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An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum
gravity
S.L. Cherkas and V.L. Kalashnikov
Institute for Nuclear Problems, Bobruiskaya 11, Minsk 220050, Belarus
Technische Universitat Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27/387, Vienna A-1040, Austria
Abstract. We consider an inhomogeneous (1+1)-dimensional model of the quantum
gravity, which has a system of constraints (hamiltonian and momentum ones) by
analogy with that of the General Relativity. In the framework of the model, a
classical solution has been found and quantized in the quasi-Heisenberg picture. In
the quantization scheme under consideration, the problem of the time is solved by
building of the quasi-Heisenberg operators acting in the space of the Wheeler-DeWitt
equation solutions normalized in the Klein-Gordon style. The cosmological constant
problem is solved as the quantum oscillations of the scale factor compensate the
quantum oscillations of the matter elds. Along with such a compensation, a slow
global evolution of a background (i.e. the universe expansion) exists.
PACS numbers: 98.80.Qc, 11.10.-z, 11.25.Pm
1. Introduction
A generally covariant canonical quantization of gravity has been proposed in [1, 2]. As
a result, the well-known Wheeler-DeWitt (WDW) equation has been obtained from
the Hamiltonian formulation of the general relativity theory (GR). The main problem
preventing a further development of the canonical quantum gravity is an absence of an
explicit evolution that is a consequence of the Hamiltonian constraint (e.g., see [3]).
One of the possible solutions is to nd a more general theory including the quantum
gravity. A promising theory is the string theory [4] were string vector X

(, ) is
considered in the Minkowski space-time background. This theory needs extra dimensions
to be consistent. That leads to an extremely rich content including a string-excitation,
which corresponds to a massless spin-two particle, i.e. the graviton. However, such
a background-dependent formulation does not allow including explicitly the GR and
probably needs a generalization to the curved background g

(X(, )) instead of the

Minkowski one. It turn out to be that perturbative formulation of the string theory
allows quantizing on a xed background only if the Ricci tensor of a background metric
equals to zero [4] and a background-independent development of the string theory
requires more general approaches [3, 5]. In this context, the two-dimensional string
theory is of interest [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11] due to mainly its fascinating connections with
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables2
the 1-Matrix theory. However, it does not admit the graviton background g

(X(, )),
as well, and only the tachyon one is usually considered [6].
An alternative background-independent approach is the loop quantum gravity [12]
emerging from the study of the WDW equation in terms of the Ashteker variables [13]
and, as a result, inheriting an absence of the evolution (i.e. issue of the time). The
loop quantum gravity attempts to compensate this shortcoming by an evaluation of the
transition amplitudes [12].
Returning to the canonical quantization method, there are the vast approaches to
solution of its fundamental problems (e.g., see [14] for review). It is plausible to assume
that the WDW equation is a true ingredient of an expected quantum theory of gravity.
One may guess, it should be supplemented with only a system of the time dependent
observables.
In the framework of such ideology applied to a minisuperspace quantum gravity,
the quantum evolving observables (quasi-Heisenberg operators), which are consistent
with the normalization of the wave function in the Klein-Gordon style have been build
in our early works [15, 16]. Here, we shall hold the same method and extend the quasi-
Heisenberg quantization scheme to an inhomogeneous (1+1)-dimensional model of the
quantum gravity. Such an extension allows for weakening the constraint equations for
the quasi-Heisenberg operators.
2. Model of an spatially inhomogeneous gravity
We shall follow a heuristic method to obtain an spatially inhomogeneous gravity model
in two space-time dimensions. Lagrangian of the gravitation and the scalar eld can
be written in the form
S =
M
2
p
12
_
G

g d
4
x +
1
2
_
_

m
2

2
_

g d
4
x, (1)
where G = g

_
[17] and M
p
is the Planck mass, which is chosen as
M
p
=
_
3
4G
.
If one restricts a metric to the form
ds
2
= a
2
(, r)(N
2
(, r)d
2
dr
2
),
it results in the following Lagrangian:
L =
1
2
_
_
N
_

M
2
p
a
2
N
2
+ M
2
p
(a)
2

2M
2
p
3
(aa) + a
2
_

2
N
2
()
2
_
m
2
a
4

2
_
+
2M
2
p
3
(aa N)
_
d
3
r, (2)
where a prime denotes a derivative over the time .
The last term in Eq. (2) can be omitted as a full divergence. The variation over N
gives the Hamiltonian constraint:
H =
1
2
_

M
2
p
a
2
N
2
M
2
p
(a)
2
+
2M
2
p
3
(aa) + a
2

2
N
2
+ a
2
()
2
+ m
2
a
4

2
_
= 0.(3)
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables3
Further, let us consider the conformal time gauge N = 1. Then, the term

2M
2
p
3
(aa) in Eq. (2) does not aect the equations of motion, which have the
form
M
2
p
a

M
2
p

2
a + a
_

2
()
2
_
2a
3
m
2

2
= 0, (4)

+ 2
a

1
a
2
(a
2
) + a
2
m
2
= 0. (5)
Then, one may express the evolution of the Hamiltonian constraint with the time:

H = P, (6)
where the momentum constraint is P = M
2
p
a

a + a
2

. Since the derivative of

the momentum constraint over the conformal time is not expressed through H and P,
this system does not belong to the st kind one [18] unlike the GR. Nevertheless, the
(1+1)-dimensional model described by the Lagrangian
L =
1
2
_
N
_

M
2
p
a
2
N
2
+ M
2
p
_
a
x
_
2
+ a
2
_

2
N
2

_

x
_
2
__
dx. (7)
gives a completely self-consistent system of constraints like that of the GR.
3. Connection with the string theory
Let us write the action for a bosonic string [4] in a background space g

(X()) :
S =
_
d
2

h h

(X), (8)
where = {, x}. The metric tensor h

() is not dynamical variable, thus the variation

over it leads to the constraint:
S
h

(X)
1
2
h

(X) = 0. (9)
If one takes the metric tensor h

in the form
h =
_
N
2
+ N
2
x
N
x
N
x
1
_
,
and the background metric tensor g

(X) as
g =
_
1 0
0 a
2
_
, (10)
where X

= {a, }, it results in the Lagrangian for the (1+1)-dimensional model

L =
_ _
1
2

x
a
2
_
N
N
x
2
N
_
+

x
a a

N
x
N

a
2
2N

a
2
N
x

N
+
1
2

2
_
a
2
N
x
2
N
a
2
N
_
+
a
2

2
2N
_
dx. (11)
Here N
x
and N have to be equated with zero and unity, respectively. It is known,
that the string theory demands X

to have the critical dimension, which is of 26 for a

An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables4
bosonic string. In our case, one should take 25 scalar elds besides the scale factor a,
i.e X = {a,
1
,
2
, . . .
25
} and the background metric tensor
g

(X) = diag{1, a
2
, a
2
. . .}. (12)
But even in this case, one cannot expect that the string theory gives a satisfactory
quantization of the model considered. The point is that the string theory is able to
quantize the model consistently only if the Ricci tensor of background metric g

(X)
equals to zero [4]. For g

given by (12), it is non-zero (the scalar curvature is constant)

if the dimension of X

is higher than two. It seems that such a disadvantage of the

string theory originates from using the quantization method of the QFT in a at space
based on formulation of creation and annihilation operators.
4. Classical solution
Let us denote = ln a, then the equations of motion following from the Lagrangian of
Eq. (7) at N = 1 become

xx
+ 2

2
x

x
= 0,
M
2
p

M
2
p

xx
+ M
2
p

2
M
2
p
(
x
)
2
+
2
(
x
)
2
= 0. (13)
The Hamiltonian and the momentum constraints have the form
H = e
2
_
M
2
p

2
M
2
p
(
x
)
2
+
2
+ (
x
)
2
_
= 0, (14)
P = e
2
_
M
2
p

_
= 0. (15)
The constraints algebra looks as

H =
x
P,

P =
x
H,
and demonstrates that the time derivatives of constraints do not result in new
constraints.
Let us take the initial conditions for (13) in the form
(x, 0) = (x),
(x, 0) =
0
= const,

(x, 0) = e
2
0
(x),

(x, 0) = e
2
0
|(x)|, (16)
where (x) and (x) are some functions corresponding to the initial eld and
momentum, respectively. Under this initial conditions, the constraints H and P are
non-zero, but their relative magnitude decreases when
0
:
H
e
2
0

2
(x)
= e
4
0
(
x
(x))
2

2
(x)
0,
P
e
2
0

2
(x)
= e
2
0

x
(x)
(x)
0. (17)
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables5
Below, we shall consider such a type of solutions because the quantization scheme
under consideration will use the Klein-Gordon normalization of wave function on the
hyperplane a
0
= 0, i.e. lna
0
=
0
. The explicit form of the solution is
(x, ) =
1
2
M
p
_
ln
_
1
2
e
1
Mp
(x)
+
1
2
e
1
Mp
(x+)
+
e
2
0
2M
p
_
x+
x
(() +|()|)e
1
Mp
()
d
_
ln
_
1
2
e

1
Mp
(x)
+
1
2
e

1
Mp
(x+)
+
e
2
0
2M
p
_
x+
x
(|()| ())e

1
Mp
()
d
__
,
(x, ) =
0
+
1
2
_
ln
_
1
2
e
1
Mp
(x)
+
1
2
e
1
Mp
(x+)
+
e
2
0
2M
p
_
x+
x
(() +|()|)e
1
Mp
()
d
_
+ ln
_
1
2
e

1
Mp
(x)
+
1
2
e

1
Mp
(x+)
+
e
2
0
2M
p
_
x+
x
(|()| ())e

1
Mp
()
d
__
. (18)
The dierence with the classical solutions of Ref. [11] for the (1+1)-dimensional
string theory arises because we have weaken the constraint equations here. Another
dierence is that the X
0
-component of the string vector is associated with the time in
[11] and is postulated to be a nondecreasing function. In our paper we interpret X
0
as the scale factor a, which can be collapsing (i.e. decreasing) at some instant, but,
certainly, remains always positive.
5. Quantization
5.1. Minisuperspace model
Lets begin the quantization procedure with a spatially homogeneous case. Then, the
system (13),(14),(15) is reduced to
M
2
p

2
+
2
= 0, (19)
M
2
p

+ M
2
p

2
+
2
= 0, (20)

+ 2

= 0. (21)
The quasi-Heisenberg quantization scheme [15, 16] consists of two parts. The rst
one is the well-know WDW equation
_
1
a

a
a

a

1
a
2

2
_
(a, ) = 0, (22)
where the particular operator ordering is chosen to obtain a solution in the form of plane
waves
(a, ) =
_
C(k) a
i|k|
e
ik
dk, (23)
where C(k) is some function of k. The wave function is normalized in the Klein-Gordon
style
< | >=
ia
2
_ _

(a, )

a
(a, )
_

a

(a, )
_
(a, )
_
d

a=a
0
, (24)
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables6
where the hypersurface a = a
0
is chosen. A location of the hypersurface can be arbitrary,
for instance, a
0
= 0. This denition is preferred because the universe is simple near
its origin that is expressed in simplicity of the WDW asymptotic.
The second part of quantization scheme is a quantization of the equations of motion
(20),(21), which has to be consistent with a choice of the hypersurface a = a
0
0 in
(24). Eqs. (20),(21) are considered as the operator equations with the symmetric
operator ordering

in (21).
The initial conditions for the operator equations (20), (21) can be chosen in the
form
(0) =
0
,

(0) = ,

(0) = e
2
0
,

(0) = e
2
0
| |, (25)
where operators , satisfy the commutator relations [ , ] = i and can be written
as = , = i

or = , = i

in the momentum representation. The initial

conditions correspond to the Dirac commutation relations for operators (i.e., they are
obtained by using the Dirac brackets) [15, 16] at an initial moment of the time and they
are consistent with the normalization of a wave function at the hyperplane a = a
0
. The
solutions of (20), (21) have the form:

() = +

2| |
ln
_
1 + 2e
2
0
| |
_
,
() =
0
+
1
2
ln
_
1 + 2e
2
0
| |
_
.
A mean value of an arbitrary operator is given by [15, 16, 19]
< |

A(a
0
, , )| >=
ia
2
_ _

(a, )

D
1/4

A

D
1/4

a
(a, )

_

a

(a, )
_

D
1/4

A

D
1/4
(a, )
_
d

a=a
0
0
, (26)
where

D is the operator

D =

2

2
[19]. Within the framework of this quantization
scheme, evolution of the universe scale factor and other observables are calculated in
[15, 16] for the minisuperspace model.
5.2. (1+1)-dimensional quantized model
Lets pass to the quantization of the (1+1)-dimensional model.
The WDW equation in the vicinity of a = 0 is written as
_
1
a(x)

a(x)
a(x)

a(x)

1
a
2
(x)

2
(x)
_
[a, ] = 0, (27)
where the wave function [a, ] is a functional.
The solution of Eq. (27) can be written as
[a, ] =
_
C[] e

(iMp|(x)| lna(x)+i(x)(x))dx
D. (28)
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables7
Here
_
. . . D and

f(x)
denotes the functional integral and the functional derivative,
respectively.
A mean value of an arbitrary operator can be evaluated as
< |

A[a, i

, ]| >= ia(x)
_
_

[a, ]

D
1/4

A

D
1/4

a(x)
[a, ]

_

a(x)

[a, ]
_

D
1/4

A

D
1/4
[a, ]
_
D

a(x)=a
0
0
,(29)
where

D(x) =

2

2
(x)
.
In many cases, it is more convenient to use the momentum representation (x) =
(x), (x) = i

(x)
, where the wave function is
[a, ] = C[]e

i|(x)| ln a(x)dx
. (30)
Then, a mean value of an operator becomes
< |

A[a, , i

]| >=
_
C

[]e
i ln a
0

|(x)|dx

Ae
i ln a
0

|(x)|dx
C[] D

a(x)=a
0
0
. (31)
Also, it is convenient to use the Wigner function [20]
[, ,
0
] =
_
C

[2 q]C[q]e

(i
0
|q(x)|+i
0
|2(x)q(x)|+2i(q(x)(x))(x))dx
Dq, (32)
and the Weyl symbol A[, ] = W[

A]. The latter can be calculated by the following
rule:
W[ (x)] = (x), W[ (x)] = (x),
W[
1
2
_

A

B +

B

A
_
] = cos
_
1
2
_
_

1
(x)

2
(x)

2
(x)

1
(x)
_
dx
_
A[
1
,
1
]B[
2
,
2
]

1
(x) =
2
(x) = (x)

1
(x) =
2
(x) = (x)
. (33)
Using the Weyl symbol and the Wigner function allows calculating a mean value of an
operator:
< |A| >=
_
A[k, ,
0
][k, ,
0
] Dk D|

. (34)
The next step is to describe an evolution of observables. The equations of motion
(13) have to be considered as the operator equations with the initial conditions (16),
where the operators in the right hand side satisfy the commutation relation
[ (x) (y)] = i(x y).
It is worth to note, that () is c-number at an initial moment of the time. Solving
the operator equations (13) is a challenging task, hence one has to resort to a heuristic
analysis. As a zero-order approximation, one may consider the classical solution (18)
of the equations (13) as the Weyl transform of the solution of operator equations. In
the next order, the quantum corrections to the zero-order Weyl symbols will arise. The
investigation of the minisuperspace model [16] has demonstrated that the quantum
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables8
corrections to the Weyl symbols are not substantial and the quantum eects are
contained mainly in the Wigner function.
As the next step, it is required to understand a sense of the limit a
0
0 (i.e.

0
). Lets consider the mean value of (x) = i

(x)
, which can be written as
< | (x)| >=
_
C

[]e
i
0

|(x)|dx
(x) e
i
0

|(x)|dx
C[] D
=
_
C

[]
_
M
p

0
(x)
|(x)|
+ (x)
_
C[] D, (35)
where
0
dos not tend to yet, since the result is divergent at this stage. Under
assumption of the same accuracy quasi the expressions (18) are treated as the Weyl
transform of approximate solution of the operator equations (13), one may change e

(x)
Mp
in (18) with
e

(x)
Mp
e

(x)
Mp
+
0

||

= e

(x)
Mp
_
1
2
e

0
_
1 +

||
_
+
1
2
e

0
_
1

||
__
.
The limit
0
in the resulting expressions gives

(x, ) =
1
2
M
p
_
ln
_
e
1
Mp
(x)
_
1
(x )
|(x )|
_
+ e
1
Mp
(x+)
_
1
(x + )
|(x + )|
_
+
2
M
p
_
x+
x
(() +|()|)e
1
Mp
()
d
_
ln
_
e

1
Mp
(x)
_
1 +
(x )
|(x )|
_
+ e

1
Mp
(x+)
_
1 +
(x + )
|(x + )|
_
+
2
M
p
_
x+
x
(|()| ())e

1
Mp
()
d
__
, (36)
(x, t) = ln 4 +
1
2
_
ln
_
e
1
Mp
(x)
_
1
(x )
|(x )|
_
+ e
1
Mp
(x+)
_
1
(x + )
|(x + )|
_
+
2
M
p
_
x+
x
(() +|()|)e
1
Mp
()
d
_
+ln
_
e

1
Mp
(x)
_
1 +
(x )
|(x )|
_
+ e

1
Mp
(x+)
_
1 +
(x + )
|(x + )|
_
+
2
M
p
_
x+
x
(|()| ())e

1
Mp
()
d
__
. (37)
The reduced expressions

(x, ), (x, ) do not contain
0
. Also, they satisfy the
equation of motion (36), (13). Now, the mean values of observabales can be evaluated
by the ordinary quantum mechanical Wigner function (compare with (32))
[, ] =
_
C

[2 q]C[q]e

(2i(q(x)(x))(x))dx
Dq, (38)
as
< A >=
_
A( (, ),

(, )) [, ] D D. (39)
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables9
Eq. (14) for the constraints (15) does not obey the reduced solutions (37):
e
2
_
M
2
p

2
M
2
p
(
x
)
2
+

2
+ (
x

)
2
_
=
1
2
((x + )

(x + )
(x )

(x )), (40)
e
2
(M
2
p

) =
1
2
((x + )

(x + ) + (x )

(x )) . (41)
More exactly, the Friedmann equation (14) is satised at = 0, whereas Eq. (15)
is never satised. At the same time, the consequence of (17) is that the magnitude of
the constraints (40), (41) becomes negligible at 0 relatively the magnitude of the
typical term e
2

2
in the Hamiltonian constraint. For the states C[] possessing an
uniformity at the mean such that the mean value of function gradient is zero, the
constraints are satised at the mean, as well.
Unlike (18), the solutions (37) are discontinuous functions: there is a gap in the
vicinity of (x) = 0. Since it is dicult to deal with the piecewise continuous functions,
it is reasonable to restrict oneself to the functionals C[] admitting only positive initial
momentums. The instance is
C[] =
_
exp
__
(u(x)
2
(x) v(x)/
2
(x)) dx
_
, (x) > 0
0, (x) < 1,
where u(x), v(x) are some positively-dened functions. For a positive (x), the
expressions (36), (37) result in

(x, ) =
1
2
M
p
_
ln
_
2
M
p
_
x+
x
()e
1
Mp
()
d
_
ln
_
e

1
Mp
(x)
+ e

1
Mp
(x+)
__
, (42)
(x, ) =
1
2
_
ln
_
1
2M
p
_
x+
x
()e
1
Mp
()
d
_
+ ln
_
e

1
Mp
(x)
+ e

1
Mp
(x+)
__
. (43)
Now, one may calculate the evolution of observables. For C[], it is possible to
take a squeezed state giving a small initial momentum (x) and a large initial eld
(x) due to the uncertainty principle. However, the numerical calculations including
the functional integration still turn out to be complicated. Thus, one has to come to
the next round of heuristic simplications. Lets replace the quantum averaging by the
spatial integration
< G >=

2
_
2/
0
G((x), (x)) dx, (44)
and take the initial momentum and eld in the form
(x) = p,
(x) = A cos( x), (45)
where p > 0, M
p
and A M
p
are some constants.
First of all, it is of interest to describe a vacuum state. However, a scalar eld is
strongly mixed with a scale factor variable in the system considered. Thus, one may
hardly expect to nd a state like that of the ordinary QFT. It seems, that obtaining of
such a state needs to consider a number of scalar elds in the hope that their mutual
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables10
eect on the scale factor would result in an analog of the QFT vacuum. But it is
doubtful that an analytical solution exists in the case of multiple scalar elds. Thus,
we shall explore only a peculiar feature of vacuum state allowing uctuation with the
frequencies up to the Planck mass.
Let us calculate with the help of (42),(43), (44),(45) the mean values of the following
quantities
<

>
1
2
+ . . .
<
2
>
1
4
2
+
A
2

2
16M
2
p
+ . . .
< (
x
)
2
>
A
2

2
16M
2
p
+ . . .
1
M
2
p
<
2
>
1
4
2
+
A
2

2
16M
2
p
+ . . .
1
M
2
p
< (
x
)
2
>
A
2

2
16M
2
p
+ . . . ,
where dots denote the higher-order terms on
1
Mp
. One can see, that <
2
> contains a
uctuating term. On the other hand, the uctuations do not aect an average evolution
described by <

>. It shold be noted, that the sum

1
M
2
p
< (

(x, ))
2
+ (
x
(x, ))
2
>
equals approximately to < (

(x, ))
2
+ (
x
(x, ))
2
>. Thus the uctuating terms
compensate mutually each other in the mean value of the Hamiltonian constraint H
and this solves a part of the cosmological constant problem. The idea of such a
compensation seems natural and is widely discussed earlier [21, 22, 23] but beyond
a concrete quantization scheme for the gravity. The second part of the cosmological
constant problem is to explain the accelerated universe expansion. The dierence
1
M
2
p
< (

(x, ))
2
(
x
(x, ))
2
>< (

(x, ))
2
(
x
(x, ))
2
>, so that
<

>
2
M
2
p
< (
x
(x, ))
2
(

(x, ))
2
>
1
2
2
. (46)
Hence one may conclude, that the acceleration of the universe expansion is determined
by mean value of the dierence of the potential and kinetic energies of the eld oscillators
[24, 25, 26]. However, there is no accelerated universe expansion in the case considered
in contrast to Ref. [24, 25, 26], where the quantum elds against a classical background
are analyzed (also, see [27] where the virial theorem for a vacuum state is discussed).
We suppose that the (1+1)-dimensional scalar eld under consideration is mixed too
strongly with the background and, as a result, the states like the vacuum ones do not
appear.
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables11
6. Issues of vacuum, mass, nonlinearity, and gravity
Besides the theoretical problem of weakening of the constraint equations for the quasi-
Heisenberg operators, here we address some physical issues. The main challenge is to
obtain a state, which is similar to the vacuum state of QFT. As it have been mentioned
above, many scalar elds should be included into consideration for this aim.
The next issue concerns with a role of the mass. Inclusion of the mass violates
self-consistency of constraints in the model considered, and we nd diculty to invent
some simple self-consistent system including the massive scalar eld. Analogous question
arises for a classical nonlinear vacuum appearing in theories with the Lagrangians, which
are non-quadratic on the matter elds. The question is: would do the negative energy of
the scale factor oscillation compensate the energy of the nonlinear vacuums originating
from the spontaneous symmetry breaking? Meanwhile we have not a suitable simple
self-consistent system to investigate this situation.
One may try to investigate the full GR, which includes nonlinear gravitational
waves and can include self-consistently a massive matter eld as a source. However, the
quantization of the GR in the quasi-Heisenberg picture requires, at least, the solution
of the general WDW equation in the vicinity of a = 0. Although this problem is much
simpler than the search of a general solution, it requires considerable eorts.
7. Conclusion
We have considered quantization of the (1+1)-dimensional quantum gravity in the quasi-
Heisenberg picture. An exact quantization scheme has been suggested. In this scheme,
the equation of motion have been quantized consistently with the normalization of the
solution of the WDW equation in the Klein-Gordon style. One should understand that
if the wave function obeys the WDW equation, there exists no an equivalent Schr odinger
picture for this quantization scheme. The Hamiltonian constraint equation for the
quasi-Heisenberg operators is satised only at the initial instant, and the momentum
constraint is not never satised. This is a price, which would be payed in order to
describe a quantum evolution.
A further consideration was approximate and based on the heuristic estimations. As
a result, we nd that the quantum oscillations of scale factor compensate the oscillations
of the scalar eld. Thus, the cosmological constant problem does not arise because the
scale factor is quantized in a proper way.
It has been shown, that the mean value of the universe acceleration expansion is
proportional to the dierence of the potential and kinetic energies of the eld oscillators.
For this particular model there is no an accelerated expansion but one may hope that
it will appear with the increase of the scalar elds.
An inhomogeneous toy-model of the quantum gravity with explicitly evolvable observables12
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