici contribuie i ele i beneficiaz de implementarea i realizarea acestor proiecte, furniznd expertiz n ariile n care sunt specializate. 81
n concluzie: traiectoriile tehnologice care evolueaz, se dezvolt mpreun prin acumularea nelegerii i nvrii la nivel individual i intra respectiv interorganizaional. De altfel, acest proces de nvare tinde s fie gradual i s urmeze calea imprimat de activitile anterioare. Noiunea de dependen de calea aleas explic faptul c activitile anterioare ale firmei i rutinele existente pot constrnge activitatea ei ulterioar (viitoare). Datorit complexitii i aspectului tacit al unor astfel de rutine i componente acestea sunt dificil de imitat i astfel contribuie la tezaurul de competene i capabiliti distinctive al firmei. Setul total diferit de constrngeri organizaionale specific fostelor ri socialiste, Rusia i China, va afecta procesul de inovare i n particular cel al sistemelor complexe de produse. n rile cu o economie de pia consolidat firmele pot s-i aloce dup dorin resursele i s formuleze i implementeze strategiile lor competitive (M. Porter 1980). n rile foste socialiste resursele i capabilitile sunt meninute i dezvoltate diferit sub influena unor procese ca : - liberalizarea masiv a activitilor; - liberalizarea preurilor; Astfel, China separ controlul managerial de proprietate, pentru a promova agenii economici autonomi i concurena, dar nu i privatizarea.
3. PRODUSE I PROCESE DE INOVARE

Vom aborda problema prin sublinierea distinciei dintre inovarea de produs i cea de proces.Inovarea de produs, vizeaz introducerea de noi bunuri i servicii ntr-o anumit pia. Noile produse se bucur n general de publicitate.Inovarea de proces a fost de mare importan n rile dezvoltate i constituie sursa principal pentru o dezvoltare continu i rapid a productivitii n industrie. n 2002, cercettorii Edquist, Hommen i Mc Kelvey, au artat c, inovarea de produs este mai ales creatoare de locuri de munc, iar inovarea de proces, reduce numrul de locuri de munc. Din analiz rezult : inovarea de proces contribuie la creterea standardului de via, prin reducerea volumului de munc cerut pentru un nivel dat de producie i permite surplusului de for de munc s fie utilizat de ctre alte firme. Autorii justific concluzia pe baza unui volum mare de studii empirice efectuat n ri dezvoltate. n Romnia distincia dintre inovarea de produs i cea de proces este important din 3 motive. 1. Inovarea de produs, inclusiv introducerea de noi produse n portofoliul firmei sau pe o anumit pia, dar i crearea de produse complet noi, par a produce att creterea produciei ct i cea a numrului locurilor de munc. 2. Inovarea de proces (cea de tip tradiional: reducerea costurilor prin economisirea forei de munc) permite rezolvarea problemei omajului prin crearea de noi locuri de munc n ntreprinderi. n firmele cu surplus de for de munc i cost redus al forei de munc, procesul de inovare menit s reduc costul produsului nu reduce neaprat numrul de locuri de munc. n aceast situaie tehnologiile ce presupun munc intensiv (consum mare de for de munc) precum i procesele, ofer mai ales o soluie de reducere a costurilor de producie, n raport cu tehnologiile care reduc necesarul de for de munc pe baza intensitii capitalului. 3. Multe tehnologii noi de proces n afar de reducerea costurilor ofer produse de calitate i funcionalitate superioar fa de cele existente. Romnia are nevoie acut de tehnologii pentru a crete calitatea i funcionalitatea produselor sale. Nu este nici un dubiu c inovarea (aplicarea cunoaterii i a noilor idei la producie, marketing, distribuie) sunt eseniale pentru Romnia.
2. IMPLICAII PENTRU POLITICA FIRMEI

Natura tehnologiilor complexe de produs difer n mod radical de tehnologia produselor de mas. Procesul inovator n S.C.P. se pune n termeni de : accesibilitatea resurselor pentru firme; capacitatea de inovare a firmei; stimulentele i oportunitile de inovare; Aceasta determin natura evolutiv a specificului competenelor de dezvoltare a firmei. n Occident, se practic costurile scufundate (sunk costs), pentru clieni i interdependena ntre subsisteme, de unde, importana externalitilor. Sprijinirea pe amplificarea legturilor externe are o influen dominant asupra strategiei i structurii firmei. Firma nu se mai poate baza n continuare pe capabilitile procesului intern de informare. Nici pe meninerea avantajului competitiv prin economia de scar, deoarece presiunile pentru personalizarea produsului au nclinat balana de la scar spre domeniu. Pe aceste baze, reelele de organizaii sunt privite ca mijloace de amplificare a cadrului de timp pentru dezvoltarea noului produs i dezvoltarea noilor piee.
82
Natura acestei inovri este decisiv. Aceasta trebuie s corespund specificului Romniei, cum ar fi descreterea omajului. Aceasta nseamn o cretere a orientrii spre inovarea de produs: att introducerea de noi produse n firmele industriale romneti, ct i crearea n Romnia de noi produse din punct de vedere economiei la nivel global. Procesul de inovare poate s se bazeze pe utilizarea eficient a costului relativ redus al firmelor mici. mbuntirea calitii i sporirea valorii produciei este mai important dect minimizarea costului forei de munc. Subliniem c aplicarea n Romnia a tehnologiilor bazate pe capital intensiv, i a proceselor tehnologice menite s economiseasc fora de munc nu are nc o eficien ridicat.
Aceast caracteristic face cunoaterea un cost fix i o surs de venituri cresctoare. Noua cunoatere tehnologic este difuzat prin canale care nu pot fi privite ca fiind piee. Privite doar ca piee, ele nu sunt capabile s creeze sau s disimineze cunoaterea n mod eficient, spre diverse segmente ale economiei.
4. BUNSTAREA COMUNITII
n economia de pia este important s nu uitm scopul dezvoltrii economice: bunstarea, calitatea vieii individului i a comunitii. Calitatea vieii nu poate fi confundat cu nivelul P.N.B. Exist muli factori n afara performanei economice agregate care afecteaz bunstarea. Ocaziile de a accesa, crea i aplica cunoaterea, sunt inegal distribuite n societatea uman; ele genereaz o i mai mare inegalitate n Economia Cunoaterii (E.C.) la nivel global. n consecin, o strategie de dezvoltare adecvat pentru E.C. n Romnia va lua n consideraie acest fapt, prin asigurarea distribuirii serviciilor necesare de baz, din punct de vedere uman: educaie i sntate, pe ct posibil de echitabil. Utilizate adecvat noile tehnologii de informare i comunicare pot sprijini echitatea. Subliniem c: Economia Cunoaterii nu este neaprat o caracteristic a economiei avansate i nici doar cea mai recent extindere a economiei industriale. E. C. este un nou stadiu de evoluie a economiei globale cu implicaii cuprinztoare pentru fiecare, naiune, firm, regiune i are un important impact social. Economia Cunoaterii impune modificarea strategiei de dezvoltare industrial. Noile realiti ale E.C. impun decizii eseniale privind adaptarea: - dezvoltarea tehnologic continu a rilor avansate; - realizarea unor noi tehnologii specifice, necesare dezvoltrii unor state mai puin avansate, ca Romnia, pentru a le face capabile s rspund la provocrile Economiei Globale a Cunoaterii . Kennth Arrow (laureat al premiului Nobel) sublinia (2001) dou caracteristici ale noii cunoateri tehnologice. - Noua cunoatere tehnologic este costisitor de dezvoltat, dar odat dezvoltat, poate fi folosit n mod repetat, fr costuri suplimentare.
Guvernele trebuie s joace un rol decisiv n crearea i diseminarea cunoaterii tiinifice i tehnologice, s promoveze spiritul organizaiilor ale nvrii. Carl Dahlman arta c, rspndirea E.C. are ambele aspecte: oportuniti i ameninri, pentru rile n curs de dezvoltare: - pe baza lucrrilor Bncii Mondiale asupra caracteristicilor E.C. i implicaiile politice asupra economiei naionale - msurarea obiectiv a rspndirii activitilor bazate pe cunoatere n dezvoltarea rii, pentru a putea fi comparate modul cum se plaseaz i performena n raport cu alte tari.
5. ORGANIZAII ALE NVRII

Transformarea ntreprinderilor industriale romneti din firme ale epocii industriale revolute, n companii care acioneaz cu succes n Economia Cunoaterii, n organizaii ale nvrii, presupune modificarea treptat a climatului cotidian n raport cu nvrea, a culturii de ntreprindere. Principalele caracteristici pe care le constatm la firmele preocupate de aceast problem sunt. nvarea este unul dintre puinele avantaje competitive uor accesibile pentru firmele romneti. Aceasta presupune aciunile mai jos menionate. 1. Organizaiile invrii sprijin munca de echip, delegarea larg de autoritate, responsabilitatea, creativitatea i ameliorarea continu a calitii. 2. nvarea este integrat n desfurarea edinelor, aciunea grupurilor de lucru i n cadrul proceselor de munc. 3. Sunt iniiate aciuni de nvare ncruciate, ntre membrii echipelor de lucru. Persoanele care asimileaz o gam larg de principii i deprinderi utile n procesul muncii sunt recompensate. Policalificarea i pluricalificarea sunt apreciate i deschid calea spre o promovare rapid. 4. nvarea este integrat n toate activitile personalului. 5. Este acceptat i apreciat nvarea de dragul nvrii. 6. Erorile sunt privite ca fiind ocazii pentru nvare. 83
Firma are ncredere n alegerea cursurilor, a domeniilor pentru care salariaii i-au exprimat opiunea. Salariaii apreciaz singuri necesitile de nvare. 8. Persoane cu diferite funcii, din diverse departamente, nv mpreun. 9. Sunt ncurajate relaiile de instruire colegial i monitorizare a progreselor pentru a extinde i accelera nvarea. 10. ntreg personalul, indiferent de poziia ierarhic are acces la nvare. Organizaiile nvrii sunt acele uniti n care nvarea constituie o prioritate. nvarea constituie n aceste uniti att un proces ct i o surs de valoare. n mod ideal fiecare individ din cadrul firmei este implicat n perfecionarea sa prin procesul de nvare. Organizaia, ca sistem, este implicat n continua mbunire a tuturor activitilor sale, a produselor i serviciilor oferite, pe baza nvrii despre nvare. Deoarece att salariaii ct i ntrega unitate se dezvolt, personalul simte o permanent renoire a legturii sale cu munca. Clienii vor fi servii mai bine, iar ntreprinderea i poate construi propriul su viitor. n organizaiile nvrii constatm c: - nvarea este abil integrat n activitile cotidiene; ea constituie o component fireasc a muncii i nu o anex; - nvarea constituie un proces continuu nu un eveniment aleatoriu; - organizaia nvrii este creativ: personalul transform n permanen firma, i accelereaz evoluia; - organizaia nva de la sine nsi; - salariaii nva organizaia n privina creterii eficienei, ameliorrii permanente a calitii i inovrii continue; - ntregul personal simte plcere i entuziasm deoarece face parte dintr-o organizaie a nvrii.
7.
CONCLUZII
Sursa de inovare provine tot mai ales de la firme mici de nalt tehnologie, n vreme ce firmele mari asimileaz rezultatele inovrii tehnologice. I.M.M. ncep treptat s acioneze ca specialiti orientai spre cercetare i devin tot mai responsabile pentru promovarea cunoaterii n domenii de vrf. Colaborarea ntre firmele mici i firmele mari este eficient pentru c ele au bunuri i capabiliti complementare. Se constat c inovarea de produs este mai ales creatoare de locuri de munc, iar inovarea de proces, reduce numrul de locuri de munc.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Bragg, A., Bragg, M., Developing new business ideas, Prentice Hall London, 2005. 2. Ciumara, M., Investiie i corupie n economia de tranziie a Romniei, Al cincelea simpozion internaional Investiiile i relansarea economic.Bucureti, 2003 3. Cooper, L., Leadership and Management in the 21st Century, Oxford University Press, 2005. 4. Curtin, T., Hyman, D., Husein, N., Managing a Crisis, Polgrave Macmilton, London, 2005. 5. Popescu, R., Stoica, M.,Provocri ale Managementului n secolul XXI, Germania, Bochum, Proceedings, 2004.
84
CLASICII REALIZRII EXCELENEI

Radu Popescu *, Emilia Stnescu** * INCE - CEIS, ROMANIA, radupopescuceis@yahoo.com ** INIMM, Bucureti, ROMANIA, e-mail: emilia@inimm.ro REZUMAT. Comportamentul firmelor excelente, al firmelor care obin realizri deosebite se remarc prin aciuni neconvenionale (detaliile separ media de elit). Dintre acestea se remarc: apropoierea de clieni, implicarea specialitilor de nalt calificare, cultivarea entuziasmului pentru activitile firmei, exigena n domeniul asigurrii calitii. ABSTRACT. The behaviour of excellent firms, companies able to obtain important achievements is characterised by inconventional activities (details separate the average firms of the excellent ones). Amoungh them we can observe: to meet the clients needs, involvement of highly qualified specialists, enthusiasms firms activities, high level quality assurance. CUVINTE CHEIE: firm, excelen, specialiti, calitate KEYWORDS: firm, excellency, specialists, quality
1.
INTRODUCERE
Excelena firmei e nsoit de o cultur organizaional pe msur. Dei multe dintre ntreprinderile industriale excelente lucreaz n domeniul produciei de bunuri, ele se autointituleaz Afaceri n domeniul serviciilor. Scopul lor este servirea clienilor, acetia domnesc n mod suveran. Clienii nu sunt tratai cu tehnologii neverificate sau cu produse cu adaosuri inutile. Clienii primesc produse ce dureaz i servicii livrate prompt. Calitatea nalt i serviciul prompt sunt n mod invariabil marcajul excelenei. Pentru a fi obinute, este desigur necesar cooperarea tuturor, nu numai puterea i efortul echipei manageriale de vrf. Companiile excelente necesit i pretind i obin performane extraordinare de la oamenii obinuii, medii. Nu performerii de excepie constituie cheia. Este solicitat atenia, hotrrea ferm i stimularea continu a omului obinuit, denumit: productivitate prin oameni . Aproape toate companiile o anun, dar puine o realizeaz. Nu este nevoie s apelm numai la exemple din S.U.A., Japonia, Germania sau Marea Britanie. Firmele romneti se afirm nu doar n domeniul I.T. Am remarcat firme industriale romneti care s-au nscris deja pe traiectoria excelenei, cu toat 85
Tom Peters i Robert Waterman artau c, cele opt atribute ale excelenei, aplicate de ctre companiile de succes, au efect deoarece au o baz teoretic verificat ndelung n practic. Acesta, dei ignorat de majoritatea managerilor a trecut testul timpului i aplicarea ei prezint atractivitate pentru cei avizai. Prin transpunerea n practic a celor opt principii s-au stimulat eforturi excepionale din partea unor oameni absolut obinuii i aceasta cu regularitate. Companiile excelente au dus la apariia unor campioni ai productivitii, grupuri de indivizi care cred cu trie n ideile lor, care nfrng i nltur birocraia i-i promoveaz proiectele n cadrul sistemului i n afara acestuia, la clieni. Aceti campioni constituie o permanent surs de inovare; cunoaterea i iniiativa sunt armele lor preferate. Comportamentul campionilor, al celor ce obin realizri deosebite se remarc prin aciuni cum ar fi: - firma Hewlett Packard se mndrete cu nivelul nalt al aproprierii de clieni; - ingineri - posesori ai M.B.A.- se implic n aspectele practice ale implementrii noilor produse n fabricaie; - comportamentul lor este tot att de entuziast ca al salariailor de la vnzare; - pretutindeni n cadrul firmei domnete un nalt standard de calitate al activitii.
turbulena mediului economic intern. Analiza recent efectuat la firma Hofigal din industria farmaceutic arat c aceast firm dinamic i inovativ se apropie mult de excelena durabil. Redm mai jos atributele excelenei n viziunea lui T. Peters i R. Waterman.
2.
CELE OPT ATRIBUTE ALE EXCELENEI

1.
Predispoziia spre aciune: preferina de a face ceva, n loc s se vehiculeze o idee pe nesfrite cicluri de analiz i la comitetele de raportare. 2. A rmne aproape de client: a afla preferinele clienilor i a le satisface. 3. Autonomie i antreprenoriat: a diviza corporaia n firme mici i a le ncuraja s gndeasc independent i competitiv. 4. Productivitate prin oameni: a crea n toi salariaii contiina c eforturile lor sunt eseniale i c se vor bucura la rndul lor de rsplata succesului realizat de ctre firm. 5. Firma s fie condus de valori: a insista ca managerii s rmn preocupai de afacerile eseniale ale firmei i s promoveze o cultur puternic. 6. Meninerea n cadrul afacerii de baz : a rmne n cadrul afacerii pe care firma o cunoate mai bine (a decide care este specialitatea esenial a companiei i a lupta pentru dezvoltarea acesteia). 7. Organizare simpl, alocarea personalului strict necesar: a menine un numr minim de niveluri ierarhice, cu puini salariai la nivelurile superioare ; o singur dimensiune structural trebuie s aib prioritate (produsul, funciunea, zona geografic). 8. Pstrarea elasticitii i a fermitii : a stimula un climat de nalt devotament fa de valorile eseniale ale campaniei, corelat cu preferinele salariailor care accept valorile de baz (o combinaie paradoxal a dirijrii de la centru cu autonomia individual). Din toate cele opt atribute ale excelenei apare n mod transparent legtura complex i strns, ce denot n fapt armonizarea dintre strategia firmei i cultura organizaional a acesteia. n firmele excelente se poate remarca energia extraordinar, dincolo i mai presus de datorie, pe care salariatul o depune pentru a influena destinul firmei i propriul su destin. Simpla cunoatere a faptului c poi s-i exercii controlul face diferena. O alt trstur caracteristic a companiilor excelente este abilitatea de a conduce ambiguitatea i paradoxul. Entuziasmul nu se poate contabiliza, nici inovarea, iraionalitatea descoperirii, a produsului nou. Instrumentele de analiz, cum ar fi costurile, nu sunt suficiente. Ceea ce economistul cu gndire
convenional spune c nu este posibil, companiile excelente reuesc n mod obinuit. De la focalizarea pe cost se trece la cea pe calitate. Flexibilitatea proiectului nlocuiete regulile de comportament scrise cu contribuia i devotamentul fiecrei persoane. Chiar i managementul devine mai plcut. n loc de jocuri cerebrale ntr-un turn de filde steril, se modeleaz valori prin antrenament i exemplu pe teren, cu lucrtorul i n folosul preuitului produs-serviciu. Se ofer o ans speranei, imaginaia se nflcreaz, devine creatoare.
3. SCHIMBAREA SURSELOR EXCELENEI.

Schimbarea domnete pretutindeni; n prezent avem de fapt o accelerare a schimbrii. Turbulena mediului modific condiiile n care acioneaz companiile i impune noi metode de management. Multe dintre firmele excelente, odinioar exemple strlucite de reuit, cum ar fi I.B.M. i pierd locul frunta, n vreme ce altele rmn n top. n lucrarea Frontierele excelenei (1994) Robert Waterman lanseaz o nou soluie privind realizarea excelenei: echipa auto condus. Mesajul, aflat chiar n subtitlul crii este c, trebuie s nvm de la firmele care dau prioritate utilizrii potenialului uman. Autorul ne sftuiete s nvm de la cei mai buni atta vreme ct acetia mai sunt n frunte i continu s progreseze. Chiar i cei mai buni nu sunt totdeauna att de buni pe ct par. Multe companii i-au ascuns slbiciunile n spatele dimensiunilor colosale. n prezent scara de producie nu mai poate oferi avantaj competitiv i nici chiar simpl protecie contra noilor competitori. Managerii ale cror mini sunt rmase n status quo folosesc metode perimate i transform excelena n eec. Apar noi strategii, tehnologiile noi i cunoaterea devin accesibile; informaia, viteza i controlul ofer noi posibiliti de succes. Un nou tip de companii excelente se afirm: ele sunt flexibile, rapide n reacii, ndrznee. Caracteristica lor este mbuntirea i schimbarea continu. Mai jos prezentm noile idei privind excelena companiilor, aa cum le sintetizeaz Robert Heller n lucrarea : n cutarea excelenei europene . Acesta consider c renaterea firmelor europene este urmrit pe zece ci : 1. Transmiterea autoritii (o delegare profund a acesteia) fr ns a implica pierderea controlului sau a deciziei finale. 2. Transformarea culturii de ntreprindere n secretul obinerii succesului pe termen lung. 3. Demararea unor schimbri radicale, n ntregul sistem al corporaiei i nu numai
86
ntr-un compartiment care se manifest deficitar. 4. Divizarea firmei in vederea obinerii succesului, prin pstrarea sau ctigarea avantajelor ce caracterizeaz firmele de mici dimensiuni, in vreme ce compania, rmne sau devine tot mai mare. 5. Exploararea potenialului organizaiei prin noi metode de abordare a conducerii centrale a companiei. 6. Meninerea firmei in fruntea competiiei, ntr-o lume n care vechile metode de a nvinge au ncetat s mai funcioneze. 7. Realizarea unei rennoiri constante, a feri succesul de contaminarea virusului decadenei. 8. Conducerea celor ce motiveaz a managerilor astfel nct salariaii s se motiveze ei nii. 9. A face echipele de lucru s acioneze cu succes, devine o abilitate indispensabil pentru atingerea excelenei. 10. Realizarea managementului calitii totale prin conducerea mai bun a tuturor activitilor. Din analiza mai atent a lucrrii lui Robert Heller rezult c, firmele nu aplic o singur metod n mod absolut. Intr-adevr, confruntnd valoroasele idei ale lui R. Heller cu o realitatea european n general, se constat c, managerii dau n mod frecvent dovad de creativitate, acolo unde nu este neaparat nevoie sau este chiar indezirabil. Lipsa unei autentice delegri, precum i a obisnuiei de a se concentra o perioad mai ndelungat asupra unei singure activiti - urmare a necesitii de a rezolva problemele cele mai diverse n mod operativ - conduc pe manageri la realizarea unui mix de metode, nu totdeauna ales n mod fericit. Este adevarat ca aici exist i un aspect pozitiv, n cazul managerilor de elit. Acetia reuesc uneori, ca prin mbinri inspirate, s creeze noi metode i s adopte soluii remarcabile pentru o anumit situaie cu care se confrunt firma. Ne vom opri asupra aspectului legat de combinarea diverselor metode i soluii adoptate de firme n vederea potenrii efectelor pe care aceasta le ateapt, asupra surselor eseniale de sinergie. Atunci cnd efectele sinergice sunt corect utilizate, beneficiile urmeaz n mod firesc, sub forma reducerii costurilor, a diminurii activitailor ce alminteri se efectueaz n mod inutil, de mai multe ori n diferite sectoare ale companiei, a creterii semnificative a loialitiii clienilor, a obinerii unor preuri mai mari, a realizrii unor produse i servicii cu caracter inovator, a sporirii remarcabile a numrului oportunitilor de afaceri, a sporirii implicrii personalului firmei.
CONCLUZII
Se poate remarca faptul c firmele nu aplic pentru a avea succes pe pia o singur metod n mod absolut. Confruntnd valoroasele idei ale lui R. Heller cu o realitatea european n general, se constat c, managerii dau n mod frecvent dovad de creativitate. trebuie s nvm de la firmele care dau prioritate utilizrii potenialului uman. Promotorii excelenei ne sftuiesc s nvm de la cei mai buni atta vreme ct acetia mai sunt n frunte i continu s progreseze. Companiile excelente au dus la apariia unor campioni ai productivitii, grupuri de indivizi care cred cu trie n ideile lor, care nfrng i nltur birocraia i-i promoveaz proiectele n cadrul sistemului i n afara acestuia, la clieni. Aceti campioni constituie o permanent surs de inovare; cunoaterea i iniiativa sunt armele lor preferate.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. 2. 3. Ansoff, I., Mc Donnel, E., Implanting Strategic Management, Prentice Hall International, London, 1990. Burdu, E.i colectivul, Managementul schimbrii organizaionale, Editura economic, Bucureti, 2000. Dan, V., Isaic -Maniu, R., Muscalu, M.S., Rglie, t., Stan, E., ntreprinderea i integrarea european, Editura Expert, Bucureti, 2004. Drucker, P. Managing for the Future, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford,1994. Heller, R., In Search of European Excellence, Harper Collins Publishers, London, 1998. Nicolescu, O., Verboncu, I., Management, Editura Economic, Bucureti, 1999. Olaru, M., Managementul calitii, Editura Economic, Bucureti, 1999. Peters, T., Waterman, R., In Search of Excellence, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 1982. Stoica, M., Doval, E., Popescu, R. , Ivnel, D., Jors, C. Evaluarea riscului financiar - bancar, Editura TIPART, Bucureti, 2004, Tipart, Bucureti, 2004. Vasilescu, I. Romnu, I. Dicionar de investiii, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2003. Vasilescu, I. i colectivul, Eficiena i evaluarea investiiilor, Editura EfiCon, Press, Bucureti, 2004. Waterman, R., The Frontiers of Excellence, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London, 1994.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
11. 10. 12.
87
Quick Info Promoting entrepreneurs means creating jobs The European Enterprise Awards were launched three years ago to recognise and reward initiatives that support entrepreneurship at regional level. More than 350 national, regional and local authorities including towns, cities and regions as well as publicprivate partnerships competed in the 2008/2009 European Enterprise Awards. Participating countries EU Member States and Norway could select up to two candidates for the European competition. 13 were shortlisted for the awards in Prague. It is the Scarborough Renaissance Partnership, which has received the Grand Jurys Prize for its pioneering enterprise and cultural renaissance work in the seaside town of Scarborough in north-east England. The project was selected for its impressive results in brining down seasonal unemployment. Five other initiatives from local authorities in Finland, Germany, Hungary, Spain and Sweden received award. The event was the final highlight of the First European SME Week, the European Commission's pan-European campaign to promote entrepreneurship in Europe and was organized in close cooperation with the Czech EU Presidency and the Committee of the Regions. Prizes were presented by European Commission Vice President Gnter Verheugen, responsible for enterprise and industry, who said: I am impressed how many initiatives have been created to make life easier for SMEs. Today's winner, the Scarborough Renaissance Partnership, demonstrates that promoting SMEs is in the benefit of our societies and can bring unemployment down. I invite all to share best practices. Our vision to be a world class space for SMEs can become true if we follow the examples of our today's winners. Luc Van den Brande, President of the Committee of the Regions, said: "These awards are important, because they highlight the importance of local and regional authorities in encouraging entrepreneurship throughout the European Union. Through their local and regional policies, public authorities can help create the right conditions for entrepreneurship to flourish. I welcome the opportunity that these awards bring to acknowledge the key role that regions and cities play in creating jobs and developing growth."
The six 2009 European Enterprise Awards winners are: Grand Jurys Prize Scarborough Renaissance Partnership (UK) has transformed a seasonal economy with unemployment in the winter 50% higher than in the summer into a more balanced year-round entrepreneurial climate offering increased employment prospects, particular through the development of a business park and state-of-the-art centre for creative and cultural industries. Entrepreneurship Promotion Instituto IDEAS (Spain) - a university-based enterprise-support programme has helped establish 400 innovative companies and enabled the creation of 4 000 jobs in the Valencia Region over the past 15 years. Red Tape Reduction ANTI-BUREAU (Hungary) a company created by the Hungarian city of Miskolc to eliminate bureaucracy and cut costs in the management of local government services by combining and rationalising a wide range of services from heating, sewage and water, to refuse treatment, and even public transport and parking. Enterprise Support Gothia Science Park (Sweden) - an incubator, technology park and collaboration platform for IT companies with particular success in computer gaming development has created 50 businesses with 300 employees and helped in the diversification of a region previously heavily dependent on two large automotive engineering plants. Investment in Skills The Women's Enterprise Agency (Finland) expert mentoring programme that encourages women to become entrepreneurs by one-to-one and group mentoring to new and growing SMEs. Responsible and Inclusive Entrepreneurship The Waldkirch Employment and Qualification Company -WABE (Germany) - a non-profit organisation involving a local network of citizens, private companies and government authorities that has helped 300 unemployed people with special placement problems find jobs in local businesses. Finally, the Jury's special mention goes to the project: "Our Power Spot," Bieliny, Poland - its unique tourism experience with field games using the region's folklore. The European Enterprise Awards were launched three years ago to recognise and reward initiatives that support entrepreneurship at regional level. (source: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction)
88
EXCELENA I DURABILITATEA INTREPRINDERILOR

Radu Popescu *, Rare Dima** * INCE - CEIS, ROMANIA, radupopescuceis@yahoo.com ** INIMM, Bucureti, ROMANIA, e-mail: inimm@inimm.ro REZUMAT. Evoluia gndirii la nivel mondial n domeniul afacerilor, mai ales a gndirii strategice privind firma de afaceri, firma sau ntreprinderea industrial, este un proces de sedimentare treptat a cunotinelor acumulate. Obiectivul principal al preocuprilor l constituie ameliorarea situaiei firmei, n momentul efecturii studiului i n perspectiv atingerea excelenei acesteia. ABSTRACT. The evolution of global thinking in business, especially strategic thinking on company business, company or industrial firms, is a gradual sedimentation process of accumulated knowledge. The main objective of the company's concern is improving the situation at the time of the analysis and achievement of excellence in the future. CUVINTE CHEIE: excelen, afacere, intreprindere industrial KEYWORDS: firm, excellency, business, industrial entreprise
1.
INTRODUCERE
Termenul de excelen, este de atunci utilizat n mod frecvent pentru a caracteriza companiile de succes (companiile excelente, conform autorilor). Acetia susin c, firmele excelente execut mai bine dect competitorii lor un numr de opt aciuni importante. Un deceniu i jumtate mai trziu, n Europa, Robert Heller continu, completeaz i actualizeaz preocuprile lui Peters i Waterman. n lucrarea n cutarea excelenei europene (1998), Heller analizeaz principalele zece strategii, aplicate de ctre firmele europene pentru a dobndi excelena. n articolul alturat prezentm conceptele de baz ale lui T. Peters, R. Waterman i R. Heller. Considerm ca fiind excelente firmele care, prin strategii adecvate, posednd un leadership (capacitate de a conduce) remarcabil, o cultur organizaional i o tradiie de valoare, reuesc s prospere n raport cu competitorii, nfruntnd cu succes adversitatea mediului economic, prin valorificarea cu nalt eficien a oportunitilor acestuia. 89
Evoluia preocuprilor n domeniul ameliorrii activitii firmei este jalonat de dou curente principale de gndire . Cele dou paradigme sunt : A. Paradigma raionalitii strategice. B. Paradigma comportamentului strategic. Interesul nostru se ndreapt spre aceasta din urm, ai cror reprezentani (Lindblom, Peters, Waterman) i plaseaz eforturile ntr-un domeniu oarecum opus colilor de raionalitate strategic. Deciziile strategice sunt situate ntr-un context strict pragmatic. Obiectivul principal al preocuprilor l constituie ameliorarea situaiei firmei, n momentul efecturii studiului. Aciunea se bazeaz pe motivarea personalului, o organizare simpl i ascultarea atent a clienilor. Tom Peters i Robert Waterman, n lucrarea n cutarea excelenei(1982), un best seller al epocii, au rspndit cu aceast ocazie- n mediul academic i de afaceri, termenul de cultur de ntreprindere sau cultur organizaional, referitor la climatul uman din cadrul firmei.
Putem privi deci excelena ca fiind combinaia de succes dintre resurse, modalitatea organizrii ( tehnice i economice) i eficiena procesului managerial, n dinamica sa. Prin nsi esena ei, excelena implic o combinare i utilizare inspirat i eficace a resurselor existente sau atrase ale firmei. Apare astfel ca imperios necesar analiza rolului sinergiei n atingerea excelenei. Generarea sistematic i meninerea sinergiilor pozitive, pe termen lung, apar ca esen a dezvoltrii durabile a firmelor excelente.
2.
ORGANIZAII DURABILE
Considerm trei piloni ai dezvoltrii durabile, acceptai de ctre specialiti. -Dezvoltarea economic: generarea de bogie mai ales pentru cei sraci n modaliti compatibile cu ceilali doi piloni. -Protecia mediului ambiant: evitarea impactului negativ asupra sistemelor naturale i sociale (poluarea, depopularea etc.). -Includerea social: evitarea inegalitilor prea mari de avere, sntate, anse de via. Faptul c i afacerile pot fi durabile este controversat. n acelai timp este dificil s susii i s implementezi idealurile dezvoltrii durabile dac acestea nu pot fi aplicate i lumii afacerilor, companiilor. Dificultile n aplicarea principiilor dezvoltrii durabile la nivelul ntreprinderilor industriale provin din urmtoarele considerente. A. Durabilitatea este o proprietate a sistemelor (de exemplu, economia) mai degrab dect a componentelor, cum ar fi ntreprinderile. Totui, majoritatea ntreprinderilor industriale mari sunt sisteme complexe. B. Natura i importana durabilitii variaz mult n funcie de ramura industrial. ntreprinderile din industria chimic, metalurgic sau din unele sectoare ale industriei uoare au asupra mediului un impact mai profund i de durat mai mare n raport cu firmele din industria constructoare de maini, electrotehnic sau electronic. Durabilitatea n domeniul serviciilor generale i chiar i a celor industriale este mai redus n raport cu aceea a companiilor prelucrtoare. C. Durabilitatea nsi este nc destul de controversat, att datorit lipsei unor date statistice ct i din cauza divergenelor sociale i culturale. Astfel, responsabilitatea social este cea rezultat din obiectivele stabilite de stakeholderi (deintorii de interese) i de indicatorii de performan.
Obiectivele i indicatorii sunt menite s asigure avantajul competitiv al firmei i valorile pe termen lung ale acionarilor (shareholderilor) O alt problem ce se poate ridica este aceea a tipului de durabilitate. Susintorii tipului dur / tare al dezvoltrii durabile tind s vad protecia mediului i includerea social ca fiind absolute i nu doresc s fac nici un fel de compromisuri n favoarea dezvoltrii economice. Partizanii dezvoltrii durabile de tip slab / moderat, accept s negocieze pentru a facilita dezvoltarea economic. Am ajuns n zona n care dezvoltarea durabil ce vizeaz mediul ambiant i cea privind durabilitatea dezvoltrii afacerii, a ntreprinderii, se despart. n cazul pe care-l studiem ne referim la prelungirea ciclului de via al ntreprinderii. Vom reveni cu unele precizri n privina deciziei privind dimensiunea acceptabil a impactului negativ asupra mediului natural sau social, n raport cu profitabilitatea. n cele ce urmeaz ne vom concentra asupra durabilitii afacerii. Scopul fundamental al afacerilor este de a obine profit. Acesta poate fi realizat prin crearea de valoare pentru clieni, corespunztor preferinelor n schimbare ale acestora. O afacere durabil trebuie s ndeplineasc condiii de adaptabilitate i flexibilitate. Crearea de valoare economic implic un beneficiu social prin realizarea unor acumulri de capital financiar care vor permite o via mai confortabil pentru noile generaii i creterea numrului locurilor de munc n prezent. Vom sublinia c, o afacere durabil are i alte obiective importante n afara profitului. Acestea rezult chiar din esena dezvoltrii durabile, ca principiu: - protecia mediului, care const n meninerea i chiar extinderea valorilor capitalului natural; - incluziunea social, care const n ameliorarea i sporirea valorilor de capital social. Deoarece dezvoltarea economic se bazeaz din ce n ce mai mult pe cunoatere i pe competenele umane, putem aduga un alt obiectiv al durabilitii ntreprinderii sau afacerii, acela de a mri valoarea capitalului uman prin educaie, training i prin alte mijloace. Crete astfel rolul investiiei n cunoatere. Strategia firmei de afaceri trebuie s se preocupe nu numai de obiectivele mai sus menionate, orict de importante ar fi acestea. Strategia trebuie s creeze o viziune mprtit, 90
comun, referitoare la direcia spre care ntreprinderea se ndreapt. Doar o strategie acceptat de ctre ansamblul personalului are anse s fie implementat cu succes, s fie flexibil i durabil. Aceasta depinde de nelegerea esenei strategiei, de atractivitatea pe care aceasta o exercit asupra fiecrui salariat. Din acest motiv este de dorit ca strategia s fie realizat de jos n sus, s fie inspirat de realitile fiecrui loc de munc. n acest fel strategia firmei va avea vitalitate, va fi armonizat cu cultura organizaiei. Prin cultivarea perseverent a relaiilor generate de binomul strategie cultur organizaional se constituie i menine principala surs de sinergii pozitive ce propulseaz compania spre excelen i-i asigur durabilitatea .
3. INTEGRAREA EXCELENEI CU DURABILITATEA N CAZUL NTREPRINDERILOR INDUSTRIALE

Obinerea unei viziuni mprtite n cadrul firmei permite crearea treptat a unei culturi organizaionale suportive. Armonizarea dintre strategie i cultura organizaional constituie astfel esena i garania excelenei durabile. Se vor obine n consecin, n mod cu mult mai facil : - amplificarea performanelor ce corespund nevoilor autentice ale ntreprinderii, nevoi care nu se concentreaz doar pe produs ; - avantajul competitiv va rezulta din consideraii ce vizeaz ansamblul ciclului de via al produsului ; - creterea nivelului de comunicare n cadrul firmei, cu consecine asupra sporirii colaborrii externe, obinerea de informaii suplimentare i pertinente, posibilitatea de a influena pozitiv dezbaterile, de a identifica noi oportuniti de afaceri;
se va realiza nelegerea faptului c, ecoeficiena este mai ales un proces ce trebuie dezvoltat, dect un obiectiv ce trebuie atins momentan ; - se va nfptui integrarea durabilitii (inclusiv a eco-eficienei) n ansamblul afacerii, astfel nct s formeze o competen cheie, de baz, a acesteia. Excelena va rezulta n mod firesc din sinergia elementelor enumerate mai sus, bazndu-se n fiecare moment al evoluiei sale pe aciunea armonizat a binomului strategiecultur organizaional. Vom arta acest fapt n cursul lucrrii. Valorile promovate de manageri devin nefolositoare, fr for, dac nu sunt acceptate i trite de ctre personalul organizaiei. Faptul este cu att mai adevrat pentru cazul managerilor de vrf care orienteaz eforturile unitii. Acetia influeneaz situaiile pe termen scurt i lung prin tradiia pe care o susin i consolideaz, precum i prin personalul pe care-l promoveaz treptat n echipa managerial. Pentru a asigura permanena armonizrii strategie-cultur, echipa managerial motiveaz, i impresioneaz salariaii, orientndu-i spre o viziune pozitiv, care intete valori importante i duce la atingerea unor eluri dorite, rvnite. n acest fel este realizat un leadership autentic. Viziunea trebuie s fie prezentat ntr-un mod convingtor, fascinant, captivant, irezistibil, astfel nct salariaii s se simt inspirai i dornici s urmeze calea propus. n Noua Economie bazat pe cunoatere, productivitatea oamenilor i a resurselor sporete i-i schimb semnificaia. n prezenta apar noi sisteme de msurare care integreaz mai bine excelena i durabilitatea firmelor. Acestea se afirm i se impun treptat. n tabelul nr.1. prezentm o comparaie ntre vechile i noile msuri ale producivitii resurselor n cadrul firmelor industriale.
Tabelul nr.1. Schimbarea modului de msurare a productivitii resurselor Msuri vechi. Volumul total realizat. Volumul de producie realizat. Investiia de capital Cantitatea de material consumat realizarea produsului. Energia i materialul consumate. Focalizarea pe produs. Eficacitatea pe termen scurt. Msuri noi. Intensitatea cunotinelor. Valoarea generat pe volumul de producie realizat. Valoarea obinut pe unitatea de capital investit. Volumul de material folosit pentru a servi un client. Energia i materialul recuperate. Focalizarea pe funciunea elementului. Eficien pe termen lung. 91
pentru
Schimbarea modului de a msura rezultatele afecteaz treptat modul de a privi i aciona al celor implicai. Avem un proces de schimbare a motivaiei. Companiile care se bucur de un nivel nalt de armonizare strategie-cultur au o flexibilitate sporit (care o amplific chiar i pe cea a proceselor tehnologice i echipamentelor din halele de fabricaie). Aceast flexibilitate permite adaptarea mai rapid a firmei la cerinele mediului economic. n perioadele de recesiune economic firma va supravieui cu succes iar n momentul ivirii unor oportuniti, unitatea va fi capabil s le sesizeze i s le valorifice, asigurndu-i o prosperitate durabil. La un nivel nalt al armonizrii dintre strategie i cultura organizaional, compania va putea s-i construiasc treptat ci proprii de ieire din impas, chiar n lipsa unor oportuniti momentane. Managerii adevrai, cei care fac lucrurile s se ntmple, integreaz solidaritile create din timp, cunoaterea potenialului personalului i specificul proceselor pentru a reaciona cu succes la provocrile mediului i a oferi excelen durabil firmei pe care o conduc. Sinergiile ce rezult din aceast armonizare se acumuleaz treptat i propulseaz firma spre culmile excelenei durabile. Leadershipul este cel care amorseaz procesul iar ulterior, are un rol activ, de reglare i meninere a impulsului iniial. Efortul pentru meninerea excelenei, pentru durabilitate, este asigurat de nsi procesul de generare al sinergiilor rezultate din armonizarea strategie cultur organizaional.
CONCLUZII
Dezvoltarea economic se bazeaz din ce n ce mai mult pe cunoatere i pe competenele umane. Un alt obiectiv al durabilitii ntreprinderii sau afacerii, acela de a mri valoarea capitalului uman prin educaie, training i prin alte mijloace. Crete astfel rolul investiiei n cunoatere. Strategia trebuie s creeze o viziune mprtit, comun, referitoare la direcia spre care ntreprinderea se ndreapt. Doar o strategie acceptat de ctre ansamblul personalului are anse s fie implementat cu succes, s fie flexibil i durabil.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1.Burdu, E.i colectivul, Managementul schimbrii organizaionale, Editura economic, Bucureti, 2000. 2.Heller, R., In Search of European Excellence,Harper Collins Publishers, London, 1998. 3. Nicolescu, O., Verboncu,I., Management, Editura Economic, Bucureti, 1999. 4.Peters, T., Waterman, R., In Search of Excellence, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 1982. 5.Stoica, M., Doval, E., Popescu, R. , Ivnel, D., Jors, C. Evaluarea riscului financiarbancar, Editura TIPART, Bucureti, 2004. Tipart, Bucureti, 2004. 6.Vasilescu, I. Romnu, I. Dicionar de investiii, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2003. 7.Vasilescu, I. i colectivul, Eficiena i evaluarea investiiilor, Editura EfiCon, Press, Bucureti, 2004.
92
REVISTA CONSTRUCIA DE MAINI

SERIE NOU
REVISTA CONSTRUCIA DE MAINI

SERIE NOU
i propune s prezinte cele mai valoroase realizri din domeniul Cercetrii - Dezvoltrii romneti i internaionale. Revista ofer specialitilor posibilitatea de a publica articole i studii, de a-i prezenta produsele realizate i de a face cunoscut activitatea firmei sau instituiei n paginile Revistei. Instruciunile privind redactarea i trimiterea lucrrilor pot fi obinute la adresa: Irina Rdulescu S.C. ICTCM S.A. Bucureti os. Olteniei nr. 103 Sect. 4 Bucureti Tel: 021 3323770 / 234 Fax: 021 3320775 E-mail: irena_sandu@yahoo.com
S. C. ICTCM S. A. Bucureti i OID ICTCM v ofer posibilitatea unui abonament pentru 4 numere revist an la preul de 60 lei an. Pentru detalii i informaii suplimentare v rugm s luai legtura cu:
Irina Rdulescu S.C. ICTCM S.A. Bucureti os. Olteniei nr. 103 Sect. 4 Bucureti Tel: 021 3323770 / 234 Fax: 021 3320775 E-mail: irena_sandu@yahoo.com
REVISTA CONSTRUCIA DE MAINI SERIE NOU Pentru a face cunoscute realizrile din cercetare i productie, Oficiul de Informare Documentar pentru Industrie, Cercetare, Management din cadrul Centrului Incubator Tehnologic de Afaceri S.C. ICTCM S.A. BUCURETI public revista "Tehnologia Inovativ seria nou a Revistei "Construcia de maini", realizeaz prospecte, cataloage, postere, la comand, n condiii grafice deosebite, cu macheta beneficiarului sau cu design i machete proprii.
93

Lucrari Revista - TI 2-3-2009

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Lucrari Revista - TI 2-3-2009

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

REVISTA CONSTRUCIA DE MAINI Anul 61, Nr.

ISSN 0573 7419 EDITOR: ICTCM CITAf - OID.ICM

TEHNOLOGII INOVATIVE INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Responsabil editor: Irina Rdulescu Responsabil difuzare: Ionu Dimache

MODELARE & SIMULARE MODELLING & SIMULATION

RESURSE UMANE & INOVARE HUMAN RESOURCES & INNOVATION

ANUL 61 / 2009 NR. 2 - 3

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV REVISTA CONSTRUCIA DE MAINI COLEGIUL DE REDACIE

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

MODELARE & SIMULARE / MODELLING & SIMULATION

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

RESURSE UMANE & INOVARE / HUMAN RESOURCES & INNOVATION

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

ABSTRACTS INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

2. STUDY CASE - TAMPING TOOL TYPE BNRI - 85 MODELS 94

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

Fig.4: Stress (tension) intensity

Fig.2: Scheme of stress

Fig.6: Total Deformation

Fig. 8: Scheme of stress

Fig.10: Stress (tension) intensity

Fig.9: Equivalent stresses (tensions)

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

Fig.13: Defects (damages)

3. NEW COMPOSITE MATERIAL WITH METALLIC CARBIDES

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

5. RESEARCHES IN SITU ON THE DIFFERENT LOTS OF THE TAMPING TOOLS

5.1. Experimental researches in situ on the lot 1 of the tamping tools

Fig.18. Tamping tool G8 (7)

5.2. Experimental researches in situ on the lot 2 of the tamping tools

5.3. Experimental researches in situ on the lot 3 of the tamping tools

Fig.16. Tamping tool G4

Fig.17. Tamping tool G6

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

INTELLIGENT MECHATRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR VECTORIAL MASO - KINETOTHERAPY

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

Figure 1. Experimental model

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

MULTIFUNCTIONAL SURGICAL TABLE

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

Fig. 1. Experimental model

Fig. 2. Table horizontally positioned

Fig. 3. Table longitudinal inclined+350

Fig. 5. Antitrendelenburg (the organ tackle from supramezocolicstage

Fig. 6. Gynecology /urology

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

8. DEVICES AND ACCESORIES OF THE SURGICAL TABLES

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

2. TENDENTIES AT WORLD WIDE LEVEL

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009

5. RESULTS. IMEDIATE RESULTS

Figure 2. Data acquisition system for robotized orthotic suit

TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 2 - 3 / 2009