The nervous system Q-1-explain the responding process of the nervous system in paramecium ?

Paramecium is a unicellular organism that lives in water and it consists of Many small hairs surrounds the paramecium called cilia which are connected to nerve fibers connected to nerve granules which act like brain When light falls on paramecium , cilia creates a nerve impulses and send it through the nerve fibers to the nerve granules which will respond and create a nerve impulse and send it through the nerve fibers to the body of paramecium to move away by contraction .

Q-2-explain the responding of the nervous system to external effect in hydra ? Hydra consists of many in cell and it contains many receptors called tentacles which are connected to nerve fibers that are connected to a net of nerve bows which act like the brain When hydra feels any external effect , tentacles will create a nerve impulse and send it to the nerve bows through the nerve fibers . then the nerve bows respond , create a nerve impulse and send it back through the nerve fibers to the body of hydra to move away by contraction

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-3-What happens when the hydra tentacles are cut ? No nerve impulse will be created or sent so it will not feel any external effect -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-4-the function of neuron is to and of neuralgia is to.. Create and send impulses protect and support neurons

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Q-5-draw and label the neuron ?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-6-mention six types of neuralgia with their locations and functions ? Name of cell Astrocytes location CNS Function 1-forming neurotransmitters 2-swallowing strange bodies oligodendroglia CNS Forming mylinated sheath around the axons and dendrites

epindemal

CNS

Forming cerebral and spinal fluid

microglia

CNS

1-growing to neuroglia 2-swallowing strange bodies

She wan cells

Out side CNS

Forming mylinated sheath around the axons only

Satellite cells

Outside CNS

Supporting cell bodies

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-7-compare between oligodendroglia and She wan cells ? Oligodendroglia are located inside the CNS and their function is to form mylinated sheath around the axons and dendrites She wan cells are located outside the CNS and their function is to form a mylinated sheath around the axons only ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-8-explain the structure of the nerve ? It consists of many mylinated nerve fibers collected together to form a nerve bundle surrounded by a connective tissue . these bundles are surrounded by a thick cover called the nerve . The nerve is rich with blood vessels to feed the nerve .

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-9-what are the functions of myelin? 1 - isolate the axon electrically 2- increase the speed of the nerve impulse to 120 m / s 3-rebuild damaged axons --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-10-the speed of the nerve impulse in mylinated nerve fiber is .and in non mylinated nerve fiber is ..? 120m/s and 2.3 m/s

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-11-explain the action and resting potential processes ? Resting potential : it means that the nerve axon is at rest which means that there is no nerve impulse is passing through the axon and the concentration of Na outside is high and inside the axon is low and the concentration of K outside the axon is low and inside is high and the electrical value during resting potential (polarization ) is -70 mv . Action potential : (depolarization ) means that there is a nerve impulse passing through the axon and the Na pumps open to get Na inside and K outside the axon until the electrical value changes from -70mv to+30mv then the Na K pumps close ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-12-what does repolarization mean ? It means returning to resting potential when the nerve impulse moves from the first Na-K pump to the second Na-K pump the Na-K pump open and Na go out and K moves in until the electrical value changes from +30mv to -70mv again ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-13-the value of electrical current in polarization is .and in depolarization is . -70mv and +30mv

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-14- the place in which the first neuron ends and the other starts is called Synaptic cleft ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-15-explain the synapse process ? At the end of synaptic knob there is a presynaptic membrane and at the beginning of dendrites there is a postsynaptic membrane and the space between presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane is called synaptic cleft , inside the synaptic knob there are synaptic vesicles filled with acetyl Colin When the nerve impulse reaches to the synaptic knob , the Ca++ will push the synaptic vesicles towards the presynaptic membrane until they burst open and acetyl Colin will float in the synaptic cleft An enzyme called acetyl Colin aceterase breaks down acetyl Colin to acetate alone and Colin alone then acetate will change to acetic acid and pass through the post synaptic membrane and Colin will go back to synaptic knob and reattach again with acetyl to form acetyl Colin inside the synaptic vesicles waiting for another nerve impulse to pass again .

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-16-why brain is located in the skull ? For protection because the skull is the hardest bone ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-17-the brain weights ..in males and .in females and it consists of cells 1500 grams and 900 grams and 100 billion cells ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-18-the three membranes around brain are called there is a liquid between and ..in the brain and it is function is to . Meanings -------archnoid and pia mater --------- to absorb shocks

.. Q-19-the brain parts are 1-..2-..and 3-. 1-cerebrum 2- cerebellum and 3- brain stem .. Q-20-the lines in the brain are called ..and their function is to .. Sulci ------- to separate between the four lobes of the brain 1-anterior lobe 2-posterior lobe

3-partial lobe and 4- temporal lobes Q-21-cortex of cerebrum is called ..because it consists of . Medulla of cerebrum is called..because it consists of .. Gray matter because it consists of non mylinated nerve fibers White matter because it consists of mylinated nerve fibers -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-22- what is the function of cerebellum and brain stem ? Brain stem : control the in voluntary movements of the internal upper guts like coughing Cerebellum :control the voluntary movements of the body like balancing hand shaking .. Q-23-explain about spinal cord ? It starts from the end of the brain stem to the end of the back inside the back bone for protection It is surrounded by three meanings and consists of cortex (white matter )because it consists of mylinated nerve fibers and medulla (gray matter ) because it consists of non mylinated nerve fibers There is a spinal fluid to absorb shocks and there are 31 pairs of nerves 31 nerves go out from the back side called sensory neurons and 31 nerves go out from the abdomen side called the motor nerves Between sensory and motor nerves there are many dorsal (back root ) ganglions .

 Q-24-explain the reflex action ? When you touch something hot or sharp accidentally the nerve cells create a nerve impulse and send it through the sensory neurons in the spinal cord and it moves to dorsal ganglion which acts like the brain and transfer the it directly to the motor nerve to move the hand very quickly Q-25-there are ..nerves go out from the skull called and the function of vagus nerve is to . 12 pairs ------- cranial nerves ---- control the involuntary movements of inner upper guts

.. Q-26- what the function of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems ? Sympathetic nervous system 1-increase the heart beating 2-increase the rate of glucose level in blood 3-increase the oxidation rate 4-increase the size of alveoli in lungs to absorb more oxygen 5-increase the secretion of enzymes 6- decrease the saliva production Opposite reflexes Parasympathetic nervous system

Q-27-what is the function of sclera ( cornea )? To allow light to pass to the eye

Q-28-choroid is a black layer because it contains ..pigment and the function of eye pupil is to ..and the function of the eye lens is to .the liquid in the frontal and rear chambers is called and its function is to 1- . .2-.and 3-.. Melanin --------to control the amount of light that enters to the eye -----to focus on far or near objects--Aqueous humor ----- 1- reflects the light 2-feed the retina and the eye lens 3-creats a pressure to make the eye spherical . Q-29-the function of pinna is to .and the canal that connects between the middle ear and pharynx is called .and its function is to .. Collects and magnifies sound ------- Eustachian canal (tube ) ------- balance pressure on both sides of the ear drum . Q-29-differentiate between cones and rods ? Rods 1 they are 100 million in each eye 2-they are sensitive for dim light 3-they are responsible for night vision 4-theycontain rhodopsin pigment 5-a lack of vitamin A leads to night blindness Cons 1 they are 5 million in each eye 2-they are sensitive to bright light 3-they are responsible for day vision 4-they contain iodopsin pigment 5-a genetically disorder causes color blindness

. Q-30- explain the mechanism of hearing ? Pinna will collect and magnify the sound which will pass through the auditory canal to the ear drum which will vibrate according to the tensity of sound According to the vibration of the ear drum , the three small bones ( mall us stapes incus) will vibrate too and these vibrations will transfer to the liquid inside cochlea (end lymph ) and it will vibrate too and the hairs will change these vibrations to a nerve impulse and send it through the auditory nerve to the hearing center in the brain .

.. Q-31-why the ear is considered as a hearing and balancing receptors ? Because it contains cochlea for hearing and semi circular canals for balancing Q-32-what are the layers of skin ? 1 outer layer ( epidermis ) 2- inner layer (dermis ) Q-33- heat receptors are called ..and coldness receptors are called.. Touch receptors .pressure receptors .. Roffini corpuscles ------- Krause end bulb ------Mieseners (Miracle discs)----Passini corpuscles

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-34-Draw and label the eye?

Q-35- draw and label the ear ?

Q-36- draw and label the cones and rods of the eye

Unit two (The hormonal regulation) Q-1- Define the followings :( hormones endocrine glands exocrine glands ) (a)- hormones : complicated chemical substances secreted from glands in very small amounts carried by the blood to do their jobs . Endocrine gland : it is the gland that release the hormones directly to blood Exocrine glands : it is the gland that release the hormones through ducts like salivary glands . Q-2-mention the five plant hormones with their places of secretion and function ? Name of hormone Place of secretion Function

1-Auxins

Seeds-newly formed leavesgrowing tips

Control the root and stem growing control cell elongation-stem branching control phototropism and geotropism Cell elongation seed growing root growing and anti ageing hormone Control the growing of seeds stems .. And it sprayed over grapes to increase their sizes and resist fungi Exhibits growing of stem Close stomata during draught

2-cytokinins

roots

3-Gibberillins

Seeds-fruit-stem- leaves growing tips .

4-absecic acid

Leaves + stem

5- Ethelyn

Grown fruit-stem and old leaves

Exhibits stem growing growing of fruits and falling downfalling down old leaves

Q-3- explain the mechanism of peptide hormones ? When the peptide hormones ( 1st messenger ) reaches to the target cell , it will attach with its receptors which will stimulate an internal enzyme called Adenyl cyclase which will change ATP to CAMP to do the job

Q-4- explain the mechanism of steroid hormones then give an exam ? When the steroid hormone reaches to the target cell , it will enter the cell and it will attach with the its receptors and both will enter the nucleus with the receptor which will stimulate a specific gene to produce protein Testosterone hormone will enter the muscle cell and attach with the receptors inside the cytoplasm then both hormone and the receptor attached together will enter the nucleus and stimulate a specific gene to produce proteins . Q-4- explain the process of regulating glucose level in the blood ? The glucose level in the blood is 90-100 ml but when you eat a meal full of carbohydrates the level of glucose increases which will stimulate Beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin hormone which decreases the glucose level in the blood by one of the following ways ; 1-by forcing the cell to take in glucose to produce energy 2-by changing extra glucose to glycogen and store it in the blood When you are fasting , the glucose level decreases in the blood which stimulates alpha cells to produce glucagon hormone which will enter the liver and change the stored glycogen to glucose and pump it in the blood leading to increasing of glucose level in the blood and return to the normal level . Q-5-write the function of these hormones (STH):stimulating the growth of bones and muscles (FSH):stimulating the production of eggs and sperms (LH):releasing the matured egg from Graffian follicle (TSH):stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxin hormone (MSH):stimulates the melanin pigment to give the skin its dark color Aldesterone: controls the sodium level in the blood Androgen: appears secondary sexual characteristics in males Cortisol :control the metabolism of carbohydrates and anti inflammatory hormone Progesterone : prepares the uterus for pregnancy Oxutocin : stimulates the uterus muscles to contract during birth

Q-6- What are the function of thyroxin and parathormone hormone ? Thyroxin : 1- control the growing metabolism ( bones ) 2-control oxidation process Parathormone : controls the calcium level In the blood Q-7-mention the digestive canal hormone ?

Name of hormone

Place of secretion Stomach cells

function

1-gastrin

Stimulates the stomach to release its digestive enzymes

2-secretin 3-cholestokinin

duodenum duodenum

Stimulates the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes Stimulates the pile to contract and release its digestive enzymes Stimulates the ileum to produce digestive enzymes

4-enerocrinin

Cells of ileum

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-8- what do you know about thyroid gland ? It is located at the frontal surface of trachea under the voice box and it consists of two lobes as it is the largest endocrine gland ( 25-30 ) grams and it produces thyroxin hormone which consists of 65% iodine as the thyroid gland is considered as the iodine store in the body Q-9-what do you know about parathyroid glands ? They are located behind the thyroid gland and it consists of four lobes and it produces parathormone hormone Q-10-why pancreas is considered as a hetrocrine gland ? It is considered as an endocrine gland because it secrets insulin and glucagon directly to blood And it is considered as an exocrine gland because it secrets digestive enzymes through ducts to the stomach and intestine

Q-11-give an example about the coordination between the nervous system and the hormonal system ? When the baby sucks his mothers breast the mammary glands produces a nerve impulse and send it to the hypothalamus in brain which will send a nerve impulse to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to produce oxytocin hormone which will stimulate the mammary glands to produce milk Q-12- how can we produce seedless fruit ? By spraying auxins on non fertilized flowers Q-13-what do you know about the endocrine diseases ? 1-goiter which is caused by a lack of iodine in the body leading to enlargement of the thyroid gland 2-parathyroid titans which is caused by a lack of calcium level in the blood leading to muscular and nervous spasms 3-diabetes which is caused by many reasons ( sudden increase of weight stress genetical factors liver and pancreas problems -drinking alcohol leading to serious problems of heart and eyes Q-14-what is the function of adrenalin ? 1 increase the heart beating rate 2-increase the glucose level in the blood 3-increses the oxidation process 4-increase the size of alveoli in lungs to absorb more oxygen 5-speed up the clotting of blood

Reproduction Q-1- define reproduction ? then mention its types ? It is the ability of the living organism to produce another living organism from the same species There are two types of reproduction : 1-sexual reproduction : which needs two parents (male and female )who produce male and female gametes that will fuse together to form the zygote 2-asexual reproduction : which only needs one parent that will divide to form a daughter cell which looks exactly like the mother cell. Q-2- complete the following sentences : #-reproduction in paramecium happens by.(binary fission ) #-reproduction in yeast happens by ..(budding ) #-reproduction in sponges happens by(cutting and regeneration ) #-reproduction in bread mould happens by..(sporulation ) #-reproduction in strawberry happens by..(runner stem ) #-reproduction in mint happens by (rhizome ) #-reproduction in potatoes happens by.(tuber stem ) #-reproduction in onions happens by ..(bulb) #-reproduction in palms and bananas happens by..(offset) #-reproduction in calinsho happens by ..(leaf ) Q-3-define vegetative reproduction ?then mention its two ways ? It is the reproduction of the green parts of the plants (roots-stem and leaves ) and there are two types 1-natural vegetative reproduction 2-artificial vegetative reproduction Q-4-explain about slips or then give two examples ? It is cutting apart of the stem having two or three buds then stick it in a suitable environment and the roots grow from these buds to anchor the new cutting part to form a new plant like in grapes and fig

Q-5-what is grafting ? and explain its two ways then mention its advantages ? It is transferring of good characteristics from desired trees to stock trees . and it is done by two ways (a)- grafting by bud : by taking a bud from the desired tree then put it on a T-shape piece of wood then stick it in the stem of the stock tree and cover it tightly to prevent any water to enter the tree . (b)-grafting by style : by taking a part of the stem of the desired tree and sharpen it then stick it in the stem of the stock tree then cover it tightly to prevent water to enter to the tree . Advantages of grafting : 1-to improve the taste and the size of fruit 2-to allow plants to grow in a salty or acidic soils 3-to resist diseases . Q-6- Explain the sexual reproduction of spirogyra ? Spirogyra is a filamentous algae which lives in wet places The positive filament (male ) lies beside the negative filament (female )then a small canal appears in the middle and the female filament absorbs the contents of the male filament and fertilization happens to produce the zygote (2n) then the male filament dries and dye . The contents of the female filament will surround the zygote to form a zygospore which will stay dormant in the mud for a while until the environmental conditions are suitable then the zygospore will divide by meiosis to form four nuclei cells (n) which develops to two male and two female filaments .

Q-7-Explain the sexual cycle in plasmodium ? Plasmodium is a parasite that lives in the salivary glands of the female mosquito (anopheles) and reproduces by two ways (sexually and asexually )and causes malaria When a female mosquito stings a human , the plasmodium will enter the blood and the blood will carry it to the liver and plasmodium will reproduce asexually until it will rupture the liver cells and enters the red blood cells and change to male and female merozoites and produce poisonous substances which cause fever and chili during night time then another female mosquito will absorb the blood of the infected person with the plasmodium male and female merozoites to its digestive system and plasmodium merozoites will reproduce sexually to produce zygospores that will move from the digestive system of the female mosquito to its salivary glands to start another cycle with a new human when entering his or her blood . Q-8-what does this sentence mean (alternation of generation ) ? It means when the living organism can reproduce by two ways ( sexually and asexually )

Q-9- what does parthenogenesis mean ? then give an example ? It is production of new living organisms from non fertilized eggs like the queen of the bees which lays two kinds of eggs ( n ) which develops and grows to form male bees and ( 2n ) which will grow to form female bees . Q-10- Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis ? Mitosis happens in the somatic cells ( body ) and the (2n ) cell divides to form two cells (2n)(equal division ) Meiosis happens in the sex cells and the (2n ) cell divides to form two cells (n) ( half division ) Q-11-explain the pollen grains formation in flowering plants ? Inside the pollen sac the pollen grain microspore mother cell will divide by meiosis to form four nuclei then each nucleus divides to two nuclei 1-pollen tube and 2-generative nucleus . The microspore mother cell will undergo growth and differentiation until it becomes a modified pollen grain then reproducing of many modified pollen grains will rupture the sacks . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-12- explain the formation process in flowering plants ? A small bud called neucellus will appear in the inner wall of ovary surrounded by one or two layers . There is a canal at the bottom appears called micrpyle . Nucellus divides by meiosis to form four nuclei then three of them shrinks and die near the micrpyle And the remaining nucleus divides now by mitosis to form eight nuclei , four at the north pole and four at the south pole . then one nucleus from the south meets another nucleus from the south pole in the center to form the polar nuclei and after that each nucleus will surround itself by a cell membrane to and at least there are eight nuclei in seven cells

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q13-explain the fertilization process in the flowering plants ? 1- a pollen grain will fall on stigma , absorbs water and swell in size 2- the digestive enzymes in the pollen tube will penetrate through stigma, style and ovary until it reaches to the micrpyle . 3- the generative nucleus will fertilize one cell to form the zygote (2n) 4- the tube nucleus will fertilize the two polar nuclei in the center to form the endosperm (3n )

Q-14-endosperm is (2n3n1n ) (3n) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-15-where does double fertilization happen ? In seed coated plants . -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-16-what is the function of the followings a)-sertoli cells: feed the sperms b)-spermtogonia : produce sperms c)-Ledig cells : produce testosterone hormone d)-vas deference : carry the sperms from epididymis to the urethra e)-epididymis : store the sperms and keep them fresh and healthy f)-urethra : transfer sperms and urine outside the body g)-seminal vesicles : produce a mucus layer rich with fructose to feed sperms and produce a fatty acid substance to make the uterus muscles contract to create a suitable passageway for the sperms to reach the ovaries h)-prostate gland : produce an alkaline solution to neutralize the acidity of vagina i)-Cowpers glands :produce an alkaline solution to neutralize the acidity of the remaining drops of urine -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-17-why the testis are located outside the body ? Because the production of sperms needs lower temperature than the body ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-18- draw the spermatogenesis process ?

Q-19- what is the function of the four embryonic membranes ? a)-yolk sac : function of red blood cells+ digestive canal b)-allantois : formation of red blood cells c)-chorion : exchange food and oxygen + wastes d)-amnion : which has amenionic fluid to regulate the embryo temperature and absorbs shocks

Q-20-draw the sperm?

Q-21-explain about the menstrual cycle ? It is a cycle that appears in the ovaries and the uterus of the adult female every 28 days due to the presence of estrogen and progesterone hormones level in the blood The ovary cycle : when (FSH) and (LH) hormones level increase in blood , the primary follicle changes to a grown follicle then it is surrounded by three layers to be Graffian follicle and when the follicle burst open the three layers , it becomes a matured egg ready to be fertilized 1n the 14th day but if the egg is not fertilized , the level of (LH) and (FSH) hormones level decreases in blood the egg shrinks and changes to yellow body The uterus cycle : when the (LH) and (FSH) hormones level increase in the blood , the uterus forms a layer rich with blood vessels to feed the embryo at the 14th day but if there is no fertilization occurs , the level of (LH) and (FSH) hormones decreases in the blood leading to peeling of the uterus layer leading to bleeding lasting from 35 days .

Q-22-draw the oogenesis process?

Q-23-what is the function of the followings ? a)- ovaries : produce eggs b)-Fallopian tubes : carry the eggs from the ovaries to the uterus c)-uterus : receive fertilized eggs so it is a place for pregnancy or for menstrual cycle d)-vagina: receive sperms --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q-24- do the blood of the mother mixes with the fetus ? No but the food and oxygen diffuse to the fetus . ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-25- in a table mention the changes happen in the embryo? stage First 3 months Change Cleavage-morula bastula-gastrula + formation of the fingers toes, face , ear , heart with four chambers + sex differentiation and placenta

36 months

The mother can feel the movement of the fetus and the heart beat can be heard by the doctor Brain and sense organ grow + eye borrows and eye lashes Skin becomes red and wrinkled

Nails will form and skull bones will become harder 69 months The position of the fetus will change ( the head of the fetus will turn to the head of the cervix

Q-26-explain the fertilization process ? When the sperm is attached to the egg wall , the digestive enzymes in the acrosome will penetrate through the egg wall leading to penetrating of the head and the middle part inside the egg then an enzyme called fertilization enzyme will be secreted to rebuild a an internal wall to prevent any other sperm to enter then the egg nucleus produces an attractive enzyme which attracts the nucleus of the sperm . The nucleus of sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg to form the zygote (2n)

Q-27-draw the male reproductive system?

Q-28-draw the female reproductive system?

Genetics