Reciprocal Teaching
Reading and Learning Strategy
Before, During & After Reading Strategy
Reciprocal Teaching
Purpose of Reciprocal Teaching Strategy: Reciprocal Teaching (Palinscar & Brown 1984) is a guided reading comprehension strategy that encourages students to develop the skills that effective readers and learners do automatically (summarise, question, clarify, predict and respond to what they are reading). Students use these four comprehension strategies on a common text, in pairs or small groups. Reciprocal Teaching can be used with fiction, non-fiction, prose or poetry. Explicitly teaching reciprocal teaching: Step 1 Scaffold student learning by modelling, guiding and applying the strategies while reading. Read a section of the text aloud and model the four steps summarising, clarifying, questioning and predicting (*predicting could be optional depending on the material). Step 2 In groups of four allocate a role to each student i.e. summariser, questioner, clarifier and predictor. Step 3 Have students read a few paragraphs of a text selection. Suggest to students they use notetaking strategies such as underlining, coding, etc. Step 4 The predictor helps the group connect sections of the text by reviewing predictions from the previous section and helps the group predict what they will read about next by using clues and inferences in the text. The questioner helps the group to ask and answer questions about the text and reminds the group to use all types of questions (higher and lower order). The summariser restates the main ideas in the text and helps the group state the main idea or ideas in their own words. The clarifier helps the group find parts of the reading that are not clear and finds ways to clear up these difficulties. Step 5 Roles in the group switch and the next selection of text is read. Students repeat the process in their new role. Repeat this process until text/topic selection is finished. * Continue to guide the students in the use of the four strategies until they can use the strategy independently.
Reciprocal Teaching
In Short In groups students will read and discuss a text. Each student takes a different role. Each student keeps his or her job for the entire reciprocal teaching discussion. Jobs can be rotated with each new piece of text.
STRATEGY
Predict
ACTIVITY
Predictor: predicts with evidence My prediction is My evidence is
Read Question
Students read the section silently or in unison. Questioner: poses questions for the group to discuss My on-the-surface question is My under-the-surface question is
Clarify
Clarifier: asks for or gives clarification I need to have __________ clarified. Do you need anything clarified?
Talks about parts that were confusing and discusses unknown words.
Summarise
frichardson@nbss.ie
Reciprocal Teaching
Prediction:
Before you begin to read look at the title, scan the pages to read the major headings and look at any pictures/diagrams/bolded text, etc. Now write down your prediction(s):
Main idea 2:
Main Idea: 4
Question:
Create some questions related to the main ideas. ? ? ? ?
Clarify:
Answer the questions posed and clarify the meaning of any words or phrases that are unclear.
frichardson@nbss.ie
The Summariser
Tell the group what you have read in your own words. Have the group pick out the main ideas.
The most important ideas are The main idea is This part was about First,.. Next, . Then, This story takes place in The main events of The problem is
The Predicator
Use what you have read and the text features to help figure out what the group will learn and/or what will happen in the next piece of text. The group can change their predictions as they read on!
I think I wonder if I imagine I suppose I predict I think the next section will be about
Predicator
My prediction is My evidence is Ask group members if they agree or disagree and to give their evidence
Questioner
You will ask two questions about the reading. One is an on-the-surface question - who, what, when, or where. The other is an under-the-surface question - why, how, should, could, or would. Work with the group to decide where the answer to these questions might be-in the reading, in the clues, in another source, or in the readers mind. Make sure the group attempts to answer the questions.
Questioner
My on-the-surface question isWho? What? When? Where? My under-the-surface question is Why? How? Could? Should? Would? Ask anyone else if they have a question. Ask group members to answer the questions.
frichardson@nbss.ie
Clarifier
I need to have ____________ clarified. Do any of you need anything clarified? Remember to make groups members feel comfortable enough to state what they dont understand.
Summariser
You will write a summary of the most important information from the reading. You need to be able to explain the reading in two or three sentences. Think about the main idea/s and the most important details. Use the text features e.g. headings, bold print, etc. to help you create a strong summary. Think like the author and try to figure out what s/he wanted to tell you. The group can help you if you get stuck or if they think you forgot something.
Summariser
Heres what I think is most important from the text My summary is Ask group members for their ideas.
frichardson@nbss.ie
1. Summarise
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2. Ask Questions
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3. Clarify
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4. Predict
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frichardson@nbss.ie
1. Predict
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2. Questions
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3. Clarify
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4. Summarise
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On My Own questions-
Clarifications/Explanations needed:
I did not understand the part where
Summaries:
The important ideas in what we read are The overall gist of this is
frichardson@nbss.ie
Questioning
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frichardson@nbss.ie
10
Clarifying
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frichardson@nbss.ie
11
National Behaviour Support Service (NBSS) Navan Education Centre Athlumney Navan Co. Meath Telephone: +353 46 909 3355 Fax: +353 46 909 3354 Email: nbss@ecnavan.ie Web: www.nbss.ie
frichardson@nbss.ie
12