INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFAPPLIEDENGINEERINGRESEARCH,DINDIGUL Volume1,No2,2010 Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingAssociation RESEARCHARTICLE ISSN 09764259

DesignandSimulationofPhaseLockedLoopControllerBasedThreePhase UnifiedPowerQualityConditionerforNonlinearandVoltageSensitive Loads

JenoPaul,Ruban DevaPrakash, JacobRaglend Departmentof Electrical & ElectronicsEngineering,NoorulIslam University,Tamilnadu jenopaul1@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT This paper proposed a new efficient control system for unified power quality conditioner it is possibletoreducethevoltagefluctuationslikesagandswellconditionsandcurrentandvoltage harmonics isolation in distribution systems. The UPQC which can be used at the PCC for improving power quality is modeled and simulated using proposed control strategy and the performancearecomparedbyapplyingittoadistributionsystemwithandwithoutUPQC.The performance of this UPQC has been evaluated with a typical industrial load with realistic parameters supplied by a polluted distribution network. Dynamic model of the UPQC is developed in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the simulation results demonstrating the power quality improvement in the system are presented to different supply and load conditions. Keywords: Power Quality, Unified Power Quality conditioner, Point Of Common Coupling, Harmonics,ReactivePower,VoltageSag,VoltageSwell,MATLAB/SIMULINK 1.Introduction Because of the application of sophisticated and more advanced software and hardware for the control systems the power quality has become one of the most important issues for power electronicengineers. Withgreatadvancement in allareasofengineering,particularly, insignal processing, control systems, and power electronics, the load characteristics have changed completely. In addition tothis, loads are becoming very sensitive to voltage supplied tothem. The loads based on power electronic devices generally pollute the nearby network by drawing non sinusoidal currents from the source. The rapid switching of electronic devices creates additionalProblems.This makesvoltagesandcurrentsatthepoint ofcommoncoupling(PCC) highly distorted [1]. One of the best solution to compensate both current and voltage related problems, simultaneously, it is the use of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)[2][3]. One of the electrical system adapter structures is back to back inverter. According to the controllingstructure,backtobackinvertersmighthavedifferentoperationsincompensation.For example, they can operate as shunt and series active filters to simultaneously compensate the loadcurrent,harmonicsandvoltageisolation.ThisiscalledUPQC.

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Figure1: GeneralmodelofUPQC UPQCcanbeinstalledtoprotectthesensitiveloadinsidetheplantaswellastorestrictentryof any distortion on the load side. This dual functionality makes the UPQC as one of the most suitabledevicesthatcouldsolvetheproblemsofbothconsumersaswellasofutility.UPQCthus can help to improve voltage profile and hence the overall health of power distributionsystem. TheapplicationofUPQCtocompensatetheswell,sagandunbalancedvoltage,reactivepower, current harmonics and voltage harmonics through shunt and series voltage source inverter. Voltagesourceinverterhastogeneratesinusoidalvoltagewiththefrequency,amplitudeandthe phase determinant of the control system. In order to clear the switching oscillation, a passive filter is applied to the output of each inverter. At the output of shunt inverter, high pass secondaryorderLCorfirstorderRCfilter isallocatedandattheoutputofseries inverter,low pass second order LC or resonance filter is allocated. UPQC Controller provides the compensation voltage through the UPQC series inverter and provides conditioning current through the shunt inverter by instantaneous sampling of load current and source Voltage and current 2. ControlStrategyfor UPQC Thecontrolstrategy is basicallythewaytogeneratereferencesignals forbothshuntandseries APFs of UPQC. The compensation effectiveness of the UPQC depends on its ability to follow with a minimum error and time delay to calculate the reference signals to compensate the distortions,unbalancedvoltagesorcurrentsoranyotherundesirablecondition.

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2.1.SelectingtheControllingMethod UPQC is vastly studied by several researches as an infinite method for power quality conditioner.DifferentUPQCcontrollingmethodscanbeclassifiedinthethreefollowing Classes: time domain controlling method, frequency domain controlling method and new techniques. Fouriermethodisoneofthemethodscanbenamedasfrequencydomainmethods.Themethods such as PQ Theory[4][11] , ZVS instantaneous reactive power[5] , algorithms based on the synchronous dq reference frame, instantaneous power balance method[6], synchronous detection algorithm, direct detection algorithm and notch filter based controlling method are some can be mentioned for time domain methods. Dead beat control, space vector modulation andwaveletconversionaresomeofthenewtechniques[7].Threegeneralstandardsconsidered to select the controlling methods are load characteristics, required accuracy and application facility. All method end into a similar result when the reference signal is calculated under balancedandsinusoidalconditionswhereeachendintoadifferentresultunderunbalancedand nonsinusoidalconditions.Deadbeatcontrollingmethodpresentsthebestoperationamongthe othersbutmoreexpenseshouldbepaidforitscalculations. Amongtheintroducedmethodstheadaptivecontrolmethodseemstobemoreappropriate.The fact is that it needs the sinusoidal and balanced voltage and it is not sensitive to voltage distortionsandisrelativelysimple.Inresult,theresponsetimeofthecontrolsystemshortens. 2.2Controller Design The control system of the proposed system is shown in fig.1.This comprises of the three followingparts: Referencesignalgeneration(PhaseLockedLoop) ShuntInverterControl SeriesInverterControl 2.2.1 ReferenceSignal GenerationoftheController (PhaseLock Loop) The critical problem of a unified power quality conditioner is to find an algorithm which can obtain an accurate harmonic reference signal for control purpose. Conventional control algorithms, such as using the instantaneous reactive power theory [8] or instantaneous symmetricalcomponents[9],theshuntandseriesActiveFiltercurrents/voltagesaresensedand controlled to match their respective computed reference components thereby increasing the number of sensors and computational delays[6]. In this paper, a detecting method based on adaptive noisecancelingtheory isusedand isadoptedtomeasuretheharmoniccomponentsof thenonlinearloadcurrentandloadvoltageareimplemented. Let the load current, input frequency and terminal voltage be the input to the PLL. Three phase distorted supply voltages are sensed and given to the PLL which generates sine terms.Thesensedsupplyvoltageismultipliedbyasuitablevalueofgainbeforebeinggivenas aninputtothePLL.HereK=1N,bethegainvalueassignedforcontrolling.HereIL istheload 236

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current VT is the load voltage, Y is theoutput signal of the adaptive detecting circuit, is the output signal of the adaptive detecting circuit and F is the fundamental reference frequency whichisinphasewith AC

Figure2:ProposedReferenceSignal Generation(PLL) sourcevoltage.Fromthetheoryof theANCand[10],astheinputsinusoidalreferencesignal,i.e. TheFundamentalcomponentofthesystemvoltagehasthesamefrequencyandinphasewiththe desired fundamental components of load current and load voltage, the DC component of the outputof integratorwilltuneaccordinglyuntiltheyareequal inmagnitude.Thecorresponding fundamentalrealcomponentsofthecurrentandvoltagearethenextractedfromthesampledload current and load voltage. Underthe action of ANC loop, in steady statetheoutput current and voltage If and VS of detecting circuit have no larger include the fundamental real components, theDCcomponentofthe integratoroutputwillkeepaconstantvalue,whichisproportionalto themagnitudeofthefundamentalrealcomponentofload If=ILkEmsint(K0+1/RC t 0I. Emsint =IL kK0EmsintkK1Emsint WhereK1=1/RC If .Em.sintdt Vs=VLkEmsint(K0+1/RC t 0Vs Em.sintdt =Vs kK0EmsintkK1Emsint Where K1=1/RC If .EM.sintdt IL=IP+IQ+IH VL=VP+VQ+VH WhereIp isfundamentalactivecomponentloadcurrentIq isfundamentalreactivecomponentof loadcurrentIhisharmoniccomponentsinloadcurrentVp isfundamentalactivecomponentof load voltage Vq is fundamental reactive component of load voltage and Vh is harmonic componentsinloadvoltage.Then 237

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If=ILk.K0.EmsinT If =IP+IQ+IH kK0.EmsinT IF=IQ+IH IP=k.K0.EmsinT The output signal of the adaptive detecting current and voltage is just the reactive power and harmoniccomponentsofthenonlinearloadvoltageandcurrent. 2.2.2 Thecontrol schemeofShuntInverterControl

Figure3:ProposedShuntInverterControl Strategy Figure3showstheUPQCShuntInverterblockdiagramusingadaptivecontroller implemented inSimulink.WherethesensitiveloadcurrentsareI load .Themeasuredloadcurrentsarefedinto adaptive controller. The fundamental sinusoidal functions are obtained through the using PLL usingadaptive filtersLettheloadcurrent,andcurrentactive filterbetheinputtotheshunt firingunit.ThegatesignalobtainedfromthisunitistheinputtotheIGBT.Thusobtaininggate signal by means of hysteresis current controlling technique is performed. The gate signal is obtainedbymeansofusinghysteresiscurrentcontrollingtechnique[11].Todetectthecurrentto becompensated,referencecurrenthastoobtainPLLvalueisimprovedbymeansofRMSvalue. RMSofloadactivecurrentcanbeobtainedby RMS The computed currents are then given to the hysteresis controller along with the sensed three phasecurrent.TheoutputofthehysteresiscontrollerisgatesignalsoftheVSIoftheshuntAF. The shunt APF can be designed tooperate as a controlled current source whoseoutput current would be automatically controlled .Finally the reference current wave formgets generated the reference current and RMS value of the load current is multiply we getthe actual undistracted currentwaveform withrespecttoloadcurrent.

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TheerrorsignalwillgeneratebysubtracttheRmsvalueofthereferencecurrentwaveforminto actualloadcurrentwaveform themeanvaluetakenbythecurrentsignalofshuntactivefilter. I ref=Iload((Iload)(k.Irms))(Ipll). The two inputs are fed to the hysteresis band controller and the outputfedtotheIGBTcontrol. 2.2.3 Thecontrol schemeofSeriesInverterControl A simple control methodology is developed to control the series inverter control. The series filter is controlled such that it injects voltages (vca, vcb, vcc), which cancel out the distortionsand/orunbalancepresentinthesupplyvoltages,thusmakingthevoltagesatthePCC (vLa,vLb, vLc) perfectly balanced and sinusoidal with the desired amplitude. In other words,the sumofthesupply voltageandtheinjectedseriesfiltervoltagemakesthedesiredvoltageatthe

Figure4:ProposedSeriesInverter Control Strategy loadterminals.TheOutputofPLL issame forbothshuntandseriespart.Lettheloadvoltage, andvoltageactivefilterbetheinputtotheseriesfiringunit.ThecomputedvalueofPLListhen multiplied bythe desired peak value of the PCCphase voltage which becomes the threephase referencePCCvoltages,thedesiredpeakvalueis440V.Thecomputedvoltagesarethengivento the hysteresis controller along with the sensed threephase PCC voltages. The output of the hysteresis controller is gate signals of the VSI of the series Active Filter. The hysteresis controller generates the gate signals such that the voltage at the PCC becomes the desired sinusoidal reference voltage. Therefore, the injected voltage across the series cancels out the harmonics present in the supply voltage .The complete system (converters, control circuitry, supply,andload)hasbeensimulatedusingSIMULINKtoolboxfromMATLAB7.9 3.SimulationResultsandDiscussion 3.1TestSystem Used ToverifytheperformanceoftheUPQC,avariableloadisconnectedatPcc5

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Figure:5.SingleLineDiagramoftheSystemUsed 3.2SimulinkModel ofUPQC

Figure5:CompletemodelimplementedinMatlab/Simulink TheUPQCanditscontrolsystemhavebeentestedatdifferentload/supplyimperfections.Fig.5 shows series filter output voltage in the case of 20 % voltage sag. Substation voltage is also changedduringthesimulation

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Figure5.a) SourcevoltagesunderVoltagesagandswellcondition

Figure5.b) CompensatedVoltagefreefromsaggedandswellvoltage c)

Figure5.c) Distortedloadcurrent

Figure5.d) Loadcurrentwithcompensation

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Figure5.e) Reactivepowerwithoutcompensation

Figure5.f)Reactivepowerwithcompensation Fig5.(ad).Showsthesourcesidevoltage,loadsidevoltage,sourcecurrent,andloadcurrentare simulated. Fig5.a) shown in the voltage distortions imposed to load on the grid is properly compensatedbyseriesinverter.Inthissimulationthevoltagesagoccurredduringtheperiodof 0.1secto0.15secasshowninfigure.Voltagesagwith100Vamplitudeoccursinsourcevoltage. Simulation5.bshowstheCompensatedVoltagefreefromsaggedandswellvoltage.Simulation 5.c shows the load current polluted by sensitive load. The total Harmonic distortion (THD) is 3.2%,which is much lowerthanthe limitvalueestablished byIEEE519Standard(8%forthe systemunderconsideration).AlthoughthesupplycurrentTHDiswithinthelimitsPrescribedby the above mentioned standard, the load side voltage contains unacceptable ripple. The load voltagesbecomeunacceptablydistortedaftertheUPQCisintroducedintooperationat0.01sec asshown in fig5.d.Inthisparticularcasethe loadvoltageTHDis1.2%,whereasaccordingto abovementionedstandarditshouldnotexceed5%for11KVandbelow.Simulation5.eshows thereactivepowerlagatPcc.simulationresult5.fshowsthereactivepowermaintainconstant. 4.Conclusion The simulation results show that, when unbalance and nonlinear occur in load current or unbalance and sag in the source voltage ,the above control algorithms eliminate the impact of distortionandunbalanceoftheloadcurrentonthepowerline,makingthepowerfactofitunity. Meanwhile, the series compensator isolate the source voltage harmonics, shunt compensator provide threephase balanced and isolate the current harmonics for Loads. A Matlab/Simulink basedsimulationsiscarriedoutinordertoverifyitsperformance. 242

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5.References 1. V.Khadkikar,A. Chandra , O.Berry and T.D.Nguyen, 2006, Conceptual study of UnifiedPowerQualityConditioner(UPQC).IEEEISIE,July 912. 2. Bhim Singhy and Venkateswarlu.P ,2010A Simplified Control Algorithm for Three Phase,FourWireUnifiedPowerQualityConditioner.JournalofPowerElectronics,Vol. 10,No.1,pp9196. 3. PengChengZhu,XunLi,YongKangandJianChen,2005Analysisandexperimental verification of a control scheme for unified power quality conditioner Int. J. Energy TechnologyandPolicy,Vol.3,No.3,pp 253. 4. Tan Zhili,,Li Xun,Chen Jian,Kang Yong,Duan Shanxu, 2006 A direct control strategy forUPQCinthreephasefourwiresystemIEEE, pp1117. 5. A.Elnady,andM.M.A.Salama,2001,Newfunctionalitiesofanadaptiveunifiedpower qualityconditioner,inProc. IEEEPESWinterMeeting01,pp295300, 6. Y.Mohamandrezapour,M.B Bana sharifan,2009 Design And Simulation Of UPQC by Synchronous Reference Frame Theory considering loading of series and shunt Inverters,JornalofAppliedsciencevol4no14,pp25992605. 7. A. Elnady, A. Goauda, M. M. A. Salama, 2002 Unified Power Quality with A Novel ControlAlgorithmBasedonWaveletTansform,IEEEConference,pp10411045. 8. H. Fujita and H. Akagi, 1998 The integration of series active filters and shunt active filters,IEEETrans.PowerElectronics,Vol.13,pp.315322. 9. A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, Power Quality Enhancement using CustomPower Devices2002,London,KluwerAcademicPublishers.chapter3,pp98103 10. Ahad kazemi, Mostafa sarlak, Mojtaba barkhordaryAn Adaptive Noise Canceling Approach Theory Based SinglePhase unified power quality conditioner Power engineering,2007,pp18. 11. HirofumiAkagi,EdsonHirokazuInstantaneousPowerTheoryandApplicationstoPower Conditioning,2007,IEEEPress,pp 4338.

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