Electrical Engineering Lab Manual

EC2259 Electrical Engineering And Control System Lab Manual
EC 2259 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND CONTROL SYSTEM LAB 0 0 3 2

AIM
To expose the students to the basic operations of electrical machines and help them to
develop experimental skills.
1. To study the concepts, performance characteristics, time and frequency response of
linear systems.
2. To study the effects of controllers.

1. Open circuit and load characteristics of separately excited and self excited D.C.
generator.
2. Load test on D.C. shunt motor.
3. Swinburnes test and speed control of D.C. shunt motor.
4. Load test on single phase transformer and open circuit and short circuit test on single
phase transformer
5. Regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods.
6. Load test on three phase induction motor.
7. No load and blocked rotor tests on three phase induction motor (Determination of
equivalent circuit parameters)
8. Study of D.C. motor and induction motor starters.
9. Digital simulation of linear systems.
10. Stability Analysis of Linear system using Mat lab.
11. Study the effect of P, PI, PID controllers using Mat lab.
12. Design of Lead and Lag compensator.
13. Transfer Function of separately excited D.C.Generator.
14. Transfer Function of armature and Field Controller D.C.Motor.

P = 45 Total = 45

1. Open circuit and load characteristics of separately excited and self excited D.C.
generator.
Sl. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Motor Generator set - 1
2 Rheostat 200, 5A
175, 1.5A
1
2
3 Voltmeter DC 300V
30V
1
1
4 Ammeter DC 30A
2A
1
2
5 DPST switch 2
6 Three point starter 1
7 Tachometer 1
2. Load test on D.C. shunt motor.

1 DC Motor - 1
2 Rheostat 175, 1.5A 1
3 Voltmeter DC 300V 1
4 Ammeter DC 30A 1
5 DPST switch 1
7 Tachometer 1

3. Swinburnes test and speed control of D.C. shunt motor

1 DC Motor - 1
2 Rheostat 100, 5A & 175, 1.5A 1
1
4 Ammeter DC 5A
2A
1
1
5 DPST switch 1
6 Tachometer 1

4. Load test on single-phase transformer and open circuit and short circuit test on
single-phase transformer.
1 Single phase Transformer - 1
2 Wattmeter 300V, 5A,UPF & 300V,
5A,LPF
1
1
3 Voltmeter AC 300V 2
4 Ammeter AC 5A
30A
1
1
5 Single phase auto-transformer 1
6 Resistive load 1

5. Regulation of three-phase alternator by EMF and MMF method.
1 Motor Alternator set - 1
2 Rheostat 200, 5A &175, 1.5A 1
1
3 Voltmeter DC
Voltmeter AC
300V
600V
1
1
4 Ammeter DC
Ammeter AC
2A
30A
1
1
5 DPST switch
TPST switch
1
1
6 Tachometer 1

6. Load test on three phase Induction motor.

1 Three Phase Induction Motor - 1
2 Wattmeter 600V, 10A,UPF 2
3 Voltmeter AC 600V 1
4 Ammeter AC 10A 1
5 Brake drum arrangement
6 Star delta starter 1
7 Tachometer 1

7. No load and blocked rotor test on three-phase induction motor (Determination of
equivalent circuit parameters)

1 Three Phase Induction Motor - 1
2 Wattmeter 600V, 10A,UPF
600V, 5A,LPF
2
2
3 Voltmeter AC 600V
150V
1
1
4 Ammeter AC 10A
5A
1
1
5 Brake drum arrangement
6 Three phase auto-transformer 1

8. Study of D.C. motor and Induction motor starters.
Sl. No. Apparatus Quantity
2 Four point starter 1
3 Star-delta starter 1
4 DOL starter 1
5 Three phase auto-transformer 1

9. Digital simulation of linear systems.
Simulink software for minimum 3 users license
10. Stability analysis of linear system using Mat lab.
Matlab software for minimum 3 users license
11. Study of effect of P, PI, PID controllers using Mat lab.
Matlab software for minimum 3 users license


12. Design of lead and lag compensator.
Sl. No. Apparatus
1 Resistor
2 Capacitor
3 Function generator
4 Bread Board

13. Transfer function of separately excited D.C. generator.
1 Motor Generator set - 1
2 Rheostat 200, 5A
175, 1.5A
1
2
3 Voltmeter DC 300V
30V
1
1
4 Ammeter DC 30A
2A
1
2
5 DPST switch 2
7 Tachometer 1

14. Transfer function of armature and field controller D.C. motor.

1 DC Motor - 1
2 Rheostat 175, 1.5A 1
4 Ammeter DC 30A 1
5 DPST switch 1
7 Tachometer 1

C O N T E N T S

S.No Ex.No DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
PAGE
No.
MARK
SIGNATURE
OF STAFF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

1.

SHUNT MOTOR
Load test on DC Shunt Motor

2. Speed control of DC Shunt Motor

3. Swinburnes Test

4.
SHUNT GENERATOR
Open Circuit and Load Test on Self
Excited DC Shunt Generator

5.
Open Circuit and Load Test on Separately
Excited DC Shunt Generator

6.
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Load test on Single Phase Transformer

7.
Open Circuit and Short Circuit test on
Single Phase Transformer

8.

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
Load test on Three phase Squirrel cage
Induction motor

9.

Equivalent circuit of Three phase Squirrel
cage Induction motor

10.

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Predetermination of Regulation of Three
phase Alternator by EMF & MMF method

CONTROL SYSTEMS
11.

Stability Analysis Of Linear System

12.

Digital Simulation Of Linear System

13.

Study the effect of P, PI, PID controllers
using Mat lab

14.

Design of Lead and Lag compensator.

15.

Transfer Function of separately excited
D.C.Generator.

16.

Transfer Function of armature and Field
Controller D.C.Motor.

Signature of staff in charge Average Mark
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To conduct the load test on a given dc shunt motor and draw its performance curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING
125% of rated current (full load current)

APPRATUS REQUIRED
S. NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1
2
3
4
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
MC
MC
Wire wound
Digital
(0-20A)
(0-300V)
250O, 2A

1
1
1
1
FORMULAE
1. Torque T = (S
1
~S
2
) (R+t/2) 9.81 in N-m.
Where R- Radius of the Break drum in m.
t- Thickness of the Belt in m.
S
1
,S
2
- Spring balance reading in Kg.
2. Input power = V
L

I
L
in Watts.
Where V
L
Load Voltage in Volts.
I
L
- Load current in Amps.
3. Output power = 2aNT/60 in Watts.
Where N- Speed of the armature in rpm.
T- Torque in N-m.
4. Percentage of Efficiency = (Output power/Input power) 100

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Model Graph
(A) Electrical characteristics (B) Mechanical characteristics

(C) Torque, Speed Vs Load Current

Fuse
Fuse
BRAKE DRUM
S1
S2
220V
DC SUPPLY
L F A
3 POINT STARTER
D
P
S
T
S
250O, 2A
F
FF
M
A
AA
V
(0-300V)
MC
A
(0-20A)
MC
Output power in watts
N
N in rpm
IL in Amps
T in N-m
%q
T
I
L

%q
S
p
e
e
d

i
n

r
p
m

Torque in N-m
Torque Vs Speed
S
p
e
e
d

i
n

r
p
m

Load Current in Amps
Speed
T
o
r
q
u
e

i
n

N
-
m

Torque

PRECAUTION
The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
At the time of starting, the motor should be in no load condition.
The motor should be run in anticlockwise direction.

PROCEDURE
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
Using the three-point starter the motor is started to run at the rated speed by adjusting the
field rheostat if necessary.
The meter readings are noted at no load condition.
By using the Break drum with spring balance arrangement the motor is loaded and the
corresponding readings are noted up to the rated current.
After the observation of all the readings the load is released gradually.
The motor is switched off by using the DPIC switch.

GRAPH
The graphs are drawn as
Output power Vs Efficiency
Output power Vs Armature current
Output power Vs Torque
Output power Vs Speed
Torque Vs Speed
Torque Vs Armature current
Speed Vs Armature current


Tabulation for load test on DC shunt motor
Radius of the brake dram = Thickness of the belt =

Spring balance reading

Load
Current
(I
L
)

Load
Voltage
(V
L
)

Speed of
the motor
(N)

S1

S2

S1~S2

Torque (T)
(S1~S2)(R+t/2)(9.81)

Output
power
2HNT/60

Input
power
(V
L
I
L
)

Efficiency ( )
O/p / I/p
x100

S.No
Amps Volts Rpm Kg Kg Kg N-m Watts Watts %


MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT
Thus the load test on DC shunt motor and its performance curves are drawn.


SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To conduct an experiment to control the speed of the given dc shunt motor by field and
armature control method also to draw its characteristic curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING

APPRATUS REQUIRED
S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Tachometer
MC
MC
MC
Wire wound
Wire wound
Digital
(0-2A)
(0-10A)
(0-300V)
250O, 2A
50O, 5A

1
1
1
1
1
1

PRECAUTION
The motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
The motor should be in no load condition throughout the experiment.

Prepared by G.Panneerselvam, Vel Tech Multi Tech

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

Tabulation for Speed control of DC Shunt motor

Armature Control Method Field Control Method
Field Current: Armature Current:
Armature
Voltage (V
a
)
Speed
(N)
Field Current
(I
f
)
Speed
(N)

S.No.
Volts RPM Amps RPM

Fuse
Fuse

220V
DC SUPPLY
L F A
3 POINT STARTER
D
P
S
T
S
250O, 2A F
FF
M
A
AA
A
(0-2A)
MC
50O, 5A
V
(0-300V)
MC
A
(0-10A)
MC


Model Graph
(A) Armature Control Method: (B) Field Control Method:

PROCEDURE
Field Control Method (Flux Control Method)
Using the three point starter the motor is started to run.
The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed by means of
applying the rated voltage.
The field rheostat is varied gradually and the corresponding field current and speed
are noted up to 120% of the rated speed by keeping the Armature current as
constant.
The motor is switched off using the DPIC switch after bringing all the rheostats to
their initial position.
Armature Control Method (Voltage Control Method)
Using the three point starter the motor is started to run.
The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed by means of
applying the rated voltage.
The armature rheostat is varied gradually and the corresponding armature voltage
armature current and speed are noted up to the rated voltage.
The motor is switched off using the DPIC switch after bringing all the rheostats to
their initial position
GRAPH
The graph are drawn as
Field current Vs Speed
Armature current Vs Speed
RESULT
Thus the speed control of the given DC shunt motor using field control and armature
control method and its characteristic curves are drawn.

S
p
e
e
d

i
n

r
p
m

Armature Voltage in Volts
Armature Voltage Vs Speed
S
p
e
e
d

i
n

r
p
m

Field Current Vs Speed
Field Current in Amps

SWINBURNES TEST

AIM
To predetermine the efficiency of a given dc shunt machine when working as a motor as well
as generator by Swinburnes test and also draw the characteristic curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING


APPRATUS REQUIRED

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1
2
3
4
5
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
MC
MC
MC
Wire wound
Digital
(0-2A)
(0-10A)
0-300V
250O,2A

1
1
1
1
1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SWINEBURNS TEST

Tabulation to find out the Constant loss (Wco)
Terminal
Voltage (V)
No load
Current (I
0
)
Field Current
(I
f
)
No load
Armature
Current (I
a0
)
Constant Loss
W
CO
= VI
0
-I
a0
2
R
a

S.No.
Volts Amps Amps Amps Watts

Resultant tabulation to find out the Efficiency (Running as motor)
Armature Resistance (R
a
)= Rated Current (I
r
)=
Constant loss (W
C
)= Field Current (I
f
) =
Load
Current I
L
=
XI
r

Armature
Current
I
a
= I
L
- I
f

Armature
Cu Loss
W
Cu
=I
a
2
R
a

Total
Loss
W
Total

Input
Power
W
i
=V
L
I
L

Output Power
W
o
=W
i
- W
Total

Efficiency
q= W
o
/ W
i

S.No.

Fraction
of
Load
(X) Amps Amps Watts Watts Watts Watts %
1 1/4

2 1/2

3 3/4

4 1

Fuse
Fuse

220V
DC SUPPLY
L F A
3 POINT STARTER
D
P
S
T
S
250O, 2A
F
FF
M
A
AA
V
(0-300V)
MC

A
(0-2A)
MC
A
(0-10A)
MC

FORMULAE
1. Armature resistance (Ra) = 1.6 R
DC
in Ohms.
Where,
R
DC
Resistance of the Armature coil, when it is energized by DC supply.
2. Constant loss (W
CO
) = (V Io-Iao
2
Ra) in Watts..
Where V = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Io = No Load Current in Amps
Iao = No Load Armature Current. in Amps
3. Armature Current (Ia) = (I
L
I
f
) in Amps.

Where, + is used for Generator,
- is used for Motor.
4. Copper loss (W
CU
) = Ia
2
Ra in Watts.
5. Total loss = Constant loss + Copper loss in Watts
6. Input power for motor / Output power for generator = V I
L
in Watts
Where, I
L
is Load current in Amps
7. Output power for motor = Input power + losses
Input power for Generator = Output power - losses
8. Percentage of Efficiency = (Output power/Input power) 100

PRECAUTION
The motor should be at no load condition through out the experiment.

PROCEDURE
By using the three point starter the motor is started to run at the rated speed.
The meter readings are noted at no load condition.
The motor is switched off using the DPIC switch.
After that the Armature resistive test is conducted as per the circuit diagram and the voltage
and current are noted for various resistive loads.
After the observation of readings the load is released gradually.

Running as generator
Armature Resistance (R
a
)= Rated Current (I
r
)=
Constant loss (W
C
)= Field Current (I
f
)=
Load
Current
I
L
= XI
r

Armature
Current
I
a
= I
L
+ I
f

Armature
Cu Loss
W
Cu
=I
a
2
R
a

Total
Loss
W
Total

Output
Power
W
o
=V
L
I
L

Input Power
W
i

=W
o
+W
Total

Efficiency
q= W
o
/
W
i

S.No.

Fraction
of
Load
(X)
Amps Amps Watts Watts Watts Watts %
1 1/4

2 1/2

3 3/4

4 1


Model Graph

GRAPH
The graph drawn between Load current Vs Efficiency

RESULT
Thus the efficiency of the given DC shunt machine by Swinburnes test when working as a
motor as well as generator and also draw the characteristic curves are drawn.

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

Output Power (W
o
) in Watts
Generator
Motor

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST AND LOAD TEST ON SELF EXCITED DC
SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM
To conduct the open circuit test and the load test on a given self excited dc shunt generator and
draw the characteristic curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING

APPRATUS REQUIRED
S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Tachometer
Resistive Load
MC
MC
MC
Wire wound
Wire wound
Digital
Variable
(0-2A)
(0-20A)
(0-300V)
250O, 2A
350O, 1.5A
-
-
1
2
1
1
1
1
1

PRECAUTION
The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition.


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD TEST ON SELF EXCITED
DC SHUNT GENERATOR

Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
M
A
AA
220V
DC SUPPLY
L F A
3 POINT STARTER
D
P
S
T
S
250O, 2A
F
FF
G
A
AA
F
FF
1
0
5
0
O
,

1
.
5
A

V
(0-300V)
MC

D
P
S
T
S
A
(0-20A)
MC
L
O
A
D
A
(0-2A)
MC
A
(0-20A)
MC
1
7

PROCEDURE
Open circuit test
The Prime Mover is started with the help of the three point starter and it is made to
run at rated speed when the Generator is disconnected from the load by DPST
switch.
By varying the Generator field rheostat gradually, the Open Circuit Voltage (Eo)
and corresponding Field Current (I
f
) are tabulated upto 150 % of Rated Voltage of
Generator.
The motor is switched off by using the DPIC switch after bringing all the rheostats
to their initial position.
Load test
The Prime Mover is started with the help of the three point starter and it is made to
run at rated speed when the Generator is disconnected from the load by DPST
switch.
By varying the Generator field rheostat gradually, the Rated Voltage (Eg) is
obtained.
The Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are observed at no load condition.
The Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are observed for different loads up to the
rated current by closing the DPST switch.
After tabulating all the readings the load is brought to its initial position gradually.
The Prime Mover is switched off using the DPIC switch after bringing all the
rheostats to their initial position.
GRAPH
Open Circuit Voltage Vs Field Current
Load Voltage Vs Load Current
Tabulation for OC and Load test on self excited DC Shunt Generator
Generator Armature Resistance (R
a
):

OC Test Load Test
Open circuit
Voltage
(E
0
)
Field
Current
(I
f
)
Load
Voltage
(V
L
)
Load
Current
(I
L
)
Armature
Current
(I
a
)
Armature
Drop
I
a
R
a

Generated emf
E
g
=V
L
+ I
a
R
a

S.No.
Volts Amps Volts Amps Amps Volts Volts

Model Graph

(A) Open Circuit Characteristics (B) Internal (E
g
Vs I
a
) and External (V
L
Vs I
L
) Characteristics

RESULT
Thus the open circuit test and load test on a given self excited DC generator and the
characteristic curves are drawn.
O
p
e
n

C
i
r
c
u
i
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
E
0
)

i
n

V
o
l
t
s

Field Current (I
f
) in
Amps
(E
0
) Vs (I
f
)
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
L
)

i
n

V
o
l
t
s

Load Current (I
L
) in Amps
(V
L
Vs I
L
)
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d

E
M
F

(
E
g
)

i
n

V
o
l
t
s

Armature Current (I
a
)
in Amps
(E
g
Vs I
a
)
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST AND LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED
DC GENERATOR

AIM
To conduct the open circuit test and the load test on a given separately excited dc generator and
draw the characteristic curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING

APPRATUS REQUIRED

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Tachometer
Resistive Load
MC
MC
MC
Wire wound
Wire wound
Digital
Variable
(0-2A)
(0-20A)
(0-300V)
250O, 2A
350O, 1.5A
-
-
1
2
1
1
1
1
1

PRECAUTION
The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD TEST ON SEPERATELY EXCITED
DC GENERATOR

Fuse
Fuse
220V
DC SUPPLY
D
P
S
T
S
350O, 1.5A
Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
M
A
AA
220V
DC SUPPLY
L F A
3 POINT STARTER
D
P
S
T
S
250O, 2A
F
FF
G
A
AA
V
(0-300V)
MC

D
P
S
T
S
A
(0-20A)
MC
L
O
A
D
FF
F
A
(0-2A)
MC
A
(0-20A)
MC
2
3

PROCEDURE

Open circuit test
The Prime Mover is started with the help of the three point starter and it is made to run at rated
speed when the Generator is disconnected from the load by DPST switch.
By varying the Generator field rheostat gradually, the Open Circuit Voltage (Eo) and
corresponding Field Current (I
f
) are tabulated upto 150 % of Rated Voltage of Generator.
The motor is switched off by using the DPIC switch after bringing all the rheostats to initial
position.
Load test
The Prime Mover is started with the help of the three point starter and it is made to run at rated
speed when the Generator is disconnected from the load by DPST switch..
By varying the Generator field rheostat gradually, the Rated Voltage (Eg) is obtained.
The Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are observed at no load condition.
The Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are observed for different loads up to the rated current by
closing the DPST switch..
After tabulating all the readings the load is brought to initial position.
The motor is switched off using the DPIC switch after bringing all the rheostats to initial position.
GRAPH
The graph drawn as
Open Circuit Voltage Vs Field Current
Load Voltage Vs Load Current


Tabulation for OC and Load test on separately excited DC Generator
Generator Armature Resistance (R
a
):

OC Test Load Test
Open circuit
Voltage
(E
0
)
Field
Current
(I
f
)
Load
Voltage
(V
L
)
Load
Current
(I
L
)
Armature
Current
(I
a
)
Armature
Drop
I
a
R
a

Generated emf
E
g
=V
L
+ I
a
R
a

S.No.
Volts Amps Volts Amps Amps Volts Volts

Model Graph

(A) Open Circuit Characteristics (B) Internal (E
g
Vs I
a
) and External (V
L
Vs I
L
) Characteristics

RESULT
Thus the open circuit test and load test on a given separately excited DC generator and the
O
p
e
n

C
i
r
c
u
i
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
E
0
)

i
n

V
o
l
t
s

Field Current (I
f
) in
Amps
(E
0
) Vs (I
f
)
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
L
)

i
n

V
o
l
t
s

Load Current (I
L
) in Amps
(V
L
Vs I
L
)
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d

E
M
F

(
E
g
)

i
n

V
o
l
t
s

Armature Current (I
a
)
in Amps
(E
g
Vs I
a
)
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM
To conduct the load test on a given single phase transformer and draw its performance curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING
Primary Current = KVA Rating of the Transformer / Primary Voltage.

Secondary Current = KVA Rating of the Transformer / Secondary Voltage.

125% of Primary current (fuse rating for primary side)

125% of Secondary current (fuse rating for secondary side)

APPRATUS REQUIRED

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Watt meter
Auto Transformer
MI
MI
MI
MI
UPF
1
(0-5A)
(0-20A)
(0-150V)
(0-300V)
300V, 5A
230/(0-270V
1
1
1
1
1
1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

300V, 5A UPF
L M
C
P1
P2

150V
A
V
(0-300V)
MI
A
C
230/(0-270V)
1 AUTO
TRANSFORMER
NL
1, 230V, 50Hz
AC SUPPLY
N
P
Fuse
B
SPSTS
V
(0-150V)
MI
1 230/110V, 1KVA
STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
Fuse

Fuse
D
P
S
T
S
(0-10A)
MI
L
O
A
D
(0-5A)
MI
S1
S2
3
3

A
FORMULAE
1. Input Power =Wattmeter reading

Multiplication factor in Watts
Where,
Multiplication factor =

2.Output power = V
SY

I
SY
cos in Watts.
Where V
SY
- Secondary Voltage in Volts.
I
SY
- Secondary current in Amps.
3.Percentage of Efficiency = 100 %

4.Percentage of Regulation = 100 %

Where, V
O
No Load Voltage in Volts
V
L
Load Voltage in Volts
PRECAUTION
No Load Condition should be observed at the time of starting
Meters are checked for proper Type and rating.
PROCEDURE
The SPST Switch on the Primary side is closed and the DPST Switch on the Secondary side is
opened.
The Autotransformer is adjusted to Energize the transformer with rated Primary Voltage
The Volt meters and Ammeters Readings are noted and tabulated at No load condition
The DPST switch on the secondary side is closed.
The transformer is loaded upto 130% of the Rated Load, corresponding Ammeters, Voltmeters
and Wattmeters readings are noted and tabulated.
After the observation of all the readings the load is released gradually to its initial position.
The Autotransformer is brought to its initial position
The Supply is switched off.
GRAPH
The graph drawn as
Output power Vs Regulation

(Rating of pressure coil

Rating of current coil

pf )

Full Scale Reading
V
O
V
L
V
O

Output Power

Input Power

Tabulation for Load test on single phase transformer

Multiplication Factor =

Wattmeter
readings
(W)

Primary
Voltage
(V
Py
)

Primary
Current
(I
Py
)

Secondary
Voltage
(V
Sy
)

Secondary
Current
(I
Sy
)

Obs.

Act.

Input
power
(W)

Output power
V
Sy
I
Sy
cos

Efficiency
( )
O/p / I/p
100

S.No
Volts Amps Volts Amps Watts Watts Watts %

% Of
Regulation
V
NL
-V
LOAD
V
LOAD

Model Graph

RESULT
Thus the load test on a given single phase transformer is done and the characteristic curves are
drawn.

%

O
f

E
f
f
e
c
i
e
n
c
y

Effeciency
Output power in watts
%

O
f

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Regulation
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM
To Predetermine the Efficiency and Regulation on a given single phase transformer by
conducting the Open Circuit test and Short Circuit test and also draw its Equivalent circuit.
NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING
Primary Current = KVA Rating of the Transformer / Primary Voltage.

Secondary Current = KVA Rating of the Transformer / Secondary Voltage.

10% of Primary current (fuse rating for Open Circuit test)

125% of Secondary current (fuse rating for Short circuit test)

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Watt meter
Watt meter
Auto Transformer

MI
MI
MI
MI
UPF
UPF
1
(0-1A)
(0-10A)
(0-150V)
(0-300V)
300V, 1A
75V, 5A
230/(0-270V)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

1, 230V, 50Hz
AC SUPPLY
A
C
230/(0-270V)
1 AUTO
TRANSFORMER
NL
N
P
Fuse
B
SPSTS
150V
150V, 5A LPF
L M
C
A
V
(0-150V)
MI
(0-300V)
MI
V
1 110/230V, 1KVA
STEP UP
TRANSFORMER
P1
P2
S1
S2
(0-5A)
MI
3
9

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

(0-75V)
MI
75V
300V, 10A UPF
L M
C
A
V
A
C
230/(0-270V)
1 AUTO
TRANSFORMER
NL
1, 230V, 50Hz
AC SUPPLY
N
P
Fuse
B
SPSTS
A
(0-10A)
MI
P1
P2
S1
S2
(0-5A)
MI
SC
1 230/110V, 1KVA
STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
4
1

Tabulation for OC and SC test on Single phase transformer
Open Circuit test Multiplication Factor =

Sh
ort
Circuit test
Multiplication Factor =

Short Circuit power (W
SC
) Short Circuit
Primary
Current (I
SC
)
Short circuit
Primary
Voltage (V
SC
)
Obs. Act.
Short Circuit
secondary
Current (I
2S
)

S.No.
Amps Volts Watts Watts Volts

Resultant Tabulation to find out the Efficiency

Core (Or) Iron Loss = A Rating of Transformer =
Rated Short Circuit Current (I
SC
) = Short Circuit Power (W
SC
) =

Output power

Short
circuit
Current
(I
SC
X)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Copper
Loss
(X
2
W
SC
)

Total Loss
W
T
=
W
i
+W
SC

Efficiency
O/p
O/p+TL

Fraction of
Load (X)
Amps Watts Watts Watts %
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
Open Circuit power (W
OC
) Open Circuit
Primary
Current (I
OC
)
Open circuit
Primary
Voltage (V
OC
)
Obs. Act.
Open Circuit
secondary
Voltage (V
2O
)

S.No.
Amps Volts Watts Watts Volts

=
FORMULAE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Open Circuit Test
1. No Load Power Factor (Cos
o
) =
Where, Woc Open Circuit Power in Watts
Voc Open Circuit Voltage in Volts
Ioc Open Circuit Current in Amps
2.No Load Working Component Resistance (Ro) = in Ohms
Where Voc

Open Circuit Voltage in Volts.
Ioc

Open Circuit current in Amps.
3. No Load Magnetizing Component Reactance( Xo) = in Ohms
Where Voc

Open Circuit Voltage in Volts.
Ioc

Open Circuit current in Amps.
Short Circuit Test
4. Equivalent impedance referred to HV side ( Z
02
) = in Ohms
Where, Vsc

Short circuit Voltage in Volts
Isc

Short circuit current in Amps
5. Equivalent resistance referred to HV side (R
02
)

= in Ohms
Where, Wsc

Short circuit Power in Watts
6. Equivalent reactance referred to HV side (X
02
)

=\ Z
02
2
- R
02
2
in Ohms

7. Transformation ratio (K) =
Where, V
1
Primary voltage in Volts
V
2
Secondary Voltage in Volts

8. Equivalent resistance referred to LV side (R
01
)

=

in Ohms

9. Equivalent reactance referred to LV side (X
01
)

=

in Ohms
Efficiency and Regulation
10. Output Power = X KVA cos in Watts.
Where, X-Fraction of load
KVA - power rating of Transformer and Cos - Power factor

Vsc

Isc
Woc
Voc Ioc
Voc
Ioc Cos
o

Voc
Ioc Sin
o

Wsc

Isc
2

V
2
V
1

R
02
K
2

X
02
K
2

11. Copper loss = X
2
Wsc in Watts
Where, Wsc- Copper Loss in Short Circuit condition
12. Total Loss = (Cu Loss + Iron Loss) in Watts

13. Efficiency = x 100 in %

14. Regulation = 100 in %

Where, V
2
o Open Circuit Voltage on HV side.
PRECAUTION
No Load Condition should be observed at the time of starting
Meters are checked for proper Type and rating.
PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
The SPST Switch on the Primary side is closed.
The Autotransformer is adjusted to Energize the transformer with rated Primary Voltage
on the LV side
The Volt meter, Watt meter and Ammeter Readings are noted at No load condition
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
The SPST Switch on the Primary side is closed
The Autotransformer is adjusted to energize the transformer with rated Primary Current on
the HV side.
The Voltmeter, Wattmeter and Ammeter Readings are noted down at short circuit
condition.
GRAPH
Output power Vs Regulation
Output power

(Output power +Total Losses)
X Isc [R
02
x cos X
02
x sin]
V
2
o

Resultant Tabulation to find out the Regulation

I
SC
= R
O2
= X
O2
= V
2(OC)
=

% Of Regulation
Value of Cos

Value of Sin 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
Fraction
of Load
(X)
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

1
Lag. Lead. Lag. Lead. Lag. Lead. Lag. Lead.

Equivalent circuit for Single phase Transformer

Model Graph

RESULT
Thus the efficiency and regulation of a given single phase transformer by conducing the open
circuit test and short circuit test is determined and the equivalent circuit is drawn.

P
N
V1
Z
L

I
1

X
01
R
01
X0
R0
I
0

I
w
I

E
f
f
e
c
i
e
n
c
y

0.2 pf
Short Circuit Current (I
SC
) in Amps
0.4 pf
0.6 pf
0.8 pf
1.0 pf
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Lagging pf Leading pf
X=1
X =3/4
X =1/2
X =1/4
Unity pf
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM
To conduct a load test on a three phase squirrel cage induction motor and to draw the
performance characteristic curves.
NAME PLATE DETAILS
3 Induction Motor Auto Transformer

FUSE RATING
125% of rated current (Full load current)

APPARATUS REQUIRED

FORMULAE USED
1.Torque = (S
1
-S
2
) (R+t/2) x 9.81 N-m
Where, S
1
, S
2
spring balance readings in Kg.
R - Radius of brake drum in m.
t - Thickness of belt in m.
2. Output Power = 2 NT/60 watts.
N- Rotor speed in rpm.
T- Torque in N-m.
S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Tachometer

MI
MI
UPF
-
(0-10 A)
(0-600 V)
(500V, 10A)
-

1
1
1
1
3. Input Power = (W
1
+W
2
) Watts.
W
1
, W2 Wattmeter readings in Watts.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRRAL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

BRAKE DRUM
S1
S2

(0-10) A
MI

415V, 50Hz, 3
AC SUPPLY
R
Y
B
N
STAR-DELTA
STARTER
A
T
P
S
T
S
Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
V
(0-600) V
MI
600V, 10A UPF
L
600V
M
C
R
STATOR
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
M
600V, 10A UPF
C
L
600V

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2
L2
L3
L1
NL
N
5
1

4. Percentage of Efficiency = (Output Power/ Input Power) x 100%.
5. Percentage of Slip = (N
S
-Nr)/N
s
x 100%
Ns-Synchronous speed in rpm.
Nr-Rotor speed in rpm.
6.Power factor = (W
1
+W
2
)/3 V
L
I
L
.

PRECAUTION

The motor should be started without any load
PROCEDURE:

The TPSTS is closed and the motor is started using On Line starter to run at rated speed.
At no load the speed, current, voltage and power are noted down.
By applying the load for various values of current the above-mentioned readings are noted.
The load is later released and the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn. .

GRAPH

Output Power Vs Speed
Output Power Vs Line current
Output Power Vs Torque
Output Power Vs Power factor
Output Power Vs % Efficiency
Output Power Vs % Slip.
Tabulation for load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor
Multiplication Factor:

Wattmeter readings

W1

W2

Input
power

Spring balance
reading

Load
Curren
t
(I
L
)

Load
Voltage
(V
L
)
Obs. Act. Obs. Act.

W1+W2

Speed
of the
motor
(N)
S1 S2 S1~S2

Torque (T)
(S1~S2) (R+t/2)
(9.81)

Output
power
2HNT/60

Efficiency
( )
O/p / I/p
X100

S.No
Amps Volts Watts Watts rpm Kg Kg Kg N-m Watts %

Power
Factor
(cos )
I/p /
3 VLIL

Load test on Three phase squirrel cage induction motor

Model Graphs:

(A) Mechanical characteristics

(B) Electrical characteristics:

RESULT
Thus the load test on a given three phase squirrel cage induction motor is done and the
Speed in RPM
Torque in N-m
Torque Vs Speed
O/P power in watts
N
N in rpm
IL in Amps
T in N-m
%q
T
IL
%q
Cos

Cos

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM
To conduct a No Load test and Blocked Rotor test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor
and to draw the equivalent circuit.

NAME PLATE DETAILS
3 Induction Motor Auto Transformer

FUSE RATING

No Load: 10 % of rated current (Full load current)

Load: 125 % of rated current (Full load current)
APPARATUS REQUIRED
FORMULAE USED
OC Test
1. No load power factor (Cos
0
) = P
0
/V
0
I
0

V0 - No load voltage per phase in volts.
I0 - No load current per phase in amps.
P0 - No load power per phase in watts.
2. Working component current (Iw) = I0 (ph) X Cos
0
3. Magnetizing current (Im) = I0 (ph) X Sin
0
4. No load resistance (R
0
) =V
0
/I0 (ph) Cos
0
in

.
S.NO. NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Wattmeter
Tachometer

MC
MI
MI
MI
MC
LPF
UPF
-

(0-10 A)
(0-10 A)
(0-150 V)
(0-600 V)
(0-50 V)
(600V, 10A) (150V,
10A)
-

1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NO LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR
(Equivalent circuit)

5
7

415V, 50Hz, 3
AC SUPPLY
R
Y
B2
B
T
P
S
T
S
N
A1
A3
B3
V
(0-600) V
MI
A2
B1
Fuse
415 / (0-470) V
3 AUTO TRANSFORMER
A
(0-10) A
MI
600V, 10A LPF
600V
C2
C3
C1
R
STATOR
A1
A2
B1 B2
C1
C2
L M
C
M
600V, 10A LPF
C
L
600V
Fuse
Fuse
NL
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR
(Equivalent circuit)

5
9

A1
A3
B3
Fuse
A2
415 / (0-470) V
3 AUTO TRANSFORMER
C2
C3
C1
Fuse
Fuse
NL
B1
B2
BRAKE DRUM
S1
S2
R

415V, 50Hz, 3
AC SUPPLY
R
Y
B
T
P
S
T
S
N
V
(0-150) V
MI
STATOR
A
(0-10) A
MI
150V, 10A UPF
L
150V
M
C
M
150V, 10A UPF
C
L
150V
A1
A2
B1 B2
C1
C2

Tabulation for No Load test on three phase Squirrel cage Induction motor
Speed of the Induction motor:
Type of the Stator connection:
Tabulation for Blocked rotor test on three phase Squirrel cage Induction motor
Type of the Stator connection:

Short Circuit Power
W1
W2
Short
Circuit
Current
(ISC)
Short
Circuit
Voltage
(VSC)
Observed Actual Observed Actual
Total Short
Circuit Power
PSC=(W1+W
2)
Short Circuit
Power/Phase
PSC
(Ph)=(P0/3)
Short Circuit
Current/Phase
ISC (Ph)
Short Circuit
Voltage/Phase
VSC (Ph)

S.No
Amps Volts Watts Watts Watts Watts Watts Watts Amps Volts

No Load Power
W1
W2
No Load
Current
(I0)
No Load
Voltage
(V0)
Observed Actual Observed Actual
Total No Load Power
P0=(W1+W2)
No Load Power/Phase
P0 (Ph)=(P0/3)
No Load
Current/Phase
I0 (Ph)
No Load
Voltage/Phase
V0 (Ph)

S.No
Amps Volts Watts Watts Watts Watts Watts Watts Amps Volts

5. No load reactance (X
0
) = V
0
/I
0
(ph) Sin
0
in .
SC Test
6. Motor equivalent Impedance referred to stator (Zsc(ph)) = Vsc(ph) / Isc(ph) in

.
7. Motor equivalent Resistance referred to stator (Rsc(ph)) = Psc(ph) / I
2
sc(ph) in

.
8. Motor equivalent Reactance referred to stator (Xsc(ph)) = (Z sc(ph)
2
- R sc(ph)
2
) in

.
9. Rotor Resistance referred to stator (R2(ph)) = Rsc(ph) R1 in

.
10. Rotor Reactance referred to stator (X2(ph)) = Xsc(ph) / 2 = X1 in

.
Where R1 - stator resistance per phase
X1 stator reactance per chapter
R1 = R(ac) =1.6 x R(dc)
11. Equivalent load resistance (RL) = R2 (1/s 1) in .
Where Slip (S) = (Ns-Nr) / Ns
Ns Synchronous speed in rpm.
Nr Rotor speed in rpm.
PRECAUTION
The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position
PROCEDURE
For No-Load or open circuit test by adjusting autotransformer, apply rated voltage and
Note down the ammeter and wattmeter readings. In this test rotor is free to rotate.
For short circuit or blocked rotor test by adjusting autotransformer, apply rated current
and note down the voltmeter and wattmeter readings. In this test rotor is blocked.
After that make the connection to measure the stator resistance as per the circuit diagram.
By adding the load through the loading rheostat note down the ammeter, voltmeter
reading for various values of load.

Equivalent circuit for three phase squirrel cage induction motor

RESULT
Thus the no load and blocked rotor test on a given three phase squirrel cage induction motor and
the equivalent circuit is drawn.

P
N
1, 230V, 50Hz AC
Supply
R2'
X2'

RL' =R2' (1/s-1)
R1
X1

X0
R0
I
0

I
w
I

REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF
METHODS.

AIM
To predetermine the regulation of a given three phase Alternator by EMF and MMF method and also draw the
vector diagrams.

NAME PLATE DETAILS
3 Alternator DC Shunt Motor

FUSE RATING
125% of rated current (Full load current)

For DC shunt motor:

For Alternator:

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO.
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ammeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Tachometer

MC
MC
MI
MI
MC
Wire Wound
Wire Wound
-
(0-2 A)
(0-10 A)
(0-10 A)
(0-600V)
(0-50V)
(500, 1.2A)
(300, 1.7A)
-
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR
BY EMF & MMF METHOD
(Open circuit and Short circuit tests)

T
P
S
T
S
Fuse
V
220V DC
SUPPLY
L F A
3 POINT STARTER
D
P
S
T
S
250O, 2A
M
F
FF
A
AA
(0-10) A
MI
(0-600) V
MI
XX
X
R
B
Y
N
A
(0-2) A
MC
A
Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
Fuse

Fuse
Fuse
220V
DC SUPPLY
D
P
S
T
S
350O, 1.5A
7
9

FORMULAE USED
EMF Method
1. Armature Resistance Ra = 1.6 Rdc in ohms.
Here, Rdc is the resistance in DC supply.

2. Synchronous impedance Zs = (from the graph)

3. Synchronous impedance Xs =\ (Zs - Ra) in ohms.

4. Open circuit voltage Eo=\ (V cos + Isc Ra) + (V sin - Isc Xs) in Volts.
(For lagging power factor)
5. Open circuit voltage Eo=\ (V cos + Isc Ra) + (V sin - Isc Xs) in Volts
(For leading power factor)
7. Open circuit voltage Eo=\ (V + Isc Ra) + (Isc Xs) in Volts
(For Unity power factor)

6. Percentage regulation =

PRECAUTION
The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position.
The Alternator field Potential divider should be in the maximum voltage position.
Initially all Switches are in open position.
PROCEDURE FOR BOTH EMF AND MMF METHOD
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Give the supply by closing the DPST Switch.
Using the Three Point starter, start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by varying the
motor field rheostat.
Conduct an Open Circuit Test by varying the Potential Divider for various values of Field
Current and tabulate the corresponding Open Circuit Voltage readings.
Conduct a Short Circuit Test by closing the TPST switch and adjust the potential divider to
set the rated Armature Current, tabulate the corresponding Field Current.
Conduct a Stator Resistance Test by giving connection as per the circuit diagram and
tabulate the Voltage and Current readings for various resistive loads.

Open circuit voltage (E1 (ph))
Short circuit current (Isc)
Eo Vrated
Vrated
X 100 (both for EMF & MMF method)
PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE GRAPH FOR EMF METHOD
Draw the Open Circuit Characteristics curve (Generated Voltage per phase Vs Field Current).
Draw the Short Circuit Characteristics curve (Short Circuit Current Vs Field Current).
From the graph find the open circuit voltage per phase (E1 (Ph)) for the rated Short Circuit Current
(Isc).
By using respective formulae find the Zs, Xs, Eo and percentage Regulation.
PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE GRAPH FOR MMF METHOD
Draw the Open Circuit Characteristics curve (Generated Voltage per phase Vs Field Current).
Draw the Short Circuit Characteristics curve (Short Circuit Current Vs Field Current).
Draw the line OL to represent If' which gives the rated generated voltage (V).
Draw the line LA at an angle (90 ) to represent If'' which gives the rated full load current (Isc)
on short circuit ((90 + ) for lagging power factor and (90-) for leading power factor).
Join the points O and A and find the field current (If) by measuring the distance OA that gives the
Open Circuit Voltage (Eo) from the Open Circuit Characteristics.
Find the percentage Regulation by using suitable formula.
Tabulation for Regulation of three phase Alternator by EMF and MMF methods
Open circuit test

Field Current
(I
f
)
Open Circuit Line
Voltage (V
0L
)
Open Circuit Phase
Voltage (V
0 (Ph)
)

S.No.
Amps Volts Volts


Short circuit test

Regulation of three phase Alternator by EMF and MMF methods

Model Graph for EMF Method

Field Current
(I
f
)
Short Circuit Current
(120 to 150 % of rated current)
(I
SC
)

S.No.
Amps Amps

OCC
E1 (ph)
Field Current (I
f
) in Amps
S
h
o
r
t

C
i
r
c
u
i
t

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
I
S
C
)

i
n

A
m
p
s

O
p
e
n

C
i
r
c
u
i
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
0

(
P
h
)
)

i
n

V
o
l
t
s

SCC

Regulation of three phase Alternator by EMF and MMF methods

Model Graph for MMF Method

SCC
OCC
E0 (ph)
Lead.
Field Current (I
f
) in Amps
S
h
o
r
t

C
i
r
c
u
i
t

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
I
S
C
)

i
n

A
m
p
s

O
p
e
n

C
i
r
c
u
i
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
0

(
P
h
)
)

i
n

V
o
l
t
s

O
L
A
A
A
E0 (ph)
Unity
E0 (ph)
Lag.
Lead.
Lag.
Unity
90-4 90+4
Resultant Tabulation for Regulation of three phase Alternator by EMF and MMF
methods

Regulation curve of Alternator (EMF, MMF and Vector diagram)

RESULT
Thus the regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods and the regulation curves are
drawn.
Percentage of Regulation
EMF Method MMF Method

S.No.
Power
Factor Lagging Leading Unity Lagging Leading Unity

1.

0.2

-

-

2.

0.4

-

-

3.

0.6

-

-

4.

0.8

-

-

5.

1.0

Lagging pf
Leading pf
+

%

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

-

%

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

From EMF method
From MMF method
Unity pf
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM
AIM
To analysis the stability of the given linear system using Bode Plot, Nyquist Plot and Root Locus.
APPRATUS REQUIRED

1
2

Computer
MATLAB Software

-
-

-
-

1
1
THEORY
POLAR PLOT
The polar plot of a sinusoidal transfer function ( ) G j on polar coordinates as is varied from zero to
infinity. Thus the polar plot is the locus of vectors ( ) G jw and ( ) G jw as is varied from zero to infinity. The
polar plot is also called Nyquist plot.
NYQUIST STABILITY CRITERION
If ( ) ( ) G s H s contour in the ( ) ( ) G s H s plane corresponding to Nyquist contour in s-plane encircles the
point 1 0 j + in the anti clockwise direction as many times as the number of right half s-plane of ( ) ( ) G s H s .
Then the closed loop system is stable.
ROOT LOCUS
The root locus technique is a powerful tool for adjusting the location of closed loop poles to achieve
the desired system performance by varying one or more system parameters.
The path taken by the roots of the characteristics equation when open loop gain K is varied from 0 to
are called root loci (or the path taken by a root of characteristic equation when open loop gain K is varied
from 0 to is called root locus.)
FREQUENCY DOMAIN SPECIFICATIONS
The performance and characteristics of a system in frequency domain are measured in term of frequency
domain specifications. The requirements of a system to be designed are usually specified in terms of these
specifications.


The frequency domain specifications are
1. Resonant peak
r
M .
2. Resonant Frequency
r
.
3. Bandwidth.
4. Cut off rate
5. Gain margin
6. Phase margin
RESONANT PEAK
r
M
The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function is called the resonant peak
r
M . A large
resonant peak corresponds to a large over shoot in transient response.
RESONANT FREQUENCY
r

The bandwidth is the range of frequency for which the system gain is more than 3 dB . The frequency at
which the gain is 3 dB , called cut off frequency. Bandwidth is usually defined for closed loop system and it
transmits the signals whose frequencies are less than cut-off frequency. The bandwidth is a measured of the
ability of a feedback system to produce the input signal, noise rejection characteristics and rise time. A large
bandwidth corresponds to a small rise time or fast response.
CUT-OFF RATE
The slope of the log-magnitude curve near the cut off frequency is called cut-off rate. The cut-off rate
indicates the ability of the system to distinguish the signal from noise.
GAIN MARGIN
g
K
The gain margin
g
K is defined as the reciprocal of the magnitude of open loop transfer function at phase cross
over frequency. The frequency at witch the phase of open loop transfer function is 180 is called the phase
cross over frequency
pc
.
PHASE MARGIN
The phase margin is that amount of additional phase lag at the gain cross over frequency required to bring
the system to the verge of instability, the gain cross over frequency
gc
is the frequency at which the
magnitude of open loop transfer function is unity (or it is the frequency at which the db magnitude is zero).
PROCEDURE
Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
Create a new M file by selecting File New M File.
Type and save the program.
Execute the program by either pressing F5 or Debug Run.
View the results.
Analysis the stability of the system for various values of gain.
PROBLEM
Obtain the Bode Plot, Nyquist Plot and Root Locus of the given open loop T.F is
2
3
2
( )
2
H s
s s +
=
+

Using Bode Plot
num = [0 0 2]
den = [1 3 2]
bode (num,den)
grid
title (BODE DIAGRAM)
% To Find out Gain Margin
sys = tf (num, den)
bode (sys)
Margin (sys)
[ gm, ph, wpc, wgc ] = margin (sys).

Using Nyquist Plot
num = [0 0 2]
den = [1 3 2]
nyquist (num,den)
grid
title (Nyquist Plot)

Using Nyquist Plot
num = [0 0 2]
den = [1 3 2]
rlocus (num,den)
grid
title (Root Locus Plot)

RESULT
Thus the stability of the given linear system using Bode Plot, Nyquist Plot and Root Locus was
analyzed.
DIGITAL SIMULATION OF LINEAR SYSTEM
AIM
To simulate the time response characteristics of second order linear system using
MATLAB.
APPRATUS REQUIRED

1
2
Personal Computer
MATLAB Software
-
-

-
-

1
1
THEORY
The desired performance characteristics of control system are specified in terms of time
domain specification. Systems with energy storage elements cannot respond instantaneously and
will exhibit transient responses, whenever they are subjected to inputs or disturbances.
The desired performance characteristics of a system pf any order may be specified in
terms of the transient response to a unit step input signal.
The transient response of a system to unit step input depends on the initial conditions.
Therefore to compare the time response of various systems it is necessary to start with standard
initial conditions. The most practical standard is to start with the system at rest and output and
all time derivatives there of zero. The transient response of a practical control system often
exhibits damped oscillations before reaching steady state.
The transient response characteristics of a control system to a unit step input are
specified in terms of the following time domain specifications.
1. Delay time
d
t
2. Rise time
r
t
3. Peak time
p
t
4. Maximum overshoot
p
M
5. Settling time
s
t
1. Delay Time
It is the taken for response to reach 50% of the final value, for the very first time.

2. Rise Time
It is the time taken for response to raise from 0 to 100% for the very first time. For under
damped system, the rise time is calculated from 0 to 100%. But for over damped system it is the
time taken by the response to raise from 10% to 90%. For critically damped system, it is the
time taken for response to raise from 5% to 95%.
Rise time
r
d
t

=
Where,
2
1 1
tan

=

and
Damped frequency of oscillation
2
1
n
d
=
3. Peak Time
It is the time taken for the response to reach the peak value for the very first time. (or) It is the
taken for the response to reach the peak overshoot
p
t .
Rise time
p
d
t

=
4. Peak Overshoot (Mp)
It is defined as the ration of the maximum peak value measured from final value to the final
value.
Let final value ( ) c e =
Maximum vale ( ) c t
p
=
Peak Overshoot,
p
M
( ) ( )
( )
c t c e
p
c e
=
2
1
% 100 M e
p
=

5. Settling Time
It is defined as the time taken by the response to reach and stay within a specified error. It is
usually expressed as % of final value. The usual tolerable error is 2% or 5% of the final value.
Settling Time
4
s
n
t
= (For 2% error).
Settling Time
3
s
n
t
= (For 5% error).

PROCEDURE
Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
Create a new M file by selecting File New M File.
Type and save the program.
Execute the program by either pressing F5 or Debug Run.
View the results.
Analysis the time domain specifications of the system.
PROBLEM
Obtain the time domain specifications of the given open loop T.F is
2
2
100
( )
100
H s
s s +
=
+

MATLAB PROGRAM FOR UNIT IMPULSE PRSPONSE
num = [ 0 0 100 ]
den = [ 1 2 100 ]
impulse (num, den)
grid
title ( unit impulse response plot)

MATLAB PROGRAM FOR UNIT STEP PRSPONSE
num = [ 0 0 100 ]
den = [ 1 2 100 ]
step (num, den)
grid on
title (unit step response plot)

RESULT
Thus the time response characteristic of second order linear system was verified using
MATLAB.
DESIGN OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLER

AIM
To design P, PI, and PID controllers for first order systems using MATLAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Controller and system kit.
2. Patch chords.
3. Computer and Interference chord.
THEORY
Proportional Controller
1. The Proportional Controller is a device that produces the control signal, u (t) which is
Proportional to the input error signal e (t).
In P controller, u (t) e (t).
Therefore u (t) = Kp c (t).
Where Kp Proportional gain or constant.
2. The Proportional plus Integral Controller (PI Controller) produces an output signal
consisting of two terms one on proportional to error signal and the other proportional to
the integral of error signal
In PI Controller, u (t) [e (t) + | e (t) dt]
Therefore, u (t) = e (t) + Kp / Ti | e (t) dt
Where Kp Proportional gain or constant,
Ti Integral Time.
3. The PID Controller produces an output signal consisting of three terms one on
proportional to error signal and the another one proportional to the integral of error
signal and the third one is proportional to derivative of error signal.
In PID Controller, u (t) [e (t) + | e (t) + d /dt ((e (t))]
Therefore, u (t) = e (t) + Kp / Ti | e (t) dt + Kp Td d /dt ((e(t))]
Where Kp Proportional gain or constant,
Ti Integral Time.
Td Derivative Time.


Type 0 First Order System with P Controller

Computer CH 0 Computer CH 1

Step Input
(FG)
P Controller

Level Shifter

Level Shifter


Type 0 First Order System with PI - Controller


Step Input
(FG)
PI Controller

Level Shifter

Level Shifter


Type 0 First Order System with PID - Controller


Step Input
(FG)
PID Controller

Level Shifter

Level Shifter

Procedure
Type 0 First Order System with P Controller
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set Proportional Band = 80, Integral Time = 64000 and Derivative Time = 0.
3. Measure the performance specifications.
Type 0 First Order System with PI Controller
2. Set Proportional Band = 80, Integral Time = 30 and Derivative Time = 0.
Type 0 First Order System with PI Controller
2. Set Proportional Band = 80, Integral Time = 30 and Derivative Time = 0.1.
Transfer Function for P, PI, and PID Controller:
P Controller: Transfer Function = Kp
PI Controller: Transfer Function = Kp [1 + 1 / Ti S]
PID Controller: Transfer Function = Kp [1 + 1 / Ti S + Td S]

TABULAR COLUMN
S. No Time Domain Specification P controller PI controller PID controller

Model Graph

RESULT
Thus the design of P, PI and PID controller was done.
DESIGN OF LAG AND LEAD COMPENSATOR

AIM
To design and implement the suitable lag and lead compensator for a given linear system
to improve the performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Transfer function and compensator
2. Computer interface chord
3. Patch chords
THEORY
LAG COMPENSATOR
A compensator having the characteristics of a Lag network is called a lag
compensator. If a sinusoidal signal is applied to a lag network, then in steady state the output
will have a phase lag with respect to input.
Lag compensation results in a large improvement in steady state performance but
results in slower response due to reduced bandwidth. The attenuation due to the lag compensator
will shift the gain cross over frequency to a lower frequency point where the phase margin is
acceptable.
The general form of lag compensator transfer function is given by:
G(S) = (S+T) / (S+P) = (S + 1/T) / S + 1/BT Where, T > 0 and B >1
LEAD COMPENSATOR
A compensator having the characteristics of a Lead network is called a Lead
compensator. If a sinusoidal signal is applied to the lead network, then in steady state the output
will have a phase lead with respect to input.
Lead compensation increases the bandwidth, which improves the speed of
response and also reduces, whereas there is a small change in steady state accuracy. Generally,
Lead compensation is provided to make an unstable system as a stable system.
A Lead compensator is basically a high pass filter so it attenuates high frequency
noise effects. If the pole introduced by the compensator is not cancelled by a zero in the system,
then lead compensation increases the order of the system by one.
The general form of Lead compensator transfer function is given by:
G(S) = (S+T) / (S+P) = (S + 1/T) / S + 1/aT Where, T > 0 and a<1

PROCEDURE
Type II Order System Performance
Without Lag Compensator
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Apply step input.
4. Set Pb = 100%
5. Measure the time domain specification of the II order system from the waveform.
With Lag Compensator
4. Set Pb = 100%
5. Measure the time domain specification of the II order system from the waveform.
6. Compare the performance with and without lag compensator.
TABULAR COLUMN
S. No Time Domain Specification Without Lag With Lag

PROCEDURE
Type II Order System Performance
Without Lead Compensator
4. Set Pb = 100%.
5. Measure the time domain specification of the I order system from the waveform.
With Lead Compensator
4. Set Pb = 100%
5. Measure the time domain specification of the I order system from the waveform.
6. Compare the performance with and without Lead compensator.
TABULAR COLUMN
S. No Time Domain Specification Without Lead With Lead

Model Graph (Lead Compensator)

Model Graph (Lead Compensator)

RESULT: Thus the lag and lead compensator of the given system is implemented and the
performance was compared.

TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY EXCITED
DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM
To determine the transfer function of the given Separately Excited DC Shunt generator.

NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING
Motor: 125% of full load current (rated current)

Generator: 125% of full load current (rated current)

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ammeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Single Phase Variac
MC
MC
MI
MC
MI
Wire wound
Wire wound
-
(0-10A)
(0-2A)
(0-300mA)
(0-300V)
(0-300V)
250O, 2A
350O, 1.5A
230V/ (0-270V)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
FORMULAE
1.Generated EMF Constant (K
g
) = AEg / AI
f
in Volts / Amps (From the Graphs)
2. Field Resistance (R
f
) = Vf

/ I
f
3. Effective Resistance (Reff) = A VL/ A I
L
in Volts / Amps (From the Graphs)
Where, AV
L
= Change in load voltage in volts
AI
L
= Change in load current in amps
4. Load Resistance (R
L
) = P
L
/ I
L
2

Where, R
L =
Load Resistance in Ohms
P
L
= Power of Load in Watts
I
L
= Total Load current in Amps
5. Field Inductance L
f

Where, X
f
=\ (Z
f
2
R
f
2
)
X
f
= 2af L
f
L
f=
X
f
/ 2af
f = frequency of applied source in hertz

6.Transfer function
E
g
(s) E
f
(s) = (No Load)

V
t
(s) / E
f
(s) = (Load)

PRECAUTION
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
2. The motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
3. At the time of starting, the motor should be in no load condition.

(K
g
/ R
f
)
(1+ (L
f
/ R
f
) S) (1+ (R
eff
/ R
L
))
(K
g
/ R
f
)
(1+ (L
f
/R
f
) S)
PROCEDURE
To find out Generated EMF Constant (Kg)
2. The motor is made to run at the rated speed.
3. The generated emf is noted for various values of field current.
4. The voltage across the field winding is also measured
5. From the OCC curve Back Emf constant is calculated.
To find out Field Impedance (Zf)
2. Using single phase variac the supply voltage is varied.
3. The corresponding reading of field current is noted for different values of applied voltage.
4. From the noted readings the field Impedance is calculated.

RESULT

Thus the transfer function of separately excited DC shunt generator is determined.

TRANSFER FUNCTION OF ARMATURE AND FIELD
CONTROLLED DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM
To determine the transfer function of the given armature and field controlled DC shunt
motor.
NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING:

APPRATUS REQUIRED


1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Ammeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Rheostat
Tachometer
Single Phase Variac
MC
MC
MI
MC
MC
MI
Wire wound
Wire wound
Loading
Digital
-
(0-15A)
(0-2A)
(0-10A)
(0-300V)
(0-50V)
(0-300V)
250O, 2A
50O, 5A
10A, 230V
-
230V / (0-270V)

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

FORMULAE
1. Inertia Constant (J) ={{(V
av
* I
av
) / (N
av
* A
N
)}(60/2a)
2
((t
1*
t
2
) /(t
1-
t
2
))} Kg-m
2
Where, V
av
(V
1
+V
2
) / 2
I
av
(I
1
+I
2
) / 2
N
av
(N
1
+N
2
) / 2
A
N
Small Change in Speed (i.e) N
1
~N
2
t
1
Time for fall of speed from 1500 rpm to 750 rpm in no load condition
in seconds.

t
2
Time for fall of speed from 1500rpm to 750rpm in load condition in
Seconds
2. Viscous Friction Co-Efficient (f) =(2a /60)
2
(J /e
2
) (N
1
2
~N
2
2
) in N-m / rad /Sec
Where, J Inertia Constant in Kg-m
2
e Angular displacement in rad / Sec
e = (2a N
av
/60)
3. Back EMF Constant (K
b
) =(V
a
-I
a
R
a
) / (2a N/60) in N-m / Amps
4. Torque T = (S
1
~S
2
) (R+ t/2) 9.81 in N-m.
Where, R- Radius of the Break drum in m.
t- Thickness of the Belt in m.
S
1
, S
2
- Spring balance reading in Kg.
5. Motor Gain Constant (K
m
) = K
T
/ (R
a

f

)
Where K
T
= K
T
' (Current through the Armature / Rated Current of the Motor)
K
T
'= AT

/ AI
a
(From the Graphs)
6. Motor Time Constant (t
a
) = L
a
/ R
a
.
Where, X
a
=\ (Z
a
2
-R
a
2
)
X
a
= 2af L
a
L
a=
X
a
/ 2af
7. Transfer function Q(s) / E(s) =

[K
T
/ (R
a

f

)]
S{ [1+ (L
a
/R
a
) S] [1+ (J/f) S]+ [K
T
K
b
/(R
a

f)]}
THEORY
Ra = Armature resistance in ohms.
La= Armature inductance of the winding in Henry.
Ia= Armature current in Amps.
If = Field current in Amps
E= Applied voltage in Volts.
Eb=Backemf in Volts.
Tm =Torque developed by the motor in N-m
0 =Angular displacement of motor shaft in radian.
J= Equivalent of moment of inertia of motor and load referred to motor shaft in kg-m
2
f=Equivalent viscous friction coefficient of motor and load referred to motor shaft in
N-m / rad / Sec.
Air gap flux 4 is proportional to the field current because the DC motor should operate
in linear magnetization curve for servo application.
(i.e) 4 u I
f
K
f
I
f
Where, K
f is the Proportionality constant
The torque developed by the motor is proportional to the product of armature current
and air gap flux.
(i.e) T
m
u I
a
4
u I
a
K
f
I
f

= K
1
Ia K
f
I
f

We know that I
f
is constant for armature controlled motor.
(i.e) T
m
= (K
1
K
f
I
f
) I
a

T
m
= K
T
I
a
Where, K
T
is the motor torque constant
Back emf of the emf of motor is proportional to the speed.
(i.e) E
b
u d (0)/ dt
E
b
= Kb d (0)/ dt ------------------------- 1
Where, K
b
is the back emf constant in volt / rad /sec

Loop equation of armature circuit
V
a
= L
a
d (I
a
)/dt +R
a
I
a
+E
b
------------------ 2
Torque equation is
J d
2
0/dt
2
+f d0/dt = Tm
= K
T
I
a
--------------3
Taking Laplace transform of Equations 1,2, & 3
From Eq (1) E
b
(s) = K
b
S 0 (s)------------ 4

From Eq (2) L
a
S I
a
(s) +R
a
I
a
(s) = V(s) - E
b
(s)
(L
a
S +R
a
) I
a
(s) = (V(s) - K
b
S 0 (s))
I
a
(s) = {(V(s) - K
b
S 0 (s) / (L
a
S +R
a
)}
From Eq (3) J S
2
0 (s) +f S 0 (s) = T
m
(s)
(J S
2
+f S) 0 (s) = T
m
(s) = K
T

I
a
(s)
(J S
2
+f S) 0 (s) = K
T

I
a
(s)
(J S
2
+f S) 0 (s) = K
T

{(E(s) - K
b
S 0 (s) / (L
a
S +R
a
)}
(JS
2
+f S) 0(s)

= K
T
E(s) - K
T
K
b
S 0 (s)
(L
a
S +R
a
) (L
a
S +R
a
)
(JS
2
+f S) 0(s) +

K
T

K
b
S 0 (s) = K
T
E(s)
(L
a
S +R
a
) (L
a
S +R
a
)

{(JS
2
+f S) (L
a
S +R
a
) + K
T
K
b
S} 0 (s) = KT E(s)
(L
a
S +R
a
) (L
a
S +R
a
)
0 (s) = K
T

E(s) {(JS
2
+f S) (L
a
S +R
a
) + K
T
K
b
S}
0 (s) = K
T

E(s) S {(JS +f ) (L
a
S +R
a
) + K
T
K
b
}
0 (s) = K
T

E(s) S {f R
a
(1+(J/f) S) (1+(L
a
/ R
a
)S ) + K
T
K
b
}
0 (s) = K
T
/ f R
a

E(s) S {(1+(J/f) S) (1+(L
a
/ R
a
) S) + K
T
K
b
/ f R
a
}
PRECAUTION
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
2. The motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
3. At the time of starting, the motor should be in no load condition.
PROCEDURE
To find out Inertia Constant (J)
2. The DC supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. The DPDT switch is thrown into position 1,2.
4. The motor is made to run at the rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
5. The DPDT switch is brought to the original position 0,0. The time taken for falling of
speed from 1500 to 750 rpm is noted.
6. Once again the DPDT switch is thrown into position 1,2. Then the motor is made to run at
the rated speed
7. Then the DPDT switch is changed into position 1, 2.
8. Then J and f is calculated by using the formula.

To find out Torque Constant (K
T
)
3. The field current is kept constant.
5. The various values of I
a
spring balance readings are noted
6. Torque is calculated and plotted from the graph by adjusting the slope, torque constant K
T
is determined.
To find out Back Emf Constant (K
b
)
1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
3. At rated speed the supply voltage and armature value readings are noted.
4. The Back Emf constant is calculated.
To find out Armature resistance (R
a
)
3. By adjusting the loading rheostat the various values of Ia and Va are noted.
4. The armature resistance is calculated by the application of formula.
To find out Armature inductance (L
a
)
2. Using single phase variac the supply voltage is varied.
3. The corresponding reading of Ia are noted for different values of applied voltage
4. Then Za and La are calculated by using the formula.

RESULT
Thus the transfer function of the given armature and field controlled DC shunt motor is determined.

Electrical Engineering Lab Manual

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Electrical Engineering Lab Manual

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

EC2259 Electrical Engineering And Control System Lab Manual

EC 2259 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND CONTROL SYSTEM LAB 0 0 3 2

Anda mungkin juga menyukai