Forces On Conductors

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Special Forces Appendix C Snow and Ice Loading Appendix EE Robert Lake Senior Development Engineer Transpower NZ Ltd.
Special Forces
Forces due to Short-Circuit Currents; Creeping Snow (on foundations/lower part of structure); Earthquakes; and, Mining Subsidence.
Australian Panel B2 Overhead Line Design Seminar AS/NZS 7000:2010 Overhead Line Design Sydney 28 & 29 March 2011
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Forces due to Short-Circuit Currents

Different for simplex or bundled phases; IEC60865-1 provides simplified method; Based on initial/everyday tension in system; Terminal or landing spans, short strain spans critical, but may affect several spans from substation; Produces increased conductor tensions which may be greater than wind or other loading induced tensions.

Only 2-phase short-circuit current considered; Pinch tensile force from sub-conductor attraction; Swing tensile force due to phase to phase attraction; Vertical drop tensile force due to phase to phase attraction; IEC60865-1 provides some example calculations.
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Wn Coincident wind pressure of 25% ultimate; Ft tensions for non short-circuit spans; Fsc* maximum tension from 3 cases in IEC60865-1; 1.25 factor for exceptional load; Loading considered to be too quick to affect foundation significantly.
Creeping Snow
Loading will probably be different in all situations; May involve taller pedestal outstands on foundations designed to accommodate lateral loading.
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Earthquakes
Very topical; Generally not a major issue with loading for transmission lines; Location relative to fault line is important; Distribution poles with mounted transformers can involve significant impact; AS1170.4-2007 Australian actions; and, NZS1170.5-2004 New Zealand actions.
Earthquakes
Need to allow for potential settlement, rotation and/or translation movements; Seismic mass to include all permanent attachments; Fundamental period; Ductility factor by material/structure type; Cables/conductor behaviour linear springs.
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Earthquakes
Types of analysis:
Equivalent static force method symmetrical and consistent stiffness and mass, relative low structure height; Modal response spectrum analysis significant mass or stiffness variations; and, Time history analysis method large guyed structures.
Combination of effects multiple directions; Second order effects P- effects.

Earthquakes
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Earthquakes
Earthquakes
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Earthquakes
Earthquakes
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Earthquakes
Earthquakes
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Mining Subsidence
Areas subject to underground mining, close to large excavations of weaker material, or dewatering activities e.g. geothermal activity Likely to be more significant for towers than for poles; Tie-beams can be used between all four legs to minimise differential settlement; Loading will depend on potential for differential settlement, extent of settlement etc.
Snow and Ice Loading

With or without coincident wind; Variation with altitude/location; Australian requirements:
Ice above 800m; Ice above 500m in Tasmania.
New Zealand requirements:

Snow and Ice varies widely.
Guidelines only. Use local knowledge e.g. BoM if available.

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Australia generally:
12mm, 900kg/m3, 100Pa wind, -5 C; Assumed 50yr return period; Unbalanced loading should be considered.
Tasmania:
All areas; Structure ice area; Defined wind Pa; Apply 100m lower in some areas.

New Zealand:
Based on 50yr return period loading; Uses a reliability multiplier instead of varying return period as used for wind; Allows to apply higher factor for special assets; Snow and ice loads from Table EE3 multiplied by Mrel; Conductor temperature under snow 0C; Conductor temperature under ice varies with altitude.
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New Zealand:
As per IEC60826, unbalanced tensions based on 70% of full loading on one side and 30% on other side; Large deviations/ terminations suggest full ice on one side only; Care with post or pin insulators which limit flexibility of system.

New Zealand:
Wind load from AS/NZS1170.2 for relevant return period; Only SW, S, or SE wind directions; Snow 400kg/m3; Ice 700kg/m3; Differential snow/ice for torsion and longl.
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Special Forces Appendix C Snow and Ice Loading Appendix EE Questions ?
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Forces On Conductors

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Forces On Conductors

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20/07/2011

Forces due to Short-Circuit Currents

Forces due to Short-Circuit Currents

Forces due to Short-Circuit Currents

Combination of effects multiple directions; Second order effects P- effects.

Snow and Ice Loading

New Zealand requirements:

Guidelines only. Use local knowledge e.g. BoM if available.

Snow and Ice Loading

Snow and Ice Loading

Snow and Ice Loading

Snow and Ice Loading

Special Forces Appendix C Snow and Ice Loading Appendix EE Questions ?

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