What type of symmetry exists in Dugesia? Bilateral Compare it with Hydra?

? Radial What is the relationship between type of symmetry and type of nervous system present? Ladder type is more probable to occur in animals which can be divided into 2 similar halves. Diffuse type or nerve net is more probable to occur in animals without a definite head region and exhibit radial symmetry How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in human? MAN: 12 pairs of cranial nerves Why is the number of spinal nerves varying in different groups of vertebrate?

The number of spinal nerves in different group of vertebrate varies because of the different number of vertebra found in spinal cord. What do the 1st and 3rd nerves innervate?

It innervate the shoulder and the forelimb region. What do these nerves innervate (4th, 5th, 6th Spinal Nerve) ? Muscles of abdominal wall and skin What are the function of the anterior and posterior choroid plexi? Deposition of cerebrospinal fluid into brain vesicles What is a neurosecretion?

Hormones produced by the nervous system that are synthesized by neurosecretory neurons What are some diecephalic secretions, stored in the hypophysis, that have other target organs?

ACTH, MSH, oxytocin, vasopressin, vasotocin, mesotocin, gonadotropins What is the function of the ventricles? (Frog brain)

Serve as passageway of cerebrospinal fluid Helps to hold the soft brain tissue in place against the wall of the cranium What is the function of the Eustachian Tube? Permits pressure equalization in both sides of the tympanic membrane

Does the sinus venosus contract? Yes it also contracts. What is meant by the pacemaker of the heart? Specialized area of heart muscle that controls and regulates heart beat Heart decreases in size and color changes to light red: SYSTOLE (contraction) Heart returns to larger size and to dark red: DIASTOLE (relaxation) Explain the dark appearance of the vein. Vein color is determined in large part by the color of venous blood, which is usually dark red (and not blue as is commonly believed) as a result of its low oxygen content. The presence of valves can easily be demonstrated, how can this be done?

The valves work in the same way as one- way swing doors, the blood pushing the valves open as it travels toward the heart; the valves close as blood fills that part of the vein, and prevents backward flow.

I. VEINS (Venous system) A. External jugular vein From what organ is the blood drained? lingual vein from tongue maxillary vein from lower jaw B. Innominate vein What organs or parts of body are drained by each of these veins? Internal jugular vein from head, brain, and spinal cord Suprascapular vein - from shoulders C. Musculocutaneous vein

What parts of the body are drained by each of them? from sides of head from sides of body D. What do you call each of these veins (3 tributaries to the postcaval vein) Hepatic portal vein from liver Renal portal vein from kidneys Ovarian or Spermic veins from gonads E. What possible routes can the blood take from the hindlimb to the heart?

Renal portal circulation Anterior abdominal vein by way of the liver

II. INTERNAL ANATOMY OF FROG HEART What is the significance of the differences in size of the two atria? Right receives blood from all parts except lungs. Left receives from lungs. Describe the valves that guard this opening. Spiral valve in the conus arteriosus: direct deoxygenated blood into the aortic arches of leading to the gills and lungs. direct oxygenated blood into arches that supply other parts of the body modification arising from the formation of a typhlosole-like septum ventral edge is free Within the truncus arteriosus are two longitudinal divisions or septa which divide the truncus into three channels. Where to these channels lead? Common carotid artery Systemic artery Pulmocutaneous artery What structure minimizes the mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the frogs heart?

The spiral valve in the conus arteriosus, longitudinal septa and interatrial septum

III. INTERNAL ANATOMY OF MAMMALIAN HEART What kind of blood enters the left atrium? Oxygenated blood from the lungs Right ventricle is smaller and has thinner wall compared to the left ventricle. What is its significance? The left ventricle is more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps the blood at a higher pressure. Just as any other muscle in your body If you work one and not the other- the one you work gets bigger and the opposing wont. The left ventricle pumps blood at a higher pressure because it has a further distance to travel, blood from the left ventricle goes to all areas of the body. The right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs which is a much shorter distance, therefore less pressure is required. What is the advantage of having two ventricles? There is no opportunity for the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. There is more efficiency of the heart since each ventricle has a specific task. Right ventricle: pumps blood to the lungs Left ventricle: pumps blood to the other parts of the body

IV. ARTERIES (Arterial System) What is the function of the carotid gland? Motors blood pressure. Carefully lift the dorsal aorta and see the small arteries rising from its dorsal wall. What part of the body is supplied by these arteries? Coeliac

Left and right gastric artery supplies stomach and pancreas

Hepatic artery supplies liver and anterior part of pancreas Anterior Mesenteric

Supplies lumbar/back region, kidneys, urogenital system What body part of the viscera does it supply? Posterior portion of the rectum Dorsal wall of the uterus (female) Follow each branch and determine the organs supplied

Epigastric artery SUPPLIES ventral abdominal vein Recto-vesicular artery SUPPLIES rectum and urinary bladder Femoral artery SUPPLIES skin and anterior thigh muscles Sciatic artery extension of iliac artery to the rest of the hindlimb