Alilio, Jan Paulo C. BSCE2-4 1. Voltmeter - is an instrument used to measure voltage.

For instance, a voltmeter can be used to see if there is more electricity left in a battery. The creation of voltmeters became possible when Hans Oersted invented the most simple voltmeter in 1819. Parts: Positive input terminal (usually red) Negative input terminal (usually black) Display, where you'll see the results of the measurement. If your meter is analog you'll have to read the results from a scale. If it's digital, the results will show up as a reading on an LCD or LED screen How to use:

Before using a voltmeter you'll have to determine whether the current you're measuring is a direct current (that flows in one direction) or an alternating current (that flows back and forth). Make sure you're using a voltmeter that's compatible with the type of current you're measuring, or that your voltmeter is set to the appropriate setting. Turn the dial to select the range of voltage you're measuring. You're now ready to use your voltmeter: 1. Attach the positive input terminal lead to the positive end of the circuit (or whatever you want to measure the voltage of). 2. Attach the negative input terminal lead to the negative end of the circuit (or whatever you want to measure the voltage of). The voltmeter will turn itself on and measure the difference between the voltage at the first point and the voltage at the second point, telling you how much voltage is traveling between the two points.

2. Ammeter - is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. Parts:

How to use: Step 1 Examine the structure of a simple circuit. The simplest possible circuit may be shown with a battery and light bulb. The negative terminal of the battery is connected to the negative terminal of the light bulb with a lead. Similarly, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the positive terminal of the light bulb with the other lead. Step 2 Observe the inputs for an ammeter. A very basic ammeter might have one input and one output. However, a commercial multimeter should have a specific input for measuring current (typically marked "A" for amperage. The output is commonly marked "COM" for common ground. Step 3 Turn the ammeter on and set the selector to detect direct current (DC) amperage. A simple ammeter may only be able to detect amperage but a multimeter can detect various electrical quantities and will need to be "told" which quantity to measure. If the ammeter has a selector for the range of current to display, select the highest available setting. Step 4 Disconnect the positive lead from the light bulb and touch the probe from the ammeter's input (A) to the positive lead from the battery. Touch the probe from the ammeter's negative terminal (COM) to the positive terminal of the light bulb. Step 5 Select progressively lower current ranges until you get a measurable result. If your ammeter has this option, you'll want to "scale down" rather than "scale up". This will avoid damaging the ammeter by subjecting it to a level of current that it's not prepared to measure.

3. Ohmmeter - is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance, the opposition to an electric current.

Parts:

How to use: Disconnect completely and/or turn off all power to the circuit you are testing. You must have a completely dead wire or circuit in order to ensure accuracy in measurement, as well as your own safety. Your ohmmeter will supply the voltage and current for your circuit so NO other power is necessary. As the instructions for our Blue Point volt/ohmmeter state, testing a powered circuit can "cause damage to the meter, circuit, and *you*." Select an ohmmeter suitable for your project. Analog ohmmeters are very basic and inexpensive, and usually range from 0-10 to 010,000 ohms, digital devices may have similar ranges or "autorange", reading the resistance of your device or circuit and selecting the correct range automatically. Check the ohmmeter to see if it has a battery. If you just bought an ohmmeter, the battery may have come pre-installed in your unit, or packaged separately with instructions for installing it. Plug your test leads into the sockets on your meter. For multifunctional meters, you will see a "common", or negative plug, and a "positive" plug. These may also be colored red (+) and black (-). Zero your meter if it is equipped with a zeroing dial. Notice that the scale reads in the reverse direction of most conventional measuring scales, that is, less resistance is to the right, and more resistance is to the left. Zero resistance should be observed when your probes are connected directly to each other, and you can adjust this by holding them together and turning the "adjust" dial until the needle on the scales is at zero ohms.

 Choose the circuit or electrical device you want to test. For practice, you can use almost anything which conducts electricity, from a piece of aluminum foil to a pencil mark on a sheet of paper. To get an idea of the accuracy of your readings, buy a few different resistors from an electronics supplier, or some other device with a known resistance value. Touch one probe to one end of a circuit, the other to the other end, and note the reading on the instrument. If you bought a 1000 ohm resistor, you can place a probe on each conductor on the resistor, and select the 1000 or 10,000 ohm range, then read the meter to see if indeed it reads 1,000 ohms. Isolate components in a hard wired electrical circuit to test them individually. If you are reading the ohms on a resistor in a printed circuit board, you will have to unsolder or unpin the resistor to assure you are not getting a false reading through another path in the circuit. Read the resistance of a run of wire or a branch of a circuit to see if there is a short or open break in the circuit. If you read "infinite ohms", there is no path for the electrical current to follow, and in simple terms, this suggests a burned out component somewhere in the circuit, or a broken conductor. Because many circuits contain "gate" devices (transistors or semiconductors), diodes, and capacitors, however, you may not read continuity even when the complete circuit is intact, which makes it difficult to test complete circuits with only an ohmmeter. Turn the ohmmeter off when not in use. Occasionally the test leads will become shorted while the device is stored, draining the battery.

4. Multi-tester - also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. Parts: The Dial or the Infinity knob- this is the zero collector whenever you calibrate the beginning as 0 voltage both the AC and DC measurement. Use you flat screw driver to set this knob to calibrate the 0 voltage of your tester. The name alone as Infinity knob because 0 voltage region of the tester is the infinity region of the resistance. Because the principle of the Multitester is The higher the measurement of the voltage, the lower the resistance. Zero Adjustment or the Zero Ohms collector knob- this use to calibrate the tester whenever you wanted to measure the resistance. To assured that

the tester calibrated to zero Ohms just follow this procedure. Take the two metal tip of the test probe of the VOM connected Then look at the meter scale of the tester, notice the niddle the pointer if it takes to the zero ohms situated right of the meter scale. If the niddle didn't took to the zero ohms just rolled the knob clockwise until the niddle position in the zero ohms. The pointer or niddle- use to point or read the measurement using the meter scale base of the range and settings you prepared during the test of a device or line of a voltage. Meter scales- this is the bases of the measurement where the graduation bar drawn in the body, commonly the resistance or ohms scale have a measurement from 0-2k ohms depend of the range and settings.And the voltage both AC and DC from 0-250,50, 10 and it depends of the range and settings you sited. Range selector knob- this part of the tester located center down of the body of the VOM is use to select the range and settings of the VOM the (AC and DC, Resistance, and the Amperage). Be sure to sit this if ever you wanted to measure the voltage. If you forgot to sit this part, and the sittings is the resistance, then you measure the voltage, this will cause blown of your VOM and may possibly cause damage of your VOM. Range and settings- position in the whole corner of the range selector know. Written here the voltages AC and DC, Resistance or ohms, and the amperage ranges. So if you wanted to measure be sure to know what you wanted to measure so that you can sit your settings, example Voltage AC 220 Volts. Test probes- there are two test probes of the VOM, the black is the negative (-) and the red is the positive (-). If ever you wanted to measure a voltage, example DC just know the polarity or the positive and negative. Then connect the test probe red to the positive line of the circuit and the black probe to the negative or the ground (GND) of the circuit or of the dry cells.

How to use: When you check resitance, you are looking for the resistance the path holds to the flow of electricity. Think of it as a pipe. When you downsize the pipe, or increase the length of the pipe, less water can flow. The same rule applies to electricity. When you increase the resistance with different materials, smaller wire, or longer length, less power will flow. Remember that a "0" Ohms reading means the same thing as a direct short, or path with no resistance. You will see that light bulbs, electric motors and other components will show some resistance, while a solid

length of wire checked end to end will show no resistance unless it is very long in length. Start with a good meter with good batteries. If the batteries are below a certain level, it may cause readings to be inaccurate. More expensive models will usually notify you when the batteries are low. Set your meter to the range that you think the resistance will fall into. I usually start with the highest scale, but most meters today are very friendly and have only 3 or 4 ranges. Try the highest scale first. Place the leads on the two points you are testing, being careful that the leads do not touch each other, and check the reading. Remember, you are measuring the "Resistance to electrical flow" Note the reading on the scale. If there is "0" ohms, that means there is a contact and path for electricity to flow. If you are testing components, the manufacturer may provide specs for Ohms.